Bibliography

Primary Sources
Images/Photographs
1896 Baltimore Orioles official team photo. 1896. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 1,
2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/1896_Baltimore_Orioles.jpg.
This is a photo of the Orioles baseball team. The sport became very popular in the early
20th century as people had more leisure time and extra money to spend.
1913 Vanderbilt Basketball (Courtesy of Vanderbilt University Special Collections and
University Archives). 1913. Commodore History Corner, accessed March 8, 2015.
http://www.vucommodores.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/030409aac.html.
The 1919 Chicago White Sox Team Photo. 1919. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/1919_blacksox.jpg.
Baseball became more popular sport in the early 20th century. This is a photo of the
Chicago White Sox baseball team.
American bicyclist 1900. June 1900. Good Roads. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7,
2015. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Bicyclist_1900-06_bw.gif.
Cycling was a very popular pastime in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries as
people enjoyed more free time. Mostly affluent people enjoyed the sport.
American bicyclist 1900. June 1900. Good Roads. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6,
2015. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Bicyclist_1900-06_bw.gif.
Riding the bicycle became a favorite pastime in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many
watched the races that occurred in the United States and in Europe.
American History, s.v. "Alexander Graham Bell opens long distance line," Photos/Illustrations,
Library of Congress, accessed March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
There were many technological innovations in the late 19th century and the telephone was
one of many new technologies to be invented.
American History, s.v. "Alexander Graham Bell's telephone," Photos/Illustrations, Library of
Congress, accessed March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
There were many technological innovations in the late 19th century and the telephone was
one of many new technologies to be invented

American History, s.v. "Chicago, 1893," Photos/Illustrations, Library of Congress, accessed

March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
Cities in the late 19th century increased in size as people migrated from the country side
and immigrants came to the United States in search of better opportunities.
.
American History, s.v. "Edison power plant," Photos/Illustrations, Library of Congress, accessed
March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
Electricity invented by Edison became a major and new source of energy in the early 20th
century. It was just one of the many changes that happened during the Industrial
Revolution
American History, s.v. "Emma Lazarus: quote on the Statue of Liberty," accessed March 6, 2015.
http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
The Statue of Liberty served as a beacon of hope for the many immigrants that were
coming to the United States in the late 19th century in search of a better life. This photo
represents one of the many changes that were taking place during this time.
American History, s.v. "Immigrants arriving in the United States," Photos/Illustrations, Library
of Congress, accessed March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
Many immigrants left Europe to come to the United States for a better life than the one
they had in Europe. Many settled in the cities which contributed to the increase in the
rural population.
American History, s.v. "Tenements in New York City," Photos/Illustrations, Library of Congress,
accessed March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
Many of the immigrants who came to the United States settled in New York City and
lived in tenements. These tenements were often over crowded. The Industrial
Revolution caused many of these changes.
American History, s.v. "Western Union Telegraph office," Photos/Illustrations, Library of
Congress, accessed March 6, 2015. http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/.
The invention of the telegraph was one of the many innovations that emerged in the late
19th century. It made it possible to communicate faster around the world.
Anonymous. Mulberry Street, New York, photochrom. Collection Marc Walter. American
Oddessy, accessed March 5, 2015.
https://timelifeblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/american_odyssey_6.jpg?w=718.
This is an image of a street scene in New York City that show the changes that the
industrial revolution caused. Many of the people in the photo are immigrants.

Baseball history photo: National League Short Stop Arthur Irwin and Substitute Tommy
McCarthy of the 1887 Philadelphia Phillies, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://www.19cbaseball.com/images/arthur-irwin-tommy-mccarthy-philadelphiaquakers.jpg.
Baseball had become a very popular sport by the 1920s. Because people had more
leisure time and disposable income, mass entertainment became possible and sports like
baseball became commercialized.
Baseball player John Montgomery Ward. Between 1877 and 1894. Wikimedia Commons,
accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/John_Montgomery_Ward.jpg.
`

Ward was an American Major League Baseball pitcher, shortstop and manager. He led
the formation of the first professional sports players union and a new baseball league,
the Players' League.

