Building Automation System (Final2ndsem)

1
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Chapter I
BACKGROUND AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
In a world where resources are getting scarce and protecting the
environment is becoming more important, efficient use of energy is a key
value for our society. Worldwide, buildings consume large amount of energy
for electricity, exceeding any other asset. To reach sustainable energy
consumption levels, it is essential that intelligent and effective building
management system should be employed. Generally, building management
system is an independent control system installed on buildings that controls
and
monitors
its
mechanical
and
electrical
equipment.
A building
management system (BMS) is the core of a building automation system

(BAS) which includes connectivity of the various components and systems
such as heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC), fire safety systems,
and lighting controls. This study examines the potential of Department of
Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT) of having a building
automation system represented via its miniature.

Every building is different but energy consumption within all buildings

varies and fluctuates which should be managed in a unique manner.
Intelligent Building Automation System (BAS) is a potent solution for this
matter for it stabilizes energy consumption and maximizes efficiency. BAS
makes buildings become intelligent and helps to increase safety and energy
efficiency. Building automation for the Department of Instrumentation and
Control Technology is a study of applying the ideas of building management
system to DICT.
In our study, the building is controlled by a PLC which is dependent on the
information transmitted by the sensors and responds in the way it is
programmed. The signals from the sensors, such as motion sensor and
smoke detector, are the inputs to the PLC; and actions on the building, such
as lighting and alarm, are the outputs of the system. Access card and time
based control are also included in the system.
Today, building automation is widely applied to most buildings and even to
some houses around the world. This study intends to propose the application
of building automation to the Department of Instrumentation and Control
Technology (DICT) so that the said department, as well as Rizal
Technological University, would not be left behind as far as the uprising

automated facilities around the world is concerned. Also, the DICT will have
an energy management system which will benefit the building by efficiently
controlling its lighting, air conditioning and fire safety system. Furthermore
problems like failure of turning off lights and air-condition units of people
leaving the rooms are solved in an automatic way. Hence, this study can offer
a wide range of solution in handling efficient use of energy and safety for the
Department
of
Instrumentation
and
Control
Technology
and
Rizal
Technological University.
Objectives of the Study
A. General Objective
To design a miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 of Rizal
Technological University with a reliable building automation system.
B. Specific Objectives
1.) To design and install all the components of the building automation system
in the miniature namely: (1) Light Dependent Resistor Sensor; (2)
Programmable Logic Controller (S7 300); (3) Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (Simatic WinCC Explorer 7.2) (4) Other Components (Electrical
and Emergency Lights, Electrical Motors, and Alarm).

2.) To construct a representation of actual moving people inside the miniature

specifically vibrating robot and light emitting diode.
3.) To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) in the
system to monitor and control the different rooms remotely.
4.) To apply a time-based control in the building automation system.
5.) To test if the miniature is working based on its desired function.
6.) To create a system design for actual implementation of the miniature.
Significance of the Study
The study proposes the implementation of advance building facilities in
the Department of Instrumentation and Control Technology (DICT).
For the DICT. It will have a network of automated components that would
control its wide range of building operations like lighting, air-condition units,
fire safety system, special access control and energy management system.
Not only the DICT but also Rizal Technological University (RTU) can save on
its utility cost through managing the air conditioning and lighting systems.

For the Students, Professors and Other Occupants of the Rooms.

Automatic on and off of lights and air-condition units both provide efficient use
of energy and create a more convenient atmosphere while inside the
department. The automation system ensures the operational performance of
the facility as well as the comfort and safety of building for people inside it.
Likewise, automatic activation of sprinklers in case of fire prevents bigger
problems and increases safety for the said occupants.
For Building Administrators. The building automation systems will not only
conduct building functions but also compile data to help them determine ways
to further cut costs and increase the efficiency, comfort and safety of the
buildings.
For the Students and Future Researchers. The study shall indicate a
different application of automation in our world. This study can make students
of Instrumentation and Control realize that PLC programming is not only
applicable in industrial processes and trainers but also in other applications.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study concentrated on determining the advances of applying the
ideas of building automation in the DICT. A miniature represents a down-scale

of half of the Administration Building (AB) 4 th floor, specifically rooms 401, 405
and 407. Since air condition units and projectors
cannot fit inside the
miniature, these are represented by fans and electrical lights respectively.

Manual push buttons outside the miniature represent the activation of
projector and appearance of room occupants. Light dependent resistors that
served as sensors was also installed outside the miniature to represent the
pulsing of counter and generation of access card.
Inside the room AB-407 of the miniature, sensors specifically, light
dependent resistor, were installed in every cubicle. A number electrical motors
were also installed to represent the change of temperature inside the
miniature. Lastly, human representation is certainly impossible inside the
miniature; nevertheless, light emitting diodes were used to represent individual
students and vibrating robot to represent the moving bodies (i.e. Professor).
The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Simatic S7-300 CPU 313C,
controls both the electrical components of the building namely lights, electrical
motor fans, alarms and the mechanical components like doors. Time-based
control was also implemented in the system to ensure security around the
building. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), WinCC

version 7.2, for data gathering and remote monitoring and control is integrated
to the system.
Definition of Terms/Variables
Building Automation System is a centralized network of hardware and
software that monitors and controls the mechanical and electrical equipment
of a building such as lights, air-condition units, power systems, fire systems
and security systems.
Line Tracking Robot is basically a machine designed to follow a path
determined by the user. The path may be a straight or a curved line.
Miniature is a copy or model that represents something in a greatly reduced
size.

