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Elisa Mattiello
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Table of Contents
To Luca
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Acknowledgements
Table
of Contents
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Abbreviations
Table
of Contents
Opening
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
abbrev. Considerations
abbreviation
Zanfriniadjectival
adjFabio Baggio, Laura
adjective,
adv
adverb(ial)
Amer.
1.
Ethics and HumanAmerican
Rights (English)
arch.
archaicMigration Processes .................................... 15
in the South American
attrib.
attributive(ly)
Mario Santillo
Austral.
Australian
BNC
British
National Corpus
1.1 Migrants Rights
.............................................................................
17
Brit.
British (English)
Canad.
Canadian for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 International Instrument
cent.
century
1.3 Some Final Reflections...................................................................
23
chap.
chapter
colloq.
colloquial
Bibliography .........................................................................................
25
COLT
Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language
deprec.
depreciatory
2.
Migration Policiesderogatory
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
derog.
dial.Fabio Baggio
dialect
E.
English
2.1 International Migration
in East Asia
and SouthOperations
East Asia.............. 27
EMOs
Extra-grammatical
Morphological
esp.
especially
2.2 Migration Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
euphem.
euphemistic
F. 2.3 Ethics and Migration
French Management................................................. 43
fig.
figuratively
Fig.Bibliography .........................................................................................
Figure
47
freq.
frequently
G.
German
3.
Immigration in the
21st Century.
gen.
generally
Gr.The Need for an Ethical
Greek Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Richard Vanderberg
int Christine Baghdady,
interjection
Ir.
Irish
Increase ............................................................. 51
It. 3.1 World Population
Italian
L. 3.2 Urbanization, International
Latin
Migration and Governance ................. 53
lit.
literally
Abbreviations9
10
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ME
Middle English
Table
of Contents
MRs
Morphological Rules
n
noun, nominal
N. Amer.
North American (from U.S. and Canada)
NM
Natural Morphology
N.Z.
New Zealand
obs.
obsolete
occas.
occasionally
ODMS
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang
OE
Old English
OED
Oxford English Dictionary
offens.
offensive
orig.
origin(ally)
Opening
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
perh.
perhaps
phrFabio Baggio, Laura
phrase
Zanfrini
pl.
plural
Portug.
1.
Ethics and HumanPortuguese
Rights
ppl
participle, participial
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
pred
predicative
Mario
Santillo
prep
preposition
prob.
probably
1.1 Migrants Rights
............................................................................. 17
pron
pronoun
R.A.F.
Royal Air Force
1.2 International Instrument
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
RHR
Righthand Head Rule
1.3 Some Final Reflections...................................................................
23
rhym.
rhyming
S. Afr.
South African
25
Sc.Bibliography .........................................................................................
Scottish, Scots
Sp.
Spanish
spec.
2.
Migration Policiesspecifically
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
St. Fabio
E.
standard English
Baggio
U.K.
United Kingdom
U.S.
United States
2.1 International Migration
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
usu.
usually
v 2.2 Migration Policies
verb in ESEA............................................................ 34
vbl
verbal
2.3 Ethics and Migration
Management................................................. 43
WFRs
Word-formation Rules
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Table ofofContents
Table
Contents
Opening
and Executive Summary .............................. 15
11
ForewordConsiderations
.................................................................................................
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 19
1. Ethics and Human Rights
1.1.inBasic
assumptions
and aims
.................................................................
the South
American
Migration
Processes .................................... 19
15
1.2.Mario
The theoretical
Santillo framework ................................................................... 22
1.2.1. Generative morphology ............................................................ 23
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
1.2.2. Natural morphology.................................................................. 23
1.2
International
Instrumentmarginal
for Migrants
Defence .............................
21
1.2.3.
Extra-grammatical,
and expressive
morphology ....... 24
1.2.4.
Lexical
................................................................... 25
1.3
Some
Final complexity
Reflections...................................................................
23
1.3. Provisional observations ..................................................................... 26
......................................................................................... 27
25
1.4.Bibliography
The data ..............................................................................................
1.5. The organization of the study ............................................................... 29
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
2. Previous
Studies on Slang .................................................................. 31
2.1.2.1
The
definition
slang .........................................................................
InternationalofMigration
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 31
27
2.1.1. The sociological approach ........................................................ 32
2.2
Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
2.1.2. The stylistic approach ............................................................... 33
2.1.3.
Theand
linguistic
approach.............................................................
2.3
Ethics
Migration
Management................................................. 33
43
2.1.4. The lexicographic definition..................................................... 34
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
2.2. The classification of slang.................................................................... 35
Slang vs.
jargon
36
3. 2.2.1.
Immigration
in the
21st........................................................................
Century.
2.2.2.
Slang
vs.
cant............................................................................
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 36
51
2.2.3.
Slang
vs. dialect........................................................................
37
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
2.2.4. Slang vs. vernacular.................................................................. 38
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
2.2.5. Slang vs. accent ........................................................................ 38
3.2
Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance ................. 38
53
2.2.6.
Slang vs. colloquial
language
...................................................
2.2.7.
Specific
vs.
general
slang
.........................................................
39
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
12
Table of Contents
9
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Table of Contents
139
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5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.3.
5.2.4.
5.2.5.
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Foreword
Table
of Contents
Despite the amount of work that has been carried out to collect
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
English slang data, there has been, to date, no general introductory
work that has attempted to synthesize the main points of predictable
1. Ethics and Human Rights
relevance
of slang as a linguistic phenomenon. This book aims to
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
fillMario
the gap.
Santillo
The reasons for this constant omission are mainly to be sought in
Migrants attitude
Rights .............................................................................
17
the1.1traditional
of linguists and morphologists towards any
linguistic
fact
that
is
dubious
in
terms
of
grammar
and
its
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
recognized rules. Slang, a linguistic modality confined to spoken
1.3 Somehas
Finalalways
Reflections...................................................................
language,
been difficult to locate, to explain and 23
to
grasp
as a unitary
phenomenon. This has discouraged overall
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
formal accounts. Or, at most, its relevance has been explored in
sociology,
it and
has Ethics
been described
asSouth
a manifestation
of low2.
Migrationwhere
Policies
in East and
East Asia............
27
class
membership,
or
as
the
secret
language
of
restricted
groups,
Fabio Baggio
unwilling to communicate with outsiders, or, more generically, it
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
has been conflated with homiletic or other colloquial varieties.
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
Slang
has beenPolicies
preferentially
described in relation to the social
effects
that
it
produces
rather
than
as
a
phenomenon
in
itself.
The
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
linguistic comments have been mainly impressionistic and hardly
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
descriptive
or explanatory
of the phenomenon.
The present work comes as the result of a dissatisfaction with
3.
Immigration
in as
thean
21st
Century.
such
studies and
attempt
a successful one to fill the void
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
of a rigorous linguistic investigation.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
The book
is a careful,
theory-grounded
description of slang and of
its3.1
relevance
in
key
areas
such
as
morphology,
semantics and socioWorld Population Increase .............................................................
51
pragmatics. It offers a new understanding of slang formation
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
mechanisms, of its elusive, unstable meanings and meaning relations
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
16
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Foreword
179
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Introduction
Table
of Contents
1.1.
Basic assumptions and aims
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
The
concept
Mario
Santilloof slang has been inaccurately defined by many
lexicographers who tend to restrict it to colloquial or bad language,
1.1the
Migrants
Rights
17
and
term has
been.............................................................................
imprecisely used by many sociolinguists who
conflate
it with such
language
varietiesDefence
as cant,
jargon, dialect,
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
21
vernacular or accent. Besides, many formations of slang have long
1.3 Some
Final by
Reflections...................................................................
23
been
neglected
morphologists dealing with the English system
(Aronoff
1976,
Mayerthaler 1981, Bauer 1983, Scalise 1984,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Dressler et al. 1987 inter alia) since they find no room within the
regular
word-formation
patterns
of the
language;
other
2.
Migration
Policies and Ethics
in East
andstandard
South East
Asia............
27
Fabio
Baggio
slang
formations
have been briefly dealt with since they result
from the same ordinary word-building processes that give rise to
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
the general vocabulary (Eble 1996: 9).
2.2
Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
The
presentPolicies
study is
an attempt to explore English slang and
reconsider
it
from
both
linguistic
and
sociological
perspectives.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
The approach adopted here is synchronic, as it aims to illustrate
.........................................................................................
47
theBibliography
formations
and the neo-semanticisms which characterize
present-day English slang. As a more specific and ambitious
3.
Immigration
the 21sttoCentury.
aim,
this studyinintends
make a contribution to the international
The Need
for an
Ethicalthat
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
.....the
51
debate
on the
position
slang formations
occupy
within
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
relevant morphological theories, principally, generative morphology
(Aronoff
1976,
ScaliseIncrease
1984),.............................................................
natural morphology (Dressler et al.
3.1 World
Population
51
1987, Kilani-Schoch 1988, Tonelli & Dressler eds 1993, Wurzel
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
1994, Dressler 1999, 2005), and extra-grammatical morphology
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
20
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Introduction
219
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
21
social identity:
foxy and
shagadelic
index.............................
male adolescents,
whoFinal
use them
for multifarious reasons connected with their
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
slang
words.
In this Richard
study IVanderberg
intend, first, to offer a survey of the
Christine
Baghdady,
grammatical and extra-grammatical formations of English slang in
3.1 World
Population
Increaseand,
.............................................................
51
terms
of their
morphology,
second, to go deeper into their
semantics
and social
meaning. Migration
Each of these
aspects will.................
be touched
3.2 Urbanization,
International
and Governance
53
upon and expanded from chapters three to five. The theoretical
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
22
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Introduction
239
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
24
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.2.3.
Extra-grammatical,
marginal and expressive morphology 43
2.3 Ethics
and Migration Management.................................................
Within
the theory
of morphopragmatics (Dressler & Merlini Barbaresi
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
1994, 1997), many phenomena are excluded from morphological
grammar:
(a) in
sophisticated
coinages like shm-reduplication (e.g.
3.
Immigration
the 21st Century.
variables
shmariables),
(b)Approach.
blends (e.g.
smog),
(c) hypocoristics
(e.g.
The Need
for an Ethical
The
Canadian
Experience .....
51
Liz,Christine
Bet Baghdady,
Elisabeth;Richard
cf. grammatical
Vanderberg Lizz-ie, Bett-y, in which the
hypocoristic suffix -y is grammatical but the bases are not), (d)
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
acronyms (e.g. GOP Grand Old Party), (e) clippings (e.g. mike
3.2 Urbanization,
International (e.g.
Migration
and Governance
.................(or
53
microphone),
(f) echo-words
zigzag),
(g) back-derivation
back-formation,
e.g.
v
edit
editor),
and
(h)
expletive
infixations
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1. Introduction
259
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The
theoryBaghdady,
of complexity
recently entered the framework of
Christine
Richard has
Vanderberg
lexical semantics (Bertuccelli Papi & Lenci 2007) via an extension
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
from textual complexity (Merlini Barbaresi 2003). This theory paves
Urbanization,
International
Migrationofand
.................
the3.2way
for a concrete
interpretation
theGovernance
lexicon, viewed
as53a
complex
self-organized
dynamical
macro-system
whose
behaviour
is
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
26
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.3.
observations
1.1Provisional
Migrants Rights
............................................................................. 17
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
fox-y);
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
as instances
of extra-grammatical
or expressive morphology
(e.g. shagadelic);
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
Still other formations are typical of English slang the most
st Century.
3. Immigration
in the 21
representative
phenomenon
being Cockney rhyming slang,
The Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
esp. in its elliptic form but The
inexistent
in standard
English.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
1 See
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
Bertuccelli
Papi (2003),
Franceschi
(2007), Lorenzetti (2007) and Masi
1. Introduction
279
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
they appear to exhibit regularity and set the pattern for the
TableYet
of
Contents
creation of analogous forms.
