arXiv:1006.1520v1 [math.

CV] 8 Jun 2010

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE

HALF-PLANE
ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS
Abstract. In this article we study the Ces`
aro operator
Z
1 z
C(f )(z) =
f () d,
z 0
and its companion operator T on Hardy spaces of the upper half plane.
We identify C and T as resolvents for appropriate semigroups of composition operators and we find the norm and the spectrum in each case.
The relation of C and T with the corresponding Ces`
aro operators on
Lebesgue spaces Lp (R) of the boundary line is also discussed.

1. Introduction
Let U = {z C : Im(z) > 0} denote the upper half of the complex plane.
For 0 < p < , the Hardy space H p (U) is the space of analytic functions
f : U C for which
Z
1
p
p
kf kH p (U) = sup
|f (x + iy)| dx < .
y>0

H (U)

For p = we denote by
the space of all bounded analytic functions
on U with the supremum norm.
The spaces H p (U), 1 p , are Banach spaces and for p = 2, H 2 (U)
is a Hilbert space. For the rest of the paper we use the notation kf kp for
kf kH p (U) .
Let 1 p < and suppose f H p (U). Then f satisfies the growth
condition
Ckf kpp
(1.1)
|f (z)|p
,
z U,
Im(z)
where C is a constant. Further the limit limy0 f (x + iy) exists for almost
every x in R and we may define the boundary function on R, denoted by
f , as
f (x) = lim f (x + iy).
y0

Date: June 9, 2010.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 47B38; Secondary 30D55, 47D03.
Key words and phrases. Ces`
aro operators, Hardy spaces, Semigroups, Composition
operators.
The first author was supported with a graduate fellowship from Alexander S. Onassis
Foundation.
1

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

This function is p-integrable and

(1.2)

kf kpp

|f (x)|p dx.

Thus H p (U) can be viewed as a subspace of Lp (R). For more details on

Hardy spaces H p (U) see [Du], [Ga], [Ho].
For f Lp (R) the well known Ces`
aro transformation is defined by
Z
1 x
f (u) du
(1.3)
C(f )(x) =
x 0
for x R, with an appropriate convention if x = 0. This defines a bounded
operator on Lp (R) for p > 1 [BHS]. In particular if f Lp (R) is the
boundary function of f H p (U) the question arises whether the transformed
function C(f ) is also the boundary function of an f H p (U).
In this article we consider the half-plane version of the Ces`
aro operator,
which is formally defined
Z
1 z
f ()d, f H p (U).
C(f )(z) =
z 0
It turns out that this formula defines an analytic function on U for each
f H p (U) and the resulting operator is bounded on H p (U), p > 1. In
addition the companion operator
Z
f ()
T (f )(z) =
d, f H p (U),

z
is also shown to be bounded on H p (U) for p 1. We find the norm and
the spectrum of C, T and we show that, for the boundary functions, we have
C(f ) = C(f ). The whole discussion is based on the observation that C and
T can be obtained as resolvent operators for appropriate strongly continuous
semigroups of simple composition operators on H p (U).
2. Related semigroups, strong continuity.
For each t R consider the analytic self maps of U
t (z) = et z,

z U,

and for 1 p < , the corresponding weighted composition operators on

H p (U),
t

Tt (f )(z) = e p f (t (z)), f H p (U).

For f H p (U) we have
Z +

p
t
kTt (f )kp = e sup
|f (et x + iet y)|p dx
y>0

Z
= sup
v>0

= kf kpp ,

|f (u + iv)|p du

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

thus each Tt is an isometry on H p (U). Further it is easy to see that the

family {Tt } satisfies Tt Ts = Tt+s for each t, s R and T0 = I the identity
operator, so {Tt } is a group of isometries. We will use this group or the
positive and negative semigroups {Tt , t 0} and {Tt , t 0} in our study
of the operators C and T .
Proposition 2.1. For 1 p < the group {Tt } is strongly continuous on
H p (U). The infinitesimal generator of {Tt } is given by
1
(f )(z) = zf (z) f (z),
p
and its domain is D() = {f H p (U) : zf (z) H p (U)}.
Proof. For the strong continuity we need to show
(2.1)

pt

lim kTt (f ) f kp = lim ke

t0

t0

f t f kp = 0

for every f H p (U). Given such an f consider the functions

fs (z) = f (z + is),
It is easy to see that fs

H p (U)

s > 0.

