EE 256 Notes 4 - Line Protection

EE 256 - POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Line Protection
Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
University of the Philippines
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

LINE PROTECTION
4.1 Overcurrent Protection and

Coordination
4.2 Distance Relaying
4.3 Pilot Relaying

EE 256 Power System Protection

GENERAL PROCEDURE ON COORDINATION OF

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
1.
Gather data required for coordination.

a. Updated Single Line Diagram of the
system
- show the type & ratings of protective

devices (CB, recloser, relay, fuse, CT,
PT and
other related information)
b. Line currents that goes through the protective
devices (normal, max. and emergency)


c. Short circuit currents (min. & max.)

- all types of faults (symm.& asymm)
d. Time-current characteristic curves of
protective device.
2. Select current & voltage reference to be
used in the log-log paper & scale all
quantities to this reference (base)
a. Log-log paper has 4.5 decades
b. Current scale must show lowest
normal current & max. short circuit
current


c. Voltage scale: use one reference

(voltage of distribution)
voltage
*refer the current values to the chosen

reference voltage
3. Plot current characteristics of equipment to be
protected (inrush, starting, damage curves &
points)
4. Plot the TCCs of devices being coordinated
-select settings or ratings based on principles of
coordination
5. Draw the line diagram of the portion that you are
coordinating & label the devices


Overcurrent Protection and

Coordination
Overcurrent protection is directed primarily to the

clearance of faults. The settings are usually adopted to
obtain some measure of overload protection.
Coordination is the selection of ratings, settings and

characteristics of overcurrent protective devices to
ensure that the minimum unfaulted load is interrupted
when protective devices isolate a fault or overload.



Coordination
WHEN DO YOU CONDUCT COORDINATION?
New electrical system is being designed

Significant loads are added to the system
Existing equipment are replaced with higher
rated equipment
Available short circuit current is increased
A fault on the periphery of the system shuts
down a major portion of the system



Coordination
DATA REQUIREMENTS
Single line diagram
Impedances
Short circuit currents
Starting and Inrush currents
Peak/Full load currents
Decrement curves of generators
Time-current characteristics (TCC) curves
Performance curves of CTs



Coordination
COORDINATION PROCEDURE
Update and/or develop the single line diagram
Calculate fault currents (maximum and minimum)
Determine protection requirements of various elements of the

system (motors, transformers, generators, feeders, etc.)
Prepare load analysis (maximum load and characteristics of

load)
Obtain TCC of protective devices
Select proper scale (voltage and current) using a log-log

paper
Select rating or setting which provide coordination margin



Coordination
COORDINATION MARGIN
The time interval between the operation of two adjacent
relays depends on the following factors:
circuit breaker interrupting time

Overshoot time of the relay
Errors
Final margin
Recommended Time: 0.3 0.5 seconds


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Coordination
4500A
2860A
MAX 7850A
MIN 3920A
2690A
2003A
1395A
1182A
500/5
400/5
200/5
100/5
R4
R3
R2
R1
B
120A
170A
80A
E
50A
Determine settings of R1 to R4 using the following relay

data:
Normal Inverse Curve (see manufacturers TCC)
Current Tap Setting: 0.5 2.5 x In (multiples of 0.5)
Time Multiplier: 0.05 1.0 (multiples of 0.05)
Instantaneous: 2.5 20 x In (multiples of 0.5)

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Distance Relaying
Distance relaying provides discriminating zones of

protection, provided that fault distance is a simple
function of impedance
Distance Relay Types

Impedance Relay
Reactance Relay
Mho Relay


15
Distance Relaying
ZONES OF PROTECTION
Zone 1 (instantaneous zone)

- Choose relay ohmic setting of 80% of the protected
line impedance (to provide an ample margin against
over-reach)
Zone 2
- 100% of the protected line
- Plus 50% of the next shortest line (to deal with
possible under-reach)
Zone 3
- 100% of the protected line
- Plus 100% of longest second line
- Plus 25% of longest third line (to provide back-up)

16
Distance Relaying
500 MVA fault
@ 115 kV
34.5 kV
36kV/
120V
400/5
Transformers
50MVA, 115/34.5kV
Z = 10%
Transmission Lines
Z1 = 2.5 + j5
Zo = 7.5 + j20.5
34.5 kV
Radial Feeders
Z1 = 3.5 + j7
Zo = 10.5 +j28.7
Determine the settings

of the distance relay
using:
a. Impedance relay
b. 45 Mho relay
Assignment:
Compute minimum
voltage at relay for a
fault at Zone 1 reach
a. Phase fault
b. Ground fault


17
Pilot Relaying
Pilot Relaying is an adaptation of the principles of
differential relaying that avoids the use of control cable
between terminals for fast clearing of faults of
transmission lines
Communication Channels
Power Line Carrier (PLC)
Microwave
Fiber Optics
Pilot Wire


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Pilot Relaying
Directional Comparison
Blocking Scheme
Unblocking Scheme
Tripping Scheme
Underreaching Transfer Trip
Overreaching Transfer Trip
Phase Comparison