Basketball Players Vectors. All They Do Is Win Try: Kid Basketball Players Talk About Rap
Music, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://images.laweekly.com/imager/b/original/2410981/6b0d/basketball_players_vectors_
624686.jpg.
This was used as the background image for the website. It reinforces the theme of
basketball.
Bicycle racer "Harry Wheeler" on his English racer. June 14, 1896. Syracuse Sunday Standard.
Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Syracuse_1896-0614_biker.jpg.
Bicycling was one the many leisure activities people enjoyed in the late 19th and early
twentieth centuries. Cycling competitions attracted huge crowds of spectators.
Business Men's Class (Business Men's Class, Y.M.C.A.) circa 1916. lithograph on wove paper.
Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Brooklyn_Museum__Business_Men%27s_Class_%28Business_Men%27s_Class%2C_Y.M.C.A.%29__George_Wesley_Bellows_-_overall.jpg.
The YMCA was one club that emerged in the 19th century that provided a better
alternative to taverns and brothels where young men could go. It offered athletics events
and other activities.
"Champions of America". Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://com.mons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Champions_of_america.jpg#mediaviewer/File:
Champions_of_america.jpg.

The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn ("Atlantic" or the "Brooklyn Atlantics") was
baseball's first champion and its first dynasty. Baseball became a popular sport in
America during the 20th century.
Chicago Daily News photographer. Cap Anson throws out the first pitch for the Cubs in 1908, at
Chicago's West Side Park. April 22, 1908. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6,
2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Cap_Anson_WSP_19080422.JPG.
This is opening day at West Side Park in Chicago, on April 22, 1908. Chicago Cubs
superstar Cap Anson is on the mound, delivering the traditional ceremonial "first ball" of
the season. In 1908, the Cubs would go on to win the World Series championship.
The Cincinnati Red Stockings, 1868, one year before they turned professional. 1868. Wikimedia
Commons, accessed March7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/1868_Reds.jpg.
The Cincinnati Reds, also known as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, were a professional
baseball team based in Cincinnati, Ohio that played from 18751880. The club predated
the National League of which it became a charter member.
Collier, John. Sir George Williams. National Portrait Gallery. Wikimedia Commons, accessed
March 7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sir_George_Williams_by_John_C
ollier.jpg.
This was the founder of the Y.M.C.A. He was born in England and when he moved to the
city during the Industrial Revolution he saw that there was a need for an organization to
help young people. This is the organization where the game of basketball was invented.
Cover of "YMCA Association Men" magazine. June 1919. YMCA of the USA. Wikimedia
Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/YMCA_Association_Men_Cover_
June_1919.png.
The Y.M.C.A. became a very important organization in the world. At first it focused on
Christian values but would later become non-denominational. It focuses on physical and
mental well-being.

Dr. James Naismith's 13 Original Rules of Basketball. National Collegiate Athletic Association,
accessed March 8, 2015.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080408185146/http://www.ncaa.org/champadmin/basketbal
l/original_rules.html.
These are the first rules for the game of basketball written by its creator Dr. James
Naismith.

Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, Y.M.C.A. Director, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front. Between
1900 and 1918. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Luther_Halsey_Gulick.jpg.
He was the director of the Springfield Y.M.C.A. in Massachusetts when Naismith was a
student there is responsible for inspiring Naismith to create the game of basketball.
The Drexel Dragons basketball team. circa 1895. The 1895 yearbook, The Lexerd. Wikimedia
Commons, accessed March 8, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/DrexelBasketballTeam.18941895.jpg.
One of the first college basketball teams in the United States. Basketball became very
popular college sport and helped make the game more popular in the world.
E. C. Stearns & Company - Advertisement - April 1893. April 26, 1893. Sunday Herald.
Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Stearns-bicycles_18930426_ad.jpg.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, cycling was a favorite pastime and the E.C.
Stearns Company was a successful bicycle manufacturing company.
Factory Scene by Herman Heyenbrock. Resources for History Teachers, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/1890heyenbrock.jpg.
Making steel became very cheap as a result of the Bessemer process in the late 19th
century and made it possible to build buildings taller that transformed the city.
First basketball team at the University of Kansas, 1899. Coach James Naismith is on the far
right. 1899. Clendening History of Medicine Library, University of Kansas Medical
Center. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Kansas_U_team_1899.jpg.
James Naismith the inventor of basketball, once he finished his training in Springfield
would become the head basketball coach at the University of Kansas in 1899.
The First NBA Game. Nov. 1, 1946: New York Vs. Toronto. NBA Encyclopedia Playoff Edition,
accessed March 8, 2015. http://www.nba.com/history/firstgame_feature.html.
After the NBA was formed in 1946, the first game played was between New York and
Toronto in November of 1946.
Fitzsimmons_Corbett_1897. March 17, 1897. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Fitzsimmons_Corbett_1897.jpg.

This is a boxing match between Fitzsimmons and Corbett in 1897. Even though boxing
was illegal, it became a very popular sport in the United States in the early 20th century.
"Independent Syracuse Stars 1877." 1877. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syracuse_Stars_1877.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Sy
racuse_Stars_1877.JPG.
Syracuse has been represented in professional baseball for all but four years since 1877,
when the Syracuse Stars competed in the League Alliance, an early minor league.
Syracuse fielded two major league versions of the Stars: in the 1879 National League and
the 1890 American Association.
Italian Immigrant Family. National Humanities Center, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/ows/seminars/images/italianfamily.gif.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many immigrants came to the United States
from eastern and southern Europe in search of a better life. Many settled in New York
City.
Jack Johnson vs. James J. Jeffries 1910. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Johnson_jeff.jpg.
Jack Johnson became the first African American heavy weight champion in the United
States. His fight with Jeffries made national news and resulted in several race riots in the
United States.
James Naismith circa 1900. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Naismith_1900_circa.jpg.
Naismith was a Canadian American sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of
basketball in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rulebook, founded the University of
Kansas basketball program.
James Naismith with soccer ball and two peach baskets. NBA Photos, accessed March 3, 2015.
http://www.nba.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/1111/james-naismith/content.4.html.
Naismith created the game of basketball at Springfield College or Y.M.C.A. in 1891. The
first game was played with a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed to the top rails in
the gymnasium.
James Naismith and Forrest Claire (Phog) Allen. Kansas Historical Society, accessed March 8,
2015. . http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/229/page/1
This is a picture of Naismith with Phog Allen who was an American basketball and
baseball player, coach of American football, basketball, and baseball, college athletics
administrator, and osteopathic physician. He was known as the "Father of Basketball

Coaching. He served as the head basketball coach at Baker University (19051908), the
University of Kansas (19071909, 19191956).
John L. Sullivan and Jake Kilrain prize fight. July 28, 1907. Chicago Daily Tribune. Wikimedia
Commons, accessed March 1, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/John_L._Sullivan_and_Jake_Kilra
in_prize_fight_LCCN2007663757.tif.
Photo shows a crowd gathered for a boxing match at night, probably part of the 1907
exhibition tour by Sullivan and Kilrain, who performed at the White City in July. By the
early 20th centuries, boxing had become a popular sport.
Kareem Abdul Jabbar. Basketball Wikia, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/nba/images/d/df/Kareem_AbdulJabbar.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130722011044.
Jabbar was an American professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the
National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and Los Angeles
Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most
Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA selection,
and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. A member of six NBA championship
teams as a player and two as an assistant coach, Abdul-Jabbar twice was voted NBA
Finals MVP.
Kevin Garnett, American basketball player for the Boston Celtics. January 13, 2008. Wikimedia
Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Kevin_Garnett_2008-01-13.jpg.
Garnet is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the
Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the
power forward and center positions. In high school, Garnett was a 1995 McDonald's AllAmerican at Farragut Career Academy and won a national player of the year award.
Garnett entered the 1995 NBA Draft, where he was selected with the 5th overall pick by
the Minnesota Timberwolves and became the first NBA player drafted directly out of
high school in 20 years.
Kobe Bryant. Lakers at Wizards 12/3/14. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Kobe_Bryant_2014.jpg.
Bryant is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the
National Basketball Association (NBA). He entered the NBA directly from high school,
and has played for the Lakers his entire career, winning five NBA championships. Bryant
is a 17-time All-Star, 15-time member of the All-NBA Team, and 12-time member of the
All-Defensive team. He has led the league in scoring twice, and he ranks third on both the
league's all-time regular season scoring and all-time postseason scoring lists.