for every s and we have

kTt (f ) f kp kTt (f ) Tt (fs )kp + kTt (fs ) fs kp + kfs f kp

(kTt k + 1)kfs f kp + kTt (fs ) fs kp
pt

= 2kfs f kp + ke

fs t fs kp .

Now it is clear that the boundary function of fs (z) is f (x + is) and the
t
t
boundary function of e p fs (et z) is e p f (et x + is) for all x R. Since
Z
p
|f (x + is) f (x)|p dx 0,
kfs f kp =

as s 0 (see for example [Du, Theorem 11.4]), it suffices to show

pt

lim ke

t0

fs t fs kp = 0

for each s. For a fixed such s and a > 0 (to be specified later) we have
Z
pt
t
p
ke fs t fs kp =
|e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p dx

2a

|e

|e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p dx

Z 2a

Z2a

pt

f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p dx

|e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p dx

2a

= I1 (t) + I2 (t) + I3 (t).

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

To estimate the integral I1 (t) we use the standard inequality

pt

|e

f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p 2p (et |f (et x + is)|p + |f (x + is)|p )

and the change of variable u = et x to obtain

Z 2aet
Z
I1 (t) 2p
|f (u + is)|p du + 2p

2p+1

2a

|f (x + is)|p dx

|f (x + is)|p dx,

valid for 0 < t < log 2. An analogous estimate for I3 (t) gives
Z
p+1
I3 (t) 2
|f (x + is)|p dx,
a

for 0 < t < log 2.

Let > 0 be given. Since fs H p (U) we can choose a > 0 such that for
0 < t < log 2,
Z
p+1
I1 (t) + I3 (t) 2
|f (x + is)|p dx < .
R\[a, a]

We now deal with the second integral I2 (t). Using the growth estimate (1.1)
we have
t

|e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p 2p |e p f (et x + is)|p + 2p |f (x + is)|p

pt

p
f (et x + is)kpp
p kf (x + is)kp
+
2
C
Im(et x + is)
Im(x + is)
p
p
kf kp
kf kp
+ 2p C
2p C
s
s
p
kf kp
= 2p+1 C
.
s
p

2 C

ke

This says in particular that |e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p is a uniformly

bounded function of x on the interval [2a, 2a] for each t > 0. Since this
function has pointwise limit 0 as t 0, an application of Lebesgues dominated convergence theorem gives
Z 2a
t
lim
|e p f (et x + is) f (x + is)|p dx = 0.
t0 2a

Putting together all previous estimates we conclude limt0 kTt (f ) f kp = 0

and the strong continuity follows.
By definition the domain D() of , consists of all f H p (U) for which
the limit limt0

t
p

f t f
t

exists in H p (U) and

t

e p f t f
,
(f ) = lim
t0
t

f D().

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

The growth estimate (1.1) shows that convergence in the norm of H p (U)
implies in particular pointwise convergence, therefore for each f D(),
pt

f (et z) f (z)
(f )(z) = lim
t0
t

 pt

t
=
e f (e z) 
t=0
t
1
= zf (z) f (z).
p
e

This shows that D() {f H p (U) : zf (z) H p (U)}.

