exaggeration.

Exaggeration simply means to

overstate or magnify something out of proportion,
and if it's used correctly, it can be a very effective
advertising technique. So for example, there's a
commercial for fast food in which two people
order a meal at the restaurant's drive thru. And as
soon as they're handed their order, the car tilts on
its side. The point is that these meals really are
big. But the exaggeration is so extreme that it is
obvious and amusing to the viewer.
Advertisers also use humor to make their products
look desirable. For example, one company has an
ad for photo editing software, and on one page is
a family photo that's addressed to grandma. It's a
lovely photo, except that the son is wearing a
leather jacket with chains and a crazy haircut.
The second page shows the same photo, but the
son has been "edited," supposedly using this
software program, to look clean-cut and nicely
dressed. The ad says something to the effect of
how "Grandma is saved from a holiday shock." So,
wrat the advertisers try to do with this is make
p~9ple associate good feelings-like laughingwilh their products. Thus, the product is more
appealing .

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Chapter t
01 Urban Planning

more employees to work from home. Those are

more effective long-term solutions that would get
more cars off the streets and reduce pollution.

M: Many people talk about congestion pricing as the

best solution to the problems of overcrowding and

pollution in our cities. Well, while the policy has its
advantages, by itself it is not the best solution and
does not live up to its promises. Let me explain
why.
First of all, congestion pricing will not
necessarily encourage more people to use
public transportation. This is because, in many
cities, the public transportation systems are not
extensive enough to meet increased demand. In
other words, buses and subways don't go to
every neighborhood, and that means that even
if you don't want to drive your car, you have no
choice because there's no public transportation
in your neighborhood. That's a problem.
A second point I would like to make is that
congestion pricing will not automatically result in
faster commutes like proponents say it will. It
doesn't mean that you can get to and from work
in less time. This may be true for some people,
but more than likely, once your city implements
congestion pricing, you will actually spend more
time going to and from work. Why? Well, because,
as more people use public transportation, trains
and buses get more crowded. That means you
wait longer before you can even get on the bus
or train.
Third, congestion pricing will not benefit everyone.
It's not that simple. Sure, some people will choose
to drive to work because it is more convenient.
And congestion pricing will certainly tax those
individuals for driving. But what about the
individuals who have no other choice? Many
workers cannot afford to live in the city or near
public transportation lines because housing in
those areas is too expensive. Those individuals
must drive to work, and many of them are from
poor neighborhoods and have low-paying jobs.
Congestion pricing will penalize them-force
them to pay a much larger part of their budget for
transportation and pollution. That is simply not a
fair policy, and it certainly doesn't benefit everyone.
A better policy would be to expand public
transportation, to build affordable housing closer
to jobs, and to encourage businesses to allow

02 History

W: Now, there are many scholars who doubt that the

treasure of the Copper Scroll is real; however,
there is enough evidence. to suggest that those
scholars are wrong, and the treasure listed in the
scroll may still be out there in the Israeli desert
waiting to be found.
First of all, the difficult language used in the
scroll suggests that it describes a real treasure.
Traditional treasure stories from ancient Israel
used colorful poetic and religious language. The
Copper Scroll, on the other hand, is written with
a highly technical vocabulary, In ]act, the vocabulary
is very difficult for modern scholars to read
because it is unlike anything they have ever seen
before. Using technical language seems a very
strange way to tell a story that is. supposed to
be passed on from generation to generation. So
it probably isn't a story: it's real.
Second, the treasure the scroll describes is not
necessarily as large as some people think and that
means it is more likely to be real. The treasure is
described using an ancient measurement called
a "talent." Now, in ancient times, money was
different in different areas, so the measurement of
one talent could mean a large amount in one
region and a small amount in another region.
Confusing, yes, but that was what it was like in
the ancient world. What it tells us is that the
treasure may be much more modest than we first
thought. In that case, it very well could have been
the treasure of the Temple. And historical records
suggest that the ancient Israelites hid the Temple's
treasure during a time of political upheaval.
Finally, although there are many challenges in
finding ancient treasure, it would not be impossible
to find the treasure listed on the copper scroll. One
reason is that the scroll talks about a second
scroll, a silver scroll, which gives more detailed directions to each of the different treasure locations.
If someone could find that silver scroll, they would
have better directions to the treasure. So, it would
not be impossible to find the treasure just because
the directions contained in the Copper Scroll are
not entirely clear to modern scholars.

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03 Environmental Science

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M: You hear a lot of talk about biofuels in the news

today, but the promises of biofuels do not match
the facts. Let's take a look at ethanol, one of the
most widely used biofuels. It can be made from
corn, sugar cane, or a few other crops, Ethanol
,'~~can be used to fuel cars and other vehicles, but
not without problems. Ethanol really just isn't a
substance that we can use to replace fossil fuels.
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First of all, it is not cleaner than the gasoline that
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it replaces. Why? Well, at first it looks cleaner.
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Burning one gallon of ethanol in your car produces
less pollution than burning one gallon of gasoline.
So it's cleaner, right? Wrong! It's actually dirtier
because ethanol is a less efficient fuel. In other
words, you get less energy out of a gallon of ethanol
than you get out of a gallon of gasoline. So you
have to burn more to travel the same distance.
And that means more pollution.
Now, ethanol requires a lot of land that we simply
don't have. In recent years, there has been a
ma$'sive push to produce more ethanol from corn
gr6\\in in the US. At first, this sounds good, but
the problem is people need that corn to eat. So
what happens when more corn is used to
proi:luce ethanol, well, um, the price of food goes
up. You can't have both cheap food and cheap
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fuel. There is not enough land for both.
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One last point: ethanol won't be able to meet the
demand for fuel. Let me give you a stark example. In
order to replace the current demand for petroleum
in the US; you would need to use seventy-five
percent of all the agricultural land in the world to
grow ethanol-producing crops. Seventy-five percent!
That doesn't leave much land for food production;
in fact, it hardly leaves any at all. The demands of
drivers in large nations like the US, China, and
India are simply just too large to be met by ethanol.
Therefore, the wortd needs to keep looking for
more ways to replace gasoline. Perhaps hydrogen
power is the answer. But ethanol certainly is not.
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correct. Corntainers don't solve these environmental

concerns. Let me explain.
First of all, PLA plastics need special facilities to
make them biodegradable. You can't simply take
a corntainer and bury it in your backyard, and
have it just turn back into dirt. It doesn't work that
way. To break down PLA plastics you need special
facilities. In these facilities, the corntainers are
subjected to highly controlled conditions, including
the presence of microbes and sustained
temperatures of 140 degrees. In such conditions,
PLA breaks down into water and carbon dioxide
in about ninety days. Without those conditions, it
doesn't compost well.
Second, containers are ending up in landfills
when people mistakenly try to recycle them like
regular plastics. People take PLA to regular
recycling facilities where the PLA must be separated
out from the petroleum-based plastics. The two
can't be recycled together; it creates a mess. So
recycling facilities must spend time and money
to separate the PLA from the plastic, and they
just throw it out. And where does it go? It goes
into the landfills, anyway. So without proper
facilities our landfills are filling up with corntainers.
Finally, there is nothing socially responsible about
using corn to make plastic containers. Why? Well,
because people need corn to eat. There is only
so much corn grown in the world. And, as you
are aware, the world's population is growing rapidly
and people need to eat. People need to eat corn.
It is very irresponsible to take corn that could feed
people and turn it into plastic. We already have a
source for plastic, and it is a source that we can't
eat and that source is petroleum.
Rather than waste time investing in corntainers,
we'd be better off using fewer disposable things
in the first place. A generation ago, people
reused cloth bags when they went shopping.
No waste. They reused glass bottles for food
and drink storage. Again, no waste.

04 Environmental Science
W: Today, I'd like to take a closer look at corntainers,
containers made frorn polylactic acid, or PLA, which
is a derivative of corn. Now, you may have heard
that PLA plastics can solve many environmental
concerns. The problem is, those claims are not

:1 Climatology
1\11: Global warming is an impo1tant topic today. For
years, scientists have investigated, keeping an

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eye out for telltale signs that global warming is

happening. The things is, as compelling as some
of the arguments may sound, they're false.
Global warming is not taking place on Earth.
Let's begin by talking about carbon dioxide levels.
Many people mistakenly believe that a high level
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere automatically
means that global wanning is, in fact, going on.
However, let's consider something for a second:
carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas, which
means it exists even without humans adding
more. Moreover, it's not as if the levels have
increased as dramatically as some sources would
have us think. The fact is that over the past thirty
years, carbon dioxide levels have increased by
only two percent. That's including the extra pollution
that humans throw into the mix.
Next, the melting of ice caps doesn't necessarily
prove that temperatures are getting hotter around
the world. Scientists agree that ice caps are
influenced by a variety of factors. A combination
of these factors could easily account for the
receding ice caps. For example, recent research
suggests that at least some of the ice cap melting
is caused by volcanoes. When volcanoes located
under the sheets of ice erupt, they destroy the
ice it comes into contact with. And that's just
one of the many different factors that affect ice
caps.
Finally, what about these facilities that have
records of temperature increases? Turns out that
even with the most advanced technology, their
figures are still inaccurate. A number of scientific
agencies have spoken up about the inaccuracies,
pointing out that it's misleading to suggest that
they have actual proof of global warming. The
problem is that the Hadley Center and NASA take
samples from some places and not others. As a
result, the averages published by those facilities
might be off the mark by at least two degrees.

First of all, adults need to carefully monitor children's

unstructured playtime to make sure that it is
positive. Just because children are allowed to
structure their own playing does not mean they
will do something positive. Many kids, left on their
own, will get into trouble and in the worst cases,
even get hurt. Others will waste their playtime sitting
for hours in front of a TV eating junk food. They
need adults to guide them to positive activities
that help them develop their creativity during
playtime. For example, um, adults can provide kids
with stimulating toys and games and limit their
time in front of the TV and playing video games.
They can talk to their children about what they
are playing and check in on them. This is not
interference; it's careful monitoring.
Second, children need adults, not peers, as role
models. Too many children are not learning good
behaviors from their peers.. They learn these bad
behaviors because adults don't monitor their
playtime. In fact, it is dangerous to suggest that
. children should learn primarily from their peers.
They need adults~parents, teachers-to teach
them what is right and what is wrong. One way
adults can do this is by monitoring who their
children play with and what kinds of activities
they engage in.
Third, adults need to monitor their kids' play to
protect them. Children can be very cruel to each
other. They are still learning how to control
themselves and don't always think about the
consequences of their actions. Certainly, a child
needs to learn how to defend him or herself. But
children also need to be able to trust that their
parents will help them if they are being hurt by
another child. This is a very important lesson.
Sometimes children need their parents to help
them deal with their peers.

1)3

02 Psychology
W: It' is unfortunate that there are still people who
believe that adult interference in children's playing
can have harmful consequences. The truth is that
adults need to monitor children's playing because
play is so important to a child's development. Not
doing so can have harmful effects on a child's
development.

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Biology

M: Many of you have undoubtedly heard tales of

the dodo-a fat, funny-looking bird that lived on
an island off the east coast of Africa. It isn't a
coincidence that the dodo disappeared soon
after humans arrived on their island. Yet it wasn't
over hunting, but rather other factors, that led to
its extinction.
First of all, humans didn't even like eating dodo .
meat. It is (rue that the dodo's. flightlessness

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made it an easy catch for hunters and trappers.

But its meat was tough and tasted pretty horrible.
In their private journals, sailors gave detailed
descriptions of the terrible-tasting dodos while
praising other local species, such as the Red Rail,
for their good taste. And so it is highly likely that
the sailors abandoned dodo hunting and moved
on to more desirable species. It just doesn't
make sense that hunters would keep pursuing a
bad-tasting animal if better options were available.
. Second of all, humans weren't the dodo's main
hunter; other animals were. The dodo's fearlessness
is also often cited as evidence supporting the
over hunting theory. But the truth of the matter is
that the dodo's lack of fear didn't make it vulnerable
to humans. Rather, its fearlessness made it
vulnerable to the animals humans brought with
them. Dogs and pigs, for example, went wild on
the island, rampaging poorly hidden dodo nests
and eating many of the dodos themselves.
Without nests and offspring, the dodos had a
g\eat deal of trouble repopulating themselves,
an& their numbers quickly dropped.
F'iro/ally, there is little evidence of humans hunting
large numbers of dodos. Although a few dodos
di~ make it back to Europe on Portuguese ships,
archaeologists have turned up scant evidenoe of
human dodo hunts. It's much more likely that the
dodos died because humans introduced predators
that had never before existed oh the island and at
the same time destroyed the forests where the
birds made their homes.
86 we can't really blame human hunting for
the extinction of the dodo. There were many
contributing factors. Their loss of habitat was
certainly a factor, as was the introduction of new
predators into the areas where dodos lived. So,
really, we can't say that one thing caused the
dodo to disappear, and it certainly wasn't over
hunting.

