Principles Modules

IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM
Principles and Processes of Development Management

PSU- Urdaneta Campus
The Nature and Meaning of Development Management ( Part 1)

MODULE 1
Exercise 1: Give the correct answer by writing the terms or phrases required in the
space provided for before each of the item found below.
Publicness
1.A concept by which communal activities subject to

political direction is carried out by government institution.
Totalitarian Regime
2.A form of government by which public administration is

concerned with virtually all social activities that is
conducted within families, tribes, and self-sufficient
communities, and where political direction is severely
handicapped by language barriers and cultural diversity.
Public Administration
3. It is governed by the political principles, promises and

expediencies, rather than academic theory, scientific
principles or business economics.
Personal Interpretations
4.They are likely to be clouded by emotional issues and by

the general prejudice against public administration.
Officiousness
5.It seems to be a spreading disease in newly independent

states, where the public sector appears chaotic, replete
with frenzied action without apparent results, and craze
bungling of new program.
Superintending public authority 6. It nominally carries out the activity and assumes
the responsibility for all programs conducted in its name.
Public administration
7.It is different or if it is not, it ought to be, because of

its public quality, concern for social goals, compulsory
powers, and relative openness.
Government
8. It achieves continuity by conforming to the customs,

traditions and temperament of the people.
Public Morality
9.It should be above reproach, to be a good example to

younger generation.
All societies
10.They do certain activities communally namely: the

traditional functions of government, such as the conduct of
external relations, defense, internal order, public order,
social welfare and taxation.
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. Discuss the various approaches at defining the discipline of public
administration.
There are four approaches in defining public administration. These are:
a. The first approach deals with the identification of communal activities
subject to political direction. These communal activities are the traditional
functions of government such as the conduct of external relations, defense,
internal order, public works, social welfare and taxation. These served as the
bases of public administration; however, these activities are not enough to
identify the nature of public administration.
b. The second approach is the identification of public institutions, grounded in
public law, financed by public money and staffed by career public servants.
These are public authorities under political control and only some factors that
affect public administration. However, public administration is not synonymous
with political or governmental institutions.
c. The third approach would be the study of administrative attitudes,
particularly those decision makers and policy planners who take a public
minded, forward looking view. Public administration would be distinguished by
its outward-looking attitude- its concern for social repercussions, its awareness
of political values, its reflection of community feelings, its expression of
societal goals, its evidence of humanness, its regard for truth. Its abhorrence
of social ills etc. Excluded would be inward-looking attitudes, concerned only
with the private profit of the activity, institutions or process, irrespective of
its external repercussion, which would be epitomized by the socialists portrayal
of capitalists robber barons.
d. The fourth approach would be to define public administration according to
the unique of the processes employed in activating public policy. The unique
processes of public administration as differentiated from non-governmental
institutions include the nature of political controls and public accountability, the
machinery of government, distribution of powers among the levels of
government, the merit system and open enterprise, national planning, and local
government administration.
2.
2. What are the prejudices against public administration?

The roots of prejudices against public administration go deeper than
ignorance. Even if everyone became conversant with the problems of public
administration and the difficulties of operating within a political environment,
there would still be grounds for antagonism, the public remains on the outside,
looking in.
This is the reason why there are unavoidable resentment and
prejudices against public administration such as: Corruption which became a way
of life in low income countries, where public employment is dependent on the
premise of whom you know instead of what you know; Nepotism and political
dynasty; Nefariousness in totalitarian regime and officiousness which seemed to
be the spreading disease in newly independent states. Public administration is
debased because of these prejudices. Thus, a few appear to favor public
administration and many are doubtful or critical, even if one balance, they have
no real cause for complaints.
3.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Nature and Meaning of Development Management (Part2)

MODULE 2
Development Public Administration
1. It is similar to the new PA in its emphasis
on the goals of social justice, equality and the centrality of
the human person, and is akin to DA in its focus on the
problems of the Third World rather than in the United
States.
2.According to Prof. Romy Ocampo, it concerns with the

optimistic study and improvement of government capacity
and practice in forming policies, taking decisions,
implementing them and securing the desired results.
Administration
3. It is thought of as the major investigation and device by

which civilized man in complex societies try to control their
culture.
Management
4.It is a part of cooperative human behavior, whose

administrative aspects focus on the pursuit of rational
goals in an organizational bureaucratic authority structure.
5.In common usage, it is meant as the activities of the

executive branches of national, state and local government,
independent boards and commissions; and certain other
agencies of a specialized character.
Organization
6. It is the structure of authoritative and habitual

interrelationship in an administrative system.
Political Estate
7. An estate which used the skills of other estates but

made decisions on the basis of value judgment, hunch or
compromise.
4.
Administrative situations
8.There are so unique, so inherently disorderly, so unlike

the highly conventionalized discipline of law; public
administration is a field in which everyman is his own
codifier and categorizer, and the categories adopted must be looked on as relatively
evanescent.
Administration of Development
9. It refers to the method use of large organization
usually governance to implement policies and plan to meet
development objectives.
Development Administration
10.It is the variety that gained currency when
colonies got political independence and set their sights on
the development of the economy following the example of
the west.
Exercise 2: Answer the following questions below.
1. Discuss the technical distinction between traditional public administration (PA),
new public administration (NPA), development administration (DA), development
public administration (DPA) and development management (DM).
The Traditional PA was the prevailing school until the early post World War II
period. Under it, the role of public servants was how to implement decisions made
elsewhere by policy makers who were not in the bureaucracy. It has a set of
prescription laid by engineers and managers obsessed with the search for the one best
way. Attention focused on the internal organization, society was a neglected variable.
The economy and efficiency or operations appear to be the most important goals. The
hypothesis was that satisfactory performance of the staff functions would lead to
better public administration. Little or no attention was given to the implementation of
programs and the delivery of services.
The New Public Administration (NPA) on the other hand, was born in the seventies
in the United States of scholars led by Dwight Waldo with other academicians who
found TPA as irrelevant to a turbulent technological society. The NPA advocated
project management and the modular organization in lieu of bureaucracy. It blended
economics and philosophy. Its basic values are: representativeness, political neutrality,
competence and executive leadership, value of social security. Its basic characteristics
are: decentralization, devolution, project management, contact, sensitivity training,
organizational development and client participation.
5.
Development Public administration (DPA) was introduced in 1980. DPA is similar to

NPA in its emphasis on the goals of social justice, equity and the centrality of the
human person, and is akin to DA in its focus on the problems of the Third world rather
than the U.S. DPA advocates do not choose upon between equity and growth but view
continued productivity as the base upon which basic needs would be provided for
everyone in the society and benefits would be distributed in more equitable way. In
contrast to both DA and NPA, DPA locates its bureaucracy not only within its own
society but also in the context of global system.
Lastly Development Management (DM) was conceptualized in 1987 and focuses on
the management aspect and development oriented.
2. Discuss the various attempts at defining public administration as well as its
various shift base.
Many attempts were made in defining public administration. People seek a sharper
focus and a more precise definition of the central core of discipline without imposing a
rigid definition.
In common usage, public administration refers to the activities of the executive
branches of national, state and local governments; independent boards and commissions
set up by Congress and state legislature; government corporations; and certain other
agencies of a specialized character (Simon:1950, p.7). A system of public administration
in totality of all laws, regulations, practices, relationships, codes and customs that
prevail at any time in any jurisdiction for the fulfillment or execution of public policy
(White, 1955,p.2). In its general aspect, public administration centers its concern in
those matters common to all or nearly all administrative agencies (Marx:1959, p.6).
Public administration is also defined as the action part of government, the means by
which the purposes and gals of government are realized. (Corson:1963,p.12)
In continuing controversy over the meaning of public administration reflects its
hanging subject matter. The field is being continually transformed, thus the shifting
base of public administration continues as time passes by:
a. shift from work processes to societal functions
b. shift from staff to activities
c. shift from government bureaucracy to the forms of communal activity
d. shift from professional administrators at the apex of public bureaucratic to the
whole administration
e. shift from scientism to normative public policy making
f. shift from internal relationship of the public administration system to external
relationships
g. shift from the national to the transnational
h. shift from intra-disciplinary to inter-disciplinary approaches
These shifts in emphasis indicate that a change in the aims of the discipline of
public administration in taking place.
6.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Classical Organization Theory
MODULE 3
Bureaucracy
1.It is an administrative tool with which the achievement of

