1

Rotor Spinning influence of fibre properties, yarn quality

compared to ring spinning, preparatory and post spinning
N.Balasubramanian1
Retd Jt Director (BTRA) & Consultanti
Abstract
Influence of fibre properties and preparatory and post
spinning processes on yarn quality and spinning
performance of rotor spinning is critically reviewed based
on Research and development work over the years.
Accumulation of microdust and wedging of trash in rotor
groove is one of main factors for end breakage rate and
periodic irregularity in yarn. Though rotor yarn has lower
strength, strength of weak places is comparable to that
of ring yarn because of lower variability. Improvement in
quality is more in coarse mixings. Addition of waste
without affecting quality is possible. Lower card
production rate improves rotor yarn quality. Size pick up
is higher in rotor yarns and concentration and
formulations have to be adjusted. Yarn and fabric
appearance are better but tear strength is lower with
rotor yarn.
Influence of fibre properties
Cotton
Fibre Fineness
Fibre fineness has the maximum influence on quality of rotor
yarns. A greater number of fibres per cross section is required in
rotor yarns than in ring yarns. Minimum number of fibres to
enable spinning increases at high rotor speeds. Minimum number
of fibres required for various materials are as under
1. Cotton 100 140
2. Polyester/cotton 80 120
3. Acrylics 80 100
Fibre maturity is less critical in rotor spinning than in ring
spinning. One study however shows that yarn appearance is
adversely affected by low micronaire cotton though end breakage
rate is reduced1.
Strength

1I, Rajeswari, 36, 17th Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400071, 9869716298

Stronger the fibre stronger will be the rotor yarn. Since lower
strength is one of the drawbacks of rotor yarn, stronger cottons
should be used.Louis2 reported that fibre strength has more
influence on yarn strength than fibre length.
Length
Though fibre length is important its effect is not that pronounced
as in ring yarns. With increase in fibre length, reduction in yarn
strength with respect to ring spinning will be higher and reduction
in irregularity will be less. This is partly because of higher
disorientation and wrapper fibre incidence with longer fibres.
Louis2 found more wrapper fibres with longer cotton (31.8mm)
than a shorter cotton(25.1mm) Heap and Price 3 found higher
shrinkage of bleached knitted fabrics with shorter, coarser and
weaker cottons compared to long, fine and strong cottons. Long
staple cottons have poorer utilization of fibre strength because of
higher incidence of wrapper fibres1.
Variability in length is not that critical in rotor spinning as in ring
spinning as there is no drafting system. So comber noil and flat
strips are added to some extent to reduce raw material cost.
Manohar,Rakshit and Balasubramanian4 found that improvements
in yarn irregularity and imperfections are more marked in waste
mixing and the fall in strength is also lower. Taher 5 et al found that
yarn count, rotor parameters and speed have as much influence
on yarn quality as waste % added in mixing. Up to 25 % waste
could be added to mixing without affecting yarn quality if rotor
diameter and speed are properly chosen. 92% of yarn strength is
accounted by fibre properties in rotor yarns as against 94 % in
ring yarns6.
Micro dust and Trash
Rotor spinning is more sensitive to trash and micro dust in cotton
than ring spinning. Micro dust and trash increase end breakages
and contribute to periodic irregularities in yarns that result in
rejections. Irregularity, hairiness, abrasion resistance and
resistance to abrasion deteriorate with yarns produced without
periodic cleaning of rotor7.Trash content in input sliver should be
below 0.2 % to get satisfactory performance. Trash particles get
wedged in the rotor and result in periodicity with wavelength
equal to rotor circumference. Micro dust in cotton should be within
5 35 mg/kg. Small deposits first form in rotor which acts as
nuclei for further deposits until a complete ring of deposits is
formed. End breaks occur when the ring size increases beyond a
level8. Naarding9 found that micro dust in cotton consisted of
particles of 5 to 40 m diameter. Langley and

Haasma10determined particle size distribution on rotor wall and

groove using a microscopic method for measuring micro dust,
This is found to be of the type given in Fig 1
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Particle Size m

