UDC

624.072.33:624.012.3/.4

CCIP-030

CI/Sfb

Design of Hybrid Concrete Buildings

Design of Hybrid Concrete Buildings

Bearings, interface details, consideration of movement, composite

action, robustness and the effects of prestressing are all explained in
this guide and design examples are included where appropriate. The
importance of overall responsibility and construction aspects are also
described.

Design of Hybrid
Concrete Buildings
A guide to the design of buildings combining in-situ
and precast concrete

R. Whittle MA (Cantab) CEng MICE

H. Taylor FREng, BSc, PhD, CEng, FICE, FIStructE

Robin Whittle has extensive knowledge and experience of designing

all types of concrete buildings. He regular contributes to concrete
industry publications and is a consultant to Arup. He was a member
of the project team which drafted Eurocode 2.
Howard Taylor has extensive knowledge and experience of
designing precast concrete elements and buildings, including
developing alternative production methods. He is a past president
of the Institution of Structural Engineers and is currently chairman
of the British Standards Institution Building and civil engineering
structures Technical Committee B/525.

CCIP-030
Published January 2009
ISBN 978-1-904482-55-0
Price Group P

R. Whittle MA (Cantab) CEng MICE H. Taylor FREng, BSc, PhD, CEng, FICE, FIStructE

This design guide is intended to provide the structural

engineer with essential guidance for the design of structures
that combine precast and in-situ concrete in a hybrid
concrete structure. It introduces the options available for
hybrid concrete structures, and goes on to explain the key
considerations in the design of this type of structure.

A cement and concrete industry publication

The Concrete Centre

Riverside House, 4 Meadows Business Park,

Station Approach, Blackwater, Camberley, Surrey, GU17 9AB
Tel: +44 (0)1276 606 800
www.concretecentre.com

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A cement and concrete industry publication

Type 1
Precast twin wall and lattice girder slab with
in-situ concrete

Type 2
Precast column and edge beam with in-situ
oor slab

Type 4
In-situ columns or walls and beams with precast
oor units

Type 5
In-situ column and structural topping with precast
beams and oor units

Type 3
Precast column and oor units with cast in-situ
beams

Acknowledgements
The authors would particularly like to thank the following people for their support in the development of this
design guide:
Tony Jones
Ian Feltham

Arup
Arup

The contributions and comments from the Concrete Society Design Group and also from the following
people are gratefully acknowledged:
John Stehle
Graham Hardwick
Peter Kelly
Alex Davie
David Appleton
Kevin Laney
Norman Brown

Type 6
In-situ columns with lattice girder slabs with
optional spherical void formers

Typical hybrid concrete options.

Please note this diagram is a repeat of Figure 2.1, page 8.

Laing ORourke
John Doyle Construction Ltd
Bison Concrete Products Ltd
Consultant
Hanson Concrete Products
Strongforce Engineering Plc
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd

Published by The Concrete Centre

Riverside House, 4 Meadows Business Park, Station Approach, Blackwater, Camberley, Surrey GU17 9AB
Tel: +44 (0)1276 606800 Fax: +44 (0)1276 606801
www.concretecentre.com
CCIP-030
Published January 2009
ISBN 978-1-904482-55-0
Price Group P
The Concrete Centre
Cement and Concrete Industry Publications (CCIP) are produced through an industry initiative to
publish technical guidance in support of concrete design and construction.
CCIP publications are available from the Concrete Bookshop at www.concretebookshop.com
Tel: +44 (0)7004 607777
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is only intended for use in the UK by those who will evaluate the signicance
and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability(including that for negligence) for any
loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
Readers should note that the publications from The Concrete Centre are subject to revision from time to time and should
therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
Cover photo: Courtesy of Outinord International Ltd.
Printed by Information Press Ltd, Eynsham, UK

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Design of Hybrid Concrete Buildings

Contents
1.

Introduction
1.1 Single point of responsibility
1.2 Design considerations
1.3 Best practice procurement guidance

2.

Overview of hybrid solutions

2.1 Type 1: Precast twin wall and lattice girder slab with in-situ concrete
2.2 Type 2: Precast column with in-situ oor slab
2.3 Type 3: Precast column and oor units with cast in-situ beams
2.4 Type 4: In-situ columns or walls and beams with precast oor units
2.5 Type 5: In-situ column and structural topping with precast beams and
oor units
2.6 Type 6: In-situ columns with lattice girder slabs with optional spherical
void formers

7
7
9
10
12

Overall structural design

3.1 Robustness
3.2 Stability
3.3 Diaphragm action
3.4 Shear at interface of concrete cast at different times
3.5 Interface shear
3.6 Shear and torsion design
3.7 Long-line prestressing system
3.8 Secondary effects of prestressing and the equivalent load method
3.9 Temperature effects
3.10 Differential shrinkage
3.11 Designing for construction

15
15
18
18
19
22
25
26
29
29
29
33

3.

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5
5
6
6

13
14

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4.

Bearings and movement joints

4.1 Horizontal forces at bearings
4.2 Restrained bearings
4.3 Movement joints
4.4 Actions and restraints
4.5 Design considerations
4.6 Allowance for anchorage of reinforcement at supports
4.7 Bearings that allow limited movement
4.8 Connections between precast oors and in-situ concrete beams

34
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
42

5.

Structural elements and connections

5.1 Twin wall construction (type 1)
5.2 Precast columns, edge beams and in-situ slabs (type 2)
5.3 Biaxial voided slabs
5.4 Prestressed hollowcore units
5.5 Double tee beams
5.6 Stairs
5.7 Corbels, nibs and half joints

43
43
52
55
58
68
74
82

6.

Construction issues
6.1 Method of construction
6.2 Composite action between precast units and in-situ structural topping
6.3 Specially shaped standard units
6.4 Long and short units adjacent to each other
6.5 Differences of camber in double tees
6.6 Method of de-tensioning double tee units
6.7 Checking strand or wire pull-in for hollowcore units
6.8 Placing hollowcore units into the correct position
6.9 Production tolerances

87
87
89
89
89
91
91
91
91
92

7.

Special structures - case studies

7.1 Lloyds of London
7.2 Bracken House

References

Design of Hybrid Concrete Buildi2 2

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100
104

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List of worked examples

Worked example 1
Worked example 2
Worked example 3
Worked example 4
Worked example 5
Worked example 6
Worked example 7
Worked example 8
Worked example 9

Design of Hybrid Concrete Buildi3 3

Hollowcore oor acting as a diaphragm

Interface shear between hollowcore slab and edge beam
Upwards camber on slab due to temperature gradient
Differential shrinkage
Bearing of a hollowcore unit
Vertical tie
Anchorage length of longitudinal tie bar
Dowel bar for connection of precast stairs
Corbel design

20
23
30
31
41
56
65
80
84

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