As for slang semantics:
Slang items are far from being merely synonymous or
connoted variants of standard English equivalent forms (cf.
Dumas & Lighter 1978), because they are loaded with
aspects of meaning which are normally absent in standard
correspondents (cf. foxy and sexy);
They are rather complex words because: (a) their semantic
description
requires
numerous
dimensions
(e.g. foxy
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
Summary
..............................
11
entails visual perception and cognition, and
Fabiosimultaneously
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
also points to the dimension of affect); (b) they cover vague
and
disorganized
semantic spaces, namely:
1. Ethics
and
Human Rights
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Fabio
InBaggio
cognitive terms, it is very difficult to assign them to a
single frame,
since in
theEast
same
may
to more
2.1 International
Migration
Asiaelement
and South
Eastbelong
Asia..............
27
than one, and these in turn may differ from the frame
assigned to the same word in the standard language.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
A clear-cut
discrimination
would have not been possible without a
3.2 Urbanization,
Governance
53
2 Many
dictionaries ofInternational
English slangMigration
have beenand
compiled
so far .................
(e.g. Partridge
1984,
ed. 1998,Migration
Munro ed.in1989,
1993,An
1997,
2001,
Dalzell & ...........
Victor eds
3.3 Ayto
International
Canada:
Ethical
Assessment
54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
28
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
For the empirical part, tests on slang have been carried out by
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
submitting
to informants
excerpts from English films in which
some slangInstrument
expressions
used, Defence
as well .............................
as conversations 21
in
1.2 International
for are
Migrants
teenage slang recorded in COLT. The corpus-based slang data
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
is not
necessarily
recorded in the OED or in any specialized
dictionary
of slang (e.g. ODMS). Native speakers have
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
2007a,
b, c; see
also bilingual
dictionaries
such as Monti ed. 2003, Cagliero 51
&
Spallino eds 2007), but no specific corpora of slang are at the moment available
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
53
except
for the Bergen Corpus
of London
Teenage Language
(COLT), .................
which however
provides
only an incomplete
restricted
illustration
the phenomenon.
3.3 International
Migration
in Canada:
AnofEthical
Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1. Introduction
299
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter two introduces the
1.
Ethics
HumanaRights
topic
andand
provides
brief state of the art. It is meant to identify
in
the
South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
certain descriptive
criteria
which may
help us
recognize slang and
Mario Santillo
distinguish
it from other non-standard language varieties.
Chapters
three
and
four focus on the linguistic properties 17
of
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
slang. Specifically, chapter three is centred on slang morphology. It
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
classifies
the word-formation processes of slang, discriminating
between
theFinal
types
that conform to grammatical morphology and
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
those that depart from it and rather belong to extra-grammatical (or
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
expressive) morphology. Some subsections are devoted to the
distribution
slang and
affixes,
to in
their
base
properties
2.
Migrationof
Policies
Ethics
East
andcategories,
South Easthead
Asia............
27
andFabio
grammatical
classes. Others are devoted to slang compounds,
Baggio
especially to the syntactic categories of their constituents and to their
2.1 Internationaltransparency
Migration in East
Asia and(cf.
South
East Asia..............
27
morphosemantic
vs. opacity
Dressler
1999). Minor
phenomena
formation,
including reduplication, acronyms,
2.2 MigrationofPolicies
in ESEA............................................................
34
initialisms, blends, clippings, elliptic rhyming slang, back-formation,
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
43
reversed
forms,
variation, Management.................................................
word manufacture and fanciful formations,
areBibliography
also dealt with,
as they are frequently involved in slang formations.
.........................................................................................
47
Chapter four deals with the phenomenon of slang from a lexical
st Century.
semantic
perspective.
first explores whether the slang lexical
3.
Immigration
in the 21It
The Need
for an Ethical
Theone
Canadian
..... 51
system
is comparable
withApproach.
the standard
in termsExperience
of organization
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
into
fields Baghdady,
and internal
meaning
relations. It then explores some
representative
semantic
areas.............................................................
of slang viz., drug addiction,
3.1 World Population
Increase
51
homosexuality, alcoholism, foreigners, attractive women, body
3.2 Urbanization,
andregular
Governance
53
parts
with the International
purpose of Migration
identifying
and.................
predictable
30
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2. Previous
Studies on Slang
Table
of Contents
Opening
and
Executive
..............................
One ofConsiderations
the clichs of the
subject
is thatSummary
anyone can
recognize slang, 11
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
but no one can define it. The reverse may be closer to the truth.
(Dumas & Lighter 1978: 10)
1. Ethics and Human Rights
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
2.1.
TheSantillo
definition of slang
Mario
.............................................................................
17
In 1.1
theMigrants
pertinentRights
literature,
most definitions of slang show a tendency
towards
a sociological
view
of the phenomenon.
This view 21
is
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
accepted, among others, by Eble (1996) and Munro (ed.) (1997),
1.3 basically
Some Finalregard
Reflections...................................................................
23
who
slang as a social means of identification and
cohesiveness
a group (cf. Allen 1998). A second fundamental
Bibliographywithin
.........................................................................................
25
approach is stylistic. In line with this, slang has to be arranged among
theMigration
varietiesPolicies
according
attitude
(Quirk
et al. East
1985:
25-27) as27
it
2.
and to
Ethics
in East
and South
Asia............
Fabio Baggio
includes
words that are below the level of stylistically neutral
language
(Stenstrm et al. 2002: 67). A third relevant approach
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
emphasizes the aspects of novelty and freshness of slang, and
2.2 Migrationit Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
characterizes
as a language
variety that exhibits a leaning towards
lexical
innovation
(Dundes
&
Schonhorn
1963,
Mencken
1967,
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
Olesen & Whittaker 1968, Dumas & Lighter 1978, Sornig 1981).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
In lexicography,
most dictionaries agree that the word slang
may be defined with at st
least two senses. First, slang is the restricted
3.
Immigration
in the
Century.
speech
of marginal
or21
distinct
subgroups in society and, second, it is a
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... 51
quite temporary, unconventional
vocabulary
characterized
primarily
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
by connotations of informality and novelty. In the OED, for
instance,
slang
is described
both as the special vocabulary 51
or
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
phraseology of a particular calling or profession and as a language
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
32
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
members
of aBaghdady,
group. (3) Slang
opposes
established authority. However, she gives
greatest prominence to the group-identifying function because her study focuses on
World
Population
Increase
the3.1
slang
used by
college students.
She.............................................................
indeed comments that slang mainly serves51
to
demarcate smaller groups or subcultures within the college student community, and
Migration
Governance
.................
53
that3.2
it Urbanization,
helps subgroupsInternational
like technicians
or studentand
journalists
to enhance
solidarity
and3.3
work
together. Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
International
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
339
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1.3.
The linguistic
approach
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
From
the linguistic
point of view, slang is regarded as the use 25
of
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
ordinary words in extraordinary senses or of extraordinary words in
ordinary
senses
(Yustand
ed.Ethics
1950).inJespersen
(1922:East
298)Asia............
pioneers this
2.
Migration
Policies
East and South
27
position,
stating
that
slang
finds
amusement
in
the
creation
and
Fabio Baggio
propagation of new words and in attaching new meanings to old
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
words.5
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
definition
except formal
usage and words and expressions of limited currency. 47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
4 Many studies stress the short-lived nature of slang. For instance, Andersson &
Trudgill (1990: 70) point outstthat, as slang is subject to change over time and from
3.
Immigration in the 21 Century.
place to place, What is slang for one person, generation or situation may not be
The
for an
Approach.
Thelikewise
Canadian
Experience
51
slang forNeed
another,
andEthical
Munro (ed.)
(1997: 27)
notices
that Slang.....
words
Christine
Vanderberg
come
and go.Baghdady,
Some slangRichard
expressions
are no longer recognized by speakers just a
few years later, other slang words come to be accepted as standard language, while
World
Population
51
still3.1
others
persist
as slangIncrease
for many.............................................................
years. More in Dumas & Lighter (1978),
Maurer & High (1980) and Eble (1996).
3.2Dundes
Urbanization,
International
Migration
andand
Governance
.................
53
5 See
& Schonhorn
(1963), Mencken
(1967)
Olesen & Whittaker
(1968)
for3.3
related
positions. Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
International
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
34
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
Executive Summary .............................. 11
2.1.4. The
lexicographicand
definition
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
but also as regards the etymology of the word slang, which is presently unknown
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
or dubious for most lexicographers. Overall, two distinct positions have developed
which
attribute
dissimilar
origins to slang. One relates slang to the Scandinavian
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
world. In Skeat (ed.) (1910) the origin of the word slang (low, vulgar language)
is traced
back to the
Norwegian verb slengja kjeften (lit. sling the jaw, use abusive
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
language, slang) and to the Icelandic words slyngr or slunginn (versed in a thing,
cunning). In addition, the lexicographer behind this dictionary also reminds us of the
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East
South
East
27
Swedish
word slanger
(gossip),
remarking
thatand
all these
terms
areAsia............
probably derived
Fabio
from
the Baggio
second grade of the verb sling (throw, cast). The supposition of a
Scandinavian origin is also contemplated by Weekly (1921, in Mencken 1967: 703,
Migration
in East
and South
Asia..............
27
see2.1
alsoInternational
Partridge 1970),
who reports
two Asia
Norwegian
dialectEast
words
the neologism
slengjeord
(lit. a slang-word)
the nickname slengjenamn (lit. a slang-name)34
2.2 Migration
Policies in and
ESEA............................................................
as its brothers. By contrast, the OED states that the date and early associations of this
word
it improbable
that there
is any connection with certain Norwegian forms
2.3make
Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
based upon the cognate verb slenge or slengje.
TheBibliography
alternative position
suggested in the OED attributes a cant origin to slang.
.........................................................................................
47
The word slang may be either an argotic distortion of the French word langue or a
blending with the English word
language as its second member: e.g., sling language
3.
Immigration in the 21st Century.
(Webster & McKechnie eds 1963). Cf. beggars language, rogues language, thieves
The Need
for an
Ethical
Approach.
Thepostulation
Canadian
Experience
.....fact
51
language
(Mencken
1967,
Eble 1996).
The latter
is motivated
by the
Baghdady,
Richard
that,Christine
when the
word slang
first Vanderberg
appeared in English, about the middle of the
eighteenth century, it was employed as a synonym of cant, and, less than fifty years
3.1asWorld
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
later,
a synonym
of argot.
As observed
by Skeat (ed.) (1910: 568), the word
slang once denoted a narrow piece of land, so that currently, in the language of
3.2 Urbanization,
andtravel
Governance
.................
thieves
and gipsies, toInternational
be out on theMigration
slang means
about the
country as53a
hawker,
encamping byMigration
night on theinroadside
slangs.
3.3 International
Canada:
An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
359
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1The
International
Migration
East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.2.
classification
ofinslang
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
36
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3.
Immigration
in thethe
21stspecialized
Century. and usually secret language of
Slang
is not cant,
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
thieves, professional beggars,
and otherThe
groups
operating
on the fringes
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
of Christine
society (OED,
see also
Barisone
1989, Beier 1995, Gotti 1999). Yet
many
slang
words
arise
from
the
language
of the underworld and are
3.1 World Population Increase .............................................................
51
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
379
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
used for the purposes of secrecy and conspiracy. For instance, drug
Table
of Contents
dealers use such specific slang names as Charley/-ie, rock, skag,
skunk and speed for drugs in their traffics, and criminals use a
number of different in-group slang words to refer to the police (e.g.
bill, filth, fuzz, heat, pigs) in their illicit trades.
Despite its sometimes cryptic character, slang cannot be reduced
to the private language of the criminal world. It may be used by those
people in society who have reason to hide from actual authority (like
drug addicts and criminals), but it may also suit certain subgroups
who want to keep the content of their conversations secret from adult
people (like
teenagers and
college
students),
either..............................
to gain acceptance
Opening
Considerations
and
Executive
Summary
11
in aFabio
group
or
to
preserve
their
group
solidarity
(Eble
1996, Munro ed.