Lebron James Wins 4th MVP Award. Red Star Live, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/nba/images/d/df/Kareem_AbdulJabbar.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130722011044.
James is an American professional basketball player who plays with the Cleveland
Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Standing at 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
and weighing 250 lb (113 kg), he has started at the small forward and power forward
positions. James has won two NBA championships, four NBA Most Valuable Player
Awards, two NBA Finals MVP Awards, two Olympic gold medals, an NBA scoring title,
and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He has also been selected to 11 NBA AllStar teams, 10 All-NBA teams, and six All-Defensive teams, and is the Cavaliers' alltime leading scorer.
Lipofsky, Steve. Chicago Bulls Scottie Pippen 1995. Accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Lipofsky_Pippen.jpg.
Pippen is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the National
Basketball Association. Nicknamed "Pip",[2] he is most remembered for his time with the
Chicago Bulls, with whom he was instrumental in six NBA titles and their record 1995
96 season of 72 wins. Pippen, along with Michael Jordan, played an important role in
transforming the Bulls team into a vehicle for popularizing the NBA around the world
during the 1990s.
Los Angeles Lakers Magic Johnson. circa 1987. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Magic_Lipofsky.jpg.
Johnson is a retired American professional basketball player who played point guard for
the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 13 seasons.
After winning championships in high school and college, Johnson was selected first
overall in the 1979 NBA draft by the Lakers.
"McGill University CoA. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McGill_University_CoA.svg#mediaviewer/File:McGill
_University_CoA.svg.
McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Canada, officially founded
by royal charter in 1821. The University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent
Montreal merchant from Scotland and alumnus of Glasgow University, whose bequest in
1813 formed precursory McGill College. Naismith attended this university and studied
theology.
Michael Jordan. Business Insider Australia. 2012. Accessed March 5, 2015.
http://static.businessinsider.com/image/4e6a854469bedde138000039/image.jpg.
Jordan is an American former professional basketball player, entrepreneur, and principal
owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets. He played 15 seasons in the National
Basketball Association (NBA) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards. His

biography on the NBA website states: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest
basketball player of all time."[3] Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes
of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the
world in the 1980s and 1990s.
Nagel, Thomas. This is a historic photograph taken at a settlement house. Wikimedia Commons,
accessed March 1, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Bohemmian_Youth_East_St._Loui
s.jpg.
This is a photo of a settlement house. The settlement movement was a progressive
movement, in the early twentieth century in the US. Its main goal was the establishment
of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement
workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the
poverty of, their low-income neighbors. The "settlement houses" provided services such
as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas.
Philadelphia Athletics Team Composite. July 25th, 1874. Online Museum of Early Baseball
History, accessed March 6, 2015. http://www.cycleback.com/harpers.html.
The player in the bottom right corner is a 21 year old Cap Anson, who went on to become
the greatest player of the 19th century
Poster advertising Stearns bicycles, showing a woman cyclist. Text reads, "Ride a Stearns and be
content." 1896. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 6, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Ride_a_Stearns_and_be_content
%2C_bicycle_advertising_poster%2C_1896.jpg.
During the 1890s bicycling was a new mode of transportation and a popular sport,
however, overall bicycle usage declined with the advent of the automobile in the early
20th century. E. C. Stearns & Company began business as a hardware manufacturer and
branched into bicycle production from 1893 through 1899 after Edward C. Stearns
brought the industry to Syracuse in 1888 and transformed his father's hardware and
wagon factory in Oneida, New York to a bicycle plant.
Professional basketball player Julius Erving. 1976. National Basketball Association press photo.
Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Julius_Erving_
%E2%80%93_76ers_%281%29.jpeg.
During the 1970s and early 1980s, Dr. J was the most famous basketball player as a 76ers
player. He is responsible for introducing the jump shot and slam dunk in basketball that
would later be popularized by Michael Jordan.
Shaquille O'Neal. February 28, 2007. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Shaquille_O%27Neal1.jpg.