Fig 1 : Particle size distribution in rotor wall and groove

Mean size of the particle on rotor wall is 2 m and that in groove
is 3.8 m. However, this study has been made on laboratory
model spintester without trash cleaner and so the results have to
be used with caution. Using coulter counter Simpson 11 found that
particle size in the rotor ranged between 4 11 m. His results
also showed a larger particle size in groove than that in rotor wall.
Mid infra red spectroscopy can be used for qualitative
identification of cotton contaminants. This technique showed that
type of trash and dust accumulating in rotor is of hull and shale
rather than seed coat fragments 12.Barella and Virgo13 found a
gradual deterioration in cotton yarn strength, regularity,
imperfections, faults, hairiness and abrasion resistance from start
to end of package build on rotor positions where no end break has
occurred. Progressive appearance of periodicities in the yarn in
wavelength range 20 100mm is found as package builds up.
This is because of accumulation of dust, trash and dust as the
rotor has not been cleaned. With viscose, the yarn shows
deterioration in central layers which disappears afterwards. This is
because of accumulation of impurities in rotor which result in a
break followed by rotor cleaning. These studies emphasise the
need for regular cleaning of rotor groove. Nield and Abadeer 14

found that front take off of yarn gives inward rotation which
pushes dust particles into the groove. Back take off gives outward
rotation which keeps rotor groove clean. Rotor groove shape
affects rotor deposits15.Rotation of yarn around its axis during
peeling off has considerable influence on movement of trash in
rotor groove16.
Man made Fibre
Rotor yarns from man made fibres and blends are 20-30 % weaker
than ring yarns with lower elongation. Improvements in evenness
and imperfections are negligible. Wrapper fibre incidence is
higher, because of longer fibre length, leading to inferior fabric
appearance. Problems with polyester are
1. Static charge development
2. Rapid wear and tear of opening roller, rotor and transport tube
due to titanium dioxide. Special fibres with lower TiO 2 content of .
03 % are preferred for rotor spinning.
3. Powdery deposit in rotor due to broken fibre tips and oligomeric
material.
4. Crimp in the fibre should be lower as higher crimp hampers
opening and affect smooth flow in transport tube
5. Pilling tendency with knitted fabric is encountered especially with
high tenacity fibre.
Fibre stiffness
Stiffness in fibre resists bending and twisting and integration into
yarn. Fibre type, length and diameter influence stiffness. Ratio of
diameter to fibre length is a measure of stiffness. Shorter fibre of
same type and diameter will be stiffer. Larger diameter fibre of
the same type and length will be stiffer. Twist efficiency will be
lower with stiffer fibres.
Yarn quality
Yarn strength is generally lower in rotor yarns than ring yarns by
15 25% and the extent of difference depends upon quality of
mixing, count and upon type of strength test (Lea or single
thread). Manohar, Rakshit and Balasubramanian 4 found that
reduction in lea strength ranges from16 22% with normal mixing
and from 5 14% in waste mixing which means that the drop in
strength is of much lower order with inferior mixing.
Balasubramanian17 showed that the difference in strength
between rotor and ring yarns depends upon the type of strength
test, being more in single thread than in lea. This is because of
higher lea ratio in rotor yarns which again is due to lower strength
variability. Sultan and Elhawary18 confirmed that the extent of
reduction in strength of rotor yarns compared to ring yarns can be

brought down by spinning coarser counts from shorter cottons.

Jameel19 et al reported that loss in strength of open end yarns in
relation to ring yarns increases from 6 % in 10s to 12.5 % in 16s,
23.3 % in 20s and 19.4% in 25s. 20 tex yarn from P/C blend has
higher tenacity than 30 tex from the same blend 20. Tenacity and
elongation increase with increase in polyester content. Lower
strength of rotor yarns is because of presence of hooked fibres,
poor load distribution, low migration and lower spinning
tensions21. Drop in strength of rotor yarn with respect to ring yarn
varies with fibre length of material as shown in Fig 2. With short
fibres and waste with fibre length between 10 15 mm, drop in
strength is minimum and with length beyond 30 mm drop in
strength is maximum. By optimising rotor spinning parameters,
15-25 % waste can be added in rotor spinning 22.