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures

infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. All objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.
Light Dependent Resistor / Photosensor is an electronic component that
detects the presence of visible light, infrared transmission (IR), and/or
ultraviolet (UV) energy. Most photosensors consist of semiconductor having a
property called photoconductivity , in which the electrical conductance varies
depending on the intensity of radiation striking the material.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer control
system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes
decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output
devices.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) refers to an industrial
computer system that monitors and controls a process that gathers and
analyze real time data.
Smoke Detector is a fire-protection device that automatically detects and
gives a warning of the presence of smoke.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
This chapter presents facts from other researches and studies that gave
significant relevance to the present study cited from different books, internet
and other references. Some of this is the case study Energy Conservation
and Efficiency in Shanghai Office Building conducted by a company named
Advantech in China using their Building Energy Management System
(BEMS). Advantechs BEMS combines two major devices namely the Direct
Digital Controller which delivers various I/Os to satisfy versatile requirements
10

in each floor and the Energy Data Concentrator which is in charge of data
collection from water and power meter. Another is the documentation book
entitled Motion Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control with Remote
Monitoring System studied by a group of DICT students using motion and
light sensor.
http://www.advantech.com/industrial-automation/CaseStudies/%7BE699A7E4-D3F1-4662-83F6-6B58799B2EF/
Motion-Detected Lighting and Air-Conditioning Control With Remote Monitoring System For DICT AB-401
Today, buildings are becoming more and more advanced and the demands
on building services are increasing. With rising energy cost, increased security
concerns and the needed productivity for more comfortable work environments,
building automation have become more than norm rather than the exemption. It
is expected for a building to provide conditions for a number of services with
high security, energy efficiency and convenience. For a several building that
composed of critical requirements (i.e. temperature), such as hospitals and
calibration laboratories, the services provided are even more advanced and
must be convenient. To control and monitor several building services in an
efficient way, a more or less advanced building automation system is required.
Some advantages using an advanced building automation system are:
1.) Monitoring of several systems from one place;
2.) Sharing of alarms;
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3.) Interaction for more efficient control strategies; and

4.) Remote service and etc.
Building Automation Systems (BAS) provides automatic control of the
conditions of indoor environments. It is management system that consists of
computerized, interlinked, networks of hardware and software which monitor
and control the mechanical and lighting systems in commercial, industrial,
and institutional facilities. The core promises of BAS are to keep the building
climate within a specified range, provide lighting based on occupancy
schedules, and monitor system performance. It grants higher energy
efficiency, lower operating and maintenance costs, better indoor air quality,
better occupant comfort and more convenient work environment for
productivity through its automatic control system.
Automation control widely employed in many technological and biological
systems to perform operations not feasible for a man because of the
necessity of processing a large amount of data in a limited time. It is the
creation and application of technology to monitor and control the production
and delivery of products and services. It is also used to increase the
productivity of labor and the quality and accuracy of regulation and to free
men from controlling system that operate under conditions which are
relatively inaccessible or hazardous to health.
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RELATED STUDIES OF BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Some previous research and study that were found related to the present
study are indicated below.
Table 1. Related research to the present study.
TITLE OF THE
STUDY
RESEARCHER
Energy
Conservation and
Efficiency in a
Shanghai Office
Building
(January, 2012)
Motion-Detected
Lightning and AirConditioning Control
with Remote
Monitoring System
(S.Y. 2012-2013)
PURPOSE
OF STUDY
Smart building,
cost-effective
and energy
efficiency
AdvanceTech
China
Automatic
control of
lights, projector
and aircondition units
DICT Students
(batch-2013)
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Building Automation Systems (BAS) more often than are also voiced as
Building Management Systems (BMS). Some people define BAS as applying
only to mechanical/electrical systems and BMS to further include fire
prevention and communications networks such as remote cameras and
speakers. Whatever name is used, centralized management of lighting,
heating,
ventilating
and
air-conditioning,
fire
detection
and
alarm,
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communications, and security systems is now commonly available to and

used by building managers and facilities.
Building Automation Systems are composed of an array of mechanical
and electrical equipment in a building or on a campus. The devices are
connected to a control station, usually a computer, where system oversight
can be accomplished by an operator who is trained in its use. A tethered or
wireless network connects the control station to the equipment control
devices. Overall system conditions are displayed graphically on computer
screens. Common graphic data will include: equipment that is on or off,
temperatures within room, and alarm indicators.
http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/facilities-ops-maintenance/building-automation-systems
AIR-CONDITIONING ANALYSIS
Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) control can be designed
and
implemented
using
centralized
and
decentralized
systems.
Characteristics of the said systems are distinguished and evaluated in Table

2.
Table 2: Centralized HVAC System vs. Localized AC System
Centralized System
Structural Design/Costs
Decentralized System
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For Central systems, the building

structure should be designed to take
the weight of equipment.
Suitable vibration control must be
considered.
Adequate load bearing beams and
columns must be available for lifting
and shifting of such equipment.
The decentralized systems are

smaller in size and are less bulky.
Costs are lower due to less
assembly of component ducting etc.
However interference to the front is
high.
Building Management Systems

Central systems are amenable to
centralized
energy
management
systems. If properly managed these
can help in optimal utilization of the
air conditioning plant and can reduce
building energy consumption besides
providing effective indoor temperature
and humidity control.
Engineering Costs
Decentralized system units cannot

be easily connected together to
permit
centralized
energy
management operations.
Decentralized systems can be

integrated to BMS with respect to
on-off functions.
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Central chilled water systems incur

around 4 to 5% of the capital costs
towards engineering efforts.
A central plant equipment, ducting,
piping layouts and control schemes
are much more complex.
Layout
finalization
is
time
consuming and requires close
interaction with architect, interior
layouts, electrical and structural
disciplines.
The system selection must precede
the final architectural design of the
building.
Engineering costs, skills, time and

risk factors for designing and
installing decentralized floor-byfloor system are usually lower than
those for a central system for the
following reasons:
Load
calculations
and
corresponding
equipment
selections are less critical. The
multiple numbers of modular units
will provide built in safety cum
flexibility into the design.
Since the units are factory built
standard equipment, the quantum
of work to be carried out at site is
much less as compared to central
system.
Maintenance Cost
The breakdown, repair, replacement
and maintenance cost of central
plants can be expensive and time
consuming. However, the frequency
of such breakdown is quite low.
These systems require routine
inspection and planned checks. Daily
operation also adds to the running
cost, as trained operators are
required.
The decentralized system repair