an organizational goal is facilitated.
Administration Management Theory

2. It is a body of knowledge developed during
the first half of the 20th century with primary emphasis on
establishing broad administrative principles applicable to
higher management levels.
Management Process School
3. A school which considers management as a
universal process, regardless of the type and level of
enterprise, although recognizing that obviously the
environment of managing differs widely between enterprise
and levels.
Scientific Management
4. A system which has a major impact particularly in

factory and industrial operations, not only in the United
States but also in Europe.
Organizing
5. It is bringing together the basic resources in an orderly

manner and groups people in an accepted pattern so that
they can perform activities to accomplish stated goals.
Division of Work
6.This principle states the specification of labor in order to

concentrate for more efficiency.
Controlling
7. It is the collect in of information on accomplishment,

comparing this to planned targets, and taking corrective
actions whenever necessary.
The Staff Principle
8.This recognizes the role of line management in the

exercise of authority but provided a staff the opportunity
to give advice and information.
7.
Max Weber
9.He interprets bureaucracy as an administrative in which

the achievement or organizational goal is facilitated.
Centralization
10. It refers to the mechanism of control emanating from a

single authority or as Fayol puts it, it refers to the extent
to which authority is concentrated or dispersed.
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Discuss the technical convergence and harmonize the various classical
organization theories in terms of each of their unit analysis.
The Unit of Analysis of Scientific Management Theory
Author: Frederick M. Taylor
Analysis of His Work: it involves the worker/work itself
The Structure: Highly centralized and no people participation
The Values Pursued: Efficiency and productivity in management
Principles and Characteristics:
Division of Labor
Principle of homogeneity
Research
Standardization
Planning
Cooperation
Strengths of the Theory
Maximizes resources
Efficient ways of doing a particular work
More incentives to industrious
Weakness of His Work
Mechanics and disregarding emotion, feelings and interests
The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of administrative Management
Author: Henry Fayol
Analysis of His Work: it involves the entire organization
The Structure: Highly centralized and hierarchical
The Values Pursued: Economy and efficiency in general perspective in management
Division of labor
Authority and responsibility
Discipline
Unity of command
Subordination of individual interest
Remuneration of personnel
Centralization
Scalar chain
8.
Order
Equity
Stability of tenure
Initiative
Espirit de corps
Strength of the Theory

Highly structured and efficiency
Weaknesses of His Work
Too elitist
Principles are very simplistic
Needs of employees neglected
Contributions of behavioral sciences neglected
B.
Authors: Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick
Analysis of Their Work: it involves the entire organization
The Structure: Hierarchical and centralization
The Values Pursued: Economy, efficiency and effectiveness
Advocated the application of planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and budgeting
It provides for specialization
Weaknesses of Their Work
Highly concentrated on work materials and place of work
The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Theory of Bureaucracy
Author: Max Weber
Analysis of His Work: It concerns with the worker
The Structure: It emphasizes hierarchical
The Values Pursued: It emphasizes efficiency in management
Division of labor
Centralization of authority
Rules of carrying out work, to be applied uniformly to individual cases
Impersonality
Officials are selected on the basis of competence
Rationality
Hierarchical structure
Efficiency in a system of work procedure and placement based on technical
competence
9.
No room for creativity, highly rigid
2. Why are these called classical organization theories?

These models or theories are called classical organization because they served as the
bases or models of past and present administrations. These theories and principles
passed the test of time and serve as guidelines in the aspect of administration at
present.
10.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Neo-Classical Theories
MODULE 4
Decision-Making School
1. It considers management as a series of decisions and the

analysis of decisions as the central function of
management.
Sociologists
2. They have contributed much to understanding the

anatomy of organizations though their work on groups,
cultural patterns, groups cohesiveness, and cooperation.
The Behavioral School
3. It analyzes management from the standpoint of

interpersonal relations represented by human relations,
leadership and behavioral sciences.
Rationality
4. It is concerned with the selection of preferred behavior

alternatives in terms of some systems of values whereby
the consequence of behavior can be evaluated.
The Human Relations School

5. It is frequently used as a general term the ways
in which managers interact with their employees.
Satisficing
6. According to Herbert Simon, the picking of course action

that is satisfactory or good enough under certain
circumstances.
Organization
7. It is loosely used and may mean a host of things including

systems, groups, patterned relationships, or set of
behavior.
Decision
8. It is basically a resolution of alternatives.
Decision Styles
9. It is the logical, objective-subjective, tough-minded-soft

headed, analytical-synthetic, scientific-artistic, and
reasoning-intuiting processes.
11.
Rational Behavior
10.A process of making decisions that after a review of all

alternatives theres a promise to maximize the satisfaction
or utility of decision -maker.
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions below.

1. Discuss the technical convergence and harmonize the various neo-classical
theories in terms of each of their unit analysis.
The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Theory of Human Relations
Author: Elton Mayo
Analysis of His Work: The Worker
The Structure: Decentralized and flexible
The Values Pursued: Workers satisfaction
Economic-non-economic rewards and incentives
Informal groups motivated by one common interest and one acting as a leader
Participative management
Consider the needs of the lower workers
Democratic supervision
Subscribe to the norm of the group
Belongingness isd pursued
Incentives to workers are given priority
Increase importance to the informal group
Very simplistic
Highly theoretical
Difficult to apply
The Unit of Analysis of the Framework of the Decision- Making theory
Author: Herbert Simon
Analysis of His Work: It is concern with the processes
The Structure: it emphasizes hierarchical
The Values Pursued: rationality
Department rational decision-making
Utilization of scientific approaches for the solution of management problems
and emphasize a normative approach to provide manager with optional decisions
Perfect rationality
Closed system
Maximum behavior
12.

It is impossible to attain full maximization of ends
Limited to just one aspect: the worker
Value of environment is considered external
Requirement of rational behavior in its implication on the complexity of the
problem being solved.
2. Why are these called neo-classical theories?
The Decision-making and human relations theories are new theories in
administration. The following theories are called neo-classical because they provide new
guidelines in the aspect of administration.
13.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Modern Theories
MODULE 5
Open system
1.In complex organization this is a set of interdependent parts

which together make-up a whole because each contributes
something and receives something from the whole, which in turn is
interdependent with some larger environment.
Theory Z
2. A theory in which the concept of egalitarianism applies, that is,

each one can apply discretion in work autonomously without close
supervision from his supervisor.
Theory X
3.A theory in which the typical man has natural dislike of work and
will avoid if he can, therefore people are basically lazy and
irresponsible.
Japanese Style of Management 4. A style of management in which the employment

concept is from womb to tomb that embraces the needs of
officials and workers including wife and children.
Systems
5. A term which is being used more and more to refer to the

methods of scientific analysis that are particularity adapted to
the unraveling of complexity.
Organizing
6. It is viewed as system of mutually dependent variables which is

similar in approach to the systems school of management.
Company
7. It is a system, but is a part of an industrial system, as social

