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3G-4G Spectrum
Smit Patel, Darshan Shah

Abstract
This topic gives you basic ideas about the spectrums used in 3G
and 4G communication systems. It also spreads light on the
technologies used in both systems and their applications in current
time. It allows one to understand the evolution of 4G from early
1G,its reasons and its effects.

II. SPECTRUM
Radio spectrum refers to a range of radio frequencies.
The bandwidth of a radio signal is the difference between
the upper and lower frequencies of the signal.
III. BACKGROUND

I. TABLE OF CONTENT
1.1. Spectrum
1.2. Background
1.2.1. 1G
1.2.2. 2G
1.2.3. 2.5G
1.3. 3G
1.3.1. What is 3G
1.3.2. Characteristics of 3G
1.3.3. WCDMA Vs. CDMA 2000
1.3.4. Architecture of WCDMA
1.3.5. HSDPA
1.3.5.1. Channel
1.3.5.2. Coding
1.3.5.3. Modulation
1.4. 4G
1.4.1. Characteristics of 4G
1.4.2. Comparison of 3G & 4G
1.4.3. Switching Methods
1.4.4. Architecture of 4G
1.4.4.1. OFDM
1.4.4.2. MC-CDMA
1.4.4.3. Mobile WiMAX
1.4.4.4. IPv6.0
1.4.5. Applications of 4G

A. 1G
First it was started in 1980 in us. Bel telephone had
divided Chicago city in 10 different hexagonal cells.
Each cell has one transmitter at its centre.
Transmission is analog .It covered 26sqkm area.
There are two different frequencies for transmission
and receiving. American Gov. had distributed total
832 different frequencies. From that frequency one
cell can deal with only 56 calls at a time.
B. 2G
In 2G telephonic talks converted into digital. Its size
is very small. So it takes less space on frequency
band. For 2G frequency between 890 to 915 MHz
and between 935 to 960 MHz is used which has
bandwidth of only 25 MHz .
Technologies used in 2.5G
i. TDMA
GSM uses TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) in which each cellular
channel are divided into a number of timeclots that are shared amongst a group of
callers within a cell.
ii. CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
in which multiplexing is done on the basis
of special mathematical codes used to
encode the signal from each phone.

2
C. 2.5G
The term "2.5G" usually describes a 2G cellular
system combined with General Packet Radio Services
(GPRS), or other services not generally found in 2G
or 1G networks. Data transfer is done using General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technique. Speed is
from 56 Kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s .In this method data
is distributed in many small packets .This packets due
to their small size covers small space on frequency
band. Users receive this packet one by one and web
page comes gradually on his screen. 1xRTT supports
bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to
153.6 Kbit/s, delivering an average user data
throughput of 80-100 Kbit/s in commercial networks.

IV. 3G
For 3G frequency between 2110 to 2170 MHz is used which
has bandwidth of 60 MHz which is very large compare to 2G
or 2.5G.
Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA 2000

Parameter

W-CDMA

Cdma-2000

Carrier
spacing
Chip rate

5 MHz

3.75 MHz

4.096 MHz

3.6864 MHz

Data
modulation
Spreading

BPSK

Power control
frequency
Variable data
rate implement.
Frame duration
Coding
Base stations
synchronized?
Base station
acquisition/detect
Forward link
pilot
Antenna beam
forming

Complex
(OQPSK)
1500 Hz
Variable SF;
multicode
10 ms
Turbo and
convolutional
Asynchronous
3 step; slot,
frame, code
TDM dedicated
pilot
TDM dedicated
pilot

FW QPSK; RV BPSK
Complex (OQPSK)
800 Hz
Repeat., puncturing,
multicode
20 ms (also 5, 30,
40)
Turbo and
convolutional
Synchronous
Time shifted PN
correlation
CDM common pilot
Auxiliary pilot