ONeal is an American retired basketball player, former rapper, actor and current analyst
on the television program Inside the NBA. Standing 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) tall and weighing
325 pounds (147 kg), he was one of the heaviest players ever to play in the NBA. O'Neal
played for six teams throughout his 19-year NBA career.
Springfield College Logo. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Spfldlogo.png.
Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for
Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young
men to become General Secretaries of YMCA organizations in a two-year program. In
1887, it added a Physical department. In 1890, it separated from the School for Christian
Workers and became the YMCA Training School and in 1891, the International Young
Men's Christian Association Training School. Today it is a private, coeducational college
located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The college offers programs in undergraduate,
graduate, and doctoral studies.
The first basketball court: Springfield College. Circa 1891. Wikimedia Commons, accessed
March 8, 2015. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Firstbasketball.jpg.
This is the first basketball court located in Springfield, Massachusetts where the first
basketball game was played. James Naismith a student at the college invented the game.
Ty Cobb slides home at Detroit's Bennett Park where major league games were played before
wooden stands. The Detroit Press. U.S. History: Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium,
accessed March 1, 2015. http://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00001894.gif.
Cobb was nicknamed "The Georgia Peach," was an American Major League Baseball
(MLB) outfielder. He was born in rural Narrows, Georgia. Cobb spent 22 seasons with
the Detroit Tigers, the last six as the team's player-manager, and finished his career with
the Philadelphia Athletics. In 1936 Cobb received the most votes of any player on the
inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame ballot, receiving 222 out of a possible 226 votes.
Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player wearing uniform of Harlem Globetrotters. 1959.
Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 5, 2015.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Wilt_Chamberlain3.jpg.
Chamberlin was an American basketball player. He played for the Philadelphia/San
Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA; he
played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing
in the NBA. The seven foot 1 inch Chamberlain weighed 250 pounds as a rookie before
bulking up to 275 and eventually to over 300 pounds with the Lakers. He played the
center position and is widely considered one of the greatest and most dominant players in
NBA history.
Warren, Tommy Beals. 1874 Change 2nd base. 1874. Wikimedia Commons, accessed March 1,
2015. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Tommy_Beals.jpg.

Beals was an American Major League Baseball player in the National Association of
Professional Base Ball Players and the National League. He played mostly in the outfield
and at second base for the Washington Olympics, Washington Blue Legs, Boston Red
Stockings, and Chicago White Stockings from 1871 to 1880
Manuscript
James Naismith Handwritten Manuscript Detailing First Basketball Game. Heritage Auction,
accessed March 1, 2015. http://sports.ha.com/itm/basketball-collectibles/others/jamesnaismith-handwritten-manuscript-detailing-first-basketball-game-basketball-s-equivalentof-the-book-of-genesis-is/a/706-19007.s?type=prte-pr11136b#736736345.
Manuscript detailing the first basketball game by James Naismith, its creator.
Music
Meeker, Edward. Take Me Out to the Ball Game. 1908. Edison Records.YouTube Video,
accessed February 2, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4-gsdLSSQ0.
This is an early recording of a popular song for baseball games, indicates that baseball
had become a popular sport.
Blow, Kurtis, Basketball. YouTube, accessed March 3, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_shxzlTRK44.
Kurt Walker professionally known by his stage name Kurtis Blow, is an American rapper
and record producer. Basketball was written by William Waring, Robert Ford, Kurtis
Blow, J. B. Moore, Jimmy Bralower, and Full Force and recorded by Kurtis Blow
released in 1984 from his album Ego Trip
Newspapers
1st Ever Public Basketball Game Played. March 12, 1892. Item # 206238. Timothy
Hughes Rare and Early Newspapers, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/206238.
Article that describes the first ever public basketball game played. Players included
Naismith and Gulick.
Bismarck daily tribune. (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]), 16 Jan. 1910. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042242/1910-01-16/ed-1/seq-6/.
In a series of articles, Naismith discusses basketball strategy.
Bismarck daily tribune. (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]), 23 Jan. 1910. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042242/1910-01-23/ed-1/seq-6/.