Fig 2 : Effect of fibre length on reduction in strength of rotor

yarn, ROs = Rotor yarn strength, RIs = Ring yarn strength
Variability in Count and strength
Lower strength in rotor yarn is partly compensated by lower
variability in count and strength. Manohar, Rakshit and
Balasubraamanian4 showed that the spread in frequency
distribution of single thread strength is considerably reduced in
rotor yarns compared to ring yarns. This will be clear from Fig 3.
As a result though mean strength of rotor yarn is lower than ring

yarn, strength of weakest place is comparable or even lower than

that of ring yarns. This explains the better performance of rotor
yarns than ring yarns in weaving and knitting.

Fig 3 : Comparison of frequency distribution of single thread

strength of rotor and ring yarns, 12.5s
Irregularity and Imperfections
25 30 % reduction in irregularity of yarn as estimated by Uster is
found with rotor yarns compared to ring yarns. The improvement
is more prominent in coarser counts and short fibres and waste
mixing4. Reduction in thin and thick places is even more
prominent to the extent of 80 90%. Neps however show lower
order of reduction and are comparable to ring yarns at high rotor
speeds. The reduction in irregularity and thin and thick places is
because of absence of drafting waves, better control over short
fibres and back doubling during deposition on rotor groove. Neps
do not show reduction because closely wound wrapper fibres get
counted as neps.

Fig 4 : Effect of fibre length on ratio of U% of Rotor

and Ring yarns, Ro = Rotor, Ri = Ring
Fig 4 shows how reduction in U% of rotor yarns with respect to
ring yarns varies with fibre length. With fibres of length 10mm
reduction in U% in rotor yarn is around 25% and with fibres
beyond 30 mm reduction is negligible. Yarn regularity is better in
20tex than 30 tex yarns20. Unevenness and thick places increase
with polyester content in P/C blend in 20 tex. But in 30 tex neps
as well as thick places are more in P/C blends than 100 %
polyester or cotton yarns20.Technique of factor analysis by SPSS
showed lower utilization of fibre properties in rotor spinning than
in ring spinning23. Higher impact of fibre length in rotor spinning is
indicated by this study.
Hairiness
Pillay24 et al found that the total length as well as mean length of
protruding hairs and loops is lower in rotor yarns than ring yarns.
Weight loss in singeing is also lower by 1-2% in rotor yarns than
ring yarns. This is because of better control of fibres in rotor
spinning. In ring spinning there is no control over trailing fibres
after they leave front roller nip and contribute to bulk of hairiness.
Mohammed25 et al confirmed that rotor yarns are less hairy than
ring yarns but have higher variability in hairiness, with
Polyester/cotton blends. Loops are more prominent in rotor yarns.
Hairiness of rotor yarns increases with increase in polyester
content. Sirang26 et al observed that though rotor yarns have
higher hairiness, % of extremely short (<0.25mm) and extremely
long (>3mm) protruding hairs of rotor yarns are greater than that
of ring yarns. Further between bobbin CV of hairiness of rotor yarn
is higher than that of ring yarns. This means that there are