Table 1 Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA 2000


A. WCDA Architecture

B. HSDPA
a. Channel
HSDPA is based on shared channel
transmission and its key features are shared
channel and multi-code transmission, higherorder modulation, short Transmission Time
Interval (TTI), fast link adaptation and
scheduling along with fast Hybrid Automatic
Repeat request (HARQ).
b. Coding
There are two type of channel coding in
HSDPA
Convolution Coding :
k bits are input, n bits are output
Now k & n are very small
(Usually k=1-3, n=2-6)
Can be represented using State diagram,
Tree diagram, Trellis diagram.
Can be decoded using Viterbis algorithm.
Vitorbis Algorithm:
Walk through the trellis and compute the
Hamming distance between that branch of r
and those in the trellis.
At each level, consider the two paths
entering the same node and are identical
from this node onwards. From these two
paths, the one that is closer to r at this stage
will still be so at any time in the future. This
path is retained, and the other path is
discarded.
Proceeding this way, at each stage one path
will be saved for each node. These paths are
called the survivors. The decoded sequence

3
(based on MDD) is guaranteed to be one of
these survivors.
Each survivor is associated with a metric of
the accumulated Hamming distance (the
Hamming distance up to this stage).
Carry out this process until the received
sequence is considered completely. Choose
the survivor with the smallest metric.

Table 2 Comparison of 3G and 4G

c. Modulation
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK or 16-QAM
modulation symbols, and several channel
coding rates depending on the channel
conditions, as reported by the terminal in the
HS-DPCCH frames. Thus the system adapts
to the channel conditions and can achieve
higher data rates when the conditions are
favorable. This procedure is denoted as link
adaptation and has similar effects as power
control without need for power control
overhead. Each modulation scheme and
coding rate combination is denoted as
Transport Format Combination (TFC) or
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS).
V. 4G
4G (short for 4th Generation Communication Systems)
represents the future of mobile communications in the longer
term.
A. Characteristics of 4G
4G data rates will between a few Mbps and 100
Mbps, hence the level of services that can be offered is
quite tremendous. It evolves the Cellular Network
Architecture to suit high levels of mobility and purely
packet-switched data. Allows for short-range Ad Hoc
networking among wireless devices.
B. Switching Methods
a. Circuit Switching
In circuit-switching, this path is decided
upon before the data transmission starts. For
the whole length of the communication
session between the two communicating
bodies, the route is dedicated and exclusive,
and released only when the session
terminates.
b. Packet Switching
In packet-switching, the packets are sent
towards the destination irrespective of each
other. Each packet has to find its own route
to the destination. Each packet finds its way
using the information it carries, such as the
source and destination IP addresses.

C. Comparison of 3G and 4G

D. 4G Architecture
a. OFDM
Using a large number of parallel narrow-band
subcarriers instead of a single wide-band carrier
to transport information.
b. MC-CDMA
Unlike DS-CDMA, MC-CDMA applies
spreading sequences in Frequency Domain.MCCDMA is a form of Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM), but we first
apply an orthogonal matrix operation to the user
bits. Therefor, MC-CDMA is sometimes also
called "CDMA-OFDM".This does not use the
special OFDM-like waveforms to ensure dense
spacing of overlapping, yet orthogonal
subcarriers
.
c. Mobile WiMAX
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005)
mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA)
standard is sometimes branded 4G, and offers
peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and
56 Mbit/s
uplink
over
20 MHz
wide
channels.Uses OFDM modulation Technique.
d. IPv6.0
Expanded address space (from 4 bytes to 16
bytes)
Header Format Simplification

E. Applications of 4G

a. Ad Hoc Networking
Ad-Hoc network is known as dynamic
formation of wireless networks between
wireless devices without any central
infrastructure. It allows Personal Area
Networks, & in-house networks to perform
various activities autonomously.
b. Wireless Conferencing
This data rate is quite adequate to support
the high QoS become on-demand
infotainment services. Video-conferencing
services will be of high quality and almost as
good as meeting in person.
c. Augmented Reality Navigation System
The augmented for mobile devices, which
are expandable maps such as Google Maps,
are among the most popular downloads for
3G devices like the iPhone. With the
promise of greater bandwidth on 4G
networks, navigation application providers
are already exploring the idea of "augmented
reality," in which a device will be able to
present real-time visual data using a phone's
live camera and its positioning or GPS
information.
VI. REFERENCES & THANKS
[1] en.wikipedia.org
[2] www.3g4g.co.uk
[3] 3G wireless networks
-By Clint Smith, Daniel Collins
[4] Wireless Network Evolution: 2G to 3G
-By Vijay Kumar,
Garg

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