In a series of articles, Naismith discusses basketball strategy.

Bismarck daily tribune. (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]), 06 March 1910. Chronicling America:
Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042242/1910-03-06/ed-1/seq-6/.
In a series of articles, Naismith discusses basketball strategy.
Bismarck daily tribune. (Bismarck, Dakota [N.D.]), 20 March 1910. Chronicling America:
Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042242/1910-03-20/ed-1/seq-9/.
In a series of articles, Naismith discusses basketball strategy.
*Chicago eagle. (Chicago, Ill.), 04 Nov. 1922. Chronicling America: Historic American
Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84025828/1922-11-04/ed-1/seq-2/.
*The Daily Ardmoreite. (Ardmore, Okla.), 06 Feb. 1921. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042303/1921-02-06/ed-1/seq-8/.
The Dalles Daily Chronicle. (The Dalles, Or.), 20 June 1893. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042448/1893-06-20/ed-1/seq-4/.
This article describes the origins of the game of basketball in Springfield Massachusetts
and how the game is played.
*Evening star. (Washington, D.C.), 18 Sept. 1921. Chronicling America: Historic American
Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed March 7, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1921-09-18/ed-1/seq-29/.
The Evening statesman. (Walla Walla, Wash.), 10 Feb. 1910. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085421/1910-02-10/ed-1/seq-3/.
This article describes how basketball has become thte most popular sport in the United
States.
Honolulu star-bulletin. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii), 17 Jan. 1913. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1913-01-17/ed-1/seq-9/.
This article is about the committee that was chosen to develop the rules for the NCAA
football.

Honolulu star-bulletin. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii), 18 Feb. 1916. Chronicling America: Historic
American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1916-02-18/ed-1/seq-2/.
This article discusses the popularity of the game of basketball and supports the Y.M.C.A.
basketball in Honolulu.
The Liberal Democrat. 24 Feb. 1911. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib.
of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85029856/1911-02-24/ed-1/seq-1/.
This article describes the very successful University of Kansas basketball team.
The Lynden tribune. (Lynden, Wash.), 23 March 1922. Chronicling America: Historic American
Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085445/1922-03-23/ed-1/seq-4/.
This article describes the invention of the game of basketball by Dr. Naismith.
The Spokane Press. (Spokane, Wash.), 08 Feb. 1909. Chronicling America: Historic American
Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015. http://chronicl24
ingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085947/1909-02-08/ed-1/seq-7/.
This article describes the officiating of the first basketball game played in December
1891.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. volume (St. Johnsbury, Vt.), 09 March 1904. Chronicling America:
Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, accessed February 27, 2015.
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84023253/1904-03-09/ed-1/seq-4/.
This is an advertisement for the Y.M.C.A. listing all of the different programs available.
Video
Louisville vs. Michigan 2013 NCAA Basketball Championship. YouTube, accessed
February 20, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeGuKZtAxyc.

This is the 2013 NCAA Basketball game for the championship between Louisville and
Michigan, attesting to the longevity and popularity of the game.