system, a system of government, and ultimately, of a systematized
universe.
Chester Barnard
8. He is perhaps the spiritual father of the system school of

theorists.
14.
Modern Organization
9. It attempts to generalize about organizations in terms
of sufficiency which is broadly applicable to many different kinds
of enterprises.
Closed system
10.They are essentially simple systems-having very few internal

variable and relationships among them, and little or no
vulnerability to forces in the external environment.
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. Discuss the comparative application of the various modern theories in
management.
Traditional organization theory used a highly structured, closed system approach
while the modern theory has moved toward the open-system approached.
The System Approach was introduced by Chester Barnard. The area of application
of the system approached or organization theory can be intensive, applying to a specific
or definite group. The system includes both man-machine and interpersonal
relationships. The focus of this theory is man or the worker. Efficiency of the worker,
satisfaction, flexibility are the values pursued.
Douglas McGregor made an important contribution in understanding mans behavior
in an organization. His studies, Theory X and Y, described two types of managers
holding opposite assumptions, Theory X describes man as basically lazy; who avoids
work if possible, is selfish and dishonest; cannot be trusted and relied upon to carry on
responsibilities. Theory Y, on the other hand, is the reverse of Theory X. It believes
that man basically is possessing self-direction and self-control; can be trusted and
relied upon; and is seeking responsibility and self-fulfillment. Theory X uses threat
while theory Y uses encouragement; the purpose of both is to make the subject, the
manpower or workforce, move towards a desired direction.
The characteristics of managers/workers under theory X are the following: man is
lazy; most people need to be coerced and threatened with punishment to get to work;
the average person prefers to be directed, avoids responsibility; dependence, control
and domination, authoritarian control to manipulate employees. In theory Y on the other
hand, the manager/worker has the following characteristics: work is considered
natural; control and punishment are not the only way to bring about the companys goal;
people are by nature lazy; people exercise self-direction; the average persons learns
given the right conditions; independence, freedom and permissiveness are needed to
release the employees potential.
15.
In Theory Z indicates that managing requires astute selection of performance

criteria and appropriate balancing of emphasis among them. Considerations should be
given to control both output (results) and behavior (processes). Control systems are
often complicated by the fact that key results may be difficult to measure. The
manager/worker has the following characteristics:
freedom of workers is preserved, workers are involved in consensual decisionmaking, the concept of egalitarianism applies; broad concern for the welfare of
subordinates.
The Japanese Style of Management are observed and applied in the following
situations: the employment concept is from womb to tomb; there is a slow promotion
in the company; non-specialized career path for workers; there is an implicit control
mechanism in the organization; the concept of decision-making pervades; the concept of
collective responsibility is also observed.
The American Style of Management is apparently observed under the following
situations: employment concept is short; there is a rapid evaluation; there is a
specialized career path for managers; individual decision-making.
2. Why are they called modern theories?
The above-discussed theories or styles of management are considered modern
trends in management. They are adapted to the needs and demands of the managers,
workers, time and circumstances in the model world.
16.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Nature and Meaning of Development
MODULE 6
Capacity for governance
1. It refers to the ability of the State to make and enforce

its decisions on all citizens and groups.
Social Development
2. It is the process of growth and development of the

capacities of people and improvement of society in which
they live in order to obtain a better life for all.
Civil Society
3. It may be defined to include all sectors and institutions

in the political community outside of the state and its
government, not directly under their control.
Political Development
4. It is the process of increasing rationality, equality,

participation and secularization in the political system.
Development
5. It is a multi-dimensional process involving changes in

structures, attitudes and institutions as well as the
acceleration of economic growth, reduction of inequality
and eradication of absolute poverty.
Self-reliance
6. It is the expression of mans faith in his abilities.
Land Reform
7.President Marcos referred to it as the cornerstone of

the New Society and the centerpiece of the Aquino
Administration.
Extractive capacity
8. This refers to the ability of the State to raise revenues

and generate public support in order to perform its
functions and render public service.
Democratic governance
9. It is an open, participatory, transparent and accountable

process of making and carrying out government policies and
decisions, programs and projects.
17.
Economic development
10. It is discussed in terms of economic growth although

economists were generally aware of the importance of
non-economic factors of development.

1. Discuss the changing concept of development including its various aspects.
2. Enumerate and discuss the five core concepts of development.
The United Nations Development Institute identified the Five Core Concepts of
Development as follows:
a. Man as the end of development which is therefore to be judged by what it

does to him. The ultimate goal of development is the promotion and
preservation of mans well-being. It is then measured by the utility man gets
as a result of development. Thus, development plans, programs and
strategies should center on the welfare of man as the primordial concern.
b. Dealienation of man in the sense that he feels at home with the process of
development in which he becomes the subject and not an object. It means
man being a subject is considered as the end or goal of development.
Man should not be used as an object or means of development.
c. Development of collective personality of man in which he finds his richest
expression. Development must gear towards the well-rounded enhancement
of the person not only on the economic aspect but also emotional, behavioral,
ethical, social and political.
d. Participation as the true form of democracy. Man should be given the
opportunity to participate in all matters concerning his interest and welfare.
He must be free to decide and make intelligent choices and decisions
through active participation.
e. Self-reliance as the expression of mans faith in his abilities. Man must be
given the opportunity to enhance and develop his capabilities and potentials
for personal and professional growth.
18.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Internal and External factors of Development and the Philippine Development Plan,
Goals and Objectives
MODULE 7
Millennium Development Goals
1. It is asset of development goals that should\d be
achieved within 2015 which affirms and reinforces the
agreement on the goals and targets towards eliminating
extreme poverty worldwide.
Tenurial Improvement
2. It aimed to establish a cooperative cultivator-ship among

those who live and work on the land as tillers, with ownercultivator-ship and economic family size farm as the basis
of Philippine agriculture.
Physical Development
3. This refers to the infrastructure support program to

improve mobility of the population specifically enhancing
their capacity for moving goods and services to the nerve
center of business and trade.
Philippine Development Plan

4. It is prepared by every administration which
becomes the blueprint of all government programs for a
period of four years.
Human Resource Development
5. It refers to the improvement of the
administrative and technical capability of the public
servants in bringing about the effective and efficient
public service to the population.
Angat Pinoy
6. It is an economic direction which was articulated by

Makamasa concept of service of delivery during the
Estrada Administration.
Philippines 2000/Vision 2000

7. It was used interchangeably by various sectors in
every forum, and was perhaps the most popular and widely
publicized Plan the country ever had.
Compact Farms
8. This consists of individually-owned contiguous farm with
approximately equal productive capabilities.
19.
Development
9. It has been described as an unstoppable, unidirectional

force that will inevitably transform economies and
societies.
Human Resource Development

10. It refers to the improvement of the
administrative and technical capability of the public
servants in bringing about the effective and efficient
public service to the population.
Note: In the module given, questions no.5. and 10 are the same.
+
Exercise2. Answer the following questions below.
1. Discuss the various MTPDPs of the post EDSA government.
There was no prominent MTPDP during the period except for the
objectives to deMarcosify the bureaucracy to put in place the presidential
democratic system back in the country. Under the constitution mandated not
only development but also transformation, no less than the building of a free,
peaceful, prosperous, egalitarian, just, and human society through a dynamic
political, economic, social and cultural democracy.
2. Enumerate and discuss the external and internal factors affecting development
of the 3rd World countries.
The external factors are the following:
1. Difficulty of enticing and attracting foreign investments. With the
accession of the country to the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade,
specifically on the concept of free trading among nations, this has already
solved the problem.
2. Control of the economy in general. It has been said over and over that 90
percent of the countrys economy is being controlled by the 10 percent
wealthy family.
3. Complication in tax administration and structure. Taxpayers and the
taxpaying publics blame this factor as a fertile ground for the commission of
graft and corrupt practices among the revenue collection agencies of
government.
20.
4. Heavy reliance of external debt. This was triggered by the Decontrol

Program of 1962, when President Diosdado Macapagal embraced the
interference of the World Bank and IMF into the countrys economic affairs.
The country was accidentally dragged into the debt trap in the gruise of
pursuing development for its people.
5. Huge amount of external debt. The heavy reliance on external debt
brought to fore the huge amount of external debt which until now has
become an economic woes not only to the countrys economic managers but
the entire nation as well.
6. Globalization. Globalization, fostered by free flow of information and rapid
progress in technology, is a driving force that no country can turn back. Yet
to many countries like the Philippines, globalization is increasingly becoming a
nightmare among the population, specially the underprivileged or
marginalized group of the concerned society.
7. Political instability. The contending political parties always struggle to
change the landscape of democratic governance.
The internal factors are as follows:
1. Political instability. The unstable condition of political situation undoubtedly
affects all the aspects of development in a given country. The presence of
rightists, centrists and leftists in the government structure also alarmed
the investors of the political conditions of the country.
2. Rampant graft and corrupt practices in government. Current
developments showed that the ranking of the country for graft and corrupt
practices had not improved but instead worsened in recent years.
3. High incidence of poverty. According to the book written by Alejandro
Lichauco entitled Towards a New Economic Order and the Conquest of Mass
Poverty that the incidence of poverty has grown high, hand in hand with our
quest for economic development.
4. High social overhead capital due to the increased social demands and
bloated bureaucracy. Strategies and approaches in the reduction of
personnel of public agencies such as streamlining, reorganization, reengineering are forwarded for adoption but had remained just an elusive
dream for every administration.
5. Scarcity of capital resources-not much savings is generated and foreign
investments are allocated. Criticisms forwarded by the Freedom from Debt
Coalition blame it to the inability of government to effectively manage its
resources which has been aggravated by the automatic debt servicing
allocation for the payment of our foreign debts.
6. Peace and order situation. This is being seen and interpreted on the basis
of the secessionist movement represented by the MNLF and MILF in the
Southern Philippines, the CLPA in the Cordilleras and the Communists
insurgents all over the country which aggravated as the country recognizes
the threats of terrorism.
21.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Programs and Projects: Social, Economic, Infrastructural Development

Administration
MODULE 8
Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services/CIDSS 1. It was formed
with the aimed to address the basic needs of the poorest
families in the community.
Social Development
2. It is described in terms of equity, social justice, cultural

promotion and peace of mind and enhancement of peoples
capacity to develop their own potential.
3. It plays a vital role in the promotion of sociopolitical, economic as well as infrastructure development.
Project
4. It is a component of a purpose covering a homogenous

group of activities leading to the accomplishment of an
identifiable output under a program.
Economic Development
5. It is concern with economic measure to gauge

development, although some were telling that it already
lost its ground.
Project
6.It is a component of a purpose covering a homogenous of

activities leading to the accomplishment of identifiable
output under a program.
7. It plays a vital role in the promotion of sociopolitical, economic as well as infrastructure development.
Philippines
8. It is the protector of the people and that the State and

its goal are to secure the sovereignty of the State and the
integrity of the national territory.
Program
9. It refers to the function and activities necessary for

the performance of a major purpose for which a
government or organization is established.
22.
Infrastructural Development
10. Basically, it entails the provision for the
construction of basic needed facilities for the settler
population.
Exercise 2. Answer the following question below.
1. Discuss comprehensively the social, economic and infrastructure perspectives in
terms of the programs and projects implemented by government.
Social Development
The Congress shall give priority to the enactment of measure that
protect and enhance the right of all people to human dignity, reduce social,
economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably
diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
Government agencies endeavored to implement programs and projects,
when the Department of Health assumed an aggressive posture, in 1981 when it
officially adopted the primary health care (PHC) program and capitalized on the
participation of non-government organization (NGOs) and community volunteers
in the implementation of health programs.
Economic Development
The countrys concern for economic development is enshrined in the 1987
Philippine Constitution which provides among others for a more equitable
distribution of opportunities, income and wealth, a sustained increase in the
amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the
people, and expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for
all, especially the underprivileged.
The fisheries and agriculture modernization act also declared the policy
of the State to alleviate poverty and promote vigorous growth in the
countryside through the access to credit by small farmers, fisherfolk,
particularly the women involved in the production, processing and trading of
agriculture and fisheries products and the small and medium enterprises
(SMESs) and industries in agriculture and fisheries.
The Commission on ICT was created as a regular agency to focus on the
development of the ICT industry and bring together all the agencies of
government which will be responsible for ensuring our competitiveness in global
markets and the implementation of e-government.
Infrastructural Development
It gives more emphasis to the needed physical components of
development in a certain area. On a Medium Term, the MTPDP of the Ramos
Administration concentrated on meeting the primary needs of the population
such as reliable and adequate water and energy/power supplies and providing the
infrastructure requirements of the productive sector. In the pursuit of such,
there was a partnership and cooperation between public and private sectors
towards infrastructure development such as on transportation, on water
resources, on social infrastructure, and on communication.
23.
2. Identify and discuss the priority programs and projects of the current
administration.
Benigno Simeon Aquinos Administration focuses primarily on strengthening the
national economy by eradicating corruption in all forms. It is in this reason that he
passed Executive Order No.1 which is supposed to establish or create the Truth
Commission. This commission intends to investigate the corruption during Arroyo;s
administration. However, the Supreme Court ruled the unconstitutionality of the
said commission because it violates the due process clause of the constitution by
pinpointing a specific administration. The current administration also reorganized
the different departments and agencies in the government to ensure efficiency in
public service and avoid nepotism. Pres. Noynoys political and campaign slogan is
walang mahirap kung walang corrupt, di ako magnanakaw. This only shows his
sincerity and serious advocacy to eradicate corruption as the root of massive
poverty in the country.
24.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Philippine Bureaucracy and Administrative System: A Structural and Behavioral

Overview
MODULE 9
Integrated Reorganization Plan 1. It provides a pattern of organization for the
departments that integrates and strengthens staff services in the
central office, while decentralizing operational functions to the
region.
Presidential Commission on Good Governance
2. An agency created after the EDSA
revolution which was tasked to recover the alleged ill-gotten
wealth of the Marcoses and his cronies.
Marcos Regime Reorganization efforts 3. It was a unique quality which distinguishes
it from the past efforts because it went beyond the dimensions of
simplicity, economy and efficiency to embrace the more
meaningful objective of reorganizing for development.
1986 Freedom Constitution
4. It became the basis of her presidential powers to
issue decrees, executive and administrative orders, presidential
proclamations and the like after her assumption to office just
after the EDSA revolution.
Ramos Administration
5. It was during this administration that agencies of
government specifically the Big seven among the GOCCs were
successful in their bid for exemption from R.A. 6758 or the
Salary Standardization Law.
Estrada Administration
6. It continued the entertainment of potshot or sporadic
streamlining in the bureaucracy.
Decentralization
25.
7. It has been done in two ways: dispersal of presidential

power and authority to appropriate departments and agencies, and
administrative decentralization through the adoption of a
standard pattern of administrative field organization.
R.A.5435
8. It was enacted in September, 1968 which served as the

legal basis for the only government-wide reorganization since
1956.
Reorganization efforts
9.It shall take into account socio-cultural and
environmental factors in determining realistic solutions to the
problems of achieving efficient economical and responsive
management of public affairs.
Proclamation No.3.
10. It became the basis of implementing a sweeping

reorganization among agencies of government.

1. Discuss comprehensively the various administrative reorganizations which were
implemented in the country since 1898.
The basic orientation of past administrative reorganization had been
conditioned by the various stages of our political evolution. During the Spanish
and American regimes, agitation for administrative reform reflected the strong
public sentiment for self-rule. Most of the reorganization measures, therefore,
were geared towards satisfying the desire for greater Filipino participation in
the administration of public affairs.
From 1898-1915, the legislative, executive and administrative powers
were exercised by only one body: the Philippine Commission. A colonial
government was set up by the Americans to administer the Philippine Islands.
Government reorganization during this time was undertaken solely by the
Philippine Commission and clearly reflected the desires of the American
Commissioners, who were at the same time occupying positions as heads of
executive departments. The formulating agencies charged with the task of
drawing up recommendations for government administrative reforms were
composed of American Representatives from the Philippine Commission or more
generally from executive branch of the colonial government.
26.
2. How come that the administrative reorganization of the Marcos regime

remained to have left a significant impact on the history of democratic
governance in the country.
The Marcos regimes organization has s unique quality which distinguishes
it from the past efforts. It went beyond the dimensions of simplicity, economy
and efficiency to embrace the more meaningful objective of reorganizing for
development. The effort during the period places emphasis upon development
programs and actions and provides shifts of program orientation in areas where
concerns for development are lacking.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Public Personnel Administration, Public Fiscal Administration and Project

Development and Management
MODULE 10
Project Prioritization
1. It is the process of determining which projects

will be scheduled for implementation ahead of
others.
Auditing
2. It refers to the independent examination of the

original business documents to establish their
authenticity and accuracy as well as the independent
review of accounting systems and procedures
required to pass judgment on fairness of the
records and statements.
Fiscal Administration
3. It embraces the organization and processes in

fiscal administration and management in such areas
as revenue generation and administration, budgeting,
accounting, auditing and debt management, and
intergovernmental fiscal relations.
Accounting
4. It encompasses the process of analyzing,

recording, classifying, summarizing, communicating
all transactions involving the receipts and disposition
of government funds and property and interpreting
the results thereof.
Personnel Administration
5. It refers to the utilization of the best scientific

knowledge of all kinds to the end that an
organization as a whole and the individuals composing
it shall find that corporate and individual purposes
are being reconciled to the fullest possible extent,
while working together for these purpose realizes
also a genuine social benefit.
6. This is the unification of various sets of
programs, projects, and activities in the institution
to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, unity,
Project Integration
27.
cohesiveness and complementary.

7. This involves the formulation of a national budget
based on budgetary priorities and activities within
the constraints of available revenues and borrowing
limits.
Emergency Employment
8. This approach is to provide temporary jobs for
those who otherwise would be unemployed due to
some economic reasons.
Regular Accounts
9. These are the debts directly and actually
contracted by the government both from the
international lenders and domestic sources.
Department of Budget Coordinating Committee
10. It is created to serve as a
coordinating committee in the preparation of budget
of a given fiscal year.
Budget preparation
1. Discuss comprehensively the concept of personnel administration and public

fiscal administration.
The Personnel Administration refers to the utilization of the best
scientific knowledge of all kind to the end that an organization as a whole and
the individuals composing it shall find that corporate and individual purposes are
being reconciled to the fullest possible extent, while working together for these
purpose realizes also a genuine benefit.
While the fiscal administration embraces the organization and processes
in fiscal administration and management in such areas as revenue generation and
administration, budgeting, accounting, auditing and debt management, and
intergovernmental fiscal relations.
2. Discuss the interrelationship of project management and project development.
Clearly, projects which a nation chooses to implement should be a high
priority in the national development program. Project Development should be
selected only after thorough consideration of alternatives in the economy as a
whole and within the framework of its development goals. While Project
management is aligning to huge activities like exploration, building of dams, and
construction of extensive highways and airports are under the category of
projects. Likewise, similar activities like training, writing a textbook, or
installation of a new accounting system make up as a project. It is the most
concrete means of translating plans and policies into specific courses of action.
It is a temporary management activity that breaks upon completion of the
defined outputs. The interrelationship between the two concept lies on their
dependency. The success of a project depends on how well it was developed and
managed.
28.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Local Governance and Regional Administration
MODULE 11
Regionalization
1. It involves the development from major

organizational units, such as ministries or
departments, of smaller field units with district and
standard geographical coverage, primarily for
administrative and planning purposes.
City/Municapality
2. It serves primarily as a general-purpose

government for coordination and delivery of basic,
regular and direct services and effective
governance of the inhabitants within its territorial
jurisdiction.
Barangay
3. It is the basic political unit which serves as the

primary planning and implementing unit of
government policies, plans, programs, projects, and
activities in the community.
Local Government Code of 1991 4. A law enacted which is by far the most radical
and far-reaching policy decades-old problem of an
over-centralized politico-administrate system.
Administration Decentralization
5. It involves the organization of regional fed units

for the national ministries or departments that are,
by nature, sector oriented.
Appointive officials
6. These are the department heads authorized

under Title V of the Local government Code.
Sanggunian Barangay
7. It serves as the legislative beady of the

barangays which shall be composed of the punong
barangay as the presiding officer and the seven
sanggunian barangay members elected at large and
the sanggunian kabataan chairman as members.
29.
R.A. No. 6734
8. It was enacted on August 1, 1989 authorizing the

establishment of the Autonomous Region for Muslim
Mindanao pursuant to the provision of the 1987
Philippine Constitution for regional autonomy.
Province
9. It is composed of a cluster municipalities and

cities, and as a political and corporate unit of
government, serves as a dynamic mechanism for
developmental processes and effective governance
of local government units within its territorial
jurisdiction.
Local governments
10. They have been defined as political subdivisions

of the state which are constituted by law, and which
have substantial control over local affairs as well as
the power to tax.

1. Discuss local governance vis--vis the Local government Code of 1991.
Local governance pertains to the administration of the local government units. Local
governments are political subdivisions of the state which are constituted by law, and
which have substantial control over local affairs as well as the power to tax. It also
pertains to the lower level political units or instrumentalities, the peculiar or unique
characteristic of which is their subordinate status to the central government. The
administration of the local government is governed by the Local government Code of
1991. This code afforded local government units more independence in the management
of their internal affairs in governance. It transferred the responsibility of the delivery
of the basic services to the local government units. It also provides the legal and
institutional infrastructure for the participation of civil society in local governance. It
increases the financial resources available to local government units and it laid the
foundation for the development and evolution of more entrepreneurial oriented local
governments.
2. What are the legal bases of regional administration in the country?
Regionalization is the administrative decentralization of the national planning and
administrative functions to the regional level. It includes the division of the country
into several regions.
Regionalization in the Philippines has the following legal bases:
30.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
31.
The 1935, 1973, and 1987 Philippine Constitutions of the Philippines being the
fundamental law of the land served as the general law for all government units in
operation.
Republic Act No. 997 creating the Government Survey on Reorganization
Commission paved way for the establishment of 11 administrative regions of the
country.
Republic Act No. 5185 was popularly known as the decentralization act of 1967
which increased the financial resources of the local governments.
Presidential Decree No.1 authorizing the adoption in toto of the provisions of RA
5435.
Republic Act No. 6734 enacted on August 1, 1989 as the enabling law authorizing
the establishment of the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao.
Executive Order 200 which established the Cordillera Administrative Region.
Administrative Order No.36. It established the SOCCSKSARGEN with Cotabato
City as the Regional Center.
An Administrative Order was issued in May 2005, splitting Region IV into two
regions: the MIMAROPA and CALABARZON regional offices.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Nature and Traits of Philippine Bureaucracy

MODULE 12
Public office
1. It is both a duty and position of great importance

in government bureaucracy where the right,
authority, and duty created as confirmed by law or
fixed by law for a certain period of time or enduring
at the pleasure of the appointing power.
Technical norm
2. It implies an understanding and proficiency in a

specific kind of activity, particularly those involving
methods, approaches, processes or techniques in
dealing with education as an external constraint.
The culture of mediocrity in the bureaucracy 3. It revolves around the principle and
system of merit and competence required by law for
civil service personnel.
Universalistic norm
4. It is a behavior wherein a bureaucrat deals with

all levels of people in the same way.
Bureaucracy
5. It is a type of organization designed to

accomplish large-scale administration tasks by
systematically coordinating the work of many
individuals.
Public office
6. It is secure as long as there is no gross

misconduct in the performance of ones role in the
office.
Filipinos
7. They have used the Spanish political bureaucracy

as the scapegoat for all weaknesses of the Philippine
political bureaucracy.
Personnel
8. They are chosen on the basis of competence

through competitive examinations and are expected
to perform accordingly.
32.
Priority norm
9. This refers to the first come, first serve basis

of service.
Confidentiality norm
10. It is the premature disclosure of any information

by persons not authorized to do the announcement
which may constitute an injustice committed against
the organization.

1. Discuss the significant characteristics or traits of Philippine bureaucracy as well
as the bureaucratic norms pervading in every public or private organization.
Bureaucracy is defined as a type of organization designed to accomplish large-scale
administration tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals.
The characteristics of the Philippine bureaucracy was a p[product of a study made
by Onofre D. Corpuz which was summarized by Jose P. Leveriza as follows:
a. Vulnerability to nepotism. This is because of the kinship groups by
consanguinity and affinity and gives top priority to family loyalty because of
close family ties.
b. Perpetuation of the spoils system. The passage of the Civil service law has
classified and unclassified the temporary positions which have become
convenient instruments for the practice of nepotism.
c. Apathetic public reaction to bureaucratic misconduct. Official misconducts
become a part of normalcy in the affairs of the government.
d. Availability of external peaceful means of correcting bureaucratic
weaknesses. Constitutional rights and privileges have been used for
rectifying the defects and misdeeds of bureaucracy.
e. Survival of historical experience. Filipinos have used the Spanish political
bureaucracy as the scapegoat for all weaknesses of the Philippine political
bureaucracy.
f. Non special typing of bureaucrats. Filipino bureaucrats do not comprise a
clear-cut social class. Filipino bureaucrat is organization consists of persons
with varied family backgrounds, aspirations, educational attainment, training
and work experience.
g. Lack of independence from politics. Philippine bureaucracys merit system
was easily subject to attack and tampering by politicians.
h. Essential instruments of social change. Philippine bureaucracys function in
nation-building will be as big as complicated, and as demanding as the
function of the whole society itself.
33.
The five bureaucratic norms exemplify the traits and behavior of the public
with its encounter to any bureaucratic organizations.
a. Universalistic norm. It means dealing with all levels of people in the same
way.
b. Priority norm. It refers to the first come, first serve basis in the
delivery of service.
c. Efficiency norm. This exemplifies the delivery of service which is done in a
very little cost to the public.
d. Technical norm. It has something to do with the persons skills and
professional training in serving a client.
e. Jurisdictional norm. It is where the employees work within the confines of
their area of responsibility.
2. How does administrative culture affect the bureaucratic system in the
Philippines?
as:
Administrative culture affects the Philippine bureaucracy in a lot of ways such
Culture of patronage. The system of merit as an embodiment of the culture of

competence and commitment to public service is highly desired and esteemed by public
officials and employees. Patronage can be explained by familism or strong family ties as
well as debt of gratitude and pakikisama.
Culture of bureaucratic mediocracy. It revolves around the principle and
system of merit and competence required by law for civil service personnel. Most
government employees exhibit no motivation to work harder and they pose an uncaring
attitude.
Culture of bureaucratic ambiguity. This is rooted in the multiplicity of
conflicting laws, executive orders, judicial decisions, civil service and labor regulations.
This mass of conflicting laws results to ambiguity and confusion.
Culture of Dualism. The social stratification of the people in the society,
whether they belong to the upper class or lower class, underscores the difference in
treatment that each class receives.
34.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Bureaucrat and the Philippine Bureaucratic Behavior

MODULE 13
Bahala Na
1.It is a thief quality, the mother of indolence, the twin

sister of idleness, the natural partner of vice, the
roadblock to initiative and productivity and the producer of
sluggards.
Authority
2.Its figures determine to a large extent, the satisfaction
or frustration of the Filipinos aspiration for social
acceptance, economic security, and social mobility.
Public official
3. A worker in government which is torn between his need
to belong and by the necessity of justifying his action.
Familism
4. It emphasizes the welfare and interest of the family
over the welfare and interest of the community.
Red tape
5. It is an excessive formality and routine required before
official action can be taken on a certain transaction which
is perceived to be counter- productive.
Traditional values
6. These have not been quite displaced by the new norms,
and they continue to influence to a great extent the
behavior of government officials/employees and the
general public.
Tardiness
7. It is perhaps one common weakness of many government
employees in relation to their work is their inability to
report for work on time.
Philippine bureaucratic behavior 8. It is influenced by its socio-economic structure,
as well as by the traditions and cultures of the Filipinos.
Filipino bureaucrats
9. They tend to submerge themselves into a collective mode
of decision-making and responsibility that defines
bureaucratic structure.
Overlapping of functions 10. It is ta situation of appointing too many personnel giving
rise to the concept of a bloated bureaucracy.
1.Discuss the various types of behavior in the Philippine bureaucracy vis--vis the
dysfunction of Philippine bureaucracy.
35.
Many social scientists considered the following as some of the types of behavior
of the Philippine bureaucracy as follows;
a. Conformity to policies. Bureaucracy stresses unquestioning compliance to
organizational policies, rules and regulations. This results from the
displacement of the original goals, develops into rigidities and inability to
adopt readily.
b. Preference toward continuity and routinization. Bureaucratic puts much
emphasis on specialization. Hence, there is a general preference for the
bureaucrats to maintain the status quo in the organization. it has led to the
Filipinos negative attitude toward change.
c. Loss of self-direction or self-assertion. The Filipino bureaucrats tend to
submerge themselves into a collective mode of decision-making and
responsibility that define bureaucratic structure. Because of this, they tend
to loss self-direction and self-assertion.
d. Political supportive. The bureaucratic system in the Philippines tends to
support the political party in power.
These behaviors in the Philippine bureaucracy are highly affected by
dysfunctions in the Philippine bureaucracy like:
a. Red tape. The excessive formality and routine before official action can be
taken on a certain transaction which is perceived to be counter-0ptroductive.
Thus, oftentimes, people also transact with the government have to bribe
their way to get prompt results or to get away with lengthy procedures.
b. Incompetent Government Personnel. A lot of government personnel do not
know how to cope with the job for which they are chosen, thus they become
ineffective and inefficient.
c. Tardiness. This is the most common sickness of most government employees.
This greatly affects their work efficiency and this reflects their lack of
self-discipline and poor work ethics.
d. Overlapping of functions. Overlapping of functions is a situation of
appointing too many personnel giving rise to the concept of bloated
bureaucracy.
e. Other negative traits such as lack of initiative, unwillingness to delegate,
rigidity and inflexibility and buck-passing are few of the numerous
dysfunctions in the Philippine bureaucracy.
36.
2. Discuss the perspectives of Filipino values and culture in the Philippine bureaucracy.
Culture as it relates to public organization may be seen to be of three
types such as social, political and administrative. The Filipino culture, despite
Spanish and American influences, has basically retained its distinct flavor. The
Filipino cultural norms and values, imbibed from childhood, are carried by them
into the organization and reflect those of the culture of the society. These are
personalism, familism and particularism or popularism. Personalism refers to the
degree of emphasis on interpersonal relations or face-to-face encounter.
Familism emphasizes the welfare and interest of the family or individual and
group behavior, as reinforced by personalistic orientation, give rise to
particularism/popularism. To be popular is the highest compliment one can
receive from kinships, neighbors and friends.
37.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP MDM

The Nature of Public Policy and Public Policy Making Process
MODULE 14
Public policy
1. Another version for it is that it is the domain of

government institutions or officials who are accountable to
the public.
Participative
2. A description of policy making wherein the government
works out policies and the private sector- the experts and
technocrats is invited to attend hearings and meetings on
national issues or become members of special committees
created to study a particular problem and develop
important policies.
Standing committee
3. In Congress, this group undertakes the preliminary
investigations to determine the public importance and
political significance of a bill.
Nature of P=public policy 4. It tends to address usually the general welfare of the
inhabitants and the interest of the country itself.
Technocrats
5. This group took the pivotal role in policy formation in
both domestic affairs and international negotiations so
much that Martial Law administration has been described
as a military-technocratic alliance.
Policy making
6. It is the prerogative of the political or elected actors in
government.
NEDA
7. Its creation is said to have consolidated into a single unit
the once disparate economic bodies in the country and
consolidated as well as broadened the participants in and
recipients of development policies and programs.
Grinding poverty
8. It has been exacerbated by the lack of employment
opportunities, rising prices, high population growth and even
inadequate education.
Cabinet Coordinating Committee 9. It was composed of all the cabinet secretaries
who held regular breakfast meetings which is often began
at seven oclock and adjourned at ten in the morning.
38.
Case study
10. It was conducted to show the intricacies of formulating

a public policy on reorganization which is a very
controversial issue of policy decision makers.
1. Discuss the policy making process during the martial law period.
The Philippine policy making under Martial law is described as being proactive,
reactive and participative,. It is said to be proactive because it formulates
projections about the nation, twenty years, through comprehensive and careful
analyses of facts, figures and trends. It is also reactive because policies are
formulated to conform to events that need resolution. Socio-economic
difficulties that are perennial are taken into prime consideration.
It is participative because government works out policies and the private
sector- experts and technocrats are invited to attend hearings and meetings on
national issues and to participate in the decision and policy-making.
2. Discuss and harmonize the policy making process between the executive and
legislative branches of government.
The role of designing a public policy lies in the legislative branch of the
government. They formulate policies and set guidelines to its implementation. Carrying
out this policy on the other hand is the responsibility of public administration
particularly the executive branch of the government.
39.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

The Philippine Public Policies Past, Present and Future

MODULE 15
Economic development
1. An aspect of development which is associated with the

peoples higher levels of employment and income, the
steady reduction of poverty, wider economic choices,
economic security, and less inequity and economic
inequality.
Presidency
2. An office represented by the President as head of
government as chief executive and chief of State who is
visionary, progressive, politically skillful, and transforming
national leader.
New Society
3. It became the battle cry of his administration in the
promulgation of his public policies during the martial law
period.
Social and cultural development 4. An aspect of development which is associated
with the Filipino peoples growing ability to meet their basic
needs for food, health, housing, transport, and a mutually
sustaining environment.
Policy
5. It is a purposive course of action which is commonly and
generally set and perceived to be generally and socially
desirable to a great number of people.
Politics
6. It was rejected as a crippling factor, dissipating
resources on projects and activities with low economic
returns.
1987 Phil. Constitution
7. It became the blueprint of all public policies of every
administration which came under it, yet there are public
policies that made each administration unique as they
pursued their plans and programs.
MTPDP (Medium Term Philippine Development Plan)
8. It sets within 2015, which
affirms and reinforces the agreements on the goals and
targets towards eliminating extreme poverty worldwide.
Pres. Diosdado Macapagal 9. He dismantled the Filipino First and adopted the public
policy of embracing the interference of the World Bank
(IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to the
economic life of the nation.
40.
Policy process
10. It is the formulation and application of identifications,

demands, and expectations concerning the future
interpersonal relations to self.

1.Discuss the future Philippine public policies in relation to the three aspects of
development.
The future Philippine public policy is centered on the social, cultural, economic
and political development.
The book entitled The Philippines Into the 21 st century, associated social and
cultural development with the Filipino peoples growing ability to meet their basic needs
for food, health, housing, transport and mutually sustaining environment. While the
economic development is associated with the peoples higher levels of employment and
income, the steady reduction of poverty, wider economic choices, economic securities,
and less inequity and economic inequality. Political development can be achieved with
peace, constitutional democracy, democratization, decentralization, devolution and good
governance. These visions will be realized through effective policy making and
implementation by the government and support and cooperation of the citizenry.
2.Why is it that government public polices over the years seemed to be inadequate of
relieving the greater mass of the countrys population from absolute poverty?
Public policies over the years seemed to be inadequate of relieving the greater
mass of the countrys population from absolute poverty because of inefficient if not
ineffective implementation of poverty alleviation programs and policies. Resources
intended to the implementation of these policies and programs are often mismanaged or
misappropriated. Most of these policies are sound so plausible and idealistic however,
they became so lame and inutile to answer the growing problem on poverty because of
their poor implementation. Thus the problem lies to the administration and the people
entrusted with the responsibility to put into action these policies. This is the reflection
of how worst corruption is in the country. Most public officials and employees protect
and prioritize their personal gain over common welfare and public service. They fail to
give what is due to the people specially the poor and underprivileged sector in the
society. We can also minimize if we cannot possibly eradicate poverty, if the
government will take serious steps in the implementation of poverty alleviation
programs and policies setting aside their personal gains and biases.
41.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

External Constraints to Development
MODULE 16
Underdevelopment
1. It has been taken to mean the flip-side of the coin of

development using the standards or milieu of developed,
and generally industrialized countries as frame of
reference.
Dependency Theory
2. A theory which explains that developed societies,
exercising capitalist domination and hegemony on the
political economies of 3rd World nations through inequitable
economic arrangements, promote and perpetuate their
development at the expense of underdeveloped economies.
Gunmar Myrdal
3. A writer who stresses the totality of the development
process and explained the underdevelopment is a process
of cumulative circular causation among such factors as
levels of living, income, and productivity.
Mass poverty
4. It is another by-product of the countrys neocolonial
status in addition to the countrys distorted development.
Analysis of underdevelopment
5. It has been the subject of much interest and
concern in recent years, and conceivably it has become
increasingly abundant and overflowing.
Mindanao
6. It can further serve as the gateway for trading with
ASEAN nations such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and
Brunei, and with Australia and New Zealand as well.
Poverty
7. It is seen from this pint that it is neither a synonym for
underdeveloped nor a cause, but rather as a symptom of a
more general problem.
Technological development 8. It was oriented to the factor proportions prevailing
there, while the adoption of such technologies by the Third
World distorts its factor proportion.
Development
9. It should ensure the continued protection as the country
undergoes stabilization and reform to sustain international
competitiveness.
Luzon Development Framework 10.This framework proposed spatial strategy shall
follow a bi-directional development approach considering
the geographical constraints of Luzon.
42.

1. Discuss the contrasting concept of development of 3 rd World countries as
applied in the 3rd World nations.
The concept of development of the 3 rd world countries focused primarily on the
transformation of their environments from traditional agrarian subsistence economies
to agro-industrial or modernized societies as conceived in elaborate and well-defined
development plans. While development as perceived by the 3 rd world nations pertains to
the engagement in systematic, macro, multi-year planning of their economies to improve
level output and correct income inequalities pervasive in their societies.
2. How come that the constraints to development of 3 rd World countries have
remained deterrent for them to gain their socio-cultural, political, and economic
development?
The reasons why the constraints to development of 3 rd world countries have
remained deterrent for them to gain their socio-cultural, political and economic
development are summarized as follows:
a.
Many third world countries are confronted with problems on national
consolidation and questions of legitimacy still interfere with effective
formulation and implementation of national policies.
b. Most third worlds countries are less endowed with natural resources.
c. The tropical/subtropical climate of the most of the third world countries
creates handicaps leading to the deterioration of the solid and many kinds of
material gods.
d. These third world countries are generally overpopulated.
e. There is focused on capital intensive development instead of labor intensive
development.
f. International trading favors the developing countries at the expense of the
third world countries.
g. Misallocation of resources in the third world countries.
h. Foreign borrowing
i. The adoption of technologies by the Third world distorts its proportion.
43.
IBAAN, Jocelyn C.
EETEAP -MDM

Benefits and Evils of Multi-National Corporations and the Nationalist Alternative

MODULE 17
Mass nationalism
1. It requires the involvement and support of the greater

portion of the countrys population.
Principle of solidarity
2. It teaches that it is the duty of every individual in the
pursuit of common good, to make himself productive and
avoid indolence and mediocrity in his work.
Multinational corporations 3. It is referred to any corporation based in one of the
industrial nations of the First World that carries on a
significant portion of its productive activities in facilities
located in one or more foreign nations.
Industrialization
4. It entails and involves the striving towards an industrial
system that could and would stand on its own, with minimum
dependence on external resources.
Ideology of nationalism
5. It was put into the shape by Bonifacio, Jacinto, which
was later harnessed out by Mabini in the inspired new
government and the subsequent resistance against the
Americans.
Subcontracting
6. It is another phenomenon detrimental to the workers,
thus decreasing their net pay and other benefits that
normally accrue to regular workers.
Poverty
7. It continues among its people because of the countrys
inability to industrialize as shown by the failure of the
Philippine capitalism to generate an industrial revolution
traceable directly to the colonial nature of PhilippineAmerican relations.
Industrialization
8. A concept in which the war against mass poverty, cannot
proceed as long as colonialist power and colonialist policies
rule.
Multinational Corporations 9. It is a term which will be used to refer to any
corporation based in one of the industrial nations of the
First World that carries on a significant portion of its
productive activities in facilities located in one or more
foreign nations.
44.
Anti-imperialism
10. It denotes the strong resistance and sentiments of the

nationalist sector of the population not to accept foreign
intervention to the affairs of the nation.
1. Discuss the benefits and evils of multi-national corporation (MNCs) in general
and be able to suggest measures to abate its evil effects on the host country,
like the Philippines.
Multinational corporations is a term which will be used to refer to any corporation
based in one of the industrial nations of the First World that carries on a significant
proportion of its productive activities in facilities located in one or more foreign
nations. They are also referred to as transnational corporations.
Below is the summary of benefits and evils of MNCs:
Benefits
Evils
1. MNCs fill the resource gap 1.Although MNCs provide capitals they
between targeted or desired may lower domestic savings and investment
investment and locally mobilized rates by stifling the competition,
savings.
inhibiting expansion of indigenous firms
and imposing high interest costs on capital
barrowed by host governments.
1. MNCs fill the gap between 2. They reduce foreign exchange earnings
targeted
foreign
exchange on both current and capital accounts by
requirements derived from the substantial importation of intermediate
export earnings plus net public products and capital goods, overseas
foreign aid.
repatriation of profits, interest, royalties,
management and fees.
2. The MNCs fill the gap between the 3.While they contribute to public revenues
targeted
governmental
tax in the form of corporate taxes, they can
revenues and locally raised taxes.
also diminish that revenue as a result of
liberal
tax
concessions,
investment
allowances, disguised public subsidi9es and
tariff protection provided by the host
government.
3. The
gap
in
management 4.The management entrepreneurial skills,
entrepreneurship, technology and technology and overseas contacts provided
skills which is presumed to be by MNCs may have little impact on
partially or wholly filed by the local developing local resources and may in fact
operations of MNCs can educate inhibit their development by stifling the
local managers about how to growth of indigenous entrepreneurship as
establish contacts with overseas a result of the MNCs dominance of local
banks, locate alternative sources of markets.
supply etc.
45.
Some of the measures to abate the evil effects of MNCs on host country like the
Philippines is to pass laws or legal measures to protect the local industries by providing
regulations on the operation of the MNCs, levying high corporate taxes, tariffs on
imported goods and lessening government subsidies on MNCs instead granting these
subsidies to local industries.
2. How can the nationalist alternatives be implemented in the countrys
development aspirations?
The nationalist alternatives can be implemented in the countrys development
aspirations if the Filipinos can regain their honor and achieve prosperity as a people
only if they collectively embrace the national alternative, their salvation from the
scourge of poverty and distorted development tendencies. The goal of the national
alternative is to have an economy controlled by Filipinos a self-reliant economy run by
the Filipinos free from foreign control, interference and dependency.
46.

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IBAAN, Jocelyn C.

Principles and Processes of Development Management

The Nature and Meaning of Development Management ( Part 1)

1.A concept by which communal activities subject to

2.A form of government by which public administration is

3. It is governed by the political principles, promises and

4.They are likely to be clouded by emotional issues and by

5.It seems to be a spreading disease in newly independent

7.It is different or if it is not, it ought to be, because of

8. It achieves continuity by conforming to the customs,

9.It should be above reproach, to be a good example to

10.They do certain activities communally namely: the

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

2. What are the prejudices against public administration?

Principles and Processes of Development Management

The Nature and Meaning of Development Management (Part2)

2.According to Prof. Romy Ocampo, it concerns with the

3. It is thought of as the major investigation and device by

4.It is a part of cooperative human behavior, whose

5.In common usage, it is meant as the activities of the

6. It is the structure of authoritative and habitual

7. An estate which used the skills of other estates but

8.There are so unique, so inherently disorderly, so unlike

Development Public administration (DPA) was introduced in 1980. DPA is similar to

Principles and Processes of Development Management

1.It is an administrative tool with which the achievement of

Administration Management Theory

4. A system which has a major impact particularly in

5. It is bringing together the basic resources in an orderly

6.This principle states the specification of labor in order to

7. It is the collect in of information on accomplishment,

The Staff Principle

8.This recognizes the role of line management in the

9.He interprets bureaucracy as an administrative in which

10. It refers to the mechanism of control emanating from a

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

Strength of the Theory

Weaknesses of His Work

No room for creativity, highly rigid

2. Why are these called classical organization theories?

Principles and Processes of Development Management

1. It considers management as a series of decisions and the

2. They have contributed much to understanding the

The Behavioral School

3. It analyzes management from the standpoint of

4. It is concerned with the selection of preferred behavior

The Human Relations School

6. According to Herbert Simon, the picking of course action

7. It is loosely used and may mean a host of things including

8. It is basically a resolution of alternatives.

9. It is the logical, objective-subjective, tough-minded-soft

10.A process of making decisions that after a review of all

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions below.

Weaknesses of His Work

Principles and Processes of Development Management

1.In complex organization this is a set of interdependent parts

2. A theory in which the concept of egalitarianism applies, that is,

Japanese Style of Management 4. A style of management in which the employment

5. A term which is being used more and more to refer to the

6. It is viewed as system of mutually dependent variables which is

7. It is a system, but is a part of an industrial system, as social

8. He is perhaps the spiritual father of the system school of

10.They are essentially simple systems-having very few internal

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.