variations in surface characteristics of rotor and navel from one

spinning position to another. Rotor yarns have lower CV of
diameter which must be because of the lower weight/unit length
variability. Another finding is higher within bobbin diameter CV
than between bobbin CV, which is contrary to that in ring yarns.
Prediction of yarn hairiness of ring and rotor yarns using back
propagation neural network algorithm showed model based on
HVI data is superior to those using AFIS and FMAT. Longer fibres
with higher elongation and lower maturity have less hairiness 27.
Abrasion Resistance
There is a general opinion that wear of needles is higher in
knitting with rotor yarns because of higher abrasion resistance.
However, based on the attrition caused to the wire in Lawson
Hemphill CTT tester, Jones28 concluded that the abrasion caused
by rotor yarn is only slightly higher than that by ring yarn. Chand 29
however opined that that rotor yarn has a lower abrasion
resistance than ring yarn because of the soft nature of sheath.
Barella and Manich30 report that abrasion resistance increases
with twist. Cotton yarns have higher abrasion resistance than
viscose and acrylics.
Migration
Mean fibre position and rootmean square deviation, proposed by
Hearle to quantify migration, are lower in rotor yarns than in ring
yarns24.This indicates core is denser in rotor than ring yarns and
migration is lower in former. Rate of change of helix envelope is
lower in rotor than ring yarns when actual number of turns is kept
the same. Tendency for long fibres to occupy preferentially core
position found in ring yarns is not that prominent in rotor yarns.
Kumar31 et al confirmed that rotor yarns have lower mean fibre
position, lower root square deviation but higher migration
intensity. Ishtiaque32 et al found that rotor yarns have lower fibre
extent, fibre overlap index and fibre-pair-overlap length than ring
yarns. Contrary to the work of other authors, Salhotra 33 et al
report that all migration parameters reduce with twist reach a
minimum and increase with further increase of twist. Initial
reduction may be because of increase in yarn compactness at the
peeling point. At higher twist, this is offset by reduced number of
fibres in yarn cross-section. Migration parameters do not follow
any particular trend with blend proportion in polyester viscose
blends. 100% polyester has lower mean fibre position and higher
mean migration intensity than 100% viscose. 33/67 PV blend has
maximum root mean square deviation34.
End breakage rate

End breakage rate in rotor spinning depends upon yarn strength

at the peeling point and spinning tension. It also depends upon
disturbing factors like trash and microdust, lay of fibres in groove.
End breakages will increase with rotor speed if suitable action is
not taken on optimizing mixing and parameters of machine,
especially rotor diameter. Rotor diameter has to be reduced and
optimum navel has to be used, with increase in rotor speed to
offset the increase in tension. Das and Ishtiaque 35, who classified
end breaks as per the shape of the broken end, reported that end
breaks with tapered end and embedded trash increase with rotor
speed. With increase in opening roller speed, end breakages
increase because of increased fibre breakages and fibre
disorientation in transport tube. At the same time, end breaks due
to seed coat are reduced. Grey rotational analysis and Taguchi
method have been integrated to find optimum process
parameters for combed rotor yarns. While rotor speed and feed
rate influence strength, unevenness is affected by rotor surface
speed and feed rate36. Use of finer drawing sliver and lower draft
in rotor reduces end breakage rate1. Relationship between
probability of end breakage and breaking strength, yarn tension
and tension variability has been studied by Uriniy 37.
Fabric Quality
Though tensile strength of fabric from rotor yarn is lower than that
of ring yarns, fall in strength comes down from yarn to fabric
stage38.This is because of better fabric assistance derived from
rotor yarns than ring yarns because of higher bulkiness and
greater area of contact at interlacements with former. Fabric
assistance also varies with make of rotor machine. Higher warp
way strength than weft way strength is found in rotor yarns. This
is because of better fabric assistance provided by weft than warp
because of higher crimp.
Appearance
Fabric appearance is distinctly superior with rotor yarn than ring
yarn38. The superior appearance comes from higher uniformity,
lower level of thick and thin places and faults and kitties. The
cover of the fabric is also much better with rotor yarn fabrics.
Tear Strength
Tear strength reduces by 25 30 % in fabrics from rotor yarns
compared to that from ring yarns. This is one of the major
drawbacks of rotor yarn.
Bursting Strength

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Bursting strength of knitted fabric from rotor yarn is found to be

much lower than that from ring yarn39.
Abrasion Resistance
Abrasion resistance as estimated by weight loss, after a preset
number of cycles, reduces38 by 20 to 55%. The nature of twisting
is different in ring and rotor yarns as shown in Fig 5. While surface
of ring yarn is relatively smooth, there are helical corrugations in
rotor yarns corresponding to twisting. The corrugations initially
come into contact with abrading medium and prevent
disintegration of surface fibres leading to higher abrasion
resistance.