cost per breakdown is normally low.
With the emergence of reliable
hermetic and scroll compressors,
their maintenance expenditure has
shown remarkable improvements
and is less time consuming and
simple.
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Maintenance costs are difficult to

predict since they can vary widely
depending on the type of system, the
owner's perception of what is needed,
the proximity of skilled labor and the
labor rates in the area. A recent
survey of office buildings indicated a
median cost of $0.24 per sq. ft. per
year.
Roof mounted packaged units

typically have maintenance costs of
11% or higher than a central plant
system serving the same building.
Operating Costs
The modern centrifugal machine is
capable of operating at a power
consumption of 0.50 - 0.60 kW per
ton. In addition to the above,
centrifugal
machines
are
now
available with variable speed drives
(VSD), which enables machines to
operate at off design conditions at
0.40, 0.30 and even at 0.20 kW/ton.
This leads to an unprecedented
energy saving. Note: For all airconditioning systems a vast majority
of operating hours are spent at off
design conditions. Therefore it is
important select machines which the
best off design performance.
The
power
consumption
of
Decentralized compact units can
vary from 1.0 kW per ton to 1.3 kW
per ton. The type of compressors
used in these machines is either
hermetic reciprocating type or scroll.
The part load efficiency of such
units is lower than their full load
efficiency.
Cooling
efficiency
for
air
conditioners, splits, package units
and heat pumps is indicated by a
SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency
Ratio) rating. In general, the higher
the SEER rating, the less electricity
the unit will use to cool the space.
The
government-mandated
minimum efficiency standards for
units installed in new homes at 10.0
SEER. Air conditioners and heat
pumps manufactured today have
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SEER ratings that range from 10.0

to about 17.
Air Distribution System
High pressure loss in the distribution
system.
Small static pressure of fans and

low efficiency of fans.
High area requirements for air

distribution system.
Decentralized
systems
air
distribution is not as good as ducted
systems.
High efficiency of fans.

Condensate Removal
Condensate
removal
is
easily
achieved in central systems since the
cooling coil (evaporator) is located
remotely in air handling unit room.
Condensate
disposal
is
cumbersome
and
sometimes
difficult especially in multiple unit
installation.
Heat Rejection Options

Central air conditioning systems expel
heat by air or water cooling.
Most decentralized systems use aircooled condensers to expel heat.

They have to be generally kept very
close to the evaporator units and for
smaller sized equipment; the length
should be 30 to 40 feet whereas for
larger systems it may go up to 3 to
4 times this figure.
The paucity of good quality soft
water makes it imperative to opt for
air cooled systems
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Usage Patterns
Centralized systems are preferred
where the usage time is high and
consistent.
Decentralized or individual systems

are preferred where the air
conditioning requirements are low
or intermittent. Such systems offer
high flexibility in meeting the
requirement of different working
hours and special design conditions
http://www.seedengr.com/Cent%20Vs%20Decent%20AC%20Systems.pdf
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a modular industrial computer
control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and
makes decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output
devices. Almost any manufacture line or process can be greatly improved
using this type of control system. However, the major benefit of using a PLC
is the ability to change and replicate the operation or process while collecting
and communicating fundamental information.
Communication Protocol
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A Communication Protocol is a language by which two devices

communicate and exchange data. These devices are microprocessor-based
products, such as an input/output board, rooftop unit controller or a Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU), personal desktop computer or even central enterprise
servers.
The data exchange usually happens over some physical wire such as on
a twisted pair RS485 or Ethernet CAT5 cable. It can also happen wirelessly
over Wi-Fi network. In order for two people to have a meaningful exchange
they need to speak the same language and have a medium to communicate.
Both devices have to know the data structure in order to facilitate the
exchange of data.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) has three basic
functions namely monitoring, control and user interface functions. The
monitoring function collects data and sends it back to the central computer.
The control function gathers data from monitoring sensors processes it and
send control signals back to the equipment according to a prescribed
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software program. The user interface is often a large control room where
individuals can monitor SCADA input and output responses in real time.
APPLICATION:
A large-scale application of a SCADA system is a nuclear power plant where

thousands of sensors monitor mission-critical and safety-critical systems. The
computer system collects data from the sensors, processes updates and
makes computer-controlled adjustments to equipment as required to maintain
operational and safety parameters. In addition to the automatic controls,
employees staff a large control room where they monitor the entire system
around the clock.
Air Conditioning Unit (ACU)
Also known as a room air conditioner, an appliance that cools a single
room rather than an entire home or business. The unit consists of a long,
spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through
the coil, along with a weather-resistant compressor and some control logic.
This approach has evolved over the years because it is low-cost, and also
because it normally results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense
of increased noise outside the house).
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Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity
is higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there is no difference
between a split-system and a window air conditioner.
22

Figure 1. Diagram of a Window Type Air Condition Unit
Photo Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor)

Usually light sensor are used for security or safety device. These types of
devices often work by shining a beam of light from one sensor to another. If
the light is interrupted, an output may or may not trigger. When light falls on
this sensor it changes to electrical energy. As for example a street light has a
light sensor on its top. The light sensor works in the night and the day. Let's
say it's daytime. There is a lot of light coming into the sensor so the electricity
is turned off. At the end of the day as it gets dark, the amount of light energy
23

coming in to the light sensor decreases, and that means the electrical current
is turned on to light the lamp. So the sensor controls the electrical supply.
Vibrating Robot
The vibrating robot is one of the self-operating robots that moves by
means of vibration on the certain area. The choice of vibrating motor is
certainly cruicial for this robot because this application depends upon the
said motor. Here we are using two sensors for path detection purpose namely
proximity sensor and IR sensor.
The proximity sensor used for path detection and IR sensor used for
obstacle detection. These sensors mounted at front end of the robot. The
microcontroller is an intelligent device which must be installed in the robot.
The whole circuit is controlled by the microcontroller.
Access card
FUNCTION:
The most common method is to store a serial number that identifies a person
or object and perhaps other information on a microchip that is attached to an
antenna (the chip and the antenna together are called an transponder or an
tag). The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to
24

a reader. The reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the tag
into digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can
make use of it.
APPLICATION:
Asset tracking, People tracking, Document tracking, Government Library, and

Healthcare.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter defines the methods used to conduct the study. This also
explains how the essential data and information were obtained, presented
and evaluated. Principles and conditions of this study are also discussed in
this section.
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System Design
The Building Automation System for DICT is made up of three levels
namely the field level, automation level and management level (see Figure 2).
Movement inside the miniature is enacted by vibrating robot and light
emitting diodes and detected by the light dependent resistor. Directly
connected push buttons and light dependent resistors enabled the counting of
people inside each rooms to predict efficient and convenient ventilation and
lighting. On the other hand, movement inside the room in actual
implementation is detected by photo detector sensor. Photo detector is a
sensor that measures infrared radiated by the human bodies and other
objects in its field of view.
Time-based control is applied in the system. There will be no output
component such as lights will turn on unless the registered class time is met.
Moreover, special access control is also applied in the system through the
access card. Once an access card is triggered, the output components will
now be able to turn on even if it is not yet the class time. Dimming of lights is
also a part of the building automation system. Whenever a projector is turned
on manually, lights inside that room will dim automatically. Furthermore,
integration of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is also
26

applied in the system. This is installed in the DICT office (AB-407) for remote
monitoring, control and data gathering of authorized people.
Figure 2. System Architecture
27

Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System
Materials
This was organized in order to design and apply building automation
system for the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-405, and AB-407 (DICT) of
Rizal Technological University. The lists of materials, including their
descriptions, that are installed in the designed system are provided.
A. Control Panel Components
1. 2pc. of Circuit Breaker
a. Operating Voltage: 240Vac
b. Operating Current: 4A and 2A
2. Power Supply
a. 24Vdc
3. Programmable Logic Controller
a. s7 300 (CPU 313C)
b. 24Vdc Supply
4. I/O modules
a. 24 channels digital input
b. 24 channels digital output
5. Terminal Blocks
a. 61 pcs.
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i. 26 pcs. for Digital Input

ii. 26 pcs. for Digital Output
iii. 4 pcs. for 220Vac Supply (L1 and L2)
iv. 10 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc Common
6. End Plate
a. 10mm by 70mm
b. 7 pcs.
7. Stopper (10 pcs)
8. 24VDC relay (40pcs.)
9. Wire Duct
a. 3000mm x 35mm x40mm (LxWxH)
10. Din rail (3 meters)
a. 7.5mm x 35mm (WxD)
b. Aluminum
11. Cable Gland (4 pcs.)
12. AWG wire (100 meters)
a. #27AWG
B. PLC Input Devices

1. Push buttons (41 pcs.)
2. Sensors
a. Passive Infrared Sensor (3 pcs.)
i. 4.5Vdc power supply
ii. Laser sensing technology
iii. 7 meter sensing range
iv. 24Vdc output signal
b. Limit Switch (6 pcs)
i. 5 VDC power supply
ii. 15mm maximum detecting distance
iii. Operating Temperature: -25 to 70 C
C. PLC Output Devices
1. Electrical Motor
a. Air Conditioning Unit (7 pcs)
i. 5 VDC power supply
ii. 3 pcs. for AB-401 and 2 pcs. each for AB-405 and AB-407
29

2. Gear Motor (3pcs.)

a. 1pc. Each for room
i.
3 VDC power supply
3. Electrical Lights (22 pcs.)
a. 9 pcs. for AB-401, 7 pcs. for AB-405, and 6 pcs. for AB-405
b. 3.2 to 3.7Vdc supply
c. 1Watt
d. Light Emitting Diode
D. Vibrating Robot
1. Infrared sensor pack GP2S04 (2 pcs.)
2. MCU: ATtiny45 microcontroller (1 pc.)
3. SMD LED (size: 805)
4. 100 ohm resistor (size: 805)
5. 3Volt cell phone coin-vibrator D10mm W2mm (2 pcs.)
6. 1pc. 3.6 Volt Lit-Pol battery(Bluetooth hands free battery)
7. 2pcs. of Small size pin-header(male and female)
Methods
Control Panel
Based on Figure 4, a base plate of 592 millimeter by 400 millimeter by 200
millimetre(lxwxh) was installed. Single terminal blocks were used. There were
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4 terminal blocks allotted for 220Vac supply for the Programmable Logic
Controller (2 terminal blocks each for line 1 and line 2) and 10 terminal blocks
for 24Vac Supply (5 pcs for each 24Vdc and 0Vdc). In the second rail of the
panel, 10 stoppers were used to hold the terminal blocks (2 stopper for the
circuit breaker, 2 pcs. for 220Vac supply, 2 pcs. for 24Vdc and 0Vdc, and 4
pcs. for digital input and digital output terminal blocks). The number of
terminal blocks for digital input and digital output are dependent on the
number of each module channels. It was proportional to the number of
addresses. There is a total of 26 digital input and 21 digital output that were
used in the panel. There are a total of 61 terminal blocks that were made up
of 26 digital input, 21 digital output, 4 pieces for 220Vac, and 10 pcs for
24Vdc and 0Vdc.
Photo Sensor
The photo sensor itself has two slots in it. Each slot was made of a special
material that is sensitive to infrared light. When the sensor is idle, both slots
detect the same amount of infrared light, the ambient amount radiated from
the room or walls or outdoors. Once the moving object enters the motion
range of the photo sensor, it first intercepts one half of the photo sensor,
which causes a positive differential change between the two halves, then it
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will send a signal to the controller and trigger the air condition units and the
lights. When the moving object leaves the sensing area, the sensor will return
to its initial state (normally open contact), whereby the sensor generates a
negative differential change. These changes in pulses will be detected by the
sensor.
Three photo sensors were installed in the three cubicle in the room AB
407 and ensured its wide sensing range. Each of the three sensors triggered
a specific set of air condition unit and lights. When the moving object passed
the photo sensor, it trigger the set of air condition unit and lights.
If the object leaves the cubicle, the photo sensor will disable the lights and
air-conditioning unit.
Converting AC signal to DC signal
This study used a Direct Current signal (24Vdc) as an input for the
Programmable Logic Controller, Motion sensor. Thus, conversion of
Alternating Current (220Vac) to Direct Current (24Vdc) were used.
The 24Volts direct current power supply has an input of 220Volts
alternating current, which has three terminals, and produces 24Volts direct
current. The two
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Figure 4. 24VDC supply
terminals
of
220Volts
alternating current is also called the Line1 and Line2 while the 3rd terminal is
the ground. The four terminals on the output of the 24Vdc supply have the
positive and negative direct current. The positive terminal (M+) was
connected to the positive connection of the components supply while the
negative terminal (L-) was connected to the negative side connection of the
components supply.
On the Programmable Logic Controller, the positive and negative terminal
of the 24Vdc were connected to the positive and negative side of the PLC
respectively. The output of the Programmable Logic Controller would energize
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a specific component (e.g. Light), which is connected to the coil of the relay
and changes its state.
Integrating Programmable Logic Controller
Programmable logic controller (CPU 313C) with 26 digital input and 24
digital output are used to control the components inside the miniature (e.g.
lights, fan, electrical motor and projector). The passive infrared sensor,
proximity sensor, and smoke detector installed would send a signal to the
programmable logic controller. The programmable logic controller responds in
accordance to the program that was downloaded. It may turn on or turn off
the lights and motors to vary the temperature. The control taken by the PLC
was time-based and automatic, which made it smart. The Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is integrated to the Programmable Logic
Controller (CPU 313C). Step 7 V5.5 was the software that was used for the
PLC.
Integrating Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA)
The graphical user interface of the building automation system which
monitors and controls the different electrical and mechanical components in
34

the field level remotely. Hardware in the field level such as limit switches
gathers and feeds data into the computer where the SCADA software was
installed. Real time data collection from the different rooms enabled the
computer to process this data and display it in a timely manner graphically.
The graphics designed were based on how the actual miniature looks like.
The SCADA also records all events in the miniature and log them into a file
stored in the computer. Building administrators or other authorized person
can open and print this file for weekly/monthly reports. Moreover, the SCADA
displays warning when conditions in any of the different rooms become
precarious by generating alarm events. The software used for the SCADA is
WinCC 7.2 without an OPC server.
Access card
The transmitter was installed in the special identification card held by the
professors of the DICT. These cards allow the holder to have a special access
in any room at any time. The specific use of the card was to override the
automated system for the professor to manually open the doors and gain
access inside the desired room and open manually the air conditioning units
and lights.
35

Photo Sensor
There were photo sensors installed towards the projector in AB-401 and
AB-405. The purpose of this light sensor was to detect the projector if it is
turned on or not. If it is turned on, the light sensor triggered the dim lights to
turn on and interlocked the electrical lights to turn off. If the projector is turned
off, the light sensor will trigger the electrical lights and dim lights to go back to
its initial state.
Testing the Output Devices
There were twenty-two electrical lights and seven air conditioning unit
(ACU) installed in the miniature. For safety actions, doors are locked for
certain period. In case of power failure, doors will unlock as its fail position
because the PLC will run out of power. However in actual implementation it is
recommended to include UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) in the system.
These output devices will respond based on the signals coming from the input
devices and the way they are programmed in the PLC.
Electrical Motor
36

A total of 8 electrical motors were installed in the three room: three

electrical motors for the air-conditionung units of AB-401 and two electrical
motors for the air-conditioning units of rooms AB-405 and AB-407. The
electrical motor for the air conditioning units were on and off motor to
represent the automatic variation of ACU in each room. Each ACU turns on
based on the number of people inside the room.
Manual Override Control
Almost all automatic devices have manual overrides for maintenance,
back-up, emergency and bypass of automatic function in case of failure. In
much the same way manual switches were installed in the miniature to
manually operate its automatic components when desired. These switches
were connected to all lights, sprinklers and air-conditioning units in each room
so that they are able to be controlled manually. These manual switches are
usually ignored unless the automated system fails, the system is under
maintenance or it is personally controlled by the occupants.
Miniature Design
Figure 5 shows the design of the miniature of rooms AB-401, AB-407 and
AB-405 including the push buttons and control panel. The actual size of the
37

prototype is 37x27x39 in. (LxWxH). The dimensions of the three rooms are as
follows:
38

Figure 5. Prototype of the miniature
a. AB-401
14x8x6 in. (LxWxH)
b. AB-407
16x10x6 in. (LxWxH)
c. AB-405
13x8x6 in. (LxWxH)
Principles and Conditions
1. Rooms AB-401, AB-407 and AB-405 were scaled down to a miniature
which shows the proposed building automation system.
2. Each room has their own lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.
3. Vibrating robots and light emitting diodes represented the actual moving
people inside the miniature.
4. LED lights and electrical motors represent the actual lighting and airconditioning respectively.
39

5. For the security of each room, time-based control was strictly implemented
in the system.
6. Room AB-401 has eleven LED lights (nine for lighting and two for
emergency light), and five electrical motors (two for sprinklers and three for
air-condition units).
7. Room AB-407 has eight LED lights (six for lighting and two for emergency
light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two for
sprinklers).
8. Room AB-405 has nine LED lights (seven for lighting and two for
emergency light) and four electrical motor (two for air-condition units and two
for sprinklers).
9. Photo sensor was installed in each room to detect if the projector is turned
on. If this sensor is triggered, lights in the room will dim.
10. Two light dependent resistors were installed in rooms AB-401 and AB-405
to count the number of people inside the room.
40

11. Whenever an LED is activated on a specific area, only the lights on that
designated area turns on. Moreover, all lights will turn on if all areas in that
room are occupied.
12. Electric motors (air-condition units) will turn on depending on the number
of people inside the room (see Table 3).
13. Activation of access card and projector is manually done via triggering of
light dependent resistor and switch respectively.
14. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.
15. Power failure, which is intentionally executed by the group, causes the
emergency lights to turn on.
16. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the miniature.
17. Events inside the miniature can be viewed in SCADAs computer screen.
System Operation
AB-401 and AB-405
41

The system will start when occupants enter the room. Rooms are available
five minutes before the registered class schedule or using access card of
authorized person.
Within the five minutes time allotment before the registered class time, dim
lights will turn on if one or more occupants is/are inside the room. These dim
lights for the five minutes time allowance will no longer turn on if the room is
occupied via access card but it can be activated manually.

All electrical lights will turn on and the dim lights will turn off when the
registered class time arrives. The number of air-condition unit that will turn on
depends on the number of people inside the room (see Table 3).
After two minutes if the system detects that nobody is occupying a certain
area, electrical lights designated on that area will turn off.

If the projector is turned on, dim lights will turn on and the electrical lights will
turn off.
Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.
If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on.
AB-407
The system will start when somebody enters the room.

Access card is required when going inside the room. This card is no longer
needed when going outside the said room.

Lights in the hallway will turn on once a person comes inside and will turn off
when nobody is inside.
42

If one or more person enters a cubicle, lights and air-condition unit

designated on that cubicle will turn on. These lights and air-condition units will
turn off within five minutes after the occupant/s left the cubicle.
Electrical lights and air-condition units can be controlled manually.
If power failure happens, emergency lights will turn on and the door will
unlock.
The presence of three person in actual is represented by one plunger
inside the miniature. Each number of energized plungers will have an
equivalent number of an air conditioning unit, which is represented by an on
and off motor as shown in the Table 3.
Table 3. Condition of ACU for AB-401 and AB-405

Number of
People
(miniature)
1-3
Number of People
(actual)
1 to 15
Number of
Equivalent
ACU
1
4-6
7 or more
16 to 30
> 30
2
3
If the number of energized LED inside the miniature was greater than or
equal to one (1) or suddenly decreases from six (6) to one (1) or all of the
LED were de-energized, the number of air conditioning unit will turn on and
43

turn off according to the number of people inside. The system will give 10
minutes allotment before the air conditioning unit will turn off.
The number of LED that will activate inside the miniature were determined by
the push button, which are connected in-line to the digital input module.
The push button connected in-line with each of the LED will trigger an output
corresponding on the status of these LEDs
The number of energized LED will count as one (1) and will be added to the
total number of the energized LED.
The number of de-energized LED will be subtracted to the total number of the
energized LED.
Principles and Condition on Actual Implementation
1. All rooms have individual lighting, air-conditioning and fire safety systems.
2. Class schedules will be registered in the SCADA by an authorized person. If
it is not yet the class time, doors are locked. If it is already the class time,
doors in each room will unlock automatically.
3. Access card will enable authorized person to unlock the rooms anytime.
4. Sensors that will be installed in each room are the following:
Photo Detectors and Light Sensors
44

Proximity switches
5. Two proximity switches will be installed in the door of each room to count
the number of people inside.
6. Lights and air-condition units will not work unless the photo detector and the
counter are triggered.
7. When an area is occupied, lights designated on that area will turn on.
8. The number of air-condition units that will turn on will depend on the number
of people inside the room (see table 3). These air-condition units will turn on
with a default setpoint of 18 C but can be manually adjusted if desired.
9. Photo sensor will detect if the projector is turned on. If this sensor detects
ligt from the projector, dim lights will automatically turn on.
10. Emergency lights will turn on when power failure happens.
11. Doors are locked for certain period based on the time-based control.
12. Doors will unlock when the power failure occurs.
13. All lights, air-condition units and doors can be controlled manually.
14. The SCADA gathers all the data coming in and going out of the building.
45

15. Event inside each room can be viewed in SCADAs computer screen.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter expounds the finding during the testing of building automation
system in the miniature. The implementation of the proposed automated
building system in the miniature of AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407 has
successfully satisfied the requirements of an actual automated building
system.
Objective 1: To design and install all the components of the building
automation system in the miniature.
46

The miniature exactly represents the actual rooms AB-401, AB-405 and
AB-407. It portrays objects and facilities inside each room like tables, chairs,
windows, cubicles, hallway and etc. Components installed effectively
represents the facilities for each room namely the lighting system (including
the dim lights), air-conditioning system and alarm system.
The sensors light dependent resistor and smoke detector works well as it
were placed in an appropriate positions. Light dependent resistors were
installed in the cubicles of AB-407, in the middle of the prototype that
represents counting of passage of people in the door of any room and beside
the white board of rooms AB-401 and AB-405 along the pathway of the light of
the projector. In that case the sensor monitors the on and off state of the
projector.
47

Figure 6. Miniature of AB-401
Figure 7.
Miniature of
AB-405
Figure 8. Miniature of AB-407
48

The programmable logic controller S7-300 was
installed in
the control panel beneath the miniature

together with its digital input and
digital output modules.
Also,
supplementary
components
specifically
terminal
blocks, step down transformers
and relays were installed in the panel. Step down transformers and relays
were installed because the voltage supply of the miniature devices, e.g.
sensors, lights and electrical motors, were less than 24 VDC. The conditions
of all components installed in the control panel was tested. The results are
shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Conditions of Control Panel Components
Control Panel Components
1. Circuit Breaker
5V
2. Transformer
9V
Output
12V
3. Power Supply
4. S7-300 CPU 313C
5. DI Module
6. DO Module
7. Relays
8. Terminal Blocks
9. Cable Duct
Remarks
Working Properly
5.0V Output
8.95V Output
12.0V Output
24.1V Output
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Spacious
49

50

Figure 9. Main Control Panel
51

Figure 10. Marshalling Panel

Objective 2: To construct a representation of actual moving people
inside the miniature specifically line tracking robot and light emitting
diode.
Vibrating robot was placed inside the AB-407 which represents the
presence and motion of people inside the room. The robot triggered the light
dependent resistor when it enter the cubicle and activated the lighting and airconditioning system based on the logic of the program.
52

The presence of students in the rooms AB-401 and AB-407 were

represented by light emitting diodes installed in each table. The number of
lights and air-conditioning unit that will turn on was based on the
corresponding number of activated light emitting diodes.
Objective 3: To integrate a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) in the system to monitor and control the different rooms
remotely.
One of the aims of the system was to establish a remote control and
monitoring system, and the Simatic WinCC version 7.2 made this possible.
Actions of the input and output devices were programmed in the PLC where
the SCADA was dependent in data gathering. The SCADA is used to monitor
events happening inside each rooms and is capable of controlling output
devices such as lights, air-conditioning units and doors.
The graphics created in SCADA was designed to look like the actual
representation of the rooms. The aim of this graphics is to show what, where
and when the facilities are activated and to indicate the present condition of
the installed devices. If the light graphics in the SCADA screen, which looks
like the lights in the miniature, lit, it means the actual light in that specific room
53
is activated.

The open and close state of the miniature doors are also
indicated in the SCADA screen. The SCADA also monitors the on-off state of
the projectors and doors of each room.
Objective 4: To apply a time-based control in the building automation
system.
Time-based control was effectively applied in the system that fitted with the
schools class schedules. Rooms are locked when it is not yet the class time.
Rooms are unlocked and available for use when the exact class schedule
arrives. After the class schedule, all devices inside the room turns off
automatically.
The time-based function of the system can be bypassed using the access
card or manually opening it in the SCADA which is installed in AB-407.
Objective 5: To test if the miniature is working based on its desired
function.
Miniature Component Testing
Series of testing were made to make sure that all installed components
such as sensors, push buttons, light emitting diodes, gear motors and beacon
54

will work properly and to check if the components are wired into the PLC
module according to its designated address.
Testing of Automatic Doors
Constructing an automatic miniature door was another challenging task.
This was made possible by using gear motors that fit inside the miniature.
These motors were designed to rotate 90 clockwise and counter-clockwise
that acted the opening and closing of each door. Reversing the rotation of
these motors were done by altering the positive and negative power supply
connection through relay. By slowing down its rotation and disconnecting the
supply at a certain amount of time, it satisfies the right angle for safety in
demonstration purposes.
Testing of Lights
Light emitting diodes as lightings are event-based activated. Push buttons
activates the light emitting diodes that indicates the presence and location of
students. When these elements are determined, lights turn on.
The dim lights are either activated five minutes before the programmed
class time or the projector is activated. A push button is used to trigger the
representation of the projector which was placed in front of the miniature
55

model. The miniature was running at normal operation when the push button
for projector was activated. As a result, the lightings was turned off and the
dim lights turned on.
Emergency lights were installed in case of power interruption or brown-out.
These emergency lights activates manually. The miniature was supplied by
power to activate its components and this power was intentionally cut. As a
result, the emergency lights were automatically activated.
Testing of Electrical Motors
Gear motors were used to represent air-conditioning units. This component
was tested using automatic sequence and using manual override switches.
These devices were found to be working well as long as it is supplied by the
right voltage rating. Air-conditioning units are idled or inactive while doors
remained close unless conditions and schedule are met and access cards and
manual overrides are used.
Testing of the Programmed System Operation
The time-based system programmed determines when a room is available
and so its facility for automatic activation. This is possible using S7-300
56

controller time-based control. The rooms were designed to be inaccessible for

unscheduled times for energy efficiency and security reasons.
To test the system operation, the group programmed the time when the
class was supposed to take place. The miniature was running in a normal
condition with all doors closed and facilities inactivated since the programmed
class hours was not yet met.
When the schedule was met, the automated miniature door moved at 90
deg. and the dim lights were activated. An indication that the scheduled class
hours has started.
Testing of Automatic Response of Lights and Air-conditioning Units
Energy efficiency means using it only when needed. An intelligent building
knows the need of its occupant without being excessive in using the energy.
Building management system does not only reduce human effort, it also
assess human from using the right amount of energy to be consumed.
If implemented, the number of air-conditioning units to be triggered inside
room will depend on the number of students present inside it. In actual
implementation, this can be done using proximity sensors which will be used
as a counter.
57

The building energy efficiency of automated buildings in comparison with

non-automated building can be demonstrated using the miniature built by the
group. Illustrations are provided to document how room areas are lighted up
according to predetermined location of students. A tabulated activation of airconditioning units according to number of students is also provided in Table 5.
Table 5. Response of Electrical Motors
ROOMS
AB-401
AB-405
AB-407
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
1-3
4-6
7-8
1-3
4-6
Cubilce 1
Cubicle 2
Conference Room
ACTIVATED ELECTRICAL
MOTORS
ACU1
ACU2
ACU3
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
Testing of Switches for Manual Override

The purpose of the installed manual system is to provide the control which
is not inside the programmed sequence. The manual switches were also used
to diagnose facilities that are not functioning. This will also serve as back-up
system in case the automatic system fails.
58

The manual switches are provided to control the facilities of the AB-401, AB405, and AB-407 miniature rooms. Different manual switches are assigned to
turn on and off the light emitting diodes for lightings and dim lights, to activate
the electrical motors that represents the air-conditioning units and to open and
close the doors. Table 6 shows the response of the output devices when
controlled manually.
Table 6. Manual Control
Rooms
AB-401
AB-405
AB-407
Miniature Facilities
Lightings and Dim Lights
Door
Air-conditioning units
Lightings and Dim Lights
Door
Lightings
Door
Remarks
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Working Properly
Objective 6: To create a system design for actual implementation of the

miniature.
The only sensor that was changed in the design for the actual
implementation of the miniature was the light dependent resistor. Instead of
59

using light dependent resistor, photo detector sensor shall be used because
photo detector sensor is more suitable for the detection of body movements
in bigger atmosphere. Light dependent resistor can still be used for the
detection of projector and counting of people entering or leaving the room.
Time-based control will also be strictly applied in the system of actual
implementation. Additional component, specifically UPS (Uninterruptable
Power Supply) shall be installed to provide back-up power so that security will
still be definite in case of power loss. The designs for actual implementation
are shown in Figures 6-8.
60

Figure 11. Actual Room Design of AB-401
61

Figure 12. Actual Room Design of AB-405
62

Figure 13.
Actual
Room
Design of
AB-407
Upon the testing of components, some miniature representations of actual

devices had issues and yield delimitations in this study. Thus other
representations that would fit in the miniature were.
Implementation of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC)
system
HVAC system application is not limited to buildings that needs continuous
operation but its application exceeds the requirements of the proposed
structure. The proposed structure is a school where facilities are operated by
schedule, which means continuous operation is not necessary. HVAC system
may only cause disadvantage like energy and cost inefficiency. Building
63

automation ensures energy efficiency, security and room convenience.