Conversely let f H p (U) such that zf (z) H p (U). Then we can write
for z U,
Z t

 ps
Tt (f )(z) f (z) =
e f (s (z)) ds
0 s
Z t
s
1 s
e p s (z)f (s (z)) e p f (s (z)) ds
=
p
0
Z t
Ts (F )(z) ds,
=
0

where F (z) =

1
p f (z)

is a function in H p (U). Thus

Z
1 t
Tt (f ) f
= lim
Ts (F ) ds.
lim
t0 t 0
t0
t

zf (z)

From the general theory of strongly continuous (semi)groups, for F H p (U)

the latter limit exists in H p (U) and is equal to F . Thus
Tt (f ) f
= F.
t
This says that D() {f H p (U) : zf (z) H p (U)} completing the
proof.

lim

t0

Remark. An immediate corollary of the previous proposition is that the

two semigroups {Tt , t 0} and {Tt , t 0} are strongly continuous on
H p (U) and their infinitesimal generators are and respectively.
Lemma 2.2. Let 0 < p < and C, then
(i) e (z) = z
/ H p (U).
(ii) h (z) = (i + z) H p (U) if and only if Re() < 1p .
Proof. This can be proved by direct calculation of the norms. We give an
alternative argument involving the following well known characterization of
membership in the Hardy space of the half plane. For a function f analytic
on U,
f H p (U) if and only if (z)1/p f ((z)) H p (D),

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

1+z
, a conformal map from the unit disc D = {|z| < 1} onto
where (z) = i 1z
p
U, and H (D) is the usual Hardy space of the disc. We find
c1
(2.2)
(z)1/p h ((z)) =
,
2
+
(1 z) p

and
(2.3)

(z)1/p e ((z)) = c2

(1 + z)
2

(1 z) p

where c1 , c2 are nonzero constants.

Next recall that if is a complex number, (1 z) H p (D) if and only if
Re() > 1/p (this follows for example from [Du, page 13, Ex. 1]). Applying
this to (2.2) we obtain h H p (U) if and only if Re( 2p ) > 1/p and
this gives the desired conclusion.
In the case of e , the right hand side of (2.3) belongs to H p (D) if and only
2
if both terms (1 + z) and (1 z) p belong to H p (D), because each of the
two terms is analytic and nonzero at the point where the other term has a
singularity. Thus for e to belong to H p (U), both conditions Re() > 1/p
and Re( 2p ) > 1/p must be satisfied, which is impossible.

For an operator A denote by (A) the set of eigenvalues of A, by (A)
the spectrum of A and by (A) the resolvent set of A on H p (U).
Proposition 2.3. Let 1 p < and consider {Tt } acting on H p (U).
Then:
(i) () is empty.
(ii) () = iR.
In particular is an unbounded operator.
Proof. (i) Let be an eigenvalue of and let f be a corresponding eigenvector. The eigenvalue equation (f ) = f is equivalent to the differential
equation
1
zf (z) + ( + )f (z) = 0.
p
The nonzero analytic solutions of this equation on U have the form f (z) =
1
cz (+ p ) with c 6= 0, which by Lemma 2.2 are not in H p (U). It follows that
() = .
(ii) Because each Tt is an invertible isometry its spectrum satisfies
(Tt ) D.
The spectral mapping theorem for strongly continuous groups ([Pa, Theorem
2.3]) says
et() (Tt ).
Thus if w (), then etw D, so that () iR. We will show that in
fact () = iR.

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

Let iR and assume that (). Let = +

function
f (z) = i(i + z)1 .

1
p

and consider the

Since Re( 1) = 1 1/p < 1/p, this function is in H p (U). Since

() the operator R = ( )1 : H p (U) H p (U) is bounded.
The image function g = R (f ) satisfies the equation ( )(g) = f or
equivalently,
1
( + )g(z) + zg (z) = f (z), z U.
p
Thus g solves the differential equation
g(z) + zg (z) = i(i + z)1 ,

z U.

It is easy to check that the general solution of this equation in U is

G(z) = cz + (i + z) ,

c a constant.