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Articles
Cascio, Joe. 2010. "Do You Believe in Magic?." Phi Kappa Phi Forum 90, no. 2: 23. Academic
Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015)
The article profiles Earvin "Magic" Johnson and his role in the National Basketball
Association (NBA) in the U.S. It presents NBA's negative impact on the society that
dropped 4.9 percent of game attendance, ruined reputations of some basketball players
due to drug use and other factors. It highlights Johnson's performance and charisma that
created the magic moment in the NBA history which revived its reputation and
popularity.
Costas, Bob. 2003. "Ali & Jordan." Rolling Stone no. 922: 116. Academic Search Premier,
EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015).
The most significant similarity between sportspersons Muhammad Ali and Michael
Jordan is their physical beauty. Now grant to Jordan a world of talent and heart but a less
abundant dose of dynamism. If you must draw distinctions even among kings, Jordan
may have been a betterbasketball player than Ali was a boxer. In all of American sports,
only Jackie Robinson matches or exceeds Ali's social impact. Ali represented a sea
change in the kind of athlete America would be forced to tolerate and would ultimately
learn to embrace. Muhammad Ali represented the passion, rage and high-spiritedness of
his time, and in the process he helped change the sporting culture with his appealing
brashness.
Hirsley, M 2015, Boxing, Academic World Book, World Book, Chicago, accessed March 7,
2015. http://www.worldbookonline.com/academic/printarticle?id=ar072960&ss=h32>.
Kanazawa, Mark T., and Jonas P. Funk. 2001. "RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN
PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL: EVIDENCE FROM NIELSEN RATINGS."
Economic Inquiry 39, no. 4: 599-608. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed
March 5, 2015).
Focuses on the racial discrimination in professional basketball. Use of data from the
Nielsen ratings for locally televised National Basketball Association (NBA) games;
Impact of customer discrimination in the market for NBA players; Factors related to racebased salary gaps in the professional basketball.
Jones, Chris. 2004. "The New Black Guys." Esquire 141, no. 2: 50-124. Academic Search
Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015).
Looks at how U.S.-style basketball has changed players all over the world, and inspired
them to come into the National Basketball Association. Impact on the U.S. culture;

Description of immigrants as basketball players; Remarks from basketball coach Larry

Brown on basketball trends.
Lefort, Rene, and Jean Harvey. 1999. "What's in a game?." UNESCO Courier 52, no. 4: 18.
Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015).
This article examines whether sport creates harmony or cause division. Also included is
information on basketball superstar Michael Jordan; Barriers facing both women and
disabled people in sports; Social impact of sports; Myth surrounding sport.
Smith, Wade P., Eric Primm, Nicole Leeper Piquero, Alex R. Piquero, and Robert M. Regoli.
2012. "Does race matter? Assessing consumer discrimination in the secondary basketball
card market." Social Science Journal 49, no. 1: 72-82. Academic Search Premier,
EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015).
Sociologists continue to observe the ways race permeates America''s social institutions,
the institution of sport being no exception. Although researchers have explored customer
racial discrimination via examinations of the secondary sports card market, only three
studies have explored the phenomenon in the context of basketball, a sporting context
with a higher proportion of non-White players than the baseball and football leagues that
have been the primary focus to date. We explore the unique way race matters on the
hardwood by employing a methodological approach that previously has been used to
study card collecting in other contexts. Data were obtained for 215 retired players and
their rookie cards. Controlling for other factors, to include career performance, position,
and card scarcity, the results reveal no direct effect of race on card values, but there is an
interaction effect between race and Hall of Fame status that impacts card prices. The
potential source and implications of this interaction are discussed as well as suggestions
for future research.
Wrynn, Alison M. 2010. "NCAA Tournament Hoop Dreams Impact Society." Phi Kappa Phi
Forum 90, no. 1: 8-11. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2015).
The article offers information on the social impact of the National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) basketball tournament in the U.S. The tournament takes place every
March and April of the year, and the players share a common goal, which to make it to
the finals. The World War II and the Civil Rights movement changed the color line rule of
the tournament, resulting to the acceptance of African American players, and the 1966
Texas Western men's basketball team was the first to feature an all African-American
lineup in the championship game. The influence of media on the tournament, the creation
of a women's tournament and the ethical lapses in the tournament are also included.
Books
Alder Patricia A. and Peter Alder. Backboards and Blackboards. New York: Columbia
University, 1991.
College basketball experienced its greatest rise in popularity during the eighties,
becoming one of the most commercially successful spectator sports in America. With this