Fig 5 : Comparison of twisting in rotor and ring yarns

Chand29 however attributed the higher abrasion of rotor yarn
fabrics, in normal square constructions, to the greater bearing
surface arising from soft outer layer of the yarn. However with
fabrics having long floats of warp or weft like satin or terry towel,
rotor yarn fabrics will have lower abrasion resistance. Iqbal and
Kolhatkar40 confirmed higher abrasion with rotor yarns than ring
yarns in denim fabrics. They attributed this to the presence of
wrapper fibres in rotor yarns which can slide over core material
and avoid abrasion with abrading material. Rameshkumar 39 et al
also found abrasion resistance to be higher in knitted fabrics from
rotor yarns compared to that from ring yarns. Rotor yarns
however gave more breaks in knitting.
Rubbing and Wash Fastness

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Wash and wear rating of rotor yarn fabrics is better than ring yarn
fabrics38. However Iqbal and Kolhatkar40 found inferior rubbing and
washing fastness of denim fabrics made from rotor yarns is
comparable to that from ring yarns.
Shrinkage in Knitting
Heap and Price3 found that shrinkage of bleached knitted fabric
from rotor yarn increased by 1.5 % in length and 1 % in width with
increase of twist factor from 3.6 to 4.
Influence of Preparatory
Blowroom
Preparatory is similar to ring spinning except for the absence of
speed frame and use of smaller size cans in finisher drawing.
Since trash and micro dust have a critical influence, Blowroom
cleaning efficiency should be given great importance. The line
should also be equipped with micro dust extractors or de dusters.
Passage of material over perforated drum with suction inside
helps to remove micro dust.
Carding
Rakshit and Balasubramanian41 showed that lower production rate
in carding reduced trash level in sliver and brought down the
opening roller waste in rotor spinning.55 % reduction in end
breakages in rotor spinning and markedly improved yarn are other
benefits from lower card production rate. Use of crush rolls in
carding pulverizes trash and is recommended in rotor spinning.
Simpson and Louis42 found that double carding reduces trash
accumulation in rotor, brings down end breakages and improves
yarn quality.
Drawing
Normally two drawing passages are recommended. The second
passage not only improves fibre parallelization and sliver
uniformity but also acts like a de dusting equipment to remove
micro dust and small particles. But in waste mixing having very
short fibres single drawing passage with autolevelling is
adequate particularly in applications where demand on quality
is not stringent. In extreme cases, direct feed of card sliver with
draw frame module is done for counts 100Ne and below. Idzite43
concludes that one drawframe would be adequate for spinning
polyester yarn if card is equipped with draft regulator. Yarns can
be produced conforming to Uster 25 % standards with this set
up. Barella and Vigo44 concluded that omission of one drawing
passage affects tenacity significantly but has only marginal

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effects on evenness and imperfections with acrylic fibre.

Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solutions
(TOPSIS) was used for determining optimum back zone setting,
break draft and delivery speed for rotor yarn in terms of knitting
performance. Parameters obtained by this method gave best
knitting performance45.
Relative Humidity
Mean fibre extent is affected by relative humidity in the spinning
room and as a result yarn quality is affected 46.
Post Spinning Processes
Doubling
Assembly winding prior to doubling will avoid wrap twisting as
both ends will be at the same tension. Further it minimizes singles
at the time of breakage or run out of one of the packages.
Tenacity improvement with doubling is higher than ring yarns by
25 % for S/Z and 20 % for Z/Z yarns. Soft twisted singles give
maximum improvement in strength
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Fig 6 : Relationship between Doubling twist to singles twist ratio

(D/S) for maximum tenacity s twist in rotor and ring yarns, 16 s
Ne

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Doubling twist to single twist ratio (D/S) for maximum yarn

tenacity is always lower in rotor yarn than ring yarn as shown in
Fig 6
D/S ratio for maximum yarn tenacity is lower for Z/Z yarn than S/Z
yarn
Tenacity increases with D/S ratio, reaches a maximum then drops
Elongation reduces with D/S ratio, reaches a minimum and
increases in S/Z yarns and increases continuously with D/S ratio in
Z/Z yarns
Palaniswamy46 et al found that twist liveliness of S/Z rotor ply yarn
increases as D/S increases. D/S ratio of .45 shows minimum twist
liveliness and knitted fabrics made from the same show least
spirality in both wet and dry state. Unal 48 found that the handle of
fabrics woven with doubled rotor yarn as weft was stiffer than that
of doubled ring yarns as weft. Fabrics made from doubled S/S
rotor weft yarns were stiffer than those from doubled Z/Z rotor
weft yarns.
Winding
Winding operation is normally not be necessary as

