The Midterm will have two sections. First, Listening IDs.

we will play excerpts of three

pieces played in class (lecture or section, plus writing assignments). For each example,
you must
identify: Artist, Title, and year of release; for Beatle songs also identify if the song was a
UK
single or on a UK album (name the album). Then identify three significant features:
musical or
historical information about this work. (20 points each). Second, Short answers. We will
ask
four questions, based on material covered in lecture, section and the reading. Each
question is to
be answered in a single paragraph. (10 points each). Bring a Blue Book!
The following terms will help you review for the midterm:
PEOPLE
All Four Beatles
(obviously!)
Lonnie Donegan
-pioneered skiffle music
-skiffle music was so simple that common people thought they could do it.
probably inspired Paul/John, who werent musical prodigies to start.
-Donnegans release of The Cumberland Gap inspired Lennon to form the
Quarry Men
Elvis Presley
-elvis was just a normal dude who became a star. inspired britons to play
guitar/do rock and roll
-inspired Paul to take up guitar
-early Quarry Men/Beatles played covers of his songs. Paul mcCartney admitted
early Beatles
just copied them a lot.
-style of early Beatles was centered around their singing. modeled after Elvis,
who used guitar
to merely ACCOMPANY his vocal performance
Chuck Berry
-Quarry Men/early Beatles played covers of his songs. Paul mcCartney admitted
early Beatles
just copied them a lot.
-Elvis/Little Richard biggest singers in 1950s, but Chuck berry was
singer/songwriter/ instrumentalist. More complete
-added ideas of authorship in lyrics, rather than just pop cliches. we see lyrics like

these in
beatles.
-avoided exaggerated vocal styles of Elvis/Richard. More akin to what the Beatles
sang like
Little Richard
-Elvis listened to him and thought he rivaled Elvis intensity
-Paul McCartney imitated his great performance in The Girl Cant help It and it
impressed the
Quarry Men
-consequently, the Quarry men started covering Little Richard
Buddy Holly
-Quarry Men/early Beatles played covers of his songs. Paul mcCartney admitted
early Beatles just copied them a lot.
-tame compared to presley/Richard/Berry
-talented as a singer songwriter guitarist. sounds like John/Paul/George in their
early music days.
-Buddy Holly & the Crickets = an actual band, unlike Elvis/Chuck/etc. Beatles!
since Englands
society discouraged individuality in the working class, they were
special.
-they emulated their favorite bands by performing their songs/rhythms/etc.
McCartney cited
Holly as their tutor in this respect.
Carl Perkins
-gifted guitarist/songwriter
-provided Beatles/George Harrison with ability to work rockabilly guitar
Ray Charles
-known to the Beatles mainly by Elvis/others
-gospel style influence R&B that influenced Little Richard
The Quarrymen
-played lots of covers of old rock and roll mentioned prior
-originally started as a thing for John and his friends. then
Stuart Sutcliffe
-bass player, wasnt very talented but Johns friend.
-when he stayed in Hamburg with Astrid, Paul became the bassist. he stayed that
way foreverrrrrrrr
-alienated artist. John really dug his art. Possibly an influence on Johns
personality later in his
career as he retreated to himself/did acid.
-suggested the name Beetles to give homage to Buddy Holly and the Crickets
-Stuart was friends with art students in hamburg (Klaus Voorman, Jurgen

Vollmer) and adopted

their softer, rounder hair style. the rest of the beatles did too
Pete Best
-stuck out from beatles (didm;t cut hair, didnt hang out with them) but owned a
drum set
-kicked out when Martin thought he sucked during the recording of Love Me Do
-Quarry Men played at Casbah Coffee in their early days, basement of Pete
Bests mom
Astrid Kirchherr
-took photos of the beatles that made them seem like proletariat. part of their
image as well.
-suggested the round hairstyle for Stuart, and the Beatles adopted it and it
became their style
-Stuart stayed with Asstrid after awhile and McCartney became their bassist
forever
-influenced mod style (suits)
Rory Storm and the Hurricanes
-one of the earliest Liverpool beat success stories
-featured Ringo on the drums
-played at the Kaiserkeller with the Beatles. Met the Beatles there.
Tony Sheridan and the Beat Brothers
-tony introduced the Beatles to amphetamines, possibly gave them energy
present in early
songs
-collaborated with the Beatles in hamburg, so influenced their musical style
-rated Ringo highly as a drummer, disliked Pete Best. guess who became their
drummer later?
Ringo!
Brian Epstein
-agent to the Beatles
-eventually introduced the beatles to George R Martin and Parlophone, and
Martin helped the Beatles for a long time
-reason Beatles adapted a Mod look over the old Teddy boy look. Changed
beatles image
forever.
-booked the Beatles to a bunch of gigs in the early days, got them going. beatles
sucked at
getting from here to there.
-influenced decision to have Ringo sing
-booked Beatles on Ed Sullivan show. Lead to American success.
George Martin

-innovated Beatles songs, requested faster tempo for first hit (Please Please Me)
-reason Ringo was acquired
-wrote score to Yesterday
Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller
-rock and roll group that john/paul sang in their early days
-had good humor, like the Beatles
-wrote some of the girls group songs that the beatles covered
Roy Orbison
-Love Me Do was based loosely on Candy Man (two beat
rhythm/harmonica/acoustic rhythm)
-Please Please Me = melodramatic ballad in this style
the Everly Brothers
-infuenced by Buddy holly. Influecned Beatles decision to experiment with vocal
harmonies.
-Beatles played their songs in Hamburg
Gerry Goffin & Carole King
-wrote a lot of girl band songs (Chains/One Fine Day/Will You Love me Tomorrow
etc)
-girl group music in general influenced some of Beatles originals like Hold Me
Tight
-call and response style
The Cookies
-made Chains, which the Beatles covered
The Shirelles
-girl group that influenced most the others
-Beatles favorite girl group, made covers of them
The Isley Brothers
-made the twist a dancing phenomenon
-Twist and Shot song came from them, covered by Beatles
Berry Gordy
-wrote a song the Beatles liked to Perform Money (Thats What I want)
Smokey Robinson
-John thought he had a great voice
-Motowns #1 singer
-John admired his emotional sophisticaiotn/vulnerability
-THe Miracles (his band) was an early favorite of the Quarry Men
The Marvellettes

-Please Mr. postman

Maureen Cleave
-wrote Why The Beatles Cause All That Frenzy that set mold for subsequent
coverage
-atrtributed Beatles success to their confident demeanor and novel look
Princess Margaret
-Beatles played a show in front of her. Huge piece of publicity during Beatlemania
Robert Freeman
-photographer, shot With The Beatles Cover. They looked really serious. In tune
with contemporary American mood following JFK assassination, possibly made the
Beatles more
successful.
Ed Sullivan
-Beatles first TV performance in America on Ed Sullivan show (34% population =
largest
audience ever at this point)
-Beatles live performance looked nothing like what people had seen at that point
-helped take away the pain of JFK assassination
The Animals
-part of British Invasion following Beatlemania
-cover of House of The Rising song took Dylan folk song and added electric.
Possibly showed
Beatles that they could imitate Dylan successfully?
The Rolling Stones
-covered I Wanna Be Your Man by the Beatles
-embodied rebellious nature of beatles
-did not play as a group, did not write songs in a group like the Beatles
Richard Lester
-director a hard Days Night
-good at making musical sequences with satire/surrealism in Its Trad, Dad!
Alun Owen
-wrote Northern Realist tekleviions dramas based on Merseyside
-Liverpudlian, so John lennon liked him. Embodied the Beatles as being products
of Liverpool.
-wanted to introduce Beatles as prisoners of their success, john later embodied
this in his
music
Wilfrid Bramble (?)
-very clean joke (dirty old man)
-acted in Steptoe and Son
Cecil Sharp

-part of British folk revival

Woody Guthrie
-part of American folk revival
Pete Seeger
-part of American folk revival
The Almanac Singers
-New York City based folk group
Bob Dylan
-new chords (minor/major)
-harmonica reintroduced, acoustic guitar used more because of him
-Dylan adopted some Mod rocker fashion and electric guitar from Beatles
-branching off lyrically
-John imitates his style of singing about himself personally
-John took up 12 string musical guitar like him
Medgar Evers
-assassinated, l;ed to Bob Dylans song
INSTITUTIONS
The BBC
-That Was the Week That Was: comedy sketches that satirized current events,
origin of a lot of
Johns witticisms
-Beatles performed on BBC a lot during Spring of 1963
Radio Luxemburg
-other radio stations did not play Rock and Roll, but this one did and provided
service to
Liverpudlians
-possibly the reason the Beatles got a lot of Rock and Roll exposure early on
Decca Records
-Beatles had a terrible audition to get a recording Label with Decca Records.
-nonetheless, the beatles were impressed with Brian Epstein for getting
them set up in
the first place and then signed him as manager
-gave Beatles an audit tape that Epstein used with George Martin to get another
audition
EMI Records
-owned Parlophone, which gave Beatles their label
Parlophone Records
-gave Beatles their label.
Vee-Jay Records
-Chicago based label

-released Beatles first few records

Capitol Records
-subset EMI
-initially indifferent to Beatles, but then jumped on them when they made it big
PLACES
Liverpool
-Northern England, working class mentality
-the Beatles hood. people thought of them as Liverpudlians/working class.
-liverpool was not cleaned up very much after WWII whereas London was,
widened the rift
between classes.
-Scouse accent adopted from Liverpool area, part of Beatles image
-Scouse accents nasality makes their sarcastic humor better. part of
reason Beatles
humor was so funny to audiences
London
-symbolized upper/middle class and economic wellbeing, while the North of
England
represented the working class.
Hamburg
-Klaus Voorman/Jurgen Vollmer friends with Beatles. Influenced their round
hairstyle.
-Sutcliffe stayed with Astrid Kircherr and married her. This made Paul switch to
the bass, where
he has stayed ever since.
-met Ringo, who played at the Kaiserkeller here. later, he became their drummer
and stayed forever.
-forced to play a ton of music because of how much they played. Consequently,
had to
experiment more and widened their horizons/experimented with different
artists and musical styles.
-Astrid suggested rounder hair to Stuart, who obliged. The Beatles adopted it.
also, mod rocker
suits (Stuart borrowed clothes from her)
-astrids photos of the Beatles exemplified a proletariat look to the Beatles. part of
the reason is their image that they got successful.
The Cavern Club
-played there a lot during the early days
The Brill Building
-girl groups there. Melvettes/Shirelles made songs their and the Beatles emulated
their style as well as covered their songs.
New York City
-Beatles performed Ed Sullivan show here, first TV in America

-accounted for a ton of Beatles sales/British invasion (anglophilia). part of the

reason the Beatles had music released in the Untied States was because NY kept
buying it.
THINGS
The Beatles albums
and singles
Tea-chest bass
-played by the Quarry Men in their early skiffle days
-so damn skiffle. uses metal washtub as base of the bass.
Washboard
-played by Quarry Men in early skiffle days
-Ringo played this before he started the drums
acoustic guitar (6-string
and 12-string)
-12 string added a more ringing tone (first heard A Hard Days Night)
Rickenbacker Guitars
-made the 12 string for George
transistor radios
-music is blasted out of these, like She Lovers You. jumble of sound, not great
quality, for dancing and stuff.
MUSIC HISTORY
Beatlemania
MUSICAL TERMS
Meter (duple or triple)
Rhythm
Melody
Instrumentation
Texture
voice crossing: different harmonic roles = different textures. Changed roles,
different singers
did same role. Exemplified their group mentality.
different guitars George Harrison. Gave entirely different feel to songs.
jump from low to high (Little Richard) in If I Fell. Adopted textures of older
bands w/ their
instruments to allude
Please Please Me/From Me To You have a syncopated bluesy melody, those
early songs especially
Timbre
Harmony

Paratext
Major & Minor
scales
-folk vs normal i guess. minor can be haunting.
Tone (step)
Semitone (half-step)
Skiffle
-do it yourself type of music with homemade instruments. also, guitar.
Rock and Roll
Rhythm and Blues
Blues
Rockabilly
Girl Groups
-gave the beatles songs to cover, call and response style songs that the Beatles
emulated
-covered some of the Beatles songs themselves
-girl groups gave the Beatles a platform to use vocal harmonies. 1950s rock
didnt have a lot of this (call and response model)
Rhythm section
Musical form
Bar/measure
32-bar form (AABA form)
middle 8
12-bar blues
Verse
Bridge
Refrain
Folk song
Overdub
mono & stereo
IDEAS ABOUT PLAY
Constraints
Play Space
Composer
Performer
Listener w

major scale: TTsTTTs

minor scale: TsTTsTT
TYPE OF ANSWERS