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
1997, Stenstrm 2000).
1. Ethics and Human Rights
2.2.3.
Slang
vs.American
dialect Migration Processes .................................... 15
in the
South
Mario
Slang
is Santillo
not geographically restricted, like dialect (cf. Chambers &
Trudgill
1980, Rights
Romaine
1994, 2000, Trudgill 1999), even if it 17
is
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
often regional and may vary from place to place, dialect to dialect
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
(Andersson
& Trudgill
1990:
70). Therefore,
what is slang 21
in
British
English
be standard in American English, or may have23a
1.3 Some
Finalmay
Reflections...................................................................
different meaning within the two regional varieties. For example, the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
slang
word bomb is used in British English to refer to a success (esp.
in entertainment) (e.g. like a bomb with considerable effectiveness
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
or success), but in American English, some of which is gaining
Fabio Baggio
currency in Britain, it is used in the exactly opposite sense of a
2.1 International
in East
andfanny
Southrefers
East Asia..............
27
failure.
Similarly,Migration
the vulgar
slangAsia
word
to the female
genitals
in British
English,
but it means the posterior or rump 34
in
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
American English.
2.3
Ethics its
andlocal
Migration
Management.................................................
43
Despite
peculiarities,
slang is not necessarily associated
with
one region
or social class. Some slang words are of more
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
general use or they happen to be understood by practically anyone
within
the language
3.
Immigration
in the community:
21st Century.for example, this is the case with
words
like for
nerd
insignificant
or socially
person)
or
The Need
an (an
Ethical
Approach. The
Canadianinept
Experience
..... 51
crackers
(crazy,
mad),
though
they may not be accepted as proper
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
British or American English words.
38
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario
Santillo
2.2.5.
Slang
vs. accent
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
Since
slang is pertinent
to word form and meaning, it is not accent,
which
simply
refers
to
word
pronunciation
(tone
quality,
pitch,
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
stress, etc.) (see Simpson 1994). In actual fact, some slang words
Some Final
23
are1.3created
by Reflections...................................................................
changing some sounds of standard items: e.g.,
Gawblimy!
and.........................................................................................
Gor blimey! are corruptions of the imprecation God
Bibliography
25
blind me!, heck is a slang euphemistic alteration of hell, lickle
(small)
is aPolicies
childlike
corruption
of little,
thang
the Southern
2.
Migration
and
Ethics in East
and and
South
EastisAsia............
27
U.S.
slang
pronunciation
of
thing
(originating
from
Black
E., see
Fabio Baggio
Munro ed. 1989: 8).
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
As we will see, however, slang involves not only altered words
Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
in 2.2
terms
of misspelling
or mispronunciation, but also new forms
and
novel
senses
(more
in
2.3.1
below).
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
Bibliography
47
2.2.6.
Slang vs..........................................................................................
colloquial language
Partridge
Andersson
& Trudgill 1990). Slang is informally
Christine1947,
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
used among people who belong to the same social group, or, more
3.1 Worldamong
Population
Increase
.............................................................
generally,
friends,
intimates
or family members, but 51
its
purposes
differ
from
mere
familiarity.
Consider,
for
instance,
the
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
expressions belly and beer belly: the former is a colloquial term
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
399
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario characterizing
Santillo
variety
a group (e.g. music slang, military slang,
navy
slang,
drug
slang,
thieves slang, teenage slang, college slang,
1.1 Migrants Rights .............................................................................
17
etc.), as a regional variety distinguishing an area (e.g. British slang,
1.2 International
Instrument forslang)
Migrants
21
American
slang, Anglo-Irish
or aDefence
district.............................
(Cockney slang),
and
an Final
informal
style of the language. It must be further
1.3as
Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
subdivided into either specific or general slang.9
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Basically, specific slang is language that speakers use to show
their belonging to a group and establish solidarity or intimacy with
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
the other group members. It is often used by speakers to create their
Fabio Baggio
own identity, including such aspects as social status and geographical
2.1 International
in East Asia
and Southlifestyle
East Asia..............
27
belonging,
or evenMigration
age, education,
occupation,
and special
10
interests.
It is Policies
largely in
used
by people of similar age and experience
2.2 Migration
ESEA............................................................
34
(like teenagers or college students) to strengthen the bonds within
2.3 own
Ethicspeer
and group,
Migration
Management.................................................
43
their
keeping
outsiders out (Eble 1996, Munro ed.
1997,
Stenstrm
et al. 2002). It is also used by people sharing the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
3.
Immigration
in the 21st Century.
9 In
sociolinguistics some scholars requiring a systematic classification make a
The Need
for an
Ethical
The
Canadian
Experience
.....64),
51
distinction
between
specific
andApproach.
general slang
words.
Stenstrm
et al. (2002:
Baghdady, between
Richard those
Vanderberg
for Christine
example, distinguish
words that are associated with a particular
group or trend (e.g. joint, speed, spliff) and those that are not (e.g. booze, fag,
3.1 World
Population
Increase
spooky)
(see also
Allen 1998:
878). ............................................................. 51
10 Flexner (1960: xii-xiii): Slang can be one of the most revealing things about a
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
andcontains
Governance
person,
because our own
personal slang
vocabulary
many .................
words used 53
by
choice,
words
which
we
use
to
create
our
own
image.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
40
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.
Immigration
in the 21st
2.3.
The description
ofCentury.
slang
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
The
descriptive
properties
which can be ascribed to slang are
heterogeneous,
and
vary
depending
on the perspective (sociological,
3.1 World Population Increase .............................................................
51
stylistic or linguistic) from which it is investigated, or on the sense
3.2 Urbanization,
International
and Governance
.................
53
(either
specific or general)
thatMigration
is taken into
account. After
a careful
419
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
AtMario
the phonological
level, slang plays with sounds and manipulates
Santillo
word pronunciations (Flexner 1960, Sornig 1981, Eble 1996, Allen
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
1998). The most common way of enlivening slang terms is
1.2 International
Instrumentwhich
for Migrants
Defence
.............................
onomatopoeia
or echoism,
accounts
for many
slang terms, 21
as
in 1.3
theSome
set ofFinal
synonyms
for the verb vomit (i.e. barf, bolk, chunder,
Reflections................................................................... 23
puke, ralph, spew, throw (up), etc.).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Another way
is jocular mispronunciation of words: for instance,
the slang affectionate forms of address hinnie/-y, luvvie/-y and
2.
Migration
Policies and mock
Ethics pronunciations
in East and South
Asia............
27
marra
are respectively
ofEast
honey,
lovey and
Fabio Baggio
marrow,
while the pronouns summat ( somewhat) and nuffink
sound
like and are
used inin the
of South
standard
2.1 International
Migration
East place
Asia and
East something
Asia..............and
27
nothing (cf. analogical formations in COLT: e.g. anyfink
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
anything,
everyfink
everything).
Assimilation
is likewise
recurrent in slang, especially 43
in
2.3
Ethics and Migration
Management.................................................
combination with consonant gemination. Examples proliferate in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
teenagers conversations: the interjections innit? ( isnt it?) and
wunnit? ( wasnt it?), and such contractions as dunno ( I do
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
not/dont
know),
give (itThe
to) Canadian
me; cf. lemme
let.....
me),
The Need
for angimme
Ethical(
Approach.
Experience
51
gonna
(
going
to),
gotta
(
(have)
got
to/a)
and
wanna
(
want
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
to/a) are attested in COLT (cf. doncher dont you).
3.1
World Population
51
Furthermore,
some Increase
sounds .............................................................
seem to be more distinctive of slang
than
others
(cf.
Wescott
1977,
1978,
in
Eble
1996:
40).
For
instance,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
the vowel /u/ is in slang variations, such as bazoom /bzum/ (
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
42
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
bosom /bz
a womans
Table
of m/)
Contents
439
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
champagne,
preggers
pregnant)
do
not
give
rise
to
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
any standard English term, nor do the infixes -bloody- (e.g. abso1.3 Some Final
23
bloody-lutely)
andReflections...................................................................
-fucking- (e.g. unfuckingtouchable).11
Besides, formations
obtained by back-slang (e.g. yob boy, 25
a
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
lout, hooligan) and rhyming slang (e.g. dogs meat feet) are not
considered
WFRs
they typically
2.
Migrationestablished
Policies and
Ethicsby
in morphologists,
East and South since
East Asia............
27
obtain
English
slang
words
rather
than
standard
ones.
In fact, slang
Fabio Baggio
morphology exhibits many formation patterns which still have to be
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
explored, and which will be in chapter 3 of this work.
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
2.3.1.3. Grammar
2.3much
Ethicsattention
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
Not
has been
devoted so far to the grammar of slang.
Munro
(ed.) (1997:
19) argues that the grammar of U.C.L.A. slang
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
is almost identical to the grammar of standard English, at least in its
inflectional
morphology
Sornig 1981, Eble 1996). Indeed, as in
3.
Immigration
in the 21st(cf.
Century.
The Need
for aninflection,
Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
.....the
51
standard
English
slang plural
nouns areExperience
obtained by
Christine
Richard
addition
of Baghdady,
the -s suffix
(e.g.Vanderberg
bird a girl, woman
birds), or of its
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
11 Munro (ed.) (1997: 8) remarks that one frequent infix that has entered the slang
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
andfrom
Governance
.................
53
vocabulary
of Californian
students is -iz-,
as in dizope
dope trendy,
and dizark
in the
from darkMigration
in the park.in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
3.3pizark
International
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
44
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.3.1.4.
Semantics
2.3 Ethics
and Migration Management................................................. 43
The semantics of slang has attracted the attention of almost all
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
pertinent
studies.
In particular, Eble (1996: 61-73) and Munro (ed.)
(1997: 11-12) underline the tendency of slang to name things
3.
Immigration
in the 21st Century.
indirectly
or figuratively,
especially through metaphor (e.g. bird an
The Need for
an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
51
aeroplane,
double
O U.S.
an intense
look), Experience
metonymy .....
(e.g.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
tinnie/-y Austral. a can of beer), synecdoche (e.g. wheels a car),
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
12 Dalphinis (1998: 77) asserts that many grammatical features of Black English
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
andtheGovernance
.................
(mainly
derived from Creole
languages)
survive in
U.K. For instance,
John 53
go
to market
is
said
instead
of
John
goes
to
the
market,
and
it
red
instead
of
it
is
red.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
459
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
euphemism (e.g. family jewels the male genitalia), and irony (e.g.
Table
of Contents
a (little) bit of all right something or somebody regarded as highly
satisfactory; esp. applied to a pretty woman) (see also Gumperz
1972).
Eble (1996: 54-60) also argues that slang items often diverge
from standard usage in predictable ways, especially by such
opposite semantic processes as generalization and specialization,
or amelioration and pejoration.13 For instance, the term eppie/-y
( epileptic fit) is used in slang with the more general sense of a
fit of temper, whereas grass, which in standard English refers to
herbage Considerations
in general, inand
slang
rather assumes
specialized sense
Opening
Executive
Summarythe
..............................
11
of Fabio
marijuana,
used
as
a
drug.
Similarly,
the
adjective
wicked,
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
having bad connotations in standard English (i.e. bad in moral
character,
disposition,
or conduct), in slang is used with positive
1.
Ethics and
Human Rights
connotations
mean excellent,
(orig. U.S.),
in the SouthtoAmerican
Migrationsplendid;
Processesremarkable
....................................
15
whereas
the neutral adverb inside (St. E. on the inner side), in
Mario Santillo
slang acquires the negative sense of in prison. Actually, similar
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
processes
of pragmatic adjustment are found in standard English as
well.
(2003:
273-277),
instance,
identifies
the process 21
of
1.2 Wilson
International
Instrument
for for
Migrants
Defence
.............................
narrowing (e.g. drink used to mean alcoholic drink), and that of
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
broadening, which is further subdivided into approximation
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
(e.g.
square used
to mean squarish) and metaphorical extension
(e.g. rose or diamond applied to a person).
2. Migration
Ethics
in Easttoand
SouthaEast
Asia............
27
However,Policies
it is notand
always
possible
identify
logical
connection
Fabio Baggio
between
a words standard meaning and those added by slang.
Indeed,
what seems
to beinparticularly
from
my lexical
2.1 International
Migration
East Asia andrelevant
South East
Asia..............
27
semantic approach is the organization (if any) of the slang lexical
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
system.
That is,Policies
I hypothesize
that the associative processes which
help
identify
the meaning
of slang words are different from
2.3 us
Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
standard ones, and sometimes they are concealed, so as to make
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
words inaccessible to outsiders. I will particularly concentrate on this
aspect of slang semantics
st in chapter 4.
3. Immigration in the 21 Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
13 Eble (1996: 58) uses the term pejoration for the process opposed to amelioration.
Urbanization,
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
She3.2
further
explains thatInternational
pejoration is the
process whereby
the connotation
associated
with
item becomes
less favourable
than the
normally denotes.
3.3a slang
International
Migration
in Canada:
Anmeaning
EthicalitAssessment
........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
46
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.3.1.5. Pragmatics
Table
of Contents
The pragmatics of slang
described
as an in-group vocabulary that identifies people 25
of
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
a colloquial
level ofManagement.................................................
speech that signals the speakers desire 43
to
soften the
seriousness or formality of the dominant tone, and
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
reported
in this
section. However,
as terminology varies throughout the literature,
synonymous properties are included under the same label. For instance, such
3.1 World
Population
51
properties
as vitality,
vigour,Increase
vivacity,.............................................................
liveliness and exuberance fall under the label
freshness, whereas informality summarizes the slang qualities of being (highly)
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
Governance
53
colloquial,
conversational,
familiar, popular,
or notand
accepted
as formal.................
usage.
15 See Table 2 for a detailed report in the literature.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
479
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
crop upRights
at very
brief intervals, but generally remain 17
in
current useInstrument
for a shortfor
time,
and then
pass .............................
away as quickly 21
as
1.2 International
Migrants
Defence
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
chap,Final
chum
and grub have been slang for a long time
(Andersson
& Trudgill 1990: 78), other words (called vogue
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
considered
debased,
subordinate speech, characteristically
dominated
by reversed prestige, lack of dignity and anti-social
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Freshness:
slangIncrease
is often.............................................................
described as a fresh vital vocabulary
3.1 World
Population
51
that keeps language alive and growing. The vigour and
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
Governance
.................for
53
liveliness that
lie behind
slangand
make
it a language
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
48
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mariowords
Santilloand obscenities which are related to sex, especially
male and female genitalia (e.g. cock, dick, prick, cunt, fanny,
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
pussy), sexual
intercourse (e.g. fuck, screw, shag), oral sex
(e.g. suck) or
sexual stimulation
(e.g.
wank).
Other obscenities
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
.............................
21
1.3 Some
Final e.g.,
Reflections...................................................................
23
religion:
blasphemous expressions, such as for fucks
sake, goddamn,
etc. (cf. Munro ed. 1997, Stenstrm et al.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
2002).
2. Migration
Policies and Ethics
in East and
South
Asia............
27
Subject-restriction:
sometimes
slang
is East
described
as the
Fabio Baggio
occupationMigration
or activity
in society.
makes
slang peculiar
2.1 International
in East
Asia andThis
South
East Asia..............
27
to a set of people who are identified by their specific
terminology or by the specialized terms they use with in2.3 Ethics
MigrationIn
Management.................................................
groupand
members.
particular, specific slang words such 43
as
crack (a
potent, crystalline form of cocaine), junkie (a
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
drug addict) and joint (a marijuana cigarette) are related to
the topicinof
and creep (a stealthy robber), dog (an
3. Immigration
thedrugs,
21st Century.
informer;
a
traitor),
and the Family
(the thieving
fraternity)
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... 51
are
connected
with
the
crime
topic.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Novelty:
slangIncrease
is generally
modern and up-to-date. The
3.1 World
Population
.............................................................
51
linguistic exuberance and the rapid change of the slang
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
Governance
.................
53
lexicon represent
a large
part of and
slangs
originality,
as they
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
in general,
the.............................................................................
slang lexicon is characterized by the intention
of the speaker/writer
break Defence
with established
linguistic
1.2 International
Instrument forto
Migrants
.............................
21
convention. Unconventionality is evident, for example, in
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
someFinal
unusual
slang expressions meaning crazy, mad, such
as bananas,
bonkers, crackers or nuts (Mattiello 2005). 25
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
Faddishness: slang consists of an eccentric, strange vocabulary,
2. Migration
and Ethics
in East and
South East
Asia............
27
mainlyPolicies
characterized
by bizarre
metaphors
(Allen
1998: 878)
Fabio Baggio
(McHenry Migration
ed. 1993: in
871).
instance,
bird
and
chick are odd
2.1 International
EastFor
Asia
and South
East
Asia..............
27
metaphors for a girl; a young woman, while fairy and
pansy bizarrely allude to a male homosexual. Figurative
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
interpretation
likewise
characterizes metonymy (e.g. brain 43
a
clever
person),
irony
(e.g.
bitching,
killer
having
the
positive
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
senses of excellent and a formidable person or thing),
euphemism
(e.g.
baccy, wacky tobaccy, wacky weed
3. Immigration
in the
21stwacky
Century.
U.S.
marijuana),
and
similes
(e.g.
to smoke
like a chimney
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
16 The OED considers phat a respelling of fat, but also provides some quotations
3.2explanations
Urbanization,
International
Migration
Governance
.................
53
with
of the
term as an acronym
(and
pussy
hips ass and
tits or pretty
hot3.3
andInternational
tempting; cf. pretty
hips and
thighs, Eble
175).
Migration
in Canada:
An1996:
Ethical
Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
50
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.1 Migrants
Rightsare
.............................................................................
17
vulgar slang
expressions connected with the word fuck
(e.g. fucked-off),
esp. for
when
used asDefence
an intensifier
(e.g. fucking
1.2 International
Instrument
Migrants
.............................
21
bollocks, fucking crap, fucking hell, etc.) (cf. obscenity above).
Bibliography
25
impress.........................................................................................
or shock others. Partridge (1947: 288) supports this
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in Eaststartling,
and South and
East Asia............
arresting,
striking,
or even
Andersson 27
&
Fabio Baggio
words is often
to bein startling,
amusing
or shocking.
2.1 International
Migration
East Asia and
South East
Asia..............The
27
striking or shocking effects of slang are obviously related to
the extravagance and taboo nature of some of its
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
expressions,
such as
fart (a breaking wind, a contemptible
person).........................................................................................
and cunt (the external female genital organs, 47
a
Bibliography
term of vulgar abuse for a woman).18
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
17 Apte (1998: 989): Individuals who use taboo words excessively in their speech
3.1become
World insensitive
PopulationtoIncrease
51
may
both the.............................................................
socially determined taboo nature of these
words and the fact that such words are offensive to listeners.
International
and
.................
18 3.2
ApteUrbanization,
(1998: 988): Speakers
who Migration
are aware of
theGovernance
potential of taboo
words53
to
arouse
strong
reactions
may
deliberately
use
them
to
shock
their
listeners.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
519
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Ethics
Human
ofand
it (cf.
Brit. Rights
slang bloke man, fellow and U.S. slang guy),
in theand
South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
within each variety,
other
sub-varieties
can be identified.
MarioFor
Santillo
instance, American slang is often differentiated between
SouthernRights
and Northern,
and within British slang, Cockney 17
is
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
used in the London area. So, while some slang items can be
1.2 International
Instrument
Defence
.............................
21
found in all
regions for
of Migrants
Britain (e.g.
knackered
exhausted,
wornFinal
out),
others, such as whistle ( rhym. slang whistle
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
and flute for suit), are restricted to Cockney.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
52
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Italians
TablePortuguese,
of Contents
Paki are used by
MarioSecrecy:
Santillo slang may also be cryptic and exclusive when it is
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
people in
authority.
Criminals, for example, use the slang
verbs nickInstrument
and pinch
mean steal
(a.............................
thing), and they
1.2 International
forto
Migrants
Defence
21
employ the polysemous noun stuff (narcotics, money,
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
cash,
stolen
goods, forbidden goods smuggled into 23a
gaol) to
speak secretly about clandestine drug traffic and
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
other forms of illegal behaviour.22
in East Asia
Southand
East
Asia..............
20 2.1
Cf. International
the/his tart (aMigration
wife or girl-friend)
in and
Australia
New
Zealand, or 27
in
Scouse, the Liverpool dialect.
539
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
times malicious
or even cruel. Sornig (1981: 69) cites the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
(likeBaghdady,
beggars and
gamblers),
and generally associated with the
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
levels of society that are culturally sub-standard. The raga
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
53
formation
of verlan, stresses
its use both
in clandestine
activities, as.................
a secret code,
and3.3
in peer
groups likeMigration
students, as
marker ofAn
belonging
alliance. ........... 54
International
inaCanada:
Ethical and
Assessment
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
54
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
an individuals
identity. For example, it may be perceived as17a
distinguishing
mark,forrevealing
information about
1.2 International
Instrument
Migrants private
Defence .............................
21
someones age, gender, attitude, condition, education, special
1.3 Some
Final etc.
Reflections...................................................................
23
interests,
By the way, Stenstrm et al. (2002: 73-76) show
the relationship
between slang and gender (see also Olivares
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
559
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography
25
Tables
1 and 2.........................................................................................
below summarize the properties of slang illustrated
above. Table 1 shows the language levels which in the relevant
2.
Migration
Policiesasand
Ethics by
in East
and
South East
Asia............
27
studies
are viewed
affected
slang,
whereas
Table
2 shows the
Fabio Baggio
sociological aspects which have been associated with slang up to
now.
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
The language levels and sociological aspects are disposed on the
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
vertical axis of the two respective tables, while the studies
2.3 Ethics are
and placed
Migration
considered
on Management.................................................
the horizontal axis. In Table 1 the mark 43
9
indicates
that the
language level under examination is claimed to 47
be
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
affected by slang innovation in the corresponding study on the
horizontal
axis;
in 21
Table
2, it indicates that slang meets the
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the
sociological
property
taken
into
account,
again in the
opinion of
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
.....the
51
respective
scholar(s).
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Table of Contents
Partridge (1947)
Mario Santillo
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Jespersen (1922)
Fabio Baggio
Flexner (1960)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Andersson & Trudgill (1990)
Allen (1998)
pragmatics
lexis/
semantics
grammar
Levels
morphology
phonology
Language
Studies
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Table of Contents
Yust (ed.) (1950)
OED
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Jespersen (1922)
Fabio Baggio
Flexner (1960)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Andersson & Trudgill (1990)
Allen (1998)
orality
novelty
subject-restr.
obscenity
freshness
playfulness
debasement
time-restr.
Social
Aspects
ephemerality
informality
group-restr.
Studies
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
spontaneity
technicality
prestige
efficiency
individuality
aggressiv.
culture-restr.
privacy
secrecy
colour
localism
humour
vulgarity
musicality
offensiveness
impertinence
hybridism
desire to impr.
faddishness
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Table of Contents
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
599
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
individuality),
an exclusive one (secrecy, privacy,
2.2 Migration
Policies often
in ESEA............................................................
34
culture-restriction, prestige);
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
restriction,
technicality);
As someone
having
a low cultural status (informality,
st Century.
3. Immigration
in the 21
debasement),
or
using
low/bad
language
(vulgarity,
obscenity);
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
Christine
RichardofVanderberg
As Baghdady,
an individual
a certain age or generation (time-
restriction,
ephemerality),
or coming from a specific regional
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
area (localism).
60
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The
linguistic
and sociological
properties of slang may therefore be
1.
Ethics
and Human
Rights
summarized
rearranged
as in
the schedule
below, which
in the Southand
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
provides
an outline of chapters 3-5 of this study on slang.
Mario Santillo
Speaker-oriented
Hearer-oriented
Bibliography .........................................................................................
25
grammatical and
group-restriction
playfulness
extra-grammatical
subject-restriction
humour
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South
East Asia............ 27
morphology
secrecy
freshness
Fabio Baggio
privacy
novelty
2.1 International Migration
in East Asia and South
EasttoAsia..............
27
informality
desire
impress
debasement
faddishness
2.2 Migration
lexical
organizationPolicies in ESEA............................................................ 34
vulgarity
colour
and
disorganization
2.3
Ethics and Migration
Management.................................................
43
obscenity
musicality
time-restriction
impertinence
Bibliography .........................................................................................
47
ephemerality
offensiveness
localism
aggressiveness
st
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3. Grammatical
and Extra-grammatical
Table
of Contents
Morphology
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
62
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening(amphetamines),
Considerations and
Executive
Summary ..............................
11
downs
(tranquillizing
drugs).
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
1.1
Rights
.............................................................................
17
8. Migrants
The local
Teddies
and yobbos ( back-slang yob + -o,
louts) swing
their dubious
weight
behind.............................
the strike.
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
21
9. Some
A shambles
as big as the Labour gabfest (a gathering for
1.3
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
talk).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.1 International
Migration
in Eastabso-bloomin-lutely
Asia and South East Asia..............
27
12.
Oh so loverly
sittin
(emphatic,
absolutely)
still!
I would never budge til Spring crept over
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
me windersill.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
16.
The Bill continues
to go
from strength
to strength
because
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
all the bobbies are completely O.T.T. (outrageous).
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
639
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1 International
in East
Asia andgrammar
South East
27
Slang
formations Migration
conforming
to regular
areAsia..............
unexpectedly
numerous.
In both
derivation
and composition, they adopt regular
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
morphological mechanisms to obtain predictable new words, as in
2.3 Ethics
andand
Migration
Management.................................................
43
dish
dish-y
bag + lady
baglady.
Within derivation,
suffixation may allow a better illustration 47
of
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
regular morphological patterns, since the number of suffixes largely
3.
Immigration
21st Century.
outweighs
that inofthe
prefixes
in English slang. The most productive
The Need
for an forming
Ethical Approach.
The
Canadian Experience ..... 51
suffixes
regularly
slang nouns
are:
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
lifer, weekend
3.1 World
Population
.............................................................
weekender),
or Increase
to verbal
bases (chop
chopper, drop 51
dropper), like
St. E. hatMigration
hatter,and
bake
baker;................. 53
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Governance
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
64
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
-ing forming
participial adjectives, as in zonk
zonking, by
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
analogy with St. E. will
willing;
2. Migration
Policies
Ethics
East and South
East
Asia............
27
-y attached
toand
nouns,
as in cheese
cheesy,
analogous
to St.
FabioE.Baggio
ice icy.
2.1 International
Migration in East
Asia and
Asia..............
27
Some
such adjective-forming
suffixes
areSouth
less East
recurrent
in slang
than
standardPolicies
language,
as -able (e.g. ropeable v rope).
2.2in
Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
Some adverbs are likewise formed regularly by attaching the
2.3 Ethics
Migration
43
suffix
-ly to and
adjectives,
asManagement.................................................
in stinkingly ( stinking), formed like St.
E. Bibliography
strikingly (
striking).
.........................................................................................
47
There are also some prefixes used in slang, which act regularly,
butImmigration
their productivity
3.
in the 21inst forming
Century. new words is low. Examples are
de-The
(asNeed
in de-bag
bags,Approach.
remove the
trousers),
(as in re-up
for an
Ethical
The
CanadianreExperience
.....
51
converted
up), superandVanderberg
un- (as in super-cool and uncool
Christine vBaghdady,
Richard
cool), and under- (as in underfug fug).
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Within composition, regularity is in terms of both morphotactics
3.2morphosemantics.
Urbanization, International
Migration
and Governance
53
and
From the
morphotactic
point of.................
view, some
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
659
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Extra-grammatical
are frequent slang formations. They
Christine Baghdady,phenomena
Richard Vanderberg
mainly consist of:
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
a) Anomalous derivations (i.e. expletive infixation and backformation or back-derivation, see Marchand 1969);
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
e) The
combination
of (b), (c) or (d) with affixes which carry no
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
schm-/shm-,
1. Ethicsprefix
and Human
Rightsthe hypocoristic or familiar suffix -ie/-y,
allomorphic
variants
-ey/-ee,
the (chiefly
Australian slang)
in theits
South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
Mariofamiliarizer
Santillo
-o, jocular -er and -s, and the composite suffixes
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
(seeFinal
Bauer
1983) and fanciful formations of unknown
origin. ......................................................................................... 25
Bibliography
The major grammatical MRs that appear to be violated in the afore-
2.
Migrationslang
Policies
and Ethicscompared
in East and
South
East Asia............
27
mentioned
formations,
with
canonical
formations,
Fabio Baggio
include:
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asiaderivation
and South East
Whereas rules
of canonical
are Asia..............
predictable 27
in
form change,
affixes
being added to continuous bases (un-34
+
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
touch, absolute + -ly), the morphotactics of slang derivatives
2.3 Ethics
and irregular,
Migration Management.................................................
43
is often
as in back-derived grot ( grotty), or the
base may
be discontinuous, that is, interrupted by an infix, 47
as
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
in abso-blooming-lutely.
3. Immigration
the 21st Century.
Whereasinsubtractive
MRs exhibit a tendency to delete a
The Need
an Ethical
Approach.
The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
smallfor
(usually
final)
part of the
base
(evacuate
evacu-ee),
Christine
and,Baghdady,
with twoRichard
bases,Vanderberg
of the first base (Austrian-Hungarian
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
679
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.3 Some
FinalUnitary
Reflections...................................................................
23
(1976)
Base Hypothesis, slang extra-grammatical
formations
exhibit various base categories for the same suffix,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
1 The hypothesis that input syntactic category information is not crucial to word-
3.1 World
Increase
51
formation
rulesPopulation
has been put
forward.............................................................
by many linguists (e.g., by Plank 1981, Plag
1999, Ryder 1999, Montermini 2001), and has been systematically investigated by
3.2(2004),
Urbanization,
Migration
and Governance
53
Plag
who showsInternational
that the Unitary
Base Hypothesis
is untenable.................
in derivational
morphology,
and ratherMigration
proposes ain
semantic,
approach. ........... 54
3.3 International
Canada:output-oriented
An Ethical Assessment
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
such as O.K.
Tableformations,
of Contents
prefix schm-/shm- (e.g.
1.
Ethics
and Human
(esp.
Marchand
1969,Rights
Aronoff 1976, Bauer 1983), some of the above
in
the
South
American
Migration
Processesare
....................................
15
extra-grammatical morphological
operations
not peculiar to slang.
Infixation,
in and
which
the inbases
rather than
2. Migration
Policies
Ethics
East are
and discontinuous
South East Asia............
27
morphs, as in fantastic
Fabiocontinuous
Baggio
fan-bloody-tastic (cf.
the preference for morphotactic transparency in Natural
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Morphology (NM), Dressler 2005).
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
subtractive
devices,
exhibit no meaning change between
input and
output, and also tend to lose the phonological
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
seven,Population
chuddy for
chewing
gum and flick for film, in which
3.1 World
Increase
.............................................................
51
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
699
The British suffix -er (and -ers, from a cumulation with -s),
1. Ethicsintroduced
and Human
Rights
into
Oxford University slang from sport, esp.
in therugby,
South American
Processes
....................................
15
and used Migration
to make jocular
formations
on nouns, by
Marioclipping
Santillo or curtailing them and adding -er(s) to the remaining
part, which
is .............................................................................
sometimes itself distorted, as in leccer/lecker/
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
1.2 International
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
spaghetti), Instrument
etc.;
1.3
Reflections...................................................................
23
Some
The Final
American
slang suffix -eroo (as in pipperoo pip),
equivalentsMigration
of nounsinand
as inEast
kiddo
( kid) and
2.1 International
Eastadjectives,
Asia and South
Asia..............
27
cheapo ( cheap) (cf. the derivative function in milko a
milkman).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
inflectional
suffix of standard English, derives adjectives
st Century.
3. Immigration
in the 21
may combine
with
other suffixes (e.g. -y, -er, -o) to obtain
The Need
for an (nutsy,
Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... fat
51
adjectives
bonkers crazy)
or nouns
(fatso a
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
person).
70
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
h) Formations
withand
regular
bases,
but an..............................
irregular order 11
of
Opening
Considerations
Executive
Summary
processes (esp. derivation after inflection);
Fabiomorphological
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
i)
1. Ethicsthe
and
Human Rights
processes
involving them straddle the borderline between,
in thesay,
Southderivation
American Migration
Processes ....................................
15
and compounding,
or morphology and
Mario Santillo
phonology.
1.1 Migrants
17
Type
(g) is theRights
most.............................................................................
common in slang formations. Consider, for
instance,
the derivatives
obtained
via suffixation
of the slang bases
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
21
yob, derived by back-slang (i.e. inverting the letters of boy), and
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
yuppie, an acronym from young urban professional:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.3 Ethics
and one
Migration
43
While,
on the
hand,Management.................................................
these derivatives conform to the regular
order
of morphological
concatenation (i.e. n yob
adj yob-b-ish 47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
n yobbish-ness; n yuppie v yupp-ify adj yuppif-i-ed / n yuppif-ication),
on theinother
they show a basic extra-grammatical
st Century.
3.
Immigration
the 21hand,
nature
due
to
the
origin
of
the
bases (see
3.1.2). Experience ..... 51
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
Type
(h)
is
basically
exemplified
by
inflected bases deriving
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
new words. Indeed, one of the most common generalizations which
3.1 World Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
morphologists
make when
distinguishing
inflection from derivation
is 3.2
thatUrbanization,
derivationalInternational
suffixes tend
to occurand
closer
to the .................
root or stem
Migration
Governance
53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
719
(n) arrive-al
(pl.)
Christine
Vanderberg
preceding
an Baghdady,
inflectional Richard
one is found
in the lexicalization process: in American
slang, the noun balls acquires the singular sense of courage, determination, so it is
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
treated
as a simple
base rather
than as .............................................................
a complex one in the adjective derivation. The
case of antsy is similar: the origin of this adjective is from the American English
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
idiomatic
phrase to have
ants in ones
pants (fidget
constantly, esp.
because 53
of
extreme
agitation),
hence
the
lexicalized
noun
ants
to
which
the
-y
suffix
is
added.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.1. Compounding
World
Population Increase
.............................................................
51
the3.1
head
of a morphologically
complex
word to be the righthand member of that
word. By the way, Dressler (2005: 275-276) claims that an explanation for the
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
right-hand
head preference
may lie in
the psycholinguistic
recency
effect which
makes
the end of a word
more in
salient.
In An
semiotic
terms,
the compound
3.3 International
Migration
Canada:
Ethical
Assessment
...........head
54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.1.1.
Compound
nounsManagement................................................. 43
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Nouns constitute the most extensive syntactic class of slang
BibliographyThe
.........................................................................................
compounds.
base categories of such compounds are, 47
as
anticipated, various, though the most common are, as in standard
3.
Immigration
in the(house-man),
21st Century. or a head-noun and an adjectiveEnglish,
two nouns
The Need(main
for an man).
Ethical Less
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... by
51
modifier
common
bases are
provided
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
grammatical rather than lexical words, as in I AM or she-male, with
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
represents
the figure, while
the non-head
is the ground.
However, saliency
does not
seem
apply to Romance
languages
(see Scalise
1992).
3.3toInternational
Migration
in Canada:
An 1988,
Ethical
Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
759
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
76
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sin city (often jocular) a city of licentiousness and vice. The head
Table
of Contents
is unusually the left-hand member in murder one (U.S.) a firstdegree murder.
The class of opaque exocentric compounds referring to human
beings includes dream-boat (orig. U.S.) an exceptionally attractive
or pleasing person, face-ache a mournful-looking person,
fruitcake (orig. U.S.) a crazy or eccentric person, gasbag ( gas
empty or boastful talk) an empty talker, glamour puss a
glamorous person, grease-ball (U.S.) a derogatory term for a
foreigner, grease monkey a mechanic, gum-shoe a detective,
head case
(orig. Brit.) and
a person
characterized
as mentally ill 11
or
Opening
Considerations
Executive
Summary ..............................
unstable,
jail-bait
(orig.
U.S.)
a
girl
who
is
under
the
legal
age
of
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
consent, jelly bean a pimp, jelly-dog a harrier, jelly roll a
lover,
bunny Rights
a derogatory term used to designate Blacks,
1.
Ethicsjungle
and Human
Australian
Aborigines,
king-fish
(U.S.)....................................
a leader, chief, boss,
in the South
Americanetc.,
Migration
Processes
15
lounge
Mariolizard
Santillo(orig. U.S.) a man who spends his time idling in
fashionable society, mouthpiece (chiefly Criminals) a lawyer,
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
nutcase
a crazy, mad, or eccentric person, peanut a small,
unintelligent,
or unimportant
chop
(U.S., derog.) 21
a
1.2 International
Instrument forperson,
Migrantspork
Defence
.............................
black person who is subservient to whites, post office a person
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
who receives information and either transmits it or holds it for
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
collection,
ring-worm
(U.S.) someone who regularly attends
boxing-matches, salt horse (Nautical) a naval officer with general
2.
Migration
Policies(chiefly
and Ethics
in East
and South aEast
Asia............
27
duties,
screwball
U.S.)
an eccentric;
madman,
snowFabio
Baggio
bird
(U.S.)
( snow cocaine) one who sniffs cocaine, stink-pot
a 2.1
term
of abuse for
a person.
International
Migration
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
The following exocentric compounds refer to inanimate objects,
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
things,
places, and
eveninabstract
aspects: cakehole a persons mouth,
cheesecake
(orig.
U.S.) Management.................................................
female sexual attractiveness, eyewash
2.3 Ethics and
Migration
43
(Military) unnecessary routine tasks or ceremonial, glass-house a
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
military prison or guard-room, gobstick ( gob the mouth) a
clarinet, God-box a church or other place of worship, goggle-box a
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
television set, goof ball/pill (a tablet of) any of various drugs, gumThe Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
bucket
(Naval) a smokers pipe, gum-game (U.S.) a trick or dodge,
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
hash-joint (chiefly U.S.) a cheap eating-house, hop toy a container
3.1for
World
Population
Increase
used
smoking
opium,
horse.............................................................
opera (orig. U.S.) a Western film 51
or
television
series,
jaw-bone
(N.
Amer.)
credit,
joy-house
a
brothel,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
joy/jungle juice (U.S.) alcoholic drink, knuckle sandwich a punch in
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
779
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
78
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
799
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
80
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario Santillo
habitually
wears spectacles and nineteenth hole (humorous, orig.
U.S.)
the
bar
a golf clubhouse, as reached at the end of17a
1.1 Migrants room
Rightsin
.............................................................................
standard round of eighteen holes. It is a preposition in undercover
International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
an1.2
undercover
agent.
819
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
occurs
in its inflected form (as a past participle) and the second one
Mario Santillo
is a preposition. The preposition is out in bombed out drunk; under
Migrantsof
Rights
.............................................................................
17
the1.1influence
drugs,
gross-out shocking, disgusting, skinned
out1.2having
no
money
left,
broke,
strung
out
(orig.
and
chiefly
International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
U.S.) addicted to drugs.
1.3
Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
The
preposition
up is extensively used, as in hopped-up (U.S.)
under
the influence
of a narcotic drug, hung up confused, lit up
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
( v light up) drunk or under the influence of a drug, pissed up
(chiefly
Brit.)
drunk,
up East
(Austral.)
dressed
2.
Migration
Policies
andintoxicated,
Ethics in Eastpooned
and South
Asia............
27
up,Fabio
esp. Baggio
showily or flashily, sexed-up sexually aroused, washed
up (orig. and chiefly U.S.) defeated, exhausted. It is also present
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
in stove-up (N. Amer.) run-down, exhausted, irregularly obtained
2.2 the
Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
from
verb stave
(break
up (a cask) into staves), and in geed-up
drugged,
which
has
a
nominal
first
base
(gee
opium
or
a
similar
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
drug) acting as a verb.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
which
have a past
or present
participle
as their second member (e.g. easy-going). The
author claims that the former is a derivational compound adjective which firstly
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
undergoes
a rule
of compounding
and .............................................................
secondly a rule of derivation (blue-eye + -ed),
whereas the latter is the result of a derivational rule (going) followed by a
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
................. -ed
53
compositional
rule (easy
+ going). Cf.
Contis (2007)
analysis of double-base
derivatives.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
82
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
orig. U.S.
all that is
3.2.1.2.4.
When the
first base
is an
adjective,
one may
2.1 International
Migration
in East
Asia
and Souththe
Eastsecond
Asia..............
27
be either an adjective or a participial. The former is found in
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
squeaky clean above criticism, beyond reproach, and the latter in
2.3 Ethics
andobs.
Migration
Management.................................................
43
half-cut
(also
half shaved),
half-shot (orig. U.S.) half-drunk,
and
stony-broke
ruined (cf. stone-broke above).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
3.2.1.2.5. The attributive type adjective + noun is clearly exophoric
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
andmostly
Executive
Summary
..............................
11
Slang compound
verbs are
obtained
by conversion,
as in (v)
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
eyeball
(n) eye-ball
and (v) bad-mouth (n) bad mouth (see
3.2.1.3.4). These are considered verbal pseudo-compounds by
1.
Ethics and(1969:
Human101)
Rights
Marchand
and are classified together with verbal
in
the
South
American
Processes
....................................
15
compounds obtained by Migration
back-formation.
Other
types are relatively
Mario
Santillo
marginal in slang.
84
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2.2 Migration
Policies
compound,
as in
in ESEA............................................................
greenback a frog, and lame-brain 34
a
stupid
person;
2.3 Ethics
and
Migration Management................................................. 43
Synthetic
compounds, in which the head is a deverbal
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
derivative, as in block-busting and egg-beater a helicopter;
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
Coordinate
compounds,
in which the first member does not
859
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86
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
879
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
88
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
90
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migrationphrase,
and Governance
5 Accordingly,
F. chemin
de fer is a lexicalized
whereas G. .................
Eisen-bahn,53
It.
ferro-via
and Sp. ferro-carril
are compounds.
3.3 International
Migration
in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.2. Prefixation
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
92
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in Mario
line Santillo
with Marchand 1969: 188), re- is almost exclusively
employed in the sense of again, and only occasionally of back. It
1.1be
Migrants
.............................................................................
may
prefixedRights
to ordinary
verbs of action, chiefly transitive (as 17
in
rearrange)
and
to
derivatives
from
these
(rearrangement).
In
slang,
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
it is prefixed to the verb up increase or raise to obtain re-up (U.S.
1.3 Some re-enlist
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
Services)
(also one who re-enlists), and its derivative
re-upping.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
3.2.2.3.
The prefix
shm- in East and South East Asia............ 27
2.
Migration
Policiesschm-,
and Ethics
Prefixed
inBaghdady,
an adverbial
relationship
to adjectives, in English superChristine
Richard
Vanderberg
has the sense of exceedingly, very highly, extremely, supremely,
3.1 World Population
.............................................................
51
extraordinarily;
over-Increase
(e.g. superactive
highly active). This sense
is 3.2
likewise
conveyed
by the slang
adjectives
super-cool
(orig. and
Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
chiefly U.S.) very cool, relaxed, fine, cool being itself a slang
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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3.2.3. Suffixation
94
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Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
adjectives
from verbs (e.g. annoy
annoyed, irritate
irritated). In English
slang, this pattern is found in cracked unsound in mind, slightly
insane, crooked (Austral. and N.Z.) irritable, angry, gutted
bitterly disappointed; devastated, paralysed (chiefly U.S.)
intoxicated; incapacitated through drink, plastered very drunk,
qualified euphemistic substitute for bloody, damned, etc.,
smashed (orig. U.S.) drunk; under the influence of drugs.
The same pattern from slang rather than standard verbs is in
banjaxed
(Anglo-Irish) and
(Executive
banjax batter
or ..............................
destroy) ruined,
Opening Considerations
Summary
11
blasted
(chiefly
U.S.)
(
blast
smoke
marijuana)
under the
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
influence of drugs or alcohol, bombed ( bomb Austral. drug (a
racehorse);
St. E.
bombard) drunk; under the influence of
1. Ethics and cf.
Human
Rights
drugs,
gassedAmerican
( gasMigration
orig. U.S.
excite
or thrill) drunk;
in the South
Processes
....................................
15
intoxicated,
knackered exhausted, oiled ( oil (up) N. Amer. and
Mario Santillo
Austral.) (mildly) drunk, pissed (orig. U.S.) ( piss (off)) angry,
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
irritated,
plotzed (U.S.) ( plotz burst, esp. fig. explode with
frustration)
intoxicated;
drunk,
splicedDefence
married,
stoned drunk,
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
21
extremely intoxicated, wiped (orig. U.S.) ( wipe (out) kill (a
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
person)) exhausted, tired out, incapacitated by drugs or alcohol,
etc.Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
3.2.3.5.
The suffix
-edand
(denominal
type:and
potted)
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics in East
South East Asia............ 27
The
suffix
-ed is also productively added to standard nouns to form
Fabio
Baggio
adjectives with the sense of possessing, provided with,
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
characterized by , as in cultured, moneyed, toothed, etc., and in
2.2 Migration derivatives
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
parasynthetic
(dark-eyed, lion-hearted, seven-hilled,
etc.).
It
is
likewise
added
to
slang
nouns
to
form
the
respective
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
adjectives: e.g., loaded (U.S.) ( load a dose of narcotics or a
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
large
amount of
alcohol) drugged or drunk, pipped (now chiefly
Austral. and N.Z.) ( pip a fit of disgust, annoyance) annoyed,
3.
Immigration
in the(chiefly
21st Century.
irritated,
plonked
Austral. and N.Z.) ( plonk cheap
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
TheAmer.)
Canadian
..... 51
wine)
intoxicated,
drunk,
potted (N.
( Experience
pot marijuana)
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
under the influence of cannabis, etc. On the other hand, the
adjective
O.D.d
having
taken.............................................................
an overdose is from the initialism
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
O.D.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1019
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.
Immigration
in the
21stitsCentury.
The
ending -eroo
(and
variant -aroo, also -roo, -oo)8 has been
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience ..... 51
defined as a factitious slang suffix (OED)
or a neo-pseudo-suffix
Christine Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
(Wentworth
1972) peculiar
to American slang formations, such as
102
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1039
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The
suffix
-ette corresponding to the French diminutive suffix
Fabio
Baggio
(e.g. F. montagnette, E. mountainette) is productively used in
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
English to form female nouns from male personal nouns (e.g.
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
suffragist
suffragette).
It is analogously used in English slang 34
to
form
hackette
(
hack
a
journalist
or
reporter)
a
jocular
or
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
disparaging term for a female journalist, and in colloquial British
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
English
to obtain
ladette ( lad a boy, youth) young woman
characterized by her enjoyment of male activities.
st
3. Immigration
the 21
In slang the in
suffix
-etteCentury.
may also be attached to a shortened base,
Needcase
for an
Ethical
Approach.
Experience
..... 51
in The
which
it does
not
derive aThe
newCanadian
word but
a connotative
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
option, as in derogatory bimbette ( bimbo) a young woman
regarded
as Population
sexually attractive
but thought to lack intelligence. 51
3.1 World
Increase .............................................................
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1059
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Chinkie/-y/-ey
a Chinaman, Dutchie/-y/-ee a Dutchman 23
or
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
drug addict,
junkie/-y/-ey (orig. U.S.) ( junk any narcotic
3. Immigration
in theeffeminate,
21st Century.
who is soft,
or homosexual, roughie/-y a rough
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The (chiefly
CanadianU.S.)
Experience
..... 51
or rowdy;
a hooligan,
rummy
a habitual
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1079
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
108
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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In Mario
present-day
English, -ing is a suffix forming verbal derivatives,
Santillo
originally abstract nouns of action (ask
asking, learn
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
learning),
but Rights
subsequently
developed in various directions, 17
to
express
existence,
processes,
habits,
etc.
By
later
extension,
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
formations with this suffix have been analogically made from nouns
1.3 Somegardening),
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
(bedding,
and, by ellipsis, from adverbs (as inning,
offing,
outing);.........................................................................................
while nonce-words in -ing are formed freely on
Bibliography
25
words or phrases of many kinds: e.g. oh-ing, hear-hearing (calling
oh!,
hear! hear!),
how-dye-doing
you do?);
2.
Migration
Policies and
Ethics in East(saying
and Southhow
Eastdo
Asia............
27
pinting
(having
pints
of
beer),
etc.
Fabio Baggio
In English slang, verbal nouns ending in -ing mainly express
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
actions which have passed into a process, practice, habit: e.g.,
2.2 Migration
Policiesthe
in ESEA............................................................
34
flaming
(Computing)
action or practice of sending inflammatory
or 2.3
abusive
messages
by
e-mail,
foozling
(Golf)
bungling,
fratting
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
( frat) friendly relations between British and American soldiers
Bibliography
47
and
German .........................................................................................
women, mooching (regional) begging; loafing,
phishing (Computing) (a respelling of fishing) fraud perpetrated on
st Century.
3.
in the 21(U.S.,
theImmigration
Internet, ranking
Black E.) ( rank insult (a person))
The Need for
an Ethicalsteaming
Approach.the
The action
Canadian
..... 51
intra-group
repartee,
of Experience
passing rapidly
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
through a public place robbing bystanders.
Sometimes
the notion
of action
may be limited to a single 51
or
3.1
World Population
Increase
.............................................................
particular occasion, as in bashing (Services) any arduous task,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
110
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
monetary loss,
1119
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
hip,
altered
abbreviation
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
of hypochondria), and as back-slang nouns (as in yobbish yob,
Bibliography .........................................................................................
47
characteristic
of a yob, see 3.1.3, type g).
3.2.3.17.
The suffix
3.
Immigration
in the-less
21st Century.
The
Need forsuffix
an Ethical
Canadian Experience
51
The
adjectival
-less,Approach.
accordingThe
to Marchand
(1969: 324).....
the
Christine
Baghdady, Richard
Vanderberg
negative
counterpart
of -ful,
attaches to nominal bases to convey
the3.1
privative
sense
without,
free
from (as in careless, needless;
World Population Increase .............................................................
51
cf. careful, needful). This sense is in colloquial potless (now chiefly
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
53
Brit.)
having no money,
penniless,
obtained
from the.................
slang noun
112
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
adjectives,
as badly in a bad manner. With the sense in a
Mario Santillo
manner slang regularly obtains adverbs from slang adjectives
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
ending
in y, changed
to i before -ly: e.g., chestily (U.S.) in a chesty
manner,
dopily
in
a
dopey
manner,
glitzily,
groovily,
hammily,
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
kookily, raunchily, spookily, wackily, etc. From an irregular
1.3 Some base
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
adjectival
(yobbish, see the adjective-forming suffix -ish
above),
slang coins
yobbishly in a loutish manner.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Slang adverbs may acquire the metaphorical sense unusually,
excessively,
really, extraordinarily
when
intensifiers,
as 27
in
2.
Migration Policies
and Ethics in East
and used
SouthasEast
Asia............
all-firedly
(
all-fired
infernal,
a
euphemism
for
hell-fired),
Fabio Baggio
seriously (orig. U.S.) (esp. as seriously rich), stinkingly (e.g.
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
stinkingly drunk, pretty, rich).
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1139
yuckiness.
Nouns ending in -ness from compound adjectives are, for instance,
all-overishness (see the adj all-overish under -ish above), boneheadedness ( bone-headed thick-headed, stupid), slug-nuttiness
( slug-nutty U.S. punch-drunk), and with-it-ness ( with-it
fashionable). The noun hotsy-totsiness is from a reduplicative
adjective (i.e. hotsy-totsy comfortable, satisfactory) and yobbishness
the condition of being a hooligan is from a denominal adjective
(yobbish),Considerations
whereas hippi(e)ness
the characteristics
of a hippie 11
or
Opening
and Executive
Summary ..............................
hippies
is
from
a
noun
(hippie/-y
a
hipster;
a
beatnik).
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
3.2.3.20. The suffix -o
especially
associated with Australian English has various origins,
Mario Santillo
which deserve some diachronic explanation. In the early 16th
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
century,
it mainly
represented the final syllable of Romance
borrowings
(e.g. E.
camisado
Sp. Camisada,
E. lingo Portug.
1.2 International
Instrument
for
Migrants
Defence .............................
21
lingua). In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, it represented the
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
vowel
that Final
became
final after the shortening of words by dropping
theBibliography
syllables following
a medial o, as in memo ( memorandum),
.........................................................................................
25
and more recent (19th cent.) loco ( locomotive). Since the late
ME
period, it
has also
theand
interjections
O, and oh
2.
Migration
Policies
andrepresented
Ethics in East
South East ho,
Asia............
27
attached
to a word to form refrains or vocative expressions (e.g.
Fabio Baggio
cheerio, heave-ho, righto). A number of words occur in the second
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
half of the 19th century which appear to have their origin in the
2.2 Migration
ESEA............................................................
34
attachment
of Policies
one of inthese
interjections to a noun or adjective.
Some
of
these
are
normally
or
frequently
written
as
hyphenated
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
compounds (e.g. bottle-ho, dead-ho, smoke-ho, daddy-o, rabbit-o),
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
while
others (e.g.
milko, wino) are treated in spelling as having the
suffix -o.
3. Immigration
the 21st Century.
The earliestinexample
which shows a clear transition from one
for anisEthical
Experience
..... 51
useThe
to Need
the other
milko, Approach.
used both The
as aCanadian
milkmans
call indicating
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
that milk is available (esp. as Milk O, Milk-o) and as a slang word
for3.1milkman.
Further Increase
examples
used as interjections as well 51
as
World Population
.............................................................
nouns or adjectives are whizzo (an exclamation expressing delight,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
114
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
116
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1179
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
andhas
Executive
Summary
11
In English
the suffix -ster
been used
in the ..............................
formation of agent-
118
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1199
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
120
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
andbos,
Governance
.................
53
9 Initial
combining forms
(e.g. bio- life,
from Gr.
as in biogenetic)
are not
included
in this description
because
for the
topic Assessment
under investigation.
3.3 International
Migration
in irrelevant
Canada: An
Ethical
........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The
final combining form -alicious ( delicious), with a variant
Mario Santillo
-licious (esp. after a vowel or y), is used in American slang to form
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
adjectives
withRights
the meaning
embodying the qualities denoted 17
or
implied
by
the
first
element
to
a
delightful
or
attractive
degree.
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
Examples of denominal adjectives are babelicious/babe-alicious
Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
(1.3babe
aFinal
girl or
woman) of a woman or girl: sexually attractive,
gorgeous,
bootylicious
( booty the buttocks) esp. of a woman,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
often with reference to the buttocks: sexy; shapely, and other
nonce-words,
such and
as Ethics
dog-licious,
goodylicious,
2.
Migration Policies
in East and
South East groovalicious,
Asia............ 27
hunkalicious
and
spooklicious
(recorded
in
the OED).
Fabio Baggio
2.1 International
Migration
East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
3.2.4.2.
The combining
formin-burger
The
form -burger,
whose origin is from the G. city 34
of
2.2combining
Migration Policies
in ESEA............................................................
Hamburg, reanalysed as ham + burger by folk etymology even if
2.3 Ethics
Migration
there
is noand
ham
in the Management.................................................
hamburger (Marchand 1969: 213) 43
is
commonly
used
in
English
as
the
second
element
in
compounds
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
denoting types of hamburgers (e.g. beefburger, cheeseburger,
10 nutburger,
fishburger,
3.
Immigration
in the 21stvegeburger
Century. vegetable, etc.).
The
an early
Ethical1980s,
Approach.
Canadian
51
YetNeed
sinceforthe
it hasThe
also
formed Experience
American .....
slang
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
words
with Baghdady,
the meaning
people
characterized by the initial element.
The
is probably
mouseburger,
coined by Gurley Brown 51
to
3.1progenitor
World Population
Increase
.............................................................
denote a person who does not have a particularly good-looking
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
10 See Warren (1990: 119) for the semantic analysis of cheeseburger vs. fishburger.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1239
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.5. Infixation
Table
of Contents
3.2 Urbanization,
and
Governance
53
according
to which the International
former fails toMigration
become part
of the
norm, and .................
is not generally
seen
part of the lexicographers
brief,
but theAn
reverse
is true
for the latter.
3.3asInternational
Migration in
Canada:
Ethical
Assessment
........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
124
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.6. Conversion
Table
of Contents
3.1 World
Population
.............................................................
51
3.2.6.1.1.
The
pattern Increase
from nouns
is extremely frequent. Some are
nouns of standard English: e.g., oil bribe, souvenir (orig. Military)
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
take as a souvenir; steal, submarine (U.S.) put out of action in
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1259
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
126
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario Nouns
Santillo
3.2.6.2.
Converted
nouns
may.............................................................................
be derived from a variety of base categories,
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
verbs and adjectives being the most frequent.
3.2.6.2.1.
noun pattern is found uniquely with slang
1.3 SomeThe
Finalverb
Reflections...................................................................
23
bases: e.g., grind/lay ( v grind/lay) (an act of) sexual intercourse,
Bibliography
and
pop ( v.........................................................................................
pop) an injection of a narcotic drug. The base 25
is
complex (i.e. a phrasal verb) in clean-up (orig. U.S.) a profit; an
2.
Migrationfinancial
Policies and
Ethicscome-on
in East and
South
East
Asia............
exceptional
success,
(orig.
U.S.)
(the
victim of)27a
Fabio Baggio
swindler; an inducement, cut-out a person acting as a middle-man,
esp.
espionage,
drop-inin(U.S.)
something
is easy; easy
2.1in
International
Migration
East Asia
and Southwhich
East Asia..............
27
money, freak-out an intense emotional experience, esp. one
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
resulting from the use of hallucinatory drugs, hang-out a residence;
2.3 Ethics(Amer.
and Migration
Management.................................................
a lodging,
University)
a feast; an entertainment, hash-up 43
a
hastily
cooked.........................................................................................
meal, have-on (Farmer) a swindle; a take-in, hopBibliography
47
over (Army) an assault, knock-down something overpowering, e.g.
strong
liquor, (U.S.,
Austral.
and N.Z.) an introduction, knock-off
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the 21
a The
robbery,
nosh-up
(Brit.)
a hearty
or lavishExperience
meal, pay-off
Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
..... 51
(Criminals)
the
proceeds
of
a
criminal
operation,
pig-out (orig.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
U.S.) a bout of excessive eating; a feast, poke-out (U.S.) a parcel of
3.1 given
World to
Population
.............................................................
51
food
a tramp;Increase
a lunch,
rave-up a lively party, ready-up
(Austral.)
a conspiracy
or swindle,
ride-out
(Jazz) a final
chorus,
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
ring-in (Austral.) a fraudulent substitution, roll-up (orig. Prisoners)
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1279
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
proper
Fabionames
Baggio into common nouns. The name may be a family or
Christian name: e.g., Jane/jane (orig. U.S.) a woman, girl,
2.1 International
East Asia
and South
EastaAsia..............
27
girlfriend,
jasperMigration
(U.S.) ainperson,
fellow,
Jones
drug addicts
habit,
(U.S.) symptoms
of withdrawal from a drug, any intense
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
craving or desire, Mary (Austral.) a woman, esp. an Aboriginal
2.3 Ethicsroscoe
and Migration
woman,
(U.S.) Management.................................................
a gun, and peter, with a variety 43
of
meanings
ranging
from
cant
portmanteau,
trunk,
or
other
piece
of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
baggage to Criminals slang a safe or cash box, and from
st Century.
Australian
a cell
in a21
prison
to American slang a hypnotic drug.
3.
Immigration
in the
The
Ethical
Approach.inThe
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
TheNeed
shiftforis an
from
a nickname
Jack
( John
or James)
a
Christine Baghdady,
Richard
policeman
or detective
andVanderberg
Joe (Canad.) ( Joseph) a French
Canadian
other examples
with the -ie/-y suffix in 3.2.3.12).51
3.1 World(cf.
Population
Increase .............................................................
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
128
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario Santillo
Conversions
into adjectives and adverbs are quite rare but are
attested
in
slang.
Adjectives,
for instance, may be obtained from
1.1 Migrants Rights
.............................................................................
17
nouns (e.g. shoe conforming to the dress, behaviour, or attitudes of
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
students
at exclusive educational establishments, cuckoo crazy
cuckoo
a silly
from prepositions (on under the influence
1.3 Some
Finalperson),
Reflections...................................................................
23
of drink or drugs), or, unusually, from combining forms, as in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
mega huge, great, substantial, from the classical combining form
mega(cf. megastar).
2.
Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Adverbs
are mostly derived from adjectives, especially when
Fabio Baggio
conveying an intensified sense (e.g. dead utterly, completely,
2.1 International
Migration in
andbeSouth
Asia..............
27
dirty
very, exceedingly),
orEast
theyAsia
may
fromEast
prepositions
(e.g.
inside
in prison;
cf. outside
above).
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
2.3 Ethics
and Migration Management................................................. 43
3.2.7.
Back-formation
Bibliography .........................................................................................
47
Back-formation
(called backderivation by Marchand 1969: 391)
is a rather infrequent mechanism in standard English. According to
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the
Marchand
(1969),
this21mechanism
has only diachronic relevance: it
Needthrough
for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
.....the
51
is The
indeed
a diachronic
approach
that weExperience
may derive
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
verb peddle (1532) from the noun peddler, pedlar (1377) (see
Aronoff
1976:
27). Bauer
238) rather considers back3.1 World
Population
Increase(1988a:
.............................................................
51
formation as a special case of clipping, and redefines it as the
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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130
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.7.2. Nouns
Slang nouns are usually back-formed from adjectives with an -y
suffix, which is deleted in dill (Austral. and N.Z.) ( dilly
foolish, prob. a blend from daft + silly) a fool or simpleton,
dinge ( dingy) dinginess, drear ( dreary) a dreary person,
flake (chiefly U.S.) ( flaky crazy; feeble-minded) one who is
liable to act in an eccentric or crazy manner, glitz (orig. and chiefly
N. Amer.) ( glitzy extravagant) an extravagant but superficial
Opening
Executive
Summary
..............................
11
display, Considerations
grot (Brit. and and
Austral.)
( grotty
unpleasant,
shortened
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
from grotesque) an unpleasant, dirty, or ugly person, grunge
(chiefly N. Amer.) ( grungy unpleasant, bad) someone or
1. Ethics and Human Rights
something that is repugnant or odious, lair/lare (Austral.) (
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
lairy/leary
flashily dressed; vulgar) a flashily dressed man, one
Mario Santillo
who shows off, shonk (Austral.) ( shonky unreliable,
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
17
dishonest)
oneRights
engaged
in irregular or illegal business activities,
sleaze
(
sleazy
dilapidated;
sordid)
squalor;
dilapidation,
spike
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
( spiky of a particularly ritualistic or High-Church Anglican
1.3 Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
character)
an Anglican
who practises Anglo-Catholic ritual and
observances.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Less common types are from adjectives ending in -ed (e.g. peabrain
pea-brained,
aEthics
stupidinperson;
a fool),
or inAsia............
-ish (e.g. Yid
2. Migration
Policies and
East and
South East
27
Fabio
Yiddish,
a
(usu.
offensive)
name
for
a
Jew).
Baggio
Sometimes slang bases back-form more than one derivative. For
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
instance, the slang agent-noun joy-popper (orig. U.S.) an
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
occasional
takerPolicies
of illegal
drugs, back-forms, by deletion of the -er
suffix,
the
corresponding
verb
joy-pop
and
also
the
noun
joy-pop
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
(an inhalation or injection of) a drug. Similarly, the slang
Bibliography
adjective
rorty.........................................................................................
(orig. Londoners) coarse, earthy back-forms, by 47
-y
deletion, the noun rort a trick; a fraud, and the corresponding verb
3.
Immigration
in theshout
21st Century.
(complain
loudly;
abuse). However, such cases may also
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
involve
conversions
(v joy-pop
n joy-pop;
n rortExperience
v rort). ..... 51
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
Some cases still remain of uncertain attribution, although, from a
diachronic
semantic
point .............................................................
of view, they seem to be classifiable
3.1 Worldand
Population
Increase
51
as back-formations: e.g., crumb (1918) ( crumby 1859 dirty,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Ethics
Human
Rights
asand
in funny
bunny;
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
3.2.8.1.
Ablaut reduplicatives
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
English ablaut reduplicatives may be obtained from either a leftBibliography
.........................................................................................
25
hand
(handy-dandy)
or right-hand base (dilly-dally), or have no
existing base at all, as in zig-zag, with the two vowels suggesting
2.
Policies
and Ethics
East productive
and South East
Asia............
27
theMigration
two different
directions.
Theinmost
vowel
alternations
Fabio Baggio
are //~// and //~//, as in slip-slap and ping pong (Marchand
2.1 International
in East
Asia English
and Southablaut
East Asia..............
27
1969:
429, BauerMigration
1983: 213).
Many
reduplicatives
are2.2
slang
combinations.
Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Slang apophonic combinations based on the first element
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
include
ding-dong
a heated
argument; a quarrel and nig-nog (
nigger)
a black
or dark-skinned person, whereas the elements are
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
unexplained in jim-jams delirium tremens, ning-nong (Austral.
and
N.Z.) a fool,
a stupid
person (cf. nigmenog a fool, an idiot),
3.
Immigration
in the
21st Century.
tick-tack
applied
to
a
system
of telegraphy,
(Military,
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadianzig-zag
Experience
..... 51
chiefly
U.S.)
drunk.Richard Vanderberg
Christine
Baghdady,
3.1 World
Population
Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2.8.2.
Rhyming
reduplicatives
English
rhyming
reduplicatives
are twin
consisting
of two
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration
andforms
Governance
.................
53
rhyming elements, one of which reproduces the other by changing
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
132
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.8.3.
Rhyming
compounds
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management................................................. 43
Rhyming compounds are distinguished from the afore-mentioned
Bibliography
47
type
because, .........................................................................................
rather than having one meaningful base (the other
being its rhyme gemination), they are motivated by two bases. On
3.
the are
21stalso
Century.
theImmigration
other hand, in
they
distinguished from regular compounds
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Thetwo
Canadian
Experience
51
because the relationship Approach.
between the
bases is
different .....
from
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
that induced by canonical rules of compounding, and no syntactic
paraphrase
identifiable.
3.1 WorldisPopulation
Increase ............................................................. 51
Slang reduplicative rhyming compounds are illustrated, for
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
example, by mellow yellow (chiefly U.S.) ( mellow inducing a
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
134
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
Summary
11
English copy
reduplicatives
commonly
have a..............................
basic constituent,
1359
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.
Migrationand
Policies
and Ethics
East and
South
Asia............
27
Acronyms
initialisms
are inwords
coined
byEast
taking
the initial
FabioofBaggio
letters
the words in a title or phrase (see Marchand 1969, Makkai
1972,
Cannon 1989,
Algeoin ed.
andSouth
recent
such 27
as
2.1 International
Migration
East1991,
Asia and
Eaststudies
Asia..............
Lpez Ra 2002 and Merlini Barbaresi 2007). Still, they represent
2.2different
Migrationword-formation
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
two
processes, since acronyms are words
pronounced
as full
words Management.................................................
(i.e. by applying the regular reading rules),
2.3 Ethics and
Migration
43
while initialisms are pronounced as sequences of letters (i.e. by
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
naming each individual letter of the abbreviated words) (see Bauer
1983:
237).13 Both
spelt with either capital or lower-case
3.
Immigration
in thecan
21st be
Century.
letters,
but,
intuitively,
only
initialisms
canCanadian
have dotsExperience
(see Plag .....
2003:
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The
51
127),
though
there
seems
to
be
a
tendency
towards
avoiding
them.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Thus, Nato/NATO /ne.t/ ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is
Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
13 3.2
Cf. Lpez
Ra (2002),
who proposes
the term initialisms
for a general
category
comprising
acronyms (e.g.
laser) and
alphabetisms
BBC).
3.3 International
Migration
in Canada:
An (e.g.
Ethical
Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
an acronym,
U.S.A. /ju.ese/ ( United States of America)
Table
ofwhereas
Contents
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.9.2.
Fabio Initialisms
Baggio
Initialisms (or alphabetisms in Quirk et al. 1985: 1581; cf. Lpez
2.1 International
East and
Asia and
East Asia..............
27
Ra
2002) are Migration
likewise infree
not South
rule-governed
in their
formation.
The Policies
following
are slang instances: AC/DC, AC-DC (orig.
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
U.S.) (humorously alternating current, direct current) bisexual,
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
A-OK (chiefly U.S.) ( all (systems) OK), BLT (orig. U.S.) (
Bibliography
47
bacon,
lettuce,.........................................................................................
and tomato (sandwich)), D.T. (vulgar) ( delirium
tremens), G.I. ( galvanized iron, used chiefly in G.I. can), MCP
3.
in thepig),
21st m.o.
Century.
(Immigration
male chauvinist
( modus operandi), OAO (Military)
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
Theoll/orl
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
( one and only), O.K./OK/ok (
correct)
all right,
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
fashionable, modish, O.O. (U.S.) ( once-over), O.P./O.P.s
(chiefly
U.S.)
( other
peoples
(cigarettes or alcoholic drink)),
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
OPM (U.S.) ( other peoples money), P.B.I./p.b.i. ( Poor
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration(
andpretty
Governance
.................
53
Bloody
Infantry(man)),
P.D.Q./p.d.q.
damn(ed)
quick),
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
138
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.10.
Blending Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 International
Blending
a common
derivational process in English. Blends, also
1.3 SomeisFinal
Reflections...................................................................
23
called contaminations or portmanteau words (after Carroll), are
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
formed
by merging parts of words into one word, as in smog, from
smoke and fog. Since they are made up of curtailed members,
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
whose original bases are often unrecognizable (Bauer 1983, 1988a),
Fabio Baggio
they are less natural than composites (having full bases) on the
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia andtransparency.
South East Asia..............
27
basis
of the parameter
of morphotactic
Hence, they
are