Fault incidence is low

Conical packages with different angles are possible in
modern machines

Waxing attachment is available

Fault clearing system is integral part of modern machines

Winding is however done in some cases to ensure higher level of
uniformity in length of yarns and to reduce hard waste caused by
remnants. Use of accurate yarn length measuring systems and
efficient clearing may obviate winding. Winding efficiency is
higher with rotor yarns because of lower fault incidence, longer
length of yarn and lower order of tension variations from start to
end. Tension in winding should be kept lower to preserve
elongation. Economics of rotor spinning will however come down
if winding is used.
Warping
Special wave shaped wire rings are used as balloon breakers in
the creel with rotor packages to reduce peak tensions. Yarn
tension must be kept lower to preserve elongation. Yarn leaving
the package should rotate in the same direction in all positions to
minimize streakiness in fabric. As rotor yarns are lively they
should be conditioned for 24 hrs at 90 % RH and 400 C.

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Sizing

Since rotor yarns are bulkier and more absorbent, they

take up to 3 10 % higher size than ring yarns. So size
concentration and formulations have to be adjusted.

Size pickup should be 10 % less than ring yarns to

minimize loss in elongation. Elongation should not reduce by more
than 25 30 %.

Size concentration should be reduced by 20 30 %

Stretch should be kept within 1.5 %

Rotor yarns can be overdried particularly when machine

runs at slow speed and this could increase end breaks.

Moisture content of cotton sized yarns should be kept at

8.3% - 8.8%

Squeeze pressure should be kept lower to minimize surface

roughness. With lower size concentration, pressure can be kept
higher.
Size penetration will be better with rotor yarns because of their
bulkiness. This should result in greater strength improvement.
However, contradictory findings have been reported in regard to
the effect of sizing on yarn tensile properties. Schwarz 49 et al
report a lower order of strength improvement in rotor yarns
compared to ring yarns upon sizing. As a result difference in
strength between ring and rotor yarns increase by 75% upon
sizing. At the same time, difference in elongation between the two
yarns reduces upon sizing. Difference in hairiness between the
two yarns is also reduced substantially upon sizing. However
Sengupta50 et al and Moreau51 found greater improvement in
strength upon sizing with rotor yarns compared to ring yarns.
Moreau51 found that the strength improvement from sizing in rotor
yarns is higher in coarser count. Strength retention upon abrasion
of sized rotor yarns depends upon the type of size. Strength
retention of sized rotor yarns increases with twist factor and
becomes higher than ring yarns at high twist. Sengupta 50 et al
also found better strength retention with rotor yarns compared to
ring yarns upon subjection to fixed number of abrasion cycles in
Zweigle weavability tester.
Loom shed working
A joint study by ATIRA, BTRA, and SITRA 38 showed that warp
breakage rates in loom shed are brought down by 20 70 % with
rotor yarns because of higher elongation, fewer weak places and

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faults, lower strength variability and ability to withstand cyclic

