Chap.

14
Kinetics of particles:
work and energy

APPLICATIONS

A roller coaster makes use of gravitational forces to assist the

cars in reaching high speeds in the valleys of the track.
How can we design the track (e.g., the height, h, and the radius
of curvature, ) to control the forces experienced by the
passengers?
14-2

14.1 Work of a Force

P
dr = r - r
F

dU = F d r
= Fds cos
J (N-m) or (ft-lb)

14-3

Work of a Variable Force

U

= F dr
r2

1 2

r1

= F cos ds
S2

S1

S1S2

14-4

Work of a Constant Force (Fc)

S2

U 1 2 = FC cos ds

S1

= FC cos ( S 2 S1 )
( )
14-5

Work of Weight
W = W j
d r = dxi + dy j + dz k
U 1 2 = F d r =
=

y2

y1

r2

r1

( W j ) ( dx i + dy j + dz k )

Wdy

= W ( y 2 y1 )
or
U 1 2 = W y

( )
14-6

Work of a Spring Force Fs

Fs = ks

= F ds = ksds
S

1 2

S1

S2

S1

1
1
= ks ks
2
2
2

14-7

Fs = -ks

1
1
= ( ks ks )
2
2
2

1 2

14-8

14.2
Principle of Work and Energy
dv ds
a=
dt ds
dv ds
=
ds dt
dv
=v
ds
ads = vdv
F d r = ma d r
F
t

14-9

 F d r = F ds cos = Ft ds = ma t ds
r2

v2

r1

v1

F d r = mvdv

(Q at ds = vdv)

1
1
2
2
mv 2 mv1
2
2
1
1
2
2
U 12 = mv 2 mv1

2
2
1
T = mv 2
2
T1 + U 12 = T2
=

()
14-10

Work of Friction Caused by

Sliding
1
1
mv + Ps Ns = mv
2
2
2

N S' S
k

N (S - S' )
k

14-11

p. 184, 14-5
The 1.5-kg block slides along a smooth plane and strikes a nonlinear
spring with a speed of v = 4 m/s. The spring is termed nonlinear
because it has a resistance of FS = ks2, where k = 900 N/m2. Determine
the speed of the block after it has compressed the spring s = 0.2 m.

14-12

14-13

p. 187, 14-20
Packages having a mass of 7.5 kg are transferred horizontally from one
conveyor to the next using a ramp for which k = 0.15. The top
conveyor is moving at 1.8 m/s and the packages are spaced 0.9 m
apart. Determine the required speed of the bottom conveyor so no
sliding occurs when the packages come horizontally in contact with it.
What is the spacing s between the packages on the bottom conveyor?

14-14

14-15

p. 191, 14-36
The 50-kg stone has a speed of vA = 8 m/s when it reaches point A.
Determine the normal force it exerts on the incline when it reaches
point B. Neglect friction and the stones size.

14-16

14-17

14-18

14.4 Power and Efficiency

Def.

dU
P=
dt
F dr
=
dt
= F v

()

W (watt) = J/s = N-m/s

1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s= 746 W

=
=

(< 1)
14-19

p. 197, 14-52
The material hoist and the load have a total mass of 800 kg and the
counterweight C has a mass of 150 kg. If the upward speed of the
hoist increases uniformly from 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s in 1.5 s. Determine
the average power generated by the motor M during this time. The
motor operates with an efficiency of . = 0.8

14-20

14-21

14-22

14.5 Conservative Forces and

Potential Energy
Conservative Forces ()
Def.

Ex.
U w = wy
1 2 1 2
U s = ( ks 2 ks1 )
2
2

non-conservative force

Potential Energy ()
Def.
14-23

Gravitational Potential Energy

()

Vg = Wy

14-24

Elastic Potential Energy

()

Ve =

1 2
ks
2

(> 0)

( )

14-25

Potential Function ()

V = Vg + Ve
1
= Ws + ks 2
2

14-26

Potential Function ()
U 1 2

1
1
2
= V1 V 2 = ( Ws 1 + ks1 ) ( Ws 2 + ks 2 2 )
2
2
1
1
2
= W ( s 2 s1 ) ( ks 2 ks1 2 )
2
2

dU = V ( x , y , z ) V ( x + dx , y + dy , z + dz )
= dV ( x , y , z )

14-27

Potential Function ()

dU = F d r = ( Fx , Fy , Fz ) (dx, dy, dz )
= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz

Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz = dV ( x, y, z )
V
V
V
= (
dx +
dy +
dz )
x
y
z

14-28

Potential Function ()
Fx =

V
V
V
, Fy =
, Fz =
x
y
z

V
i
x

= ( i +
x

F =

( del ) = (

V
V
j
k
y
z

j+
k )V
y
z

)i + ( ) j + ( ) k
x
y
z

V w = Wy
F =W =W j

F = (
j )Wy
y
= W j

F = V
(

)
14-29

14.6 Conservation of
Energy
()

14.6 Conservation of Energy

T1 + V1 + ( U 1 2 ) noncons = T2 + V2
( U 1 2 ) noncons = 0
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
14-31

14.6 Conservation of Energy

p.174, eq 14-7
T1 + U 1 2 = T2
T1 + ( U 1 2 ) cons + (U 1 2 ) noncons = T2
T1 + (V1 V2 ) + ( U 1 2 ) noncons = T2
T1 + V1 + ( U 1 2 ) noncons = T2 + V2
ex. fig .14 20
(1) E1 = V1 + T1 = Wh + 0 = Wh
h
1W
( gh ) 2 + W = Wh
2 g
2
1W
(3) E3 = V3 + T3 = 0 +
( 2 gh ) 2 = Wh
2 g
( 2) E 2 = T2 + V2 =

E1 = E 2 = E3
14-32

p. 211, 14-80
The 1.5-kg block A slides in the smooth horizontal slot. When s = 0
the block is given an initial velocity of 18 m/s to the right. Determine
the maximum horizontal displacement s of the block. Each of the
two springs has a stiffness of k = 2500 N/m and an unstretched
length of 0.15 m.

14-33

14-34

p.215, 14-100
The 2-kg collar is released from rest at A and travels along the
smooth vertical guide. Determine the speed of the collar when it
reaches position B. Also, find the normal force exerted on the collar
at this position. The spring has an unstretched length of 200 mm.

14-35

14-36

14-37