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Power Cycles : Otto, Diesel, Dual Combustion cycles, Sterling Cycle, Atkinson
Cycle,Ericcson Cycle, Lenoir Cycle Description and representation on PV and TSdiagram, Thermal Efficiency, Mean Effective Pressures on Air standard basis
comparison of Cycles.
In gas power cycles gas is the working fluid. It does not undergo any phase
change . Engines operating on gas cycles may be either cyclic or non-cyclic.
Hot air engines using air as the working fluid operate on a closed cycle. Internal
combustion engines where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine
cylinder are non-cyclic heat engines.
CARNOT CYCLE :
STERLING CYCLE:
IT consists of Two reversible isotherms and two reversible isochores. For Ikg
of ideal gas
So, the regenerative Stirling cycle has the same efficiency as the Carnot cycle.
ERICSSON CYCLE :
IT CONSISTS of Two reversible isotherms and two reversible isobars.
For 1 kg of ideal gas
Since part of
the heat is
transferred at
constant
pressure and
part at
constant
temperature,
the efficiency
of the
Ericsson cycle
is less than that of the Camot
cycle. But with ideal regeneration,
so that all the heat is added from
the external source at TI and all the heat is rejected to an external sink at T2 the
efficiency of the cycle becomes equal to the Camot cycle efficiency, since
Process 1-2, Intake. The inlet valve is open; the piston moves to the right,
admitting fuel-air mixture into the cylinder at constant pressure.
Process 2-3, Compression. Both the valves are closed, the piston compresses the
combustible mixture to the minimum volume.
Process 3-4, Combustion. The mixture is then ignited by means of a spark,
combustion takes place, and there is an increase in temperature and pressure.
Process 4-5, Expansion. The products of combustion do work on the piston
which moves to the right, and the pressure and temperature of the gases
decrease.
Process 5-6, Blow-down. The exhaust valve opens, and the pressure drops to the
initial pressure.
Process 6-1, Exhaust. With the exhaust valve open, the piston moves inwards to
expel the combustion products from the cylinder at constant pressure.
The series of processes as described above constitute a mechanical cycle, and
not a thermodynamic cycle. The cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston.
Figure (c) shows the air standard cycle (Otto cycle) corresponding to the
above engine. It consists of: .
Two reversible adiabatics and two reversible isochores.
otto
It is clear from the above expression that efficiency increases with the increase
in the value of r, which means we can have maximum efficiency by increasing r
to a considerable extent, but due to practical difficulties its value is limited to
about 8.
The net work done per kg in the Otto cycle can also be expressed in terms of p,
v. If p is expressed in bar i.e.,
.1
..2
It may be observed that eqn2 for the efficiency of diesel cycle is different from
that of the Otto cycle only in the bracketed factor. This factor is always greater
than unity because >1. Hence for a given compression ratio the Otto cycle is
more efficient.