loads. At any strain imposed on yarn during shedding, stress in
rotor yarn is lower than that of ring yarns. Weft breaks however
do not show much reduction. Githaiga52 et al found that fibre
quality and rotor yarn production parameters have a significant
influence on weft insertion rate in Air-jet loom. Frequent cleaning
of rotor of microdust helps to improve weaving performance.
Finishing
One drawback of rotor yarns is the harsh feel of the fabric. To
overcome this, finishing treatments with a softener like silicone
elastomers or condensation products of fats is required. But
finishing treatment will be associated with a fall in strength. So
fabric construction has to be altered to get strength requirements
in ultimate fabric. However Mukhopadyay53 et al found that
reduction in tear strength of ring and rotor yarns diminishes from
grey to finished stage in military khaki. Presence of wrapper
fibres will impede raising/napping. So a second passage may have
to be given in the raising machine. Fabrics from rotor yarn dye to
deeper shade but brilliancy is lower. Lord 21 opined that increase in
bulkiness upon finishing is of lower order than that of ring yarns.
Refernces
1. R.G. Steadman, J.P.Gipson, R.D.Mehta and A.S. Soliman, Factors
affecting rotor spinning of fine cotton yarns, Textile Research J,
1989, 59, p 371
2. G.L.Louis, Some factors affecting open end cotton yarns, Textile
Research J, 1981, 51, p674.
3. 3. S.A.Heap and J.B. Price, The effect of open-end rotor yarn
quality on dimensions and shrinkage of cotton interlock fabrics,
Paper presented at Annual congress of Int. Fed. Of knitting
technologists, 1993
4. J.S.Manohar, A.K.Rakshit and N.Balasubramanian, Inflence of rotor
speed, rotor diameter and carding conditions on yarn quality in
open-end yarns, Textile Research J, 1983, 53, p 497
5. H.M.Taher, A.Beechir, B.H.Mohammed and S.F.Faouzi, Influence of
spinning parameters and recovered fibre from cotton waste on
the uniformity and hairiness of rotor spun yarns, J of Engineering
Fibres and Fabrics, 2009, 4, 3, p 36
6. G.L.Louis, H.L. Salan and L.B. Kimmell, Comparison of
properties of cotton yarns produced by Dref, Ring nad Open end
spinning systems, Textile Research J, 1985, 85, p 344
7. A.Barella, J.P.Virgo and F.J.Tarres, Contribution to the study of
turbine cleanliness on the properties of cotton and blend open
end yarns, Textile Research J, 1975, 45, p160.

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8. R.Nield and E.F. Abadeer, Deposits in the rotor groove in openend spinning Part II The initiation and development of rotor
deposits, J Textile Institute, 1979, 70, p275
9. W.J. Naarding, A new approach to microdust removal to improve
rotor spinning performance of cotton, Meliandtextilber, 1976, 57,
p5.
10. K.D.Langley and H.Haasma, A microscopic method for
analyzing microdust accumulation in rotor spinning, Textile
Research J, 1979, 49, p 465
11. J. Simpson Single vs Double Carding, Am Textile Rept Bull. ATT
1978, Nov.
12. J.Foulk, D.McAlister, D. Himmelsach and Ed Hughs, Mid
infrared spectroscopy of trash in cotton rotor dust, J of Cotton
Science, 2004, 8, p 243
13 A.Barella and J.P.Vigo, Introduction to the influence of rotor
cleanliness on properties of open end yarns, Textile Research J,
1974, 44, p 612
14. R.Nield and E.F. Abadeer, Deposits in the rotor groove in openend spinning Part III The effect of yarn rotation in the peripheral
twist zone, J Textile Institute, 1979, 70, p367.
15. R.Nield and E.F. Abadeer, Deposits in the rotor groove in openend spinning Part IV The effects of groove shape,yarn linear
density, direction of take off, rotor direction and twist in the yarn, J
Textile Institute, 1979, 70, p371.
16. R.Nield and E.F. Abadeer, Deposits in the rotor groove in openend spinning Part II Entry of particles in rotor groove, J Textile
Institute, 1979, 70, p282
17. N.Balasubramanian, Merits of Lea CSP and Lea Ratio, J. Textile
Association, 2005 April, p94
18. M.A. Sultan and L.A. Elhawary, A comparison of the properties
of open end spun and ring spun yarns produced from two
Egyptian cottons, J Textile Institute, 1974, 65, 4, p194.
19. N.A. Jameel, A.H. Khan, I.H.Reshamwala and M.S. Aghai,
Pakistan JAgric, 1982, 3, No 3, p 112.
20. Cotton/Polyester blens spun with the use of rotor spinning
frame, http://textile2technology.com/2009/11/cottonpolyesteryarn-blends-spun-with-the-use-of-a-rotor-spinning-frame.html
21. P.R. Lord, Structure of open end yarns, Textile Research J,
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