Therefore, this project reconsidered few options to satisfy a comfortable place
without being inefficient in terms of energy use and costs.
Instead of using HVAC for ventilation, window-type air-conditioning units
were used which are initially installed in the actual rooms. In the miniature,
these were represented by electrical motors as said in chapter 3.
Energy Conservation With Building Automation System
The group came up in comparing the summation of energy consumption of
having BAS or Building Automation System and the common or normal power
consumption of the different rooms. Based on the computation, Building
Automation System can reduce the energy consumption of the building. It
lessens the consumption up to almost 30% for an hour. This system also
minimizes the occupants interface from turning on and off of the airconditioning units and lights. The following computation that the group did is
the proof that Building Automation System is really helpful and efficient for the
building integration. The computation of energy consumption of airconditioning units (ACU) and lights are shown in Tables 7-10.
Table 7. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU Without
Building Automation System
64

AIR
CONDITIONIN
G UNIT
TIME
USAGE
POWER
RATING
COMPUTATION
TOTAL
CONSUMPTIO
N
UNIT 1-3
1hr
1491.4watts
(1491.4*1 / 1000)
(3)
4.4742kWh
Table 8. AB-405: Computaion For Energy Consumption of ACU With Building

Automation System
AIR
COMPUTATION
TOTAL
CONDITIO
TIME
POWER
ENERG
OF TOTAL
CONSUMPNING
USAGE
RATING
Y SAVE
CONSUMPTION
TION
UNIT
(1.4914kW)
UNIT 1
1hr
1491.4watts
(1h)
+ (2.9828kW)
3.596412
20%
UNIT 2
50mins
2982.8watts
(0.83h)
kWh
+ (4.4742kW)
UNIT 3
35mins
4474.2watts
(0.58h)
Table 9. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights Without
TIME
POWER
TOTAL
LIGHTINGS
COMPUTATION
USAGE
RATING
CONSUMPTION
39 unit
1hr
5watts
[(5)(1) / 1000](39)
0.195kWh
Table 10. AB-401: Computaion For Energy Consumption of Lights With
LIGHTIN
GS PER
AREA
TIME
USAG
E
AREA 1
1hr
50min
utes
35min
AREA 2
AREA 3
POWER
RATING
20watts
40watts
60watts
COMPUTATION
OF TOTAL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMP
TION PER
AREA
(0.02Kw)(1hr)
(0.04Kw)
(0.83hr)
(0.06Kw)
0.02KwH
0.0332Kw
H
0.0348Kw
TOTAL
CONSUMP
-TION
ENER
GY
SAVE
0.07364
KwH
40%
65

AREA 4
utes
25min
utes
80watts
(0.58hr)
(0.08Kw)
(0.418hr)
H
0.0334Kw
H
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the testing, the resolve raised
problems and for recommendation suggestions for further analysis.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this study, which is to create a miniature

representation for advanced automated facilities in RTU room AB-
66

401, AB-405, and AB-407, was fulfilled and was proven to provide a
fixed and assured security, comfort and energy efficiency in the
building.
It also aim to have a fixed and assured security, comfort and energy
efficiency in the building.

There are several topics needed to be considered in this particular
study. The air-conditioning and lighting condition and the most
important is the Building Automation System (BAS).

The control system that is used in this project is PLC Simatic S7-300
CPU 313C and SCADA Simatic WinCC version 7.2.

It makes human and machine interaction less and easier.
The light dependent resistor or photo sensor installed in each room
were used to determine the exact the number of lights and airconditioning units that will turn on depending on the number of
occupancy represented by light emitting diodes and vibrating robot.
This sensor is also used to monitor the on and off state of the
projector.
The project has its scope and delimitation wherein the miniature is
designed for DICT rooms AB-401, AB-405 and AB-407, which
focused
on the advancement of the automation system in the specific
facilities of the DICT.
67

The light emitting diode that represents the number of students

inside the rooms will be operated by manual switched installed
outside the miniature.

The prototype needs to be tested if the function will work according
to its tasks.
This project help not only the DICT but also the entire school if it will
be implemented. It can provide huge reduction in the energy
consumption of the school. It can aslo give the students, professors
and other employees security and room convenience.
CONCLUSION
After series of studies and testings, the group came up with a conclusion
that the purpose on this project is feasible in actual for the solution of the
energy efficiency, security and comfort of the students, professors, and other
employees not only in the entire floor but also for the entire building. By the
use of the improved technologies, the aim of the project is possible to be
implemented with an almost zero percent of risks in the particular area. The
project design is practically made for less human intervention and higher
productivity not only for the DICT but also for the whole school facilities.
Through testings and different studies, the problems that were raised were
eventually solved by the researchers.
68

RECOMMENDATION
For futher improvement of the proposed proejct the following points are
recommended:
For more efficient and easy monitoring of the system HMI or Human
Machine interface may be installed for widely installation of the project.

The future researcher may improve the occupancy indicator with a real
automated moving object.
For additional security, install third party system like fire safety system
which may include smoke detector, alarm and fire sprinkler.

The system may also be enlarged and implemented in an actual
demonstration so the other purpose of the miniature can be appreciated
and seen.
69


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1

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

management system (BMS) is the core of a building automation system

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Every building is different but energy consumption within all buildings

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2.) To construct a representation of actual moving people inside the miniature

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

For the Students, Professors and Other Occupants of the Rooms.

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

cannot fit inside the

miniature, these are represented by fans and electrical lights respectively.

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

3.) Interaction for more efficient control strategies; and

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

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