Using the notation of Lemma 2.2 we find

( (z))1/p G((z)) =

c1 + cc2 (1 + z)
2

(1 z) p

where c1 , c2 are nonzero constants. This last expression represents an analytic function on the unit disc which however, by an argument similar to
that in the proof of Lemma 2.2, is not in the Hardy space H p (D) of the unit
disc for any value of c because Re() = 1/p. Thus G(z) is not in H p (U)
for any c and this is a contradiction. It follows that () = iR, and this
completes the proof.

` ro operators
3. The Cesa
It follows from the above that when 1 < p < the point p = 1 1/p is
in the resolvent set of the generator . The resolvent operator R(p , ) is
therefore bounded. Let f H p (U) and let g = R(p , )(f ). It follows that
(p )(g) = f or equivalently
(1 1/p)g(z) + zg (z) + (1/p)g(z) = f (z).
Thus g satisfies the differential equation
g(z) + zg (z) = f (z),
Fix a point w on the imaginary axis. Then
Z z
f () d + c,
zg(z) =

z U.

z U,

with c a constant. Now let z = iy 0 along the imaginary axis. Since

g H p (U) with p > 1, the estimate (1.1) implies that zg(z) 0 therefore
Z 0
f () d
c=
w

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

(the existence of this integral is also a consequence of (1.1)). It follows that

the integral of f on the segment [0, z] exists and we have
Z
1 z
f () d.
g(z) = R(p , )(f )(z) =
z 0

Theorem 3.1. Let 1 < p < and let C be the operator defined by
Z
1 z
C(f )(z) =
f () d, f H p (U).
z 0

Then C : H p (U) H p (U) is bounded. Further

kCk =
and
(C) = {w C : |w

p
,
p1
p
p
|=
}.
2(p 1)
2(p 1)

Proof. As found above, for 1 < p < ,

C = R(p , ),

p = 1 1/p ().

The spectral mapping theorem [DS, Lemma VII.9.2] gives

1
(C) = {
: z ()} {0}
p z
1
: r R} {0}
={
1 1/p ir
p
p
= {w C : |w
|=
},
2(p 1)
2(p 1)
giving the spectrum of C on H p (U).
Since the spectral radius of C is equal to p/(p 1) it follows that
p
kCk
.
p1
On the other hand we can apply the Hille-Yosida-Phillips theorem to the
group {Tt } of isometries [DS, Corollary VIII.1.14] to obtain
1
p
kCk = kR(p , )k
1 = p 1,
1 p
and the proof is complete.

Remark. It follows from Lemma (2.2) that h(z)R = (i + z)2 belongs to

z
The transformed function i(i + z)1 = z1 0 h() d is analytic on
U but does not belong to H 1 (U). Thus C does not take H 1 (U) to H 1 (U).
H 1 (U).

We now consider the negative part {Tt : t 0} of the group {Tt } and we
rename it {St }. That is, for f H p (U),
t

St (f )(z) = e p f (t (z)) = e p f (et z),

t 0.

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

It is clear that {St } is strongly continuous on H p (U) and that its generator
is = . It follows from Proposition 2.3 that
() = iR,

() = .

Let p = 1p (), and consider the bounded resolvent operator R(p , ).

Let f H p (U) and let g = R(p , )(f ). Then p g (g) = f or equivalently
zg (z) = f (z), z U.
Fix a point a U, then we have
Z z
f ()
g(z) =
d + c

with c a constant. Now let z within a half-plane Im(z) > 0. Then

g(z) 0 [Du, Corollary 1, page 191], thus the following limit exists and
gives the value of c,
Z w
f ()
d.
c = lim
w

a
Im(w)

We therefore find
a

f ()
d + lim
w

z
Im(w)
Z w
f ()
d.
= lim
w

z
Im(w)

g(z) =

w
a

f ()
d

We now show that the above limit exists unrestrictedly when w within
the half-plane U. Indeed for > 0 we have,
Z w
Z w+i
Z w
f ()
f ()
f ()
d =
d +
d = Jw + Iw .

z
z
w+i
With the change of variable = w + is, 0 s 1, we have
Z 1
f (w + is)
|Iw | = | i
ds|
w + is
0
Z 1
|f (w + is)|
ds

|w + is|
0
Z 1

|f (w + is)| ds
|w| 0
Z y+
1
|f (x + iu)| du,
=
|w| y

where w = x+iy and u = y +s. For p = 1 the Fejer-Riesz inequality for the
half-plane [Du, Exercise 6, page 198] implies, through the last inequality,
Z
1
1
kf k1 0, as w ,
|f (x + iu)| du
|Iw |
|w| 0
2|w|

10

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

while for p > 1, the growth estimate (1.1) gives



Z y+
1
1
u p du kf kp
|Iw | Cp
|w| y
Cp

(y + )1/q
kf kp ,
|w|

(1/q = 1/p + 1),

(|w| + )1/q
kf kp 0, as w .
|w|
Thus in all cases Iw 0 and we have
Z w
f ()
lim
d = lim Jw + lim Iw = g(z)
w z
w
w

i.e. the unrestricted limit exists. For this reason we can write
Z
f ()
g(z) =
d.

z
Cp

Theorem 3.2. Let 1 p < and let T be the operator defined by

Z
f ()
T (f )(z) =
d, f H p (U).

z
Then T : H p (U) H p (U) is bounded. Further
kT k = p,

and

p
p
(T ) = {w C : |w | = }.
2
2
Proof. As found above we have
T = R(p , ),

p = 1/p ().

From the spectral mapping theorem we find

1
(T ) = {
: z ()} {0}
p z
1
: r R} {0}
={
1/p ir
p
p
= {w C : |w | = },
2
2
giving the spectrum of T on H p (U).
Since the spectral radius of T is equal to p it follows that
kT k p.
On the other hand we can apply the Hille-Yosida-Phillips theorem to the
semigroup {St } of isometries to obtain
1
kT k = kR(p , )k
= p,
1/p
and the proof is complete.


CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

11

Suppose now 1 < p < and let q be the conjugate index, 1/p + 1/q = 1.
Recall the duality (H p (U)) = H q (U) which is realized through the pairing
Z
f (x)g (x) dx.
(3.1)
hf, gi =

For the semigroups Tt (f )(z) = e p f (et z) and St (g)(z) = e q g(et z) acting

on H p (U) and H q (U) respectively we find
Z
t
e p f (et x)g (x) dx
hTt (f ), gi =
Z

t
f (x)e q g (et x) dx
=
(3.2)

= hf, St (g)i.

Thus {Tt } and {St } are adjoints of each other. From the general theory
of operator semigroups this relation of being adjoint, on reflexive spaces, is
inherited by the infinitesimal generators and subsequently by the resolvent
operators [Pa, Corollaries 10.2 and 10.6]. It follows that C and T are adjoints
of each other on the reflexive Hardy spaces of the half-plane.
4. Boundary correspondence
We now examine the boundary correspondence between C and its real line
version C, as well as between T and the corresponding real line operator T
defined on Lp (R) by
R
f (u)

x > 0,
x u du,
T(f )(x) =

R x f (u) du, x < 0,

u
while T(f )(0) can be chosen arbitrarily. It is well known (and easy to prove)
that T is bounded on Lp (R) for p 1.

Theorem 4.1. Consider the operators C, T on the Hardy spaces H p (U) and
the operators C, T on the spaces Lp (R). Then
(i) For 1 < p < and f H p (U),
C(f ) = C(f ).
(ii) For 1 p < and f H p (U),
T (f ) = T(f ).
Proof. (i) For f H p (U) and > 0 consider the function
f (z) = f (z + i),

Im(z) > .

12

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

It is clear that f H p (U) and f (x) = f (x), and we have

kC(f ) C(f )kLp (R) kC(f ) C(f ) kLp (R) + kC(f ) C(f )kLp (R)
+ kC(f ) C(f )kLp (R)
(kCk + kCk)kf f kH p (U) + kC(f ) C(f )kLp (R) .
We can make kf f kH p (U) as small as we wish by choosing close enough
to 0. Thus in order to prove that C(f ) (x) = C(f )(x) a.e. on R, it suffices
to show C(f ) (x) = C(f )(x), i.e.
Z
1 x

C(f ) (x) =
f (u) du
x 0
for almost all x. Now for z = x + iy U, since f (z) is analytic on {Im(z) >
}, its integral on the segment [0, z] can be obtained by integrating over
the path [0, x] [x, z], so we have
Z
1 z
f () d
C(f )(z) =
z 0
Z
Z
1
1
f () d +
f () d.
=
z [0, x]
z [x, z]
If x 6= 0 then clearly the limit of the first integral as y 0 is
Z
Z
1
1 x
lim
f () d =
f (u) du.
y0 z [0, x]
x 0
The limit of the second integral vanishes. Indeed since f H p (U), f is
bounded over every half-plane {z : Im(z) } and we find
sup |f ()| sup |f (z)| = M < ,
[x, z]

Im(z)

therefore
1
|
z

f () d|
[x, z]

1
M
( sup |f ()|)y
y0
|x| [x, z]
|x|

as y 0. It follows that
C(f ) (x) = lim C(f )(z) =
y0

1
x

f (u) du =
0

1
x

x
0

f (u) du

and the proof of (i) is complete.

(ii) We argue as in part (i) and use the same notation. If f H p (U), 1
p < , let f be defined as in part (i). Using the triangle inequality as in
part (i) we see that it suffices to show that for almost all x,
T (f ) (x) = T(f )(x).
Let z = x + iy U with x > 0 (the case x < 0 is similar), choose s > 0, and
consider the path [z, x] [x, x + s] [x + s, z + s(1 + i)] as an alternative

CESARO OPERATORS ON THE HARDY SPACES OF THE HALF-PLANE

13

path of integration to obtain

Z z+s(1+i)
f ()
d
T (f )(z) = lim
s z

!
Z x
Z z+s(1+i)
Z x+s
f ()
f ()
f ()
=
d + lim
d +
d .
s

z
x+s
x
For the first integral inside the limit it is clear that
Z x+s
Z +
f ()
f (u)
lim
d =
du.
s x

u
x
R z+s(1+i) f ()
Write I(s) = x+s
d, the second integral inside the limit, then
Z y+s
f (x + s + it)
i dt|
|I(s)| = |
x + s + it
0
Z y+s
|f (x + s + it)|

dt
|x + s + it|
0
Z y+s
1

|f (x + s + it)| dt.
x+s 0
If p = 1 then the Fejer -Riesz inequality for the upper half-plane gives
Z
Z y+s
1
1
|f (x + s + it)| dt kf k1 kf k1 ,
|f (x + s + it)| dt
2
2
0
0

thus I(s)

1
2(x+s) kf k1

0 as s . If p > 1 then using (1.1) we obtain

Z y+s
Z y+s
1
|f (x + s + it)| dt Cp kf kp
dt
1/p
t
0
0
1

Cp kf kp (y + s) p +1 ,

1 +1
p

which implies I(s) Cp kf kp (y+s)

0 as s . We have shown
x+s
Z +
Z x
f (u)
f ()
d +
du
T (f )(z) =

u
x
z

for each z = x + iy U. Taking the limit of the above as y 0 we find

Z +
f (u)

T (f ) (x) =
du = T(f )(x)
u
x

and the proof is complete.

As a consequence we have the following

Corollary 4.2. For 1 p < let Hp be the closed subspace of Lp (R)
consisting of all boundary functions f of f H p (U). Then C(Hp ) Hp for
1 < p < , and T(Hp ) Hp for 1 p < .

14

ATHANASIOS G. ARVANITIDIS AND ARISTOMENIS G. SISKAKIS

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Department of Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki,
Greece
E-mail address: arvanit@math.auth.gr
Department of Mathematics, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki,
Greece
E-mail address: siskakis@math.auth.gr