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Lateral Tap Fusing

Fuse must clear a Bolted SLGF in 3
seconds; or
Bolted SLGF = 6 X Fuse rating; or
Fuse must clear a SLGF with a 30ohm fault resistance in 5 seconds

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Expulsion Fuse Expulsion Fuse Coordination

Downstream Fuse (referred to as the Protecting Fuse)
should operate before the Upstream Fuse (the
Protected Fuse)
Total Clearing Time of the Protecting Fuse should be less
than the Damage Time of the Protected Fuse [Note:
Damage Time is 75% of the Minimum Melting Time]
Fuse-Fuse Coordination Table provides maximum fault
currents that the protecting and protected fuse are
coordinated

35
Backup Current Limiting Fuse Coordination

CLF protecting Expulsion Fuse
Select a Backup CLF that have a maximum melting I2t below the
maximum clearing I2t of the expulsion element (Matched-Melt
Coordination Principle)
Check the TCC The expulsion link should always clear fault
currents in the low current operating region, especially below the
minimum interrupting current of the CLF
Estimating maximum melting I2t of expulsion links Take the
minimum calculated from the minimum melting TCC at 0.0125
sec. and multiply by 1.2 for Tin or 1.1 for Silver links


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Recloser Expulsion Fuse Coordination

Adjust Fast Curve (A) of the recloser
For one fast operation: A curve time x 1.25
For two fast operation with a reclosing time
greater or equal to 1 sec.: A curve time x
1.25
For two fast operation with a reclosing time
from 25 to 30 cycles: A curve time x 1.8
Smallest fuse must coordinate with the fast operation (A
curve) of the recloser.
Largest fuse must coordinate with the delayed operation (B
or C curve) of the recloser. Choose C curve if largest fuse
cannot coordinate with B curve

38
Recloser Recloser Coordination

Hydraulically-controlled Reclosers (Cooper)
Series-Coil Operated: Need more than 12 cycles
Solenoid Closing: Need 8 cycles separation
Coordinating Instantaneous Elements
Find a setting where the instantaneous relay will not operate for faults downstream of the
second protective device. The upstream relay will not operate if its pickup is above the
available fault current at the location of the downstream element. The instantaneous pickup
on the element must be higher than its time-overcurrent pickup.
[Note: This rules out hydraulic reclosers which have the same pickup for the fast (A) curve &
delayed curves (A&B)]
Use a time delay on the upstream instantaneous element. Choose enough time delay (6 to
10 cycles), to allow downstream device to clear before the station device operates.
Sequence Coordination If the device senses current above some minimum trip setting and
the current does not last long enough to trip based on the devices fast curve, the device
advances its control-sequence counter as if the unit had operated on its fast curve. So when
the downstream device moves to its delayed curve, the upstream device with sequence
coordination also is operating on its delayed curve.
Station device detects and counts faults (but does not open) for a fault cleared by a
downstream protection on the fast trip
If the fault current occurs again (usually because the fault is permanent), the station device
switches to the time-overcurrent element because it counted the first as an operation.

39
Station Relay and Recloser Settings

Phase Time-Overcurrent (TOC) Relay
Pickup at 2X the normal designed peak load on the circuit
Pickup < 75% of the bolted LTLF
Ground Time-Overcurrent (TOC) Relay
Pickup at 0.75X the normal designed peak load on the
circuit
Pickup < 75% of the SLGF current at the end of the line or
the next protective device
Must coordinate with the largest lateral fuse
Instantaneous Phase and Ground Relays
2X the TOC relay pickup

40
Sequence Coordination
Even with coordinated Fast Curves, nuisance momentary
interruptions occur for faults cleared by downstream recloser
Sequence:
R2 operates on its A curve. (R1 will not operate)
After a delay, R2 recloses. The fault is still there, so R2 operates

on its delayed B curve
R1 operates too on its a curve which operates before R2s curve
After R1 recloses, R2 should then clear the fault on its B curve,

which should operate before R1s B curve
The fault is still cleared properly, but customers upstream of R2

have extra momentary interruptions

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EE 256 - POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Prof. Rowaldo R. del Mundo

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

4.1 Overcurrent Protection and

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

GENERAL PROCEDURE ON COORDINATION OF

Gather data required for coordination.

- show the type & ratings of protective

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

c. Short circuit currents (min. & max.)

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

c. Voltage scale: use one reference

*refer the current values to the chosen

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

Overcurrent protection is directed primarily to the

Coordination is the selection of ratings, settings and

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

New electrical system is being designed

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

Update and/or develop the single line diagram

Calculate fault currents (maximum and minimum)

Determine protection requirements of various elements of the

Prepare load analysis (maximum load and characteristics of

Obtain TCC of protective devices

Select proper scale (voltage and current) using a log-log

Select rating or setting which provide coordination margin

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

circuit breaker interrupting time

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protection and

Determine settings of R1 to R4 using the following relay

EE 256 Power System Protection

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Distance relaying provides discriminating zones of

Distance Relay Types

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

Zone 1 (instantaneous zone)

EE 256 Power System Protection

Determine the settings

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection

University of the Philippines

EE 256 Power System Protection