rise came an era of scandal: recruiting violations, spurious admittance practices, and
controversial treatment of student athletes.
Boyd, Todd. The rise of the NBA, the Hip Hop Invasion and the Transformation of American
Culture: Young Black, Rich and Famous. New York:, 2003.
In this controversial look at the impact of cutting-edge black urban culture on
contemporary America, Dr. Todd Boyd, the man CNN deemed "the hip-hop professor,"
uses the intertwining worlds of basketball and hip hop as a powerful metaphor for
exploring the larger themes of race, class, and identity.
Boyd Todd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. America above the Rim: Basketball Jones. New York:
New York University Press, 2000.
It began with Magic, Bird, and Dr. J. Then came Michael. The Dream Team. The WNBA.
And, most recently, "Spree" Latrell Sprewell--American Dream or American
Nightmare?--the embodiment of everything many believe is wrong--and others believe is
exciting--about the game. Today, despite the NBA strike, despite home run derbies,
despite football's headlock on network television ratings, despite the much-heralded
return of baseball, basketball has assumed a role in American culture and consciousness
impossible to imagine 20 years ago, when arenas were empty and the NBA finals were
broadcast via tape delay in the wee hours.
The Macro phenomenal: Pro Basketball Almanac, The Undisputed Guide to Pro Basketball. New
York: Bloomsbury, 2010.
The history of basketball has always belonged to champions like the Celtics, the Lakers,
and the Bulls. Yet the game's history cuts much deeper than that. The bottom line, the
record books and retired jerseys, can never fully do justice to this wild, chaotic, and
energetic game. In between the championships, there's the sight of Earl Monroe, spinning
and cajoling his way to every corner of the court; or Allen Iverson, driving headlong into
players twice his size. The real history of the game is not its championships, which are
indisputable, but the personalities of its heroes, which are, at least, undisputed. It's in the
larger-than-life pathos of Wilt, the secret ties that bind Larry Bird to the flashy ABA, and
Michael Jordan when he flew a little too high. From the prehistoric teachings of Dr.
James Naismith to pioneering superstars such as LeBron James and Kevin Durant, you'll
never see round ball the same way again.
Naismith, James. Basketball: Its Origins and Development. New York: Association Press, 1941.
James Naismith was teaching physical education at the Young Men's Christian
Association Training College in Springfield, Massachusetts, and felt discouraged because
calisthenics and gymnastics didn't engage his students. What was needed was an indoor
wintertime game that combined recreation and competition. One evening he worked out
the fundamentals of a game that would quickly catch on. Two peach half-bushel baskets
gave the name to the brand new sport in late 1891. Basketball: Its Origin and
Development was written by the inventor himself, who was inspired purely by the joy of

play. Naismith, born in northern Ontario in 1861, gave up the ministry to preach clean
living through sport. He describes Duck on the Rock, a game from his Canadian
childhood, the creative reasoning behind his basket game, the eventual refinement of
rules and development of equipment, the spread of amateur and professional teams
throughout the world, and the growth of women's basketball (at first banned to male
spectators because the players wore bloomers). Naismith lived long enough to see
basketball included in the Olympics in 1936.
Rains, Robb and Hellen Carpenter. James Naismith, the Man who Invented Basketball.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.
With unprecedented access to the Naismith archives and documents, Rains and Carpenter
chronicle how Naismith developed the 13 rules of basketball, coached the game at the
University of Kansasestablishing college basketball in the processand was honored
for his work at the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin.