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One-degree-of-freedom
System
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we examine the dynamic behaviour of a one-degree-offreedom system under forced deterministic and random loading.
Consider first a simple mass-spring system as shown in Figure 7.1.
The behaviour of the system can be analysed in terms of the
displacement u. More complex systems will be represented by many
coordinates, but by applying a transformation it is possible to work in
terms of generalised coordinates, the behaviour of each being
governed by an uncoupled equation. In this way each coordinate can
be studied effectively as a one-degree-of-freedom system, as shown in
this chapter. We shall see how to carry out this transformation in
Chapter 8.
The system of Figure 7.1 will be in equilibrium when the system is at
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rest and the force in the spring k is equal to the weight of the mass
(weight = mg, where g is the acceleration due to gravity). Hence:
(7.1)
where us denotes the static displacement. If the mass is displaced
a further distance u it will experience a restoring force F a , such
that:
(7.2)
Taking into account the static equilibrium, we have:
(7.3)
D'Alembert's law states that at each moment in time the restoring
force will be:
(7.4)
Thus
(7.8)
or
(7.9)
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(7.20)
or
(7.21)
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(7.22)
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This force acts in the same direction as the spring force and is equal to
c. Hence:
(7.24)
For the case of forced response we can write:
(7.25)
where P is the amplitude of the exciting force and a> the forced
frequency. Hence:
(7.26)
For the particular integral we can try the following solutions:
(7.27)
which can also be expressed as:
(7.28)
which implies that A = U sin a, B = U cos a. Substitution of this
solution into (7.26) gives:
(7.29)
The first term between brackets gives:
(7.30)
Figure 7.6
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We see that the damping force leads the displacement by 90. This is
because it is in the opposite direction to the velocity. The inertia force
instead is in phase with the displacement. The vector interpretation of
equations (7.31) and (7.32) is now quite evident. We can investigate
these expressions further by writing the second in the form of
equation (7.22), i.e.
(7.33)
where a>T = k/m and y = c/2mT = damping factor. We can now plot
(u/us), which is called the magnification factor and is a function only
of damping and frequency (Figure 7.7). Note that tana can also be
written as:
(7.34)
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When /r > 1 the angle a tends to 180 and the force P is used
mainly to overcome the large inertia of the system (Figure 7.9).
(7.37)
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with H() = Z(<)~*. Applying the conjugate of the Fourier transform, we have:
(7.49)
Hence for this case:
(7.50)
(7.51)
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where p{x) are the applied forces along the beam, E is the modulus of
elasticity and / the moment of inertia; u are the transverse displacements and A is the cross-sectional area. The boundary conditions are
of two types:
Essential or displacement conditions on the Sj part of the boundary,
of the type:
(7.58)
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(7.60)
where W are weighting functions that are assumed to satisfy the
essential boundary conditions, i.e. W and d Wjdz are identically zero
on Sj. We assume that the shapes of the ^functions are the same as
the u functions we take as approximate solutions; this leads to the
following form of the principle of virtual displacements:
(7.61)
Integrating equation (7.61) by parts twice, we obtain the best-known
expression for virtual displacements, i.e.
(7.62)
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then similarly
(7.66)
v,.u7)
K, M and F are the equivalent stiffness, mass and force coefficients for
the one-degree-of-freedom system.
We can similarly include the damping term into the equation. This
will be illustrated in what follows. The more general equilibrium
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where cd is the drag coefficient (1.0 for cylinders) and cm is the inertia
coefficient (also 1.0 for cylinders). The equilibrium equation is (7.70):
(7.72)
where u is the displacement at the top of the column (x = /). The term
C includes the structural and hydrodynamic damping. M is obtained
by addition of the mass of the column, the mass of the platform and
the hydrodynamic mass. Note that the CA term does not enter into M
because CA only affects the water particle accelerations.
If the shape of the column is assumed to be g(z\ where z = z//, the
M term in equation (7.72) becomes:
(7.73)
The inertia term for the column is:
(7.74)
The natural frequency of the system is:
(7.75)
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One needs first to compute the variance of the water particle velocity,
av which is a function of the velocity spectrum, i.e.
(7.78)
Hence the deviation is:
(7.79)
Once the term CH has been computed we can write the percentage of
critical damping as:
(7.80)
where ys is the structural damping contribution. The equation of
motion can now be written as:
(7.81)
The F(t) term is computed from the contribution of the v, v terms in
Morison's equation, i.e.
(7.82)
where Y\ = a cos cot and r\' = a sin cot. (Note that the column is now
taken to be at x = 0.)
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The generalised force for the column can now be written as:
or
(7.83)
The spectral density function for this force is:
(7.84)
Note that in this case the cross spectral density terms relating vx and vx
disappear, owing to their different phases.
The transfer function for displacements is obtained by substituting
uV exp(io)i), F = F Qxp(icot) into the equation of motion. This
gives:
(7.85)
Hence:
with
The following relationship applies 'for the spectral densities:
(7.86)
where
(7.87)
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(7.92)
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Example 7.1
Assume we have an offshore structure that can be approximated to
the one-degree-of-freedom structure shown in Figure 7.11 with the
following characteristics:
(a)
Ac =
A=
p=
pc =
D=
The drag and inertia coefficients for the equivalent column are:
(b)
Figure 7.12
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For the structural damping the value ys = 0.05 was taken. Hence
y = 0.06 for this case. The next step is to evaluate using numerical
integration the force spectra given by equation (7.84). They are shown
in Figure 7.13, where the drag and inertia contributions can be seen.
The transfer function H(co) for a one-degree-of-freedom system can
be computed using formulae (7.87), and the results are plotted in
Figure 7.14. Next the values of the transfer function are multiplied by
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ran
alert fv r\Y%in\ru*A i tt
(j)
Alternatively we could have calculated the multiplier of og using
equation (7.91), i.e.
(k)
Bibliography
Brebbia, C. A., et al, Vibrations of engineering structures, Southampton University
Press (1974)
Brebbia, C. A., and Connor, J. J., Fundamentals of finite element techniques for structural
engineers, Butterworths (1973)
264
Dym, C. L., and Shames, I. H., Solid mechanics: a variational approach, McGraw-Hill
(1973)
Thomson, W. T., Vibration theory and applications, Allen and Un win (1966)
Warburton, G. B., The dynamical behaviour of structures, Pergamon Press (1964)