04 Environmental Science
M: So, perhaps the most well-known example of an
insecticide is DDT. Now, DDT is notorious for
being an extremely dangerous chemical. It's been
criticized for its toxic effects on the environment,
on humans, and for its inability to completely
wipe out disease. But let me remind you that,
despite its downsides, DDT wasn't nearly as bad

as we've been made to believe. In fact, it had

several benefits.
First of all, DDT can, in some cases, benefit
plants and animals. Yes, DDT, when consumed in
extremely large quantities, will impair, or even kill,
an animal. But in smaller quantities . . . which
is how it was most often found to be in the
environment ... it mostly just kills insects, which
can spread diseases from plant to plant or animal
to animal. Insect-born diseases have been known
to wipe out huge populations of species. And so,
by preventing insect populations from escalating,
DDT prevents certain animal and plant populations
from shrinking.
DDT can also benefit human health. Again, DDT
can be toxic if you ingest it in large quantities, but
even the World Health Organization considers it
only "moderately hazardous." Which means that
in smaller quantities, DDT doesn't really do much
at all if you happen to ingest it. Sure, there are
studies that show a correlation between DDT and
things like cancer or reproductive disease, but
many of these studies are inconclusive. What
DDT does do, though, is kill the insects that
spread deadly human diseases, like malaria or
typhus. Such diseases have far more devastating
effects on human health than DDT ever had. So
by reducing their spread, DDT in fact improves
public health.
Lastly, DDT has effectively combated diseases,
particularly malaria, in the past. Although some
-mosquitoes have now developed a resistance to
DDT, there are many cases in which it successfully
wiped out the disease. Sri Lanka, for example,
had 1.5 million cases of malaria between 1934
and 1955; 80,000 people died. The year after the
country completed an intensive anti-mosquito
program using DDT, only seventeen cases were
reported. Since then, millions of lives have been
saved because of the widespread use of DDT.

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01 Political Science

M: Computerized voting systems l1ave drawn a lot of

attention recently as a possible alternative to the
current paper-based systems. fvlany governments
are currently looking into switching to the new

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system. However, before we change everything, I

think it's important to consider some of the
drawbacks of using such a system. Let me give
you three examples of how computerized voting
systems are bad.
First, supporters of the computerized system
say that it is a lot safer than the current voting
methods. But that's not true at all. Let's be honest:
there are just as many possibilities for the system
to be mishandled over the Internet as on paper. If
we're going to start voting over the Internet, we
have to be aware of the dangers that are present
on the web. For example, hackers could completely
ruin an election if they were to attack the computerbased system. A skilled hacker with a particular
partiality could easily get into the system and add
or subtract votes. Clearly, this is no safer than
paper ballots.
Next, computerized systems aren't actual~ cheaper
for governments, either. In order to implement the
system, a lot of expensive equipment is needed
for counting and managing the electronic votes.
So if a country wants to switch over, they'll have
to be willing to invest in the equipment to begin
with. The expenses don't stop there. See, these
machines cost money to maintain and operate.
Overall, the system would introduce an on-going
expense for governments rather than saving
money.
Finally, I want to clarify that it is possible for
computerized systems to lose votes. In fact, they
result in more lost votes than traditional paper
ballots. Why? The system relies entirely on
machines to sort and count votes. This is all very
nice when it's functioning, but what happens if
the machines break down. A mechanical failure
would result in the loss of all the votes registered
on that computer. In the end, thousands of votes
could be lost from a single failure.

02 Resource Management

. :

W: A wildfire that started in the Croatan National

Forest in North Carolina several years ago is a
good example of how prescribed burning can
be indispensable in preventing and controlling
wildfires. This wildfire was actually controlled by
the prescribed burning that had been done in the
area. In the end, the fire wasn't as bad as it could
have been. Let me give you three examples of
why this is true, and you'll be able to see how
724 Transcripts

beneficial prescribed burning can be.

First of all, the wildfire may never have started
in the first place had prescribed burning been
executed in the area where the fire ignited. See,
the forest caught fire in an area of very thick
underbrush-dead leaves and shrubs and
branches and all that, which is not at all surprising
considering the fact that underbrush acts as a
sort of natural kindling for forest fires. Many forest
rangers and fire experts suggested that, had the
place been previously cleared by prescribed
burning, there may not have been enough fuel to
start a fire.
In this case, what prescribed burning did was
stop the fire from spreading. Forest rangers, of
course, couldn't burn the whole forest, so they
just did prescribed burning on the outermost
areas. That way, if a fire did break out ... which,
unfortunately, happened that year . . . it wouldn't
spread too far. So as the Croatan National Forest
fire moved out of the high fuel areas . . . where
there was a lot of underbrush . . . and onto the
timberlands, where forest rangers had already
done some prescribed burning, it slowed down
enough so that firefighters could do their job and
put out the fire. If those prescribed burns hadn't
been there, it would have been pretty bad news
for the surrounding communities.
And what's also great about the prescribed burns
is that they never posed a threat to the communities
because rangers chose the very best conditions
in which to execute them. They chose a day when
there wasn't a lot of wind, when there was a little
bit of humidity, when temperatures weren't too
high. And in this way, they stopped a wild, raging
fire by starting ones they could control.

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Business

M: All right, we've been talking about retirement

plans, and there's one option we haven't covered,
which is early retirement. Now, there are a lot of
people who will tell you that you should never
retire early-that it's too much of a financial
burden, it will make you feel useless and depressed,
and it will ruin your social life. But the truth is, you
can easily overcome those problems and emiv
retirement may be one of the best choices you
ever make.
First of all, many early retirees live very agreeable
lifestyles in terms of their finances. Retiring early

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doesn't mean your money's going to run out in

ten years and you'll find yourself swimming in
debt. Although it's not always easy, it's very much
possible to save enough money . . . or invest
enough money . . . for early retirement. And you
don't have to be making high figures, either.
There are a lot of very good retirement plans out
there. And there are a lot of knowledgeable
financial consultants, many of whom are hired by
companies for the sole purpose of helping
employees retire early. So really, if you plan right,
you can sustain your current lifestyle throughout
your retirement.
Secondly, early retirement can be an extremely
positive experience psychologically. Most people
have values and interests and hobbies that aren't
work-related at all. Retiring early gives them a
chance to spend time pursuing the things they
never had the time for-whether it's fly-fishing,
traveling, volunteering, or hanging out with their
families. And often, because they retired at a
relatiyely
early age, they've got the energy to do
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And" finally; with regards to one's social life, early
retir:e.men\is a benefit rather than a hindrance.
Sure; you may lose a few of the casual friendships
that sprung up around the office. But retiring early
can give you the freedom to branch out and
establish new, more diverse friendships. You might
join a running club and meet friends there. Or you
might volunteer at a hospital and have lunch with
the staff every week. Or you might start. hosting
dinner parties. By retiring early, you acquire the
time to build your social network-time you may
not have had when you were working.

04 Law

W: In theory, speed cameras ... which basically are

replacing police officers ... are supposed to be
a really great thing. But the truth is, they're not as
valuable as some people make them out to be.
And here's why.
First of all, speed cameras don't do a whole lot to
reduce traffic accidents. You see, speed is very
rarely the cause of accidents. There are lots of
other causes: bad ,-;:1ad conditions, inadequate
signaling, distract1c1~s. things like cell phones or
. food. So basicaiiy, speed cameras are just
addressing one of many t11ings that induce

accidents. So really, if the city spent more time

and money on tackling these other factors, we'd
see a much more significant reduction in road
accidents than speed cameras will ever bring
about.
Speed cameras also don't do much to reduce road
deaths. Speeding really only makes a difference
on suburban roads, where speed limits are around
twenty miles per hour. Going thirty-five or forty
miles per hour on these streets makes a huge
difference as to how likely a victim is to survive an
accident. But pretty much all speed cameras are
positioned on fast, main roads where the speed
limit is at least forty-five miles per hour. At these
speeds, accidents are quite often deadly, So a
speeding vehicle really isn't all that much more
dangerous than one going the speed limit.
Preventing drivers from speeding on these streets,
therefore, isn't very effective in reducing the
number of deadly accidents.
And one more thing: speed cameras remove
police officers from duty, which isn't a good thing.
Skilled officers are much more able to detect and
deal with dangerous driving, including offences
other than speeding. Drivers could be driving
aggressively, they could be cutting other drivers
off, or they could be running stop signs. All of
these a speed camera will most certainly miss ~
the driver is abiding by the speed limit. It can
actually be dangerous to replace police officers
with cameras.

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M: Now, we've been talking about marketing.

Today, I want to discuss one popular marketing

strategy called buzz marketing. Many of the
so-called advantages of buzz marketing are also
its disadvantages.
First of all, buzz marketing is fast and easy, which
means it spreads negative information quickly
and easily, too. If you want to get people interested
in your product, so they buy it, you might choose
to use bu.zz marketing, right? People learn about it
quickly and teil all their friends. Great, right? Not
always. Unless you have good testing and know
that your product can live up to ils claims, you

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should be cautious about buzz marketing. Bad

information flows just as quickly and easily as
good information. If there is a problem with your
product and you have relied on social networks to
generate positive buzz, well, um, you'll have to
deal with the negative buzz that results when
people find out about that problem. That can hurt
your company's reputation.
Second, if you have bad buzz, people will take it
more seriously if they hear it from their friends.
And that is harder to counter with additional
marketing. Buzz marketing gains its credibility
from word of mouth. One person tells another
person, and since they know each other, they
trust the information. This works fine if you have
a product that lives up to its claims. But if your
. product has flaws, the buzz can turn negative
and that can damage your company's image for
a long time. When people hear bad news about
a product from a competitor, they might ignore it.
When they hear it from a friend or acquaintance,
they take that news more seriously.
Third, buzz marketing can end up being a lot
more expensive than traditional marketing,
especially if you start to generate bad buzz. Just
think of this: a company starts a buzz campaign,
and their product starts getting bad buzz. How
does a company fix this? Well, honestly, they
have to start a new advertising campaign just to
counter the bad buzz. And this means a lot more
money. So, if this happens, it would have been
cheaper to just go with traditional advertising in
the first place.
So 1 hope you can see that buzz marketing isn't
nearly as good as some people think it is. It can
fail too easily.

For one thing, it doesn't actually 'po a whole lot to

prevent tooth decay. There was a study done
recently by the National Institute of Dental
Research which compared the teeth of children
in fluoridated communities with those in
non-fluoridated communities. What it found was
that their teeth really weren't all that different.
In fact, the improvement that fluoridation
supposedly caused was so small that it really
can't be considered significant. The truth is
that dental decay continues to exist even in
communities with fluoridated water. Therefore, it
is hard for us to conclude that fluoridating water
is really such a good thing.
Another thing-fluoridated water isn't as safe to
drink as many people believe it is. There is some
scientific evidence that fluoride is damaging to
the body. It has been shown to weaken bone
strength, which can increase the chance that you
might break a wrist or a hip. Other studies have
shown that fluoride can cause brain damage, that
it can reduce thyroid function ... your thyroid,
controls your growth ... and fluoride might also
cause bone cancer. These are very serious
consequences, and they can happen due to even
just the small doses of fluoride added to water.
So, in the end, fluoridation really isn't cost-effective,
either. Even though we may be saving a small
amount of money on dental bills by fluoridating
our teeth, we're going to be hit with medical bills
later in life after we've been fluoridating our
bodies. And the medical costs for such things as
cancer treatment or even fixing a broken bone
are going to be much higher than the cost of a
few fillings. When you look at the bigger picture,
water fluoridation is going to cost us a lot more
in terms of finances-and also in terms of our
overall health-than drinking water without added
chemicals.

I~
W: One issue that we have yet to discuss is water
fluoridation. We all know what fluoridation is, right?
Well, it's basically the government's solution to
taking care of public dental health. Add a little
fluoride to city water, and you've taken care of
everyone's tooth decay problems. Well, as it
turns out, water fluoridation really isn't all that
beneficial.

r - - 726 Transcripts
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'
Note: Graphic Organizer answers are suggestions only
and may not match students' answers exactly.

. Preview: ffest

2.
5.
8.
11.
14.

1. (0)
4. (A)
7. (B)
10. (C)
13. (A)

(8)
(A)
(C)
(0)
(A. C, F)

3. (B)
6. (8)
9. (A)
12. (C)

facilitated the audience's understanding of events. By

singing or speaking in llllisQn, the chorus was also
responsible fiir influencing the way audiences reacted to
a play. It did this by showing embellished reactions and
discussing the play's events and characters with the
audience.

03 Ecology
Changes in Coral Reefs
Elfect

Cause

1. Increased ocean Bleaching of coral occurs when it loses

temperatures
algae

: ,~'.Chaptei.il'i
'
.

Sediment fills water and blocks sunlight,

2. Tropical storms

causing algae to die

01 Linguistics

1.

The Effect of the Gold Rush on the English Language

Theory
Example
Many English
expressions

"Pan out" came to mean "to be

successful"

originated during
"Strike it rich" came to mean "to
California Gold Rush become wealthy"
1.

(C)

2.

3.

(8)

(0)

Summary: The passage discusses English phrases that

can be traced back to the gold rush in California. The
phrase "pan out" came from the pans that miners used.
Gold would settle to the bottom of their pans, and the
sediment would be removed. The expression "strike it
rich" originated fromrniners striking the rocks to find gold
and becoming 't/filillb)l quickly if they found it.

ii

, The Greek Chorus and the Audience

.,,;

Role
<----------~---------------!
Helped audience understand play by
Definition

Person or group of

people that added

to a play in various
ways

p'roviding important plot information

----------------;
Interacted with audience, ellher by
showing emotion or by communicating
with audience members

.ii

ii,.

1.

(0)

2.

(C)

3.

(8)

Summary: The role of the chorus in Greek theater was to

provide a commentaey on a play to the audience in order
to ~ the plot. The chorus explained the stories and

~--

(0)

Summary: Global warming is responsible for fillfiling the

ocean's temperatures, which affects coral reefs. Coral
reefs are vulnerable to temperature changes, and they
become damaged if exposedto higher temperatures for
orolonged periods. One indication of coral damage due
to warm ocean temperatures is bleaching. An increase in
tropical storms is another way coral reefs are being
damaged because of global warming. Sediment from
overflowing rivers clouds the ocean, which decreases the
amount of sunlight reaching the corals.

04 Literature
r-~~~~~~~~~~--~

I _

The Romance vs. The Novel

The Romance

<l

i\

--

3.

(A)

The Novel

Both

1----------1----+-~------ Moral stories of heroic

i> Popular
Stories of everyday
adventures
in 151h
ltte

02 Theater
.\

2.

(8)

Used language
considered lofty

century

o Idealized portrayal of
characters

Used language
considered low
w Realistic portrayal

of characters

-----------~----~------

1.

(A)

2.

(0)

3.

(B)

Summary: The passage discusses the appearance of

the novel as it flourished along with the romance in the
15'" century. The invention of the printing press increased
the distribution of written texts to people. The novel often
parodied the impossible characters and formal style of the
romance, instead presenting more realistic temoerament
and motives of people. Also, the main fQQQ[ point of the
novel was character, as opposed to plot in the romance.

728 Answer Key

'"_; ~-o--

fa_(,.,:-

"~-~~--

-----

- J __ _

-:__ '---

-----~c~-~-

..

;_;

05 Anthropology

Chapter 2

Symbolic Behavior
Theory

O1 Psychology

Support

Superstitions can 1. Rituals can give sense of control over

uncertain situations
have positive
psychological
2. Taboos can relieve anxiety in many
effects
situations

1.

I.

{B)

2.

(A)

3.

{C)

Summary: The passage discusses symbolic behavior as

a means for people to QQlm with uncertainty in their lives.
Two common types of symbolic behavior are rituals and
taboos. Rituals are behaviors done repeatedly in order to
bring about a certain 011tcom0. Although a ritual cannot
~ bring about a desired result, an individual can get
a feeling of control through performing the ritual. Taboos
are forbidden behaviors that can make some people
believe that something terrible will transpire. By avoiding
a certain taboo, a person may feel that he or she can also
avoid misfortune.
~
.,,

06 Sociolli'gy

Conversation: Men vs. Woinen

Men

Both

More likely to make

conversation fun and

make jokes
Do not generally
chat with male
friends often

1.

Women

Conversation More likely to

has similar
discuss problems
goals
and emotions

Otten call friends

just to talk

(C)

2.

3.

(B)

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, men and women

llilill!ll.!l in very different same-sex conversations. For
men, talk is generally not personal, is more likely to
include innocent teasing and joking, .and is not very
common. Men often consider personal feelings a sign of
vulnerability. By contrast, women often lliilllQb personal
topics such as feelings and problems with one another.
Female conversation is thought to be very important to
maintain and llliill.!@ female relationships.

"

Globalization

02 Agriculture
Effect

Cause
1. Dutch East India Company began

Water Shortage

worldwide export aclivity

2. Traded with nations previously closed to

Beginning of
globalization

trade, increasing cultural mixing

2.

(A)

Problem
Agricultural

3.

{D)

Summary: The passage discusses the Dutch East India

Company as an important impetus in the trend of
globalization beginning in the 17'" century. It provided an
l!'&illfil for cultural exchanges through the trade of goods
by sea. Through their maritime trade abilities, the Dutch
grew in power and eliminated competition by expelling
the Portuguese and the British from the East Indies.
Through the trade activities of the Dutch East India
Company, hig~ly prized and exotic items such as spice
and textiles were able to circulate around the world.

waste of water

1.

(D)

Solution
1. Use underground watering to reduce
evaporation and runoff

'

I.

2. Grow ncitive plant species that thrive in

an environment

2.

(C)

3.

(D)

Summary: The passage discusses ways in which farmers

are trying to. =Dlfil shortages of clean, fresh water.
When crops are watered above the surface of the ground,
much of the water evaporates instead of reaching the.
plants. By installing new underground irrigation systems,
a more uniform application of water can reach the root
systems of the plants. Another llQYJl! idea for farmers to
use water more efficiently is to grow more native species
of crops. Native crops can grow without excessive watering,
thus slowing the depletion of precious water resGUrces.

Answer Key

729 _

03 Marketing

OS Anthropology
Product Demonstration

Definition

Giving
customers an

opportunity to
experience

the product in
person

1.

(D)

Advantage
1. Can make a

Example
Car dealers often

product more real to give test drives to

a customer, which
customers
can increase sales

2. Can demonstrate

'

unique benefit or

Sales of a company's

(D)

Judges cultures based on

one culture's standards

Von Daniken did not believe

ancient Egyptians built
pyramids

3.

(8)

Summary: According to the passage, while product

advertising is advantageous in selling goods and services,
a hands-on demonstration is often more effective with
prospective customers. Product demonstration makes an
item more illnlJi!.l!ll to buyers, in that they can actually touch
and use it before they buy it. This shows consumers what
a product's function is, which can lead to higher sales of
the product. For example, a manufacturer of non-stick
cookware made many more sales after demonstrating its
product at an exposition.
.
.

1.

(C)

'

Support

'

Example

Developing nations Developing nations

cannot progress
spend more on
while remaining
imports than on
dependent on
exports
other nations

(C)

(A)

3.

Grenada exports
bananas, nutmeg,
and cocoa but must

import many other

products
(A)

Summary: The passage discusses dependency theory,

which explains why some developing nations cannot
integrate into the world economy. These countries will not
succeed economically until they restructure their import
and export programs. Because the revenue.gained from
exports is much lower than the expenditur~s needed to
import basic goods, these nations cannot' generate a
healthy economy. Dependency theorists suggest that the
only 'lia!:lkl solution for these countries .is to increase
manufacturing in order to decrease dependence upon
developed nations for their welfare.
.

,,____ 730 Answer KeY

,, __ -,

2.

(D)

3.

(D)

l,,!
,,

06 History
The History of the Globe Theatre

Dependency Theory

Egyptians must have built

pyramids

Summary: The passage discusses two ways in which

cultures can be understood. The first is ethnocentrism
which is the interpretation of a culture based on th~
standards of one's own culture. Ethnocentrism is thought
to be a universal occurrence. Another way to interpret
cultures is cultural relativism, which judges cultures
according to their own standards. However, this position
can be difficult to adopt without extensive effort and
study of other cultures. Anthropologists help alleviate this
problem.

04 Political Science

Theory

Judges cultures based only

on that culture's standards

cookware went up

function of a product after demonstrating

its benefits
2.

Cultural Interpretations
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism

Step 1: Built in
1599 but burned
down In 1613

1.

(A)

Step 2: Rebuilt in
1614 but closed
down and
demolished
2.

(C)

Step 3: Replica
built in 1997 to
match original

3.

(D) .

Summary: According to the passage, London's famous

Globe Theatre has a complex and .. illustrious/turbulent
history spanning about 400 years: Constructed as QD
open-air amphitheater, its center was a large pit in which
attendees would stand and watch the performances.
After it was destroyed twice, it existed only in the minds
of its admirers for 350 years. Finally in 1997, the Globe
Theatre was again rebuilt. It is an open-air '&lliill. just lil<e
the original.

03 Biology
The Botanical Career of Carl Linnaeus

01 Literature
Unreliable Narrators
Definition

Role
1. Make readers question story and

Narrator who does

truthfully

'

,_;

1.

2. Add realism to characters

(D)

Step 3: Became
professor and
!continued to gather
plant species from
around the world

Step 2: Went on
expedilions to find
new plant species
and developed
Systema Naturae

narrator

not describe events

'

Step 1: Developed
love for plants
and began to
name and classify
them

2.

(A)

3.

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, an unreliable

narrator is a literary~ that is used to challenge the
reader's trust. Unreliable narrators are also used by
authors to add a sense of llll!lifiln to a character. The
example used is "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allen
Poe. The unreliable narrator in this case is Montresor,
. whose view is lfilDJfil! witih prejudice and a desire for
revenge. Readers must contemplate whether or not to
believe the unreliable narrator, thereby gaining a more
comprehensive understanding of the character.

1.

(D)

2.

(B)

3.

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, Carl Linnaeus was a

~who dedicated his life to creating a classification

system of plants. The process began with a love of plants

as a child. Linnaeus set out on many expeditions to find
new plants ..As a professor, he gained worldwide Ifillll.l'l!l
and collected many plant specimens from around the
world. His Systema Naturae grew considerably into a
multivolume work that was preserved by other scientists
after his death .

04 Psychology

':~

Fuzzy Trace Theory

02 Business

Definition

Successful Entrepreneurship

,.\

Requirement

1. Innovation

Example
Amazon.com rnade buying books more
convenient

2. Risk-taking Debbi Fields took risks to finance cookie chain

;:, ;

1.

(D)

2.

(B)

3.

False
memories
are created
due to brain

making
traces of
events

1. Gist trace: trace of Soccer player may

basic idea of an
entire event

2. Verbatim trace:
trace of specific
details of an event

(D)
1.

Summary: According to the passage, entrepreneurialism

is the launching of a business 'lfilllJlli! in order to make
money. Two factors that can bring about success in new
business are innovation and risk-laking. Innovation is
crucial in fulfilling a unique public demand. Risk-taking is
another necessary component of a new business because
many entrepreneurs are competing in a new or difficult
territory. For example, the owner of a successful cookie
chain had to convince a bank to !iJIBngji her business
concept in order to become successful.

(A)

Example

Category

2.

(C)

remember how a game

went but forget specific

details
Patient may remember
specific details from an
event but forget event

itself ..
3.

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, the phenomenon

of generating false memories can be explained by the
fuzzy trace theory. This theory states that after an
experience, the brain makes traces of information. A gjfil
trace is a remembrance of the event in a general sense.
Because the brain remembers a general sense of the
~ of an event rather than specific details, false
memories may be created to fill in the
A verbatim
trace is a recollection of events based on specific details
or moments, rather than the experience as a whole.

Answer Key

731 - ....

,.
05 Astronomy

Chapter 4
Lunar Craters

Type
1. Impact craters

01 Literature

Explanation
Form from meteorites and asteroids
crashing into surface of moon

2. Volcanic craters

Identifying Theme

Step 1: Examine title

Step 2: Look for repeated words or

for clues

Magma under surlace breaks through

images

and causes surface to collapse

l.
1.

(C)

2.

(A)

3.

(B)

2.

3.

(C)

(B)

(D)

Summary: The moon has accumulated a number of

craters that form its jagged .lfill:lli!J. The Yl!fil majority of
lunar craters are caused by the impact of meteorites and
asteroids. Because the moon has no atmosphere, there
is no protective barrier to burn up meteorites before they
hit the moon's surface. Therefore, when meteorites explode
upon impact, surface material is~ with great force.
Another way lunar craters are formed is when !JlQ!lfilJ rock
rises through the moon's surface, breaking it. A cavity
forms beneath the surface, which eventually collapses to
form a crater.

Summary: The focus of the passage is on literary themes

and how to interpret/discern themes in poetry. A theme is
the general idea that is expressed in a poem. The author
describes two ways of djscerninglinternretinq themes in
poetry. First, the reader can analyze a title, which often
indicates what the poem may be about. For example,
Lewis Carroll's "A Boat beneath a Sunny Sky" suggests
that the poem is about something joyful and llilD.mJil.
Next, the reader should look for repeated words or
images, as they often help the reader conclude the
theme of the poem.

02 Meteorology
06 Zoology
How Aurora Borealis Is Formed

Wolves and Dogs

Theory

1. Bott"l form hierarchical relationships

many characteristics 2. Both are territorial and can be
of wolves
aggressive

Modern dogs retain

1.

(A)

2.

(B)

3.

atmosphere

atmospheric gases

Description
Plasma is made

Plasma travels

Gas atoms build

up of particles

through space;

up energy; release

eventually comes
into contact with
almosphere

it as light

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, while dogs and

wolves bear little physical resemblance to each other,
they demonstrate common traits. For example, their
social structures consist of hierarchies within packs or
families. They are also both highly territorial and become
aggressive to assert dominance and ownership. Wolves
and many dogs have an inherent belligerence toward
strangers. They react to a threat by lli!rirul their teeth and
displaying other aggressive behavior.

732

Step
3. Plasma particles
1. Sun discharges 2. Plasma
plasma
reaches Earth's
collide with
.

Support

1.

(D)

2.

3.

(A)

(D)

Summary: According to the passage, many of the

spectacular weather phenomena seen from Earth are
caused by powerful storms in space. For example,
Aurora Borealis is an extra-planetary storm that results in
the appearance of impressive lights in the northern sky.
Aurora Borealis is caused when particles are discharged
from the sun. Then, the particles QQ]fu;ill with gases in the
Earth's atmosphere. In the process, an electric charge is
transferred to the gases. The collision causes energy to
build up. When the energy is released, the gases emit
lights with a continuously changing spectrum of colors.

Answer Key

'"' c---

- -- -

----r

03 Environmental Science

OS Oceanography
How Rogue Waves Are Formed
Theory
Support

Electric Cars
Theory
Electric cars

are better
for the
environment
and economy

1.

~ ..

(C)

Support
1. Study showed electric cars reduce
carbon dioxide emissions by 100 percent

1. Wave
interactions with
ocean currents

2. Reduce influence of petroleum prices on

2. Wave

world economy

1. Agulhas Current runs past southern

tip of Africa, a region with a high
incidence of rogue waves
2. When two or more waves join, their

reinforcement

respective heights add together

3. Less expensive to operate

2.

(A)

3.

(B)

Summary: The invention of the automobile has had a

profound effect on modern transportation. The passage
describes the !llMm of the electric car and its benefits to
the environment and the economy. Gasoline engines
produce gases and ~ that contribute to global
warm.ing. Electric cars, meanwhile, can reduce emissions
by one hundred percent. Electric cars are also better
because they reduce reliance on petroleum. Decreased
dependence reduces the impact of fluctuating petroleum
prices on the economy.

1.

(C)

2.

(B)

3.

(A)

Summary: According to many personal accrnmts and

mathematical calculations, rogue waves can reach
incredible heights. Stories of rogue waves have circulated
for centuries, but.scientists still are not sure what causes
them. A high incidence of rogue waves off the southern
tip of Africa seems to be caused by contact between
normal wave patterns and ocean currents. In other areas,
rogue waves may be caused by two or more waves
joining together to form one massive wave. However, the
exact circumstances in which rogue waves appear are
still unknown, and in fact, they may sometimes occur
randomly.

o4' Biology
Theory

Altruism and Evolution

Explanation

06 Anthropology
Example

Animal sacrifices
While some bees do not
chances of reproducing reproduce, this actually
Kin
helps species to survive
Selection or surviving to help
evolutionary success of
species

.--L=

1.

(A)

Native American Pottery

~1--.---':.c::;.::c.;.:._~.:..-

2.

(B)

3.

Type

Technique

Use of extremely hot

temperatures

.2. Northeastern

Many
different

Mix materials with clay,. use of

coil technique, rub with stones

materials

(D)

Summary: The passage discusses altruism in biology.

Altruism, or filllfl= behavior, is considered an evolutionary
mechanism that seems to .!:!fill1 the theory of natural
selection. Some scientists believe that by exercising kin
selection, some animals promote the genetic fitness of
their species by sacrificing themselves. For example,
worker bees forgo their ability to reproduce so that they
can protect t11e hive and their queen.

Materials

1. Southwestern Dry clay

1.

(A)

2.

(C)

3.

(D)

Summary: The passage discusses artifacts recovered in

the southwestern and the northeastern parts of the United
States. A popular and lfil'filfil! art form, the pottery of
southwestern Native Americans has an extensive history.
In the beginning, they created more functional pottery out
of clay, subjecting it to extremely hot temperatures.
Northeastern pottery featured many different materials
due to disparate geography. Native Americans in the
northeast also finished pots with stones to add a polished
look.

Answer Key

733 - -

I Vocabulary Review 1 I

02 Biology

1. (B)
4. (D)
7. (D)

2. (D)
5. (A)
8. (B)

3. (C)
6. (C)

9. (C)
12. (D)
15. (C)

10. (A)
13. (B)

11. (B)
14. (A)

16. phenomenon 17. spectacular 18. discharge

19. gap
20. indication
21. (C)
24. (B)

22. (A)
25. (D)

23. (E)

I Mini Test 1 I

.I

01 Environmental Science

'.!

1. (D)
4. .(B)
7. (B)

3.
6.

(B)
(C)

8.

(D)
(D)
(C)

2.
5.
8.

(D)
(A)
(D)

3.
6.

(A)
(A)

2.
5.

02 Marketing
1.
4.
7.

(C)
(C)
(D)

Angiosperms
100 Million
Years Ago

80 Million
Years Ago

Gigantopterids Earliest

Bees helped

Angiosperms

canlained
chemicals

angiosperm

angiosperms

became most

fossil

spread

common type
of plant

250 Million
Years Ago

130 Million
Years Ago

used by
angiosperms

1.

(A)

2.

3.

(B)

(B)

Summary: The passage discusses angiosperms,

flowering plants that continued to !!Jllill long after
dinosaurs became extinct. The earliest angiosperm fossil
is thought to be 130 million years old. It is also estimated
that angiosperms began to evolve about 250 million
years ago from the gigantopterids. Gigantopterids may
be the earliest ancestor of angiosperms. Bees helped the
plants ~ across the world by spreading the plants'
pollen. Angiosperms are now the most common type of
plant on Earth.

03 Economics
Inflation
An increase in prices of all goods and services

Type

Point

1. Larger than active vocabulary

Vocabulary 2. Expands as a person ages

1. Smaller than passive vocabulary

Vocabulary 2. Limited by words needed to communicate

1.

II!

1 ~llii~l1l
1

Hfi11 -

2.

(B)

3.

(A)

Summary: The passage describes two different types of

vocabulary that linguists recognize. Passive vocabulary
is the set of words that a person knows but avoids using
in speech or writing. A person's ~ vocabulary
expands throughout his or her lifetime. Active vocabulary,
on the other hand, is the set of words that a person can
actually produce when speaking or writing.

11
'.I .i

r11:n

(C)

734

Answer Key

People "bid up" price of

Rising production costs drive

up general prices

1.

Vocabulary

2. Active

Cost-push inflation

goods, causing companies

to charge. more

01 Linguistics

1. Passive

Demand-pull inflation

(C)

2.

(D)

3.

(B)

Summary: The passage discusses two economic theories

explaining inflation. The first is demand-pull inflation. This
is when supplies are unable to meet consumer demand.
By their willingness to pay more for the product, consumers
effectively bid up the price. Factors causing demand-pull
inflation include an increase in currency or exports. The
second type of inflation is cost-push inflation. This occurs
when the production price of something increases
Companies must charge consumers more in order to
l<eep the businesses profitable. Cost-push inflation can also
be caused by an increase in the price of raw materials.

04 Photography

06 Anthropology
Contrast

Step
1. Lighting

~:

~'~i
:wfi

The way light hits

subject affects
contrast

!ii,.
2. Exposure

1.

(C)

Origin of Austronesian Languages

Example

Description

Amount of light
that hits film
affects color
2.

(A)

Theory

Support
1. Nine of ten

To increase contrast,

photographer can use

colored lens filters

Austronesian

languages formed aborigines

Austronesian

from Formosan

To ensure proper

languages

exposure, photographer
can bracket shot

originated in
Migration patterns prove
2. Austronesian
ancient
peoples migrated Austronesian-sPeaking
Taiwan
from Taiwan
peoples are genetically

3.

(B)

languages

and linguistically related

f': .Summary: The passage describes ways that photographers

i:

Explanation
Formosan languages
spoken by Taiwanese

can achieve effective contrast in photographs. Proper

contrast in a photograph will f.!irect the viewer's attention
to its most interesting aspects. One way is to regulate the
amount of time the film is exposed to light. By using lens
!i!IBra, photographers can accentuate certain colors and
reduce others. The other way that photographers control
contrast is by exposing the film correctly. Exposure can be
manipulated by changing the aperture or the shutter speed.
A technique called bracketing can allow a photographer
to ch:\Jose an exposure that wjll mndfil the best contrast
in a photograph.

05 Health

to Taiwanese aborigines

1.

(A)

2.

3.

(C)

(C)

Summary: The passage proposes that the often-ig:r}QraQ

aborigines of Taiwan are the descendants of the original
speakers of Austronesian languages. Anthropologists
have uncovered evidence that confirms the origins of this
language family. The most convincing data stems from
the fact that languages usually originate in areas with the
most linguistic diversity. Studies reveal that Formosan
languages form nine out of the ten branches of Austronesian
language. Scientists also can genetically link peoples from
countries that speak Austronesian languages to the ancient
inhabitants of Taiwan by studying their migration patterns .

Fatigue
A cond_ition of extreme sleepiness or exhaustion

Physical Fatigue

Mental Fatigue

Person cannot
perform at usual

Sleepiness or lack Caused by disease

Pathological Fatigue

--

of cOncentration

01 History

level
1.

(B)

2.

(A)

3.

The Formation of the United Nations

1943
1944

(B)
919

Summary: The passage discusses three types of

fatigue, the feeling of extreme weariness or exhaustion.
Physical fatigue can be described as feeling .d.r.ai!:!fil!,
and is caused by physical exertion. This type of fatigue is
a temporary loss of muscle function, and is usually
pronounced after some type of axmilln. The second type
is mental fatigue. It is characterized by feelings of
drowsiness and difficulty concentrating. The third type is
pathological fatigue, which may be caused by a disease
such as chronic fatigue syndrome.
'

Leagu e of

During talks,

Five natiOns
leaders agree meet to
the sta ge for to create
discuss
, future
international goals of
izations ...organization ...___
organization
Nations sets

l.~ga~- _
1.

(C)

.__

________
2.

(B)

__

3.

1945

United
Nations
convenes for
first time

(A)

Summary: The passage discusses the history of the

United Nations. Another international organization called
the League of Nations preceded its formation, but it had
been ineffective in entorc:na its resolutions. World leaders
wanted to avoid another devastating world war, so they
made an agreement to create a new peacekeeping
organization. After a series of wartime conferences with

Answer Key

735 - -

representatives from around the world, the United Nations

officially convened for the first time on October 24, 1945.

'

04 Biology

02 Sociology

1. Directional reaction to stimulus

Urbanization in Mexico City

Problem
1. Water

shortages

Solution

1 Tropisms

2. Nastic

Seek new sourcestar water and increase

Movements

public awareness about water conservation

2. Heavy traffic Improve public transportation to reduce traffic

1.

Plant Movements
Characteristic

Type

(C)

2.

(C)

3.

(A)

Summary: The passage discusses the problems

associated with urbanization. A large population shift
from !l!rn! communities to large cities can cause great
difficulties, especially in areas where population growth
suroasses a city's ability to meet the needs of its citizens.
For example, in the metropolis of Mexico City, issues such
as water shortages and heavy traffic are a challenge for
city officials. Mexican administrators are now exploring
options that will provide people with a safe and rnllilll!sl
water supply and efficient public transportation.

1.

(C)

2. Irreversible
1. Response to environmental stimulus

2. Reversible
2.

3.

(D)

(A)

Summary: While plants may appear to be stationary

objects, they do in fact move a great deal. For example,
ivy plants can interweave with a pole, and sunflowers
Qillll!l their faces toward the sun. One type of plant
movement is tropism. Tropisms occur when a plant reacts
to a directional stimulus. For instance, phototropism is
when a plant moves in response to a light stimulus.
Another type of plant movement is nastic movement. It
occurs when a plant reacts to environmental changes.
Thigmonasty occurs when the plant moves in response to
touch. This movement is a mechanism that allows plants
suc,h as the Venus flytrap. to feed.

05 Health Sciences

03 Astronomy

Effects of Sugar
Binary Star Systems
Classification

Theory

Explanation

'

Support

2. Spectroscopic

Can be seen with a telescope

------Can only be seen with a spectrometer

1. Sugar is
Surveys reveal that people seek sugary
psychologically food to improve mood and become
addictive
anxious without it

3. Eclipsing

Continuously eclipse each other as they

2. Sugar is
physically

1. Visual

orbit around center of mass

addictive

Studies show that rats become addicted

and experience withdrawal symptoms if
sugar is taken away

~~.~~~~_;;,~~~~--'-~.~~~~-

1.

(8)

2.

(C)

3.

(C)

Summary: Pairs of stars that orbit around the same center

of mass in space are called binary star systems. The
point that the mass of a system is concentrated on is the
binary star system's center of mass. Visual binary stars
can be seen through a telescope with high resolving
power. Spectroscopic binary stars can only be seen with a
spectrometer, which measures unperceivable differences
in the light the stars emit. Eclipsing binary stars travel
along an orbit in which they eclipse each other. Studying
eclipsing binary stars allow scientists to determine tl1e
composition of space.

Answer Key

1.

(B)

2.

(D)

3.

(A)

Summary: The passage discusses the theory that sugar

can be addictive. When a person ~ sugary foods
and experiences a negative reaction in its absence, he or
she may have a sugar addiction. Although sugar cane
has been cultivated for thousands of years, too much
sugar can cause tooth decay and suporess the immune
system. According to surveys, people indulge in sugary
foods when they are feeling angry or sad. This suggests
that sugar is psychologically addictive. Evidence that it
may also be physically addictive was revealed after a
study on rats. The rats that were dependent on sugar
experienced tremors and other withdrawal symptoms
when the sugar was taken away.

06 Psychology
How Pfungst Discovered the Clever Hans Effect
Step
1. Pfungst
removed

2. Pfungst
3. Pfungst
had people
asked
Hans from
aside from
questions
Hans's
audience
without
to ask
trainer ask
Hans
queslions

questions

seein.g him

cooler temperatures cause it to condense. Usually, water

droplets fall back down to the ground as precipitation
after they evaporate. However, if a mountain physically
obstrncts the rain clouds, the rain will fall before it can reach
the other side. Therefore, the water never returns to that area.

4. Pfungst had
people ask
Hans questions

to which they
did not know

02 Business
The Online Auction Business Model
Disadvantage
Advantage

answers

Result
Hans
answered

Hans

Hans

answered

correctly

correctly

pertormed
poorly

1.

'.

2.

(A)

3.

(C)

Hans
performed
poorly

1. No time or geographic 1. Decreased consumer confidence

because of criminal activity

constraints

2. Need for increased Internet

security

2. High level of
consumer loyalty

(B)

Summary: The passage discusses a psychological

phenomenon called the Clever Hans Effect. It was
discovered by German psychologist Oskar Pfungst when
he documented the case of a horse that could allegedly
pertorm arithmetic and keep track of the date. In order to
showcase his.\jmazing skills, Clever Hans and his owner
traveled the cgntinent. Pfungst subjected the horse to a
series of tes!S and discovered that the horse was
actually just~ at interpreting human body language.
By being more receptive to QlJllli from the trainer's
involuntary body language, Clever Hans was able to
produce the correct answers.

1.

(0)

2.

(C)

3.

(8)

Summary: The passage is about the online auction

business model, which allows people to llill on and
purchase items via the Internet. The business model has
both advantages and disadvantages. The model does
not have the time or geographic constraints of other
businesses, and it provides high customer loyalty. However,
the anonymity of patrons allows for such criminal activities
as the sale of stolen or co1mterfeit items.

03 Biology
Species Related to Amphibian Evolution
Species

1. Crossopterygian fish 2. Panderichthys . 3. /chthyostega.

Description
Primitive feet; similar

skull and teeth to

01 Geography

1. Water on

amphibians

The Rain Shadow Effect

Step
2. Moist 3. Cold air
4. Mountains

surface

air rises

evaporates

and
cools

I
I

1.

(C)

2.

(A)

causes
water vapor
to condense
and produce
precipitation

--

3.

block rain
from reaching
leeward side,
creating rain
shadow

(0)

Summary: The passage discusses the rain shadow effect,

which occurs when the hydrologic cycle is interrupted.
When the water in the air evaporates, the moist air rises.
When it reaches the high elevation of a mounlain range, the

1.

(0)

2.

Flat bodies, straight First true

tails, and more
amphibian; had
developed feet
legs and lungs
(A)

3.

(0)

Summary: The passage is about the evolution of

amphibians, which are cold-blooded animals that hatch
in water and are born with gjj)Q. Few fossils of early
amphibians have been found, but scientists have
managed to determine some transitional species among
them. From the earliest ancestor, the crossopterygian
fish, scientists observed the development of feet-like
apparatus. Later, the Panderichthys fish was found to have
amphibian-like features, unlike its earlier counteroarls.
Finally, the fossils of the lchthyostega are believed to be
the first QrllPer amphibian.

Answer Key 737 - . .1

I

06 Anthropology

04 History

Cullural Diffusion
Explanation

Wha.t Caused the Fall of Rome?

Theory

Type

Support
Romans conquered other nations, but as

complex to

empire grew bigger and more complex, it

sustain itself

did not have resources to sustain itself

1.

2.

(C)

(A)

3.

Culture close to another adopts an

aspect of other culture

1. Direct contact

In an attempt to solve food shortages,

Roman society
became too

diffusion

"Middlemen" help spread part of a

2. Intermediate
contact diffusion

culture to other areas

One cullure's technology prompts

3. Stimulus

(D)

similar technology in another culture

diffusion

Summary: The passage is about Joseph Tainter's

theory regarding the fall of the Roman Eomi@. This great
civilization has been studied by many scholars.
According to Tainter, Roman society was ruined because
it became too complex. Complex societies need resources
to fillfiltffi the costs of solutions to their problems. In an
attempt to address their food shortage, the Romans
decided to conquer neighboring lands and take their
resources. Eventually, the Romans only created more
problems for themselves and extended their resources
until they could no longer maintain the society.

1.

(C)

2.

3.

(B)

(D)

Summary: The passage discusses cultural diffusion,

when aspects of a culture are incorporated into another.
There are three different modes of cultural diffusion.
Direct contact diffusion occurs when one culture takes on
aspects of a culture that it has contact with. Intermediate
contact diffusion is when the spread of a culture happens
through a "middleman." Stimulus diffusion is when the
knowledge of a certain trait fillill the invention of a similar
trait in another culture, though it may not be an exact

!llDliilll.
05 Psychology
-

Intelligence

Type
1. Analytical

2. Creative

-Ti. Contextual

Details

Related to
skills taught in

Ability to apply
Ability to make
knowledge to new changes to succeed ln

school

situations

any context

01 Biology
Fungi

Characteristic

1.

(D)

2.

(C)

3.

(A)

Summary: The passage is about Robert Sterberg's

Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. His approach
studies three components of intelligence: analytical,
creative, and contextual. Analytical intelligence is
measured by proficiency in academic tasks, and is often
determined through the use of standardized tests.
Creative intelligence is how well a person can apply
known skills to new situations. Often, creatively intelligent
people are quite intuitive. Contextual intelligence is the
ability to behave appropriately in any given context.

Answer Key

Role

~!--~~--~~--~~-~

1. Decompose organic
Allbw nutrients to be returned to
material to gain nutrients soil through decomposition

--------.
--------------2. Reproduce through
Reproduce very quickly, which
spores put into the air

1.

(D)

2.

led to their use in medicine

(B)

3.

(C)

Summary: According to the passage, although fungi can

be a nuisance, they are vital to ecosystems. Despite their
destructive capabilities, fungi help to decompose organic
matter so that nutrients will be returned to the environment.
In addition, fungi filillillil reproductive behavior through
the use of spores. Once the spores find a habitable area,
they reproduce very quickly. This reproductive ability has
led to their use in the development of antibiotics in modern
medicine.

02 Business

Definition

Reducing a
product's

04 History
Product Stewardship
Aspect

I,~
~~

1.

Role

1. Manufacturer Use safe packaging and

participation encourage recycling

environmental 2. Retailer
impact
participation

throughout
life cycle

Olmsted and Public Space

Aid manufacturers in gelling

message to consumers

3. Government Encourage recycling and

participation create statewide programs

2.

(D)

(C)

3.

(A)

Summary: The passage discusses the concept of product

stewardship. It encourages environmental protection
plans that are implemented throughout a product's entire
life cycle. Manufacturers have begun using new packaging
that is recyclable and non-!QlilQ. Retailers are also acting
as mediators between manufacturers and consumers.
They are also executing/instating recycling programs.
Lastly, state governments are fostering recycling through
many programs, such as the container deposit program.

Topic

Point

Explanation

Olmsted 1. Thought public Made Central Park resemble

spaces should New York as little as possible
changed
provide escape while remaining cohesive part
the way
from city life
of city
public
spaces
2. Thought public Ensured Central Park was in
were
spaces should a location that everyone
viewed
be for everyone could get to easily
1.

(C)

2.

(BJ

3.

(C)

Summary: The passage discusses the changes in public

spaces effected by landscape architect Frederick Law
Olmsted. He realized that cities lacked a cohesive balance
of places in which to work, play, and live. Olmsted planned
Central Park in New York around the idea that people
needed a sanctuary in order to escape the bustle of city
life. While previous public spaces had ~ to certain
groups of people, Olmsted wanted Central Park to be
accessible to all members of the public.

'.\'

03 Astronomy

05 Psychology

The Runaway Greenhouse Effect

Cause
Effect
1. Greenhouse gases trap solar

Temperature on Venus
radiation, preventing heat loss becomes very high .

2. Heat causes oceans to

evaporate, .water vapor

escapes atmosphere

1.

(C)

2.

No water remains on
Venus

Select'1ve Attention Theories

Theory
1. Filter

Theories

Brain filters
unnecessary
information

Example
In a crowded room, you will
not hear every conversation,
but will recognize your- name

2. Attentional Attention is fixed In a crowded room, one

resource - amount to divide must divide attention among
theories
among tasks
events

-(DJ

Explanation

3.

(A)

1.

Summary: The passage discusses the !l.lllilllifill

greenhouse effect on Venus. Greenhouse gases llil!Yfl to
heat both Earth and Venus. However, their atmospheres
are much different despite their relative proximity to each
other. Venus's high concentration of carbon dioxide acts
as a barrier. This exacerbates the heating effect by
preventing the sun's infrared radiation from escaping
Venus's atmosphere. The heal caused by the gases
allowed water to evaporate and escape the atmosphere,
which is why oceans never formed on Venus.

(BJ

2.

(C)

3.

(AJ

Summary: The passage discusses selective attention

theories, which try to determine why people focus their
attention in different ways. Filter theories say that the
brain filters out unwanted information. For example, a
person disregards conversations in a room if they have
no relevance to his or her thoughts. One's brain can filter
unfamiliar information and redirect attention to familiar
names or voices. Attentional resource theories describe
attention as a fixed amount to divide according to how
much attention one wants to pay to something. A person
can ~a certain amount of attention to certain stimuli.

Answer Key

739

-~

06 Literature
Allegory
Definition
Use of
extended
metaphor
in a story

1.

01 Botany

Role

Example

Plato's allegory of prisoners

1. To describe
difficult concepts in a cave to describe
philosophical knowledge
2. To tell familiar

George Orwell's allegory of

story in new way animals on a farm to

describe a political situation

(B)

2.

(B)

3.

Plant Stems

Plant structure that

supports buds and
leaves and carries

nutrients to plant

Function

Carries carbohydrates
1. Phloem from leaves to roots
2. Xylem

Water and nutrients pulled

from roots to leaves

(C)
1.

Summary: The passage discusses the use of allegory in

literature. Allegory is used as an extended metaphor for
two reasons. The first is to explain difficult concepts. For
example, Plato uses the bondage of prisoners to explain
philosophical knowledge. The second purpose of allegory
is to tell a familiar story in a new way. For instance, in George
Orwell's Animal Farm, farm animals filiJl).e. a revolution to
fil!ii;l humans from their farm. They soon discover that
they are not Ji! to run the farm themselves. The story's
events figuratively represent the political situation of
Orwell's time.

(A, C, D)

Summary: Stems are the support structure for a plant's

buds and leaves. Concentric rings within the stem transport
nutrients downward from the source to the plant's roots
through the pressure-flow mechanism. Water evaporates
from the leaves, which atl!1!.QIB more water molecules
upward from the roots. This process creates l!lillillm in the
interior of the stem for continuous water movement. More
water enters through the roots from the soil, sustaining
the life of the plant.

02 Archaeology

I Vocabulary Review 2 I

Experimental Archaeology
Example
Role

1. (B)
4. (D)
7. (C)

2. (D)
5. (D)
8. (B)

3. (A)
6. (A)

9. (A)
12. (D)
15. (A)

10. (A)
13. (C)

11. (B)
14. (B)

16. Fossils
19. identifying

17. preserved 18. devote

20. instrumental

1.

21. (B)
24. (A)

22. (E)
25. (D)

23. (C)

2. (C)

3. (D)
6. (A)

Summary: Experimental archaeology attempts to

replicate certain skills of past cultures. By doing this, we
can determine what made ancient artifacts so durable.
Archaeologists use only the primitive materials and
methods available at the time the items were made. One
experiment recreated the process of paint-making using
ores, minerals, and sedimentary deposits. Then, animal
fat was extracted using tools available at the time. Finally,
yucca roots were added to recreate the substance likely
made by ancient paint makers.

Definition
Subfield of
archaeology that
attempts to

processes

01 Zoology
1. (B)
4. (B)
7-. (B)

5. (C)
8. (D)

02 linguistics
1. (B)
4. (C)
7. (A)

Paint~making using
Reveals new
information about primitive methods
ancient cultures and materials

replicate ancient

I Mini Test 2 I

740

Part

Definition

2. (C)
5. (A)
8. (A)

3. (C)
6. (B)

Answer Key

. --"'---'

(A, B, E)

03 History

05 Art History

Entrepreneurship During the California Gold Rush

Cause

Effect

California Gold
Rush

1.

z.
&. '

f"

i."'

Levi Strauss

Increase in
entrepreneurial

capitalized on rieeds

opportunities

of gold miners

(C, D, F)

Summary: The 1849 gold rush in California inadvertently

created opportunities for entrepreneurs to make their
fortunes in ways other than mining. A rapidly growing
population increased the demand for basic necessities
such as food and clothing. While some merchants io!!file.Q
their prices to take advantage of the miners' !lligbj, many
were honest and hardworking. Levi Strauss was a merchant
who sold various types of fillllfilfil, including a type of
work trousers that used metal rivets. This provided a type
of pants that fulfilled miners' needs in a new way and led
to his success.

}
.,

Stieglitz Photography

Example

Definilion

Photography as
art rather than
production of
standard
photographs
1.

Role
Promoted arlistic

side of
photography

Example .
Equivalents-images
of shadow and light
to capture moment of
experience

(B, C, F)

Summary: Alfred Stieglitz was a photographer who

made his work an expressjon of artistic interpretation of.
the world around him. Dada art had a profound jmpaQl on
the way he viewed photography, so he became interested
in the promotion of photography as art. Stieglitz edited and
published a photography periodical and focused much
of his work on urban surroundings. His Equivalents series
was intended to completely capture a moment in time,
thereby affording the viewer an eg11ivalent experience of
the feeling of that moment.

04 Astronomy
Why the Sky Is Blue
Theory
Molecules

Support

The Role of the Media in Socialization

Disadvantage
Advantage

1. Rayleigh discovered sunlight is scattered

in the
by water molecules in atmosphere
atmosphere
scatter color 2. Rayleigh found that light scattered is mostly
in blue part of spectrum, giving sky blue color
in sunlight

1.

06 Sociology

(B, E, F)

Summary: The sky appears to be .blue because of the

scattering of light waves against water molecules in the
atmosphere. The colors of the light spectrum we can see
lilJ1llil from red, which has the longest wavelength, to
violet, which has the shortest. When light rays are broken
or refracted by water in the atmosphere, colors appear
separated because of their wavelengths. The scattering
of light molecules in the sky is Qrn!;lominantly at the blue
end of the light spectrum because of its shorter
wavelength, most easily seen by the human eye. Farther
from t11e sun, the greater saturation of color makes the
sky appear a deeper blue.

1. Educate children about

1. Show v'1olence, which can
academic and social skills
teach the wrong lessons
2. Provide common topics
to discuss

1.

2. Depict stereotypes that are

learned and believed by public

(C,D,E)

Summary: The passage discusses the media's role in

socialization, which has only intens'1fied as television's role
has grown in society. Television is undeniably an important
part of modern culture. The media have educational and
interactional advantages and disadvantages. Many people
believe that the med'1a help educate children and give
people common topics to discuss in social settings.
However, others believe that the media promote violence
and implant often unrealistic stereotyQes.

Answer Key

741

-,:'Y"'~~ .

Chapter 10

1.
Society

Statements

01 Geology

A married woman has a choice of several

Hunter-Gatherer

SeiSmic Waves

Attribute

Classification

1. P Waves
(Primary Waves)

1. The fastest waves

2. Can travel through any medium
3. Vibrate in the direction they travel

Herds often split into groups that move

separately.
About 12,000 years ago, humans
thought to develop this method.
Sons usually live in a group with their
fathers, even after they marry.

Pastoralist

1. Slower than P waves

2. S Waves
(Secondary Waves) 2. Travel through only solid mediums
3. Vibrate at right angles

1.
Statements

Seismic Wave
G

Pwaves

Produce vibrations thar move in the

direction of the waves

Move through underground water

Are the fastest moving waves
Can only move through solids

S waves

o Produce vibrations thatmove up and

down or side to side

Summary: According to the passage, earthquakes

generate shock waves known as seismic waves. Two
kinds of seismic waves travel through the Earth's interior.
Primary waves, or P waves, travel outward from where an
earthquake originates. They can move through solids,
liquids, or gases under the surface of the Earth,
alternately compressing and expanding them. S waves
are secondary waves that can only move through solids.
They vibrate at right angles to their direction. s waves
travel more slowly than P waves and can only travel
through solid mediums. Scientists can compare S waves
and P waves to pinpoint the location of earthquakes,
even thousands of miles away.

Summary: The way in which a pre-industrial society finds

or produces its food affects its social structure.
Hunter-gatherer societies, in which members forage for
food, are egalitarian. Members are usually related
through marriage or lsinfilliu. Everyone gets an equal
shar.e of the meat, and they can easily move from one
band to another. Pastoralist societies are hierarchical.
Usually an older male member heads up the group,
which consists of his sons and their families. Pastoralists
also rely on domesticated animals for food and other
products.

03 Philosophy
The Philosophies of Plato and Aristotle
Problem
What is the
best form of

Both

o Lots of social
mobility among
bands

Even ruler must be subject

to laws

1.
Philosopher

Based on
small groups

Plato

Statements

ai

Pastoralists
&

Hierarchical
e Extended family

II

__ . ]

headed by father
Part or all of group

moves with herd

Rule of law is necessary for good government

in the absence of a philosopher-king.
A world exists that is beyond the human

senses.
o. Man perceives reality through his senses.
Aristotle

o A gove~nment based on the rule of law is the

best method.
o Even rulers must follow the laws of the state.

I
~,

mt--- 742 Answer Key

.:..-

1------+------------1

e The world of Forms is the true reality.

1--~~~~~-+--~

Egalitarian society
Basic unit is band

Explanation

Only philosopher can

1. Philosopher-king
understand ideal of good life

Only a philosopher can understand the ideal

of the good life.

Hunter-Gatherers vs. Pastoralists

Theory

government? 2. Rule of law

02 Anthropology
Hunter-Gatherers

different groups with whom she can live.

Members of the group are treated as
equals.

._, ___ _

Summary: According to the passage, Plato believed

reality existed in a world of Forms that could only be
understood by philosophers. Because human senses
cannot give a perfect rendering of the world, it is
only through the mind that humans can truly know
reality. For Plato, the ideal form of government was a
philosopher-king, who could fillfilllil that the concept
llfilil&d. from the world of Forms was promoted. Without
a philosopher-king, Plato believ.ed that the rule of law was
the s11bsequent form of good government. Aristotle,
however, believed that what people perceived through
their senses was reality. His theory that even rulers
must follow the rule of law formed the underoinning of
constitutional governments today.

05 Sociology
The Changing Ideas of Race
Meaning
1. People who shared 2. Race was
3. Race is cultural
same identity or
characterized
idea that has no
way of life were
by physical
biological basis
called a race
attributes

1.
Period

Original Usage Said that a race of people shared a lifestyle

16111 and 17 111
Centuries

'i
'

,f*

Concept of Race

04 Art History

Divided people into. races according to

physical traits
Stated that parents pass racial
characteristics to their children

Baroque vs. Rococo

Baroque

Both

Very large
buildings

Integration of
painting,
sculpture, and

Bright colors
lrlipressive.Views

architecture

Rococo

Pastel tones

Unified interiors

Statements

Style

Palaces were especially massive and imposing.

Baroque

Different, dramatic views were used in the

design of the interior.
o Paintings using bright colors decorated
church interiors.

Rococo

Swirls and Curves were used in interior

design.
Sculptures tended to be smaller and less

_J__~~--------Summary: There are four key elements of Baroque

architecture. Buildings were massive. Architecture,
painting, and sculpture worked together. The interiors
used bright colors and different materials, and there were
dramatic views off the main visual axis. Baroque
architecture was too robust for the tastes of the time.
However, Rococo architecture was a refinement of these
elements. Its decoration was more delicate and subtle. It
also featured the integration of painting and sculpture
with its architecture.

Proved that races are not determined by

biology

Less imposing,
smaller scale

~.

Architectural

20 Century

Described race as a cultural creation

Summary: According to the passage, it was conventional

wisdom that race simply denoted a group of people who
shared an identity, such as being from the same country.
Race meant something much different from its current
association. Later, people thought race was a biological
fact. It was believed that certain physical and behavioral
traits could be used to distinguish each race. Finally,
scientists showed there was no scientific basis for the
idea of race, and it was actually a cultural construct.

06 Economics

-E

'Keynes

_12eyne~ -

iJ

Money supply does

not affect economy

1J

Key to strong
economy is demand

:. Spending will create

deinand and
slrengthen economy

vS~ Friedman

1--B-0-th--.-----F-ri-ed_m_a_n-----;
~

Based
on
quantity

theory of
money

-(f

"It

Money supply affects

economy
Contraction of money

supply caused Great

Depression
o More money available
for spending increases

health of economy
----~---~--~-------~

Answer Key 7 43

03 Biology

1.
Theory

Statements

1.

Keynesian Governments can change tax policies to

Infectious
Agents

change consumer spending.

The employment rate will fall without sufficient

demand.
The health of an economy depends on three
kinds of spending.

Virions

Monetarist Governments need to control the supply of

money in order to 3.ttect the economy.

how governments can influence the economy. Keynesian

economists believe that three variables affect economic
activity: consumer spending, government spending, and
investment. Keynes's theories became so widely accepted
that economists rejected monetary policy to manage
economic activity. On the other hand, Friedman's
monetarists believe that money supplies have a QQ.lJfilll
effect on the economy. They attribute the fiscal disaster
of the Great Depression to a contraction in the money
supply, causing the market to decline.

Can be prevented before infection

Include a piece of genetic material that is
replicated
Cau_se irreversible damage to tissues

Prions

The economy will be negatively affected by a

contracted supply of money.

Summary: Two economists developed new theories on

Characteristics

Are composed of matter found In the body

Form an abnormal and irregular structure

04 History
1.
Theory

Statements
A piece of a large asteroid may have

broken away in space and hit Earth.

Chicxulub
Theory

An object from outer space left a crater on

the Yucatan Peninsula.
Dinosaurs became extinct because of a
meteor's impact on Earth.
Global warming caused by volcanic
activity contributed to extinction.

I Vocabulary Review 3 I
1. (B)
4. (B)
7. (0)

2. (D)
5. (C)
8. (C)

3. (A)
6. (A)

9. (A)
12. (0)
15. (A)

10. (B)
13. (C)

11. (B)
14. (D)

16. denotes
19. stereotypes

17. construct
20. ranking

18. underpinning

21. (B)
24. (E)

22. (C)
25. (D)

23. (A)

Volcanic eruptions released toxic gases

and caused acid rain.

Keller's Theory Di.nosaur species weakened after years of

stressful living conditions.

The Earth was bombarded by multiple

meteors that diminished dinosaur numbers.

I Practice Test I
01 Psychology
1. (B)

4. (B)

I Mini Test 3 I
01 Health
1.

(B, C, E)

C2 Business
1.

(B, E, F)

744 Answer Key

7. (A)
10. (C)
13. (B, D, E)

2. (C)
5. (C)
8. (B)
11. (0)

3.
6.
9.
12.

(B)
(A)
(A)
(B)

02 History
1. (A)
4. (B)
7. (B)
10. (D)

2. (C)
5. (C)
8. (B)
11. (A)

3. (C)
6. (A)
9. (C)

Theory
War Theory
Religion
Theory

Statements

Ongoing attacks weakened the city.

Thai soldiers invaded and looted the city.
The predominant religion was originally Hindu.
The change to Buddhism destroyed the
people's unity.
The developments were too vast to manage.

Groslier's
Theory

The irrigation system sapped the city of its

resources.
The ci!Ys land was eroded and overused.

03 Astronomy
1. (D)

4. (A)
7. (B)
10. (D)
13. (A, D, E)

v.:1

2. (B)
5. (D)
8. (B)
11. (D)

3. (A)
6. (A)
9. (B)
12. (B)

2.
5.
8.
11.

(C)
(C)
(B)
(B)

3. (D)
6. (D)
9. (B)
12. (A)

2.
5.
8.
11.
14.

(C)
(B)
(D)
(B)
(A, D, F)

3.
6.
9.
12.

04\Music
if''
;-r-'"

f'. (D)
4,_,
7,
10.
13.

(B)
(A)
(A)
(B, C, F)

05 Biology
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.

(B)
(D)
(C)
(D)
(A)

(B)
(B)
(A)
(B)

Answer Key

;-- _______,._-/--.'-.

745 ___;__...,

Note: Graphic Organizer answers are suggestions

only and may not match students' answers
exactly.

01

02 History

1. (B)

2. (D)

4. (A)

5. {B)

3. (A)
6. (A)

Alexander the Great and Greek Culture

Contributions
His notoriety gained many
admirers in other countries

Had a policy of fusion for

foreigners

02
8. (A)
11. (B)

7. (D)

10. (C)
12.

Had his Greek generals

marry Persian noblewomen

9. (B)

YES
Elongated subjects

Summary: The transactional linguistic model helps

linguists understand the process of language acauisition.
The theory says that the learner is influenced by his or
her environment. It also says that the learner can have a
similar effect on other students within the environment.

NO

Highly realistic

Representative of Renaissance art

I
I

Inspired by his imagination

03
13. (B)

14. (D)

16. (B)

17. (D)

1. (C)

2.

(D)

Summary: Alexander the Great spread Greek culture

to many parts of the world. To promote cultural
assimilation, he had his generals marry Persian
. women. The professor also mentions Alexander's
notoriety, giving the example of Romans trying to
associate themselves with Greece by speaking
Greek.

15. (B)

03 Office Hours
Problem
Student is unhappy with
professor's teaching style

01 Linguistics

E:

~t~~

1.

The Transactional Model of Language Acquisition

Points

----------

Examples

anguage environment affects Child might learn an accent

ne' s language acquisition

based on where he/she

learns the language

ear ner can influence his/her

Language learner may use

certain words/phrases that
are adopted by others

ronment
--~~------M

1. (D)

746

Answer Key

2.

(B)

Ancient Romans spoke Greek

in an attempt to associate
themselves with Greece

(C)

2.

Solution
Professor agrees to consider
changing class discussions

--

(A)

Summary: The student goes to see the professor

because she thinks she is not spending time
effectively in the class. In particular, the student
thinks that the group discussions waste time. She
feels that class time could be better spent by listening
to lectures. The professor agrees to think about
changing the way he teaches the class.

''

1, (C)

04 Service Encounter
Problem

1. (D)

2.

Woman helps student

get network password
and connect to network

(C)

Summary: The student called the employee

because he needs help connecting to the campus
network. The woman discovers that the student has
not yet received a network password. The woman
walks the student through the steps of obtaining a
password and logging-on to the network.
05 Literature

Emily Dickinson

Both

Female Contemporaries
Standard grammar
Wrote about
religious themes

Wrote on
importance of
self and emotion

(B)

Problem

Solution

Student is worried that

professor's class will repeat
material from another class

2.

Professor assures student

that material will be more
advanced in her class

(B)

. Summary: The student approaches the professor to

ask about what material will be covered in the class.
He is concerned because the professor assigned
the same book that is used in an introductory
course. The professor reassures the student that
new information will be covered in her course.

Emily Dickinson vs. Her- Female Contemporaries

1.

07 Office Hours

1. (A)

Unique slyle-,used Same

unconventionBI
literary
punctuation i[id
period
grammar

(C)

Summary: The professor discusses why diseases

that are treatable today once killed so many people.
The first reason mentioned is the lack of understanding
of how diseases are transmitted. Another factor is
the lack of immunity to certain types of diseases
within some populations.

Solution

Student is unable to
connect to the campus
network

2.

r!

08 Service Encounter
2. (B)

Summary: The lecture compares the poetry of

Emily Dickinson to that of other poets of her era.
The student says that Dickinson's style is marked
by unusual punctuation. The professor adds that
she used unusual grammatical patterns as well.
The professor also says that Dickinson focused on
very personal themes, while other writers focused
primarily on religion.

06 Medical Science

t=---=~-- Diseases}~.0~E~:.t___-=--=.------~

bk"~use _______. _~----~~-~Effec!_ ____ j

Lavk of understanding of
infectious diseases

Solution

Problem

:
~

r---------~---~

Student wants information

about university meal plans
and wants to to change
plans

1.

(C)

2.

Employee suggests plan with

'
fewer meals

(C)

Summary: The conversation takes place in the

Dining Services administrator's office. The student
asks for more information about the university meal
Qli!illi. The administrator explains that as a freshman,
he must remain enrolled in one of the three campus
meal plans. The student listens to the information
and chooses a plan with fewer meals than the
default plan.

Scread of infectious
!
Lack of immunity due to linte ; diseases ana higher mortality )
to no access to
) rates
'
vaccinations or no exposure
to foreign diseases
!
j.

_J

--~-~------~-

''
'[!
Answer Key

747 ------:

09 Geology

. Chapter 2
.

Types of Landslide Processes

Types

01 Sociology

Characteristics
Dyads

Rocks move slowly down slope

Creep

Definition

Water can affect speed

Faster than creep

Debris Flow

Excess water causes soil to slip

Very fast
Very dangerous to landscapes

Debris Avalanche

Characteristics

Intense because each member's attention

is focused on other member

Groups of
just two
people

Unstable because if one person leaves,

group is finished

1. (B)
2.

1. (A)

2.

Summary: The professor discusses the three different

types of landslides, beginning with lllilflP, which
moves slowly and can be affected by water. The
professor then discusses debris flow, which moves
faster than creep and is caused by soil being
saturated with water. The professor then describes
a debris avalanche, which follows the same
process as creep but moves much faster and causes
more destruction.

02 Psychology
Children and Panic Disorder

Theory

10 Zoology
Play-fighting in Animals
Example

Reason

To learn to fight and hunt

Wolf mothers
encourage fighting as a
learning tool

To establish who will be the

leader

2.

3. (D)

Summary: The professor discusses dyads, which are

groups of two people. This type of group is yery unique
for two reasons. First, it is an intense relationship,
since each member has only the other member to
focus on. Second, it is a very unstable group-if
one person leaves, the group is finished.

1. (C)

(D)

(A)

Wolves fight to
determine who will be alpha
male

(B)

Summary: The professor gives reasons for

play-fighting, which is when animals appear to be
fighting, but are actually just playing with each
other. The first function of play-fighting is to help
animals learn to fight and hunt later in life. The
professor also says that animals fight to establish
who the 1lllidfil is.

Support

There is a link
between awareness
of one's body and
development of panic
disorder

.
1.

(B)

2.

The ability to guess one's heart rate

was linked to development of panic
disorder
Some who react strongly to pain will
develop panic disorder because they
think their bodies are being attacked.

(D)

3.

(A)

. Summary: The professor discusses a theory that

links panic disorder with being aware of one's
blli;!y. The professor describes the study, in which
children were asked to guess their heart rates. The
study showed that the children that guessed their
heart rates accurately were more likely to have anxietv.
The professor also discussed how people who
worry when they feel pain can develop panic disorder.

.,'

748 Answer Key

03 Office Hours

1.

Problem

Do better on next exam

Study main points of book and
lectures
Visit professor to clarify main points

(B)

1.

2. (C)

3.

3. (C)

(A)

(D)

Summary: The student goes to see the professor

because he is worried that he is not doing well in
the class. The professor suggests that he try to do well
on the final exam. In addition, the professor suggests
studying only the main points. The professor also
recommends that the student meet with her to talk
about the material on the clear up any remaining
confusion about the material.

04 Service Encounter
~'
...

2.

Summary: Roses are vulnerable to various djseases

that are caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
One of the diseases is called black spot, which
causes round black spots to appear on the ~.
causing eventual damage to the entire plant.
Another disease called rose rust causes orange
spots to appear on the leaves, as well as the stems.

Solution

Student wants to
improve grades

(A). (B)

06 Anthropology
Tenochlillan
Theory

Support

Some civilizations adapt

environment to their needs

1. (B)

2.

Aztecs built floating gardens

to expand in uninhabitable
swamplands
Aztecs built aqueducts to
provide fresh water to area
surrounded by swamp

(A)

3.

(C)

,~

Problem

Solution

Options
University
library-fast but
high demand

.;
'i

Student needs
a journal but
cannot find it

Librarian
suggests
interlibrary loan

1.

2.

(C)

(A)

Public library-slow
but less demand

3.

(B)

Summary: A student needs a science journal at the

library but cannot find it. The librarian suggests
something called an interlibrary loan, which is a
system that allows the library to borrow books and
journals from other libraries. She can look for the
journal at a public library, where it will probably be
in stock. However, the student asks her to look at a
university library, which will be faster.

Summary: The professor discusses how ancient

civilizations sometimes had to adapt to environments
that were difficult to live in. The Aztecs adapted to
their environment in a couple of different ways. They
had to build floating gardens over the swampland
to make room for people to live. Second, they built
aqueducts to provide fresh water to their city, which
was surrounded by salty water.
07 Office Hours
----------------------~

"Introduction to International Relations" vs.

"Representations of Race and Politics"

-ln-te;;a-tio-n;;IR~i~tio_n_s r~--s~h

Race and Politics

-1---~-----+------1

Easier class

Advanced

Political

science classes
Less interesting
to student

OS Botany

-------------C-------------.

Diseases Affecting Roses

se 1: Black Spot

!.

Student has

More personally

relevant

interest

--~-- --------~------~

Disease 2: Rose Rust

1.

(D)

2.

(8)

3.

(A)

------------------j
-----------L------~--------

Characteristics

Round black spots on leaves 1 Orange spots on leaves,

. orange dust

Ir

--~~ed -p1ant----J-'"Br;:;;gr9wths

---------

-----

Answer Key

-.O~i.-~~=~-='-"

- - - . - ----

749 _ ___,

Summary: The student goes to the professor's

office for advic(;l. The student cannot decide which
class ~- She likes both classes, though one
class is more appropriate for her level of study.
However, the other class is more interesting to her.
The professor recommends the more advanced
class.

Solution

Problem

1. (D)

2.

Worker suggests student .

apply for other scholarships

(B)

Celtic Bards

2.

(A)

Summary: The student did not realize that certain

university classes had fees, and she now has .
$200 fee she can't pay. She doesn't know how she
will pay in the future. The student did not know that
she could apply for more than one scholarship, so
the worker advises her to research additional
scholarships.

Celtic musicians who played

instruments and sang

(A)

2.

Helped pass on history by

helping people remember
stories

(B)

3.

(A)

Summary: The lecture defines bards as musicians

that played instruments and sang. Bards are a part
of Celtic culture and had an important role in its
history. The professor discusses the role of bards,
saying that they helped the people remember the
stories that described their b.ifilllrY. The catchy
qualities of music helped the people ieniember the
stories.

I Vocabulary Review 1 I
1. (C)

4. (B)
7. (0)
9. (D)

09 Political Science

Role

Definition

1.

08 .Service Encounter

Student has class tee that

scholarship will not cover

1O Music History

12. (C)
15. (A)

2. (A)
5. (A)
8. (C)

3. (A)
6. (0)

10. (B)
13. (B)

11 (0)
14. (C)

Absolute Monarchy
Advantage
Creates stronger
government

succession

!l

tiI

il
ii'
11

:u

:r,.
- - -

(C)

3.

-(A)

Summary: The professor discusses the advantages

of absolute monarchies. First, absolute monarchies
can give a good leader the power to make good
changes. The professor uses the example of
Catherine the Great. With an absolute monarchy
there is no need for elections. This made government
easier in the past, since many people could not
read or write.

\l

2.

21. (E)
24. (B)

Many people in the past

were illiterate, absolute
monarchy simplified

No need for elections

1. (C)

16. tuition
17. fees
18. contract
19. extensions 20. disenrolled

Support
Catherine the Great made
many changes because
she could do. whatever stie
wanted

750 Answer Key

22. (A)
25. (0)

23. (C)

2. (B)
5. (C)

3. (0)

8. (C)

9. (A)
12. (0)

I Mini Test 1 I
1. (C)
4. (A), (B)

7. (0)
10. (B)
13. (A)

11. (A), (0)

14. (C)
17. (B)

15. (B)
18. (B)

6. (A)

16. (C)

,(

<l:

. Chapter 3

\\

..

''

1.

01 Literature
Genre

'

Definition: A category of art, literature, or music

'

Example 1: Tragedy

Example 2: Comedy

Definition: A heroic character

encounters bad fortune

Definition: People become

confused through
misunderstandings

Example: Medea with her

tragic flaw - jealousy

Example: A Midsummer
Night's Dream - people fall
in love with anyone they see

i-

1/

't

~
P.i

u
ll
~

~!.<:
l

~
!~

,.;J,

-~
"('

"

ti.

f,
,......('.i

;:

(B)

2.

3.

(A)

Summary: The conversation takes place between

a student and a professor. The student approaches
the professor in order to ask his advice about her
academic plan. She enjoyed his class, so now she
is considering changing her major. The professor
expresses concern that the student considering
doing this so liJre. in her academic career. He thinks
that a minor in psychology might be better.

04 Service Encounter
Problem

1.

2.

(A)

(B)

. 3.

(D)

02 History

'

Solution

Student needs help writing

essay

Summary: The professor defines a Qfillill as a

category of art, music, or literature. She mentions
two different genres. First, tragedy features a hero
who experiences bad things due to a flaw in his or
her character. Euripides was a writer of tragedy. The
professoW,also mentions comedy, which dealt with
misunderstandings. Shakespeare wrote lighthearted
comedies about confusion in love.

The Sea Dogs

(C)

1.

2.

(C)

Employee suggests
finding a writing fellow

{A)

3.

(C)

Summary: The student visits the Academic

Support Center to request help with a paper. The
coordinator suggests that he work with a writing fellow,
who would be able to walk him through the entire
essay-writing process. The student fills out an
application, which the coordinator tells him will be
used to find a writing fellow for him .

05 Environmental Science
Example

Definition

I-------:".---,---;------------

Stole gold from Spanish ships

English pirates that attacked to harm King Philip
Spanish ships
.,fT~~-k ov~78Pa-n-ish_p_o_rts_i_n--l
the name of England

'--------------~----------

1.

(C)

2.

(A)

3.

------

..

(C)

1.
Step 1:

':3 Office Hours

i .

Evaporation

Description: Water turns into water vapor

----------------------!
Step 2:

Condensation

Description: Water vapor turns back to liquid

-------------Step 3:

Summary: The professor discusses a group of

English pirates called the Sea Dogs, who stole from
Spanish ships. The Sea Dogs were hired by QlJllfill
Elizabeth of England. They stole money from
Spanish ships to try to hurt l<ing Philip. They also
took over Spanish ports.

'

The Water Cycle

------1

Advection

1 ~~:_:~~~~~~--~~~8!~-~::~~~ curren~~~~-~an

to land

~--------- ----------------'
Step 4:

Precipitation

Description: Water falls.back to Eartll

..

1.

(A)

2.

(B)

3.

(A)

Summary: The discussion is about the water cycle.

The professor explains the process, beginning with
evaporation, when water becomes water vapor.
Mext, the water condenses and turns into a liquid
again. Advection is the third step, in which water
moves in air currents. Last, precipitation happens
when water falls back to Earth.
Answer Key 751

'------.--.--!--'"''

'

06 Psychology

08 Service Encounter
.

The Tuckerman Model

Step 1:
Forming
Description: Group convenes and attempts to establish
familiarity
Step 2:
Storming
Description: Group members are in conflict-as basic rules
for operation are developed
Norming
Step 3:
Description: Group matures and members are able to agree
upon modes of operation

Step 4:
Performing
Description: Group reaches a point where it can
maximize strengths and be productive

1.

2.

(A)

(A)

3.

(B)

Summary: The professor introduces the

Tuckerman model and describes four stages in
group development. The first is "forming," which is
when the group is first formed. The second is
"storming," which is the time of conflict as the
group struggles within itself. In the third stage,
"norming," the group be.gins to mature and form
shared values. The final stage is "performing,"
which is when a mature group is able to work
together in an effective manner.

07 Office Hours
Problem

Solution

Mistake in final exam

Prolessor will try to find

schedule

alternate time to offer exam

1.

{B)

2.

{A)

3.

(A)

Summary: The conversation is between a student

and a professor The student points out to the
professor that he has made a mistake in scheduling
the final exam. The professor is surprised to learn of
his mistake, but assumes that it will not change a lot
for his students. The student does have a conflict,
though. The professor agrees to ask the class if
they can ~ the exam time.

Problem
Student needs housing for
unusual period of time

Solution
Director agrees lo let
student live off-campus

2. (B)

1. (B)

3.

(C)

Summary: The conversation takes place in the

housing director's office. The student has come
there to request permission to live off-campus
because he will be returning to campus &Jill
unusual time. The director agrees to write a letter
for the student granting permission for him to live
off-campus.

09 Astronomy
Star Development
Step 1:

contract

Step 2:
Star reaches
main
sequence
phase,
begins
hydrogen
fuSion

1. (B)

2. (A)

Protostar
begins to

Step 3:

Step4:
Star's energy
Hydrogen
fusion causes used up,
begins to die
reactions,
star gets
brighter and
hotter

3.

(B)

Summary: The process describes the different

filllgllli in the life of a star. First, the star begins life
as a prcitostar when energy is created by atoms
colliding. In the next stage, fusion in the star's core
begins, and the star becomes a main sequence
star. Next, reactions cause the star to get hotter and
brighter. Lastly, when the star runs out of energy, it
begins to die.

10 Biology

==i

Order Cetecea
Point 1: Dolphins, whales and porpoises

---:--i

:P=o=in=l2=:=E=vo=lv=e=d=ab=o=u=t5=0=m=il=lio=n=y=ea=rs=a=g=o=~~~~~1
Point 3: No body hair-use blubber to keep warm

1.

l'llt--- 752 Answer Key

(A)

2.

(D)

3.

(B)

,,

~.:

Summary: The discussion is about the Order

Cetecea. The professor gives examples of animals
included in the order. Cetaceans evolved from land
animals about fifty million years ago. He describes
some of the sivldence indicating that cetaceans
evolved from mammals. However, he points out
that they have no body hair, unlike other mammals.
They do not have external fl.ill, either.

..::

Summary: The professor presents the advantages

and disadvantages of bio fuels, which are fuels that
are derived from any sort of biological material,
such as corn. Some of the advantages include less
gas emissions and reduced pollution. On the other
hand, they still contribute to global warming and
use up agricultural lallii.
03 Office Hours

IHIEl~lMji

Parts of the Exam

01 Literature

Multiple Choice

Essay Section

20
Basic
Should
questions concepts be

Two essays

easy

Realism and Henry James

Theory

Henry James was one of the

first authors to create truly
realistic characters
'i:--

":~1

. ?1;)~

Support
James used unreliable
narrators who told lies like
real people do
James used a style called
stream of consciousness to
capture thought processes of
characters

1. {C)

2. (C)

3.

(D)

Summary: The professor discusses Henrv James

and his creation of realistic characters. James used
something called an unreliable narrator to make his
characters seem more like real humans. He also
used a method called stream of consciousness,
which. resembles how people actually lhi.oJs.

1.

2.

(C)

Summary: The student has missed a class where

the professor went over material for an exam. He
approaches the professor in order to get a better
idea of what to expect on the exam. The professor
explains that the exam has a simple multiple choice
section and an in-depth ~section.

04 Service Encounter
Solulion

Problem

>-------"-------!

Student needs a textbook.

but it is-too late in semester

-----------------~

-.-.

Bio Fuels

---------!
Disadvantages

Contribute to g-lo_b.::.al_w_a-rm-in_g_

--------t~~~~~
se !and for agriculture

Beller for the environment

than fossil fuels

-----------

1.

(A)

Student can make use-- of

library to re8d material in

book
/student can purchase book
lfrom online bookseller

-------~--~--..i.-......-----------'

--------Advantages
Rene~able

3. (El)

(D)

and bookstore does not

have it

U2 Agriculture

Require deep
understanding
of concepts

2.

(A)

-------'-----'
3.

(A)

1. (D)

2 (A)

3.

(D)

Summary: The student attempts to find a textbook

at the university bookstore. An employee tells her
that textbooks are no longer in stock this late into the
semester. The student then asks him to recommend
some filillfill that would carry the book and is
advised to visit the librarl. Another option for the
student is to make a purchase online.

Answer Key

753 - . , ,

---------------

------

05 Environmental Science

07 Office Hours

Problem (Cause)

Effect

Introduction of new parasites

and diseases could lead to
Farmed salmon are escaping extinction of local salmon
to the ocean and becoming
Increased competition for
invasive
natural resources may cause
serious problems

1. (C)

2.

(C)

Solution

Problem

Invasive Species

3.

(A)

Summary: The professor discusses invasive

species, which he defines as species of animals
that filllfil environments they are not native to. The
professor uses farmed salmon as an example of the
effects that an invasive species can cause. First,
these farmed fish introduce diseases that were not
found in the ecosystem before they came. Second,
the farmed fish increase competition for food and
other resources.

Go on medical leave and take class

at another tim_e

Student is ill and

concerned grades
will suffer

1.

(B)

Putplass on hold and finish when he

is better

2.

(C)

(D)

Summary: The student has been ill and has

missed a lot of classes, so he is worried that his
grades will suffer. The professor suggests medical
!filM!, but that will mean the student will lose his
scholarship. The professor decides to give him an
"O.H.," which means "On Hold" at the end of the
semester. This will allow him to finish his coursework
at some time in the future.

08 Service Encounter
Solution

Problem

--

Participate in Residential Life Office's

lottery system

Student wants to
change rooms nex_t
semester

06 History

3.

--

Move into own apartment off-campus

The Gettysburg Address

Theory

Support

Speech was so
effective because it
touched the
audience emotionally

Reminded ~eople about the

importance of equality and freedom
Used the word "nation" to bring the
country together again
Contained no new ideas, only familiar
ones

1.

(A)

2.

(D)

3.

(B)

2.

(C)

3.

(A)

Summary: The student plans to move and asks

about his options. He states that he would like to live
off-campus. The employee explains how the process
works and provides afQ[m for the student to fill out.
The student decides to~ for off-campus housing,
but he will return the form later.

(C)

Summary: The professor discusses why the

Gettysburg Address, a speech by Abraham Lincoln,
is so memorable. She says that it's largely because
it appealed to people's emotions. Lincoln reminded
people that they fought to secure freedom. He also
said that the country would one day be reunited.
Finally, he did not bring in any new concepts.

!'!t--- 754 AnswerKey

1.

09 Biology

l__

Scent Communication in Animal_s,_ _ _ _

Cats use body scents
Ants use pheromones

To show
affection

To mark
territory, objects,
or people

To look for a
mate

To call for
help

---''--'--------'----'----1. (B)

2.

(D)

3.

(A)

Summary: The professor talks about how animals

can communicate using smells. The professor first
uses the example of Ql and states that these animals
will rub against things in order to show affection or
to !lli!rk territory. The professor also talks about fill!
and says that they release chemicals to transmit
dillerent messages.

10 Environmental Science

I Mini Test 2 I
1. (A)
4. (8)

2. (A)
5. (A)

3. (C)
6. (D)

7. (C)
10. (A)

8. (8)
11. (A)

12. (8)

13. (A)
16. (A)

14. (8)
17. (A)

15. (8)
18. (C)

9. (C)

Why Oceans are Salty

Causes
Hydrothermal vents:

Rivers:

1. Vents superheat water

2. Hot water dissolves salts
3. Salt goes back into ocean

1. Rain water dissolves salt

2. Collects in rivers
3. Rivers dump slightly salty
water into ocean

Chapter 5 J~~
01 Linguistics
The Creation of Words

Effect

1. (C)

2. (A)

3.

(D)

.,.,,'('

..

Explanation

Classification

Ocean is salty

Loanwords

Words borrowed from other

languages

Compounding and Derivation

Combination of words or
parts of words

Onomatopoeia or imitation

Words created to imitate

sounds

<f

Summary: The professor explains why the oceans

are~- The first reason is related to the hydrological
process. Rain falls on land and dissolves mineral
fil!!ill. which accumulate in rivers and eventually
flow into the ocean. Hydrothermal vents are another
reason why the oceans are salty. Very hot water on
the ocean floor di.~ mineral salts found there.
However, the professor notes that the oceans are
not becoming fillllifil over time.

I Vocabulary Review 2 I
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.

(C)
(A)
(D)
(C)
(8)

2. (D)
5. (A)
8. (D)
11. (C)
14. {A)

3. {D)
6. (D)
9. (8)

12. (C)
15. (8)

22. collide
25. expanso

2. (C)

3. (8)

Summary: The professor describes ways that new

words are filklfili to a language. One common way
of creating new words is througll loanwords. These aie
words that are directly taken from another language
without translation. Another way that new words are
added is through compounding or derivation. A
third way that words are created is when speakers
try to imitate sounds.

02 Biology
. ~--liiood Production and Degradation

16. administered
17. territory
18. descended from
19. inevitably
20. maintenance
21. exploit
24. title

1. (C)

Step 1

Step 2

New blood cells produced rn

bone marrow

1.

(B)

2.

(C)

Blood 1s degraded 1n spleen

and liver

3.

(A)

23. surplus

-1

Answer Key

755

Summary: The lecture expands on a previous talk

about the quality and function of blood. Hematopoiesis
is the process of creating red blood cells in the
human body. New red blood cells are created in
red bone marrow, which is the soft tissue found
inside lillllfili. Blood cells usually degrade in the
~or the liver.

03 Zoology

OS Economics
Flaws of Marxism
Support

Argument
Marxism had limited theory
about origins of conflict

Academics believe other

factors such as race are also
responsible for social conflict

Marxism incorrectly
assumed that value
equals workers' effort plus
value of machinery

Marx failed to consider

value of management, sales,
accounting, strategic
planning, etc.

Hunting Dogs vs. Falcons

Hunling Dogs
Hunt to please
owners

1. {C)

Both
Have hunting
relationship with
humans

2.

(A)

1. (B)

Falcons
No bond wilh
humans, only
hunt for food

3.

{A)

Summary: The professor describes the sport of

falconry. He compares the bond between falcons
and humans to that of dogs and humans. Both
relationships involve hunting, but falcons only hunt
because they are hungry, while dogs will hunt in
order to please humans.

2.

(B)

3. (A)

Summary: The discussion is about why Marxism

failed. The first point made by the professor was
that this economic theory did not include other factors
that divide a society, like rag)_. The professor continues
by saying that another key premise of the theory
was completely wrong, Marx said that the value of
a company equals workers, effort plus the value of
the machinery to make the products. Marx failed to
account for the added value of management. sales,
filQ.

06 Art History

04 Psychology
lmpressionisfn vs. Post-Impressionism

Yerkes and Dodson

Experiment
A mouse had to choose the
correct door in a maze. If the
mouse made the wrong
choice, it got an electric
shock.

Resulls
easy task -+ high motivation
best
medium.task-+ medium
motivation best
hard task -+ tow motivation
best

--

{A)

2.

(C)

3.

Painted
landscapes
Fast
brushstrokes

Post-Impressionism

Vivid colors

Painted humans

Expressive
brushstrokes

Swirling patterns,
color dots
Focus On
emotion

Focus on lighting

~--

1.

{B)

2.

(A)

3.

(B)

(A)

Summary: The professor discusses an experiment

that supports the theory that too much motivation can
hurt one's performance. The experiment involved
mice that were given different levels of shock when
they made a mistake trying to choose a door. The
study found that when the. mice did more difficult
tasks, their performance was harmed by too much
motivation.

756 Answer Key

Both

Impressionism

Summary: The professor clarifies the differences

between Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The
professor first says that thev both had bright color and
thick applications of paint. However, the Impressionists
painted landscapes and focused on fast brushstrokes
and lighting, while the Post-Impressionists painted
llliQJ2ill and focused on more careful brushstrokes
and more emotion.

07 Business

09 Psychology
Owner Spokespeople

Advantages

Nature vs. Nurture

Disadvantages

Less expensive

Some owners aren't good at

delivery

Gives sense of authority to

the message

Owner's personality might

alienate customers

(A)

2.

(C)

3.

Nature
Both
Innate personality Try to describe
traits from birth
how we develop
personalilies
Twin studies to
support

Nurture
Humans acquire
personality and
intelligence
through experience
'

B.F. Skinner's work

on conditioning

(B)

Summary: The talk is about the advantages and

disadvantages of an owner spokesperson in
advertising. The professor gives two pros and two
cons. As for advantages, the professor says that it
helps to save money. and it can make people
believe the message. However, some people are
not good spokespeople, either because they are
too awkward in front of the camera or their personality
sends the wrong message about the company.
" ,,

2. (A)

1. (B)

3.

(B)

Summary: The professor explains the nature versus

nurture debate. She clarifies what the debate is about
and discusses twin studies that suggest personality
traits are intrinsic, passed through the genes. Next,
she talks about tabula rasa, the idea that humans
are born as blank slates. She mentions B.F.
. Skinner's work on conditioning to support that people
are more affected by their enyjronmentor experiences.

~:;'

08 Zoolo'S)y

'

10 Art History
MerTiory in Animals

Experiment

Result

Wasp remembered Wasp flew into

location of nest in
relation to circle of
pine cones it saw
only once

circle seeming to
"remember" nest
was inside it

Cubism vs. Surrealism

Conclusion
Some aniinals
seem to have
some kind of
memory

Cubism
Used geometric
shapes

1. (B)

1. (C)

2.

(B)

Surrealism

Both
Distorted reality

2.

(A)

Mixed objects
that did not
belong together

3.

(C)

3. (D)

Summary: The discussion revolves around the

professor's statement that animals have more
developed memories than !2e.QQLe think. She supports
this idea with the example of a 'i'l.llliQ.. Researchers
used a circle of pine con.ill> to test the memory of
the insect. The insect remembered the location of
her nest in relation to the pine cones. The experiment
indicates that even smail insects have some kind of
memory.

Summary: The class compares the artistic aspects

of two art movements: cubism and surrealism. In
the discussion, it is stated that they both altered
reality, though they did this in different ways.
Cubism focused on changing the shape of the
subject and distorting it using cubes. On the other
hand, surrealists distorted reality by mixing subjects
that would usually not appear together.

Answer Key 757

' Chapter, 6'

Summary: The professor talks about how certain

things can represent greater ideas for people, and
he uses the example of the Bastille. Originally it was
a place that held prisoners. It was a sign of !be.
king's power and oppression. However, after an
event where the people freed the inmates of the
Bastille, it came to represent the French Revolution
and freedom.

01 Biology
The Sun and Your Health
Theory

Support
Sun provides vitamin D, which
helps us absorb calcium

Exposure to some sunlight

is good for you
Exposure to sunlight can help
make people happy

03 Office Hours
Problem

1.
YES
The sun is a better source of
Vitamin D than food is.

Student needs help

preparing for
upcoming test

NO

,/

The human body requires two

hours of sunlight every day.

Make use of online test bank

Make use of online tutorials

,/

1.

The sun can positively affect

mental health.

,/

YES

. Summary: The professor discusses the benefits of

sunlight to humans. He says that it provides Yilfilrlin
.Q, which helps our bodies absorb calcium. The
professor also says that exposure to the sun can
have benejjIB for mental health, helping to make
people feel happy.

Symbolism of the Bastille

Key Points

Support

Prison that held rebels

Symbol of oppression

People revolted, sparked

French Revolution

Symbol of freedom

The student is worried about the

next test.

,/

The professor posts tests

online.

,/

NO

The professor provides online

tutorials.

,/

Summary: The student visits the professor to talk

about the upcoming test. The professor recommends
two ways that the student can prepare. First, the
professor keeps copies of old tests online for students
to review. Second, the professor says that there are
illl!ioo tutorials that can help the student as well.
The professor also mentions that reading the textbook
is important.

02 History

Support

04 Service Encounter
1.

--~~-------Bastine

YES

e events at tile
were
used by tho .revolution.

Ll_~

r:~
-[Th

e Bastille has remained a

mbol of political oppression.

e Bastille was a prison that

jw as attacked;

' ---

---- ---

,/
,/

_/
I

---------'<"""""':-:--.--<::->-----~---'-'-,-____:__:.'-'~

,/

'

758 Answer Key

:":;-T,~~,--,,.,

J_

NO

~_.:__::_

Steps in the_H_iri_ng_P_r_oc..,e_s_s_ _ _ _.--1

1. Have official
2. Attend
3. Go through
Interview with
orientation
training period
manager from
session
after starting
Food Services
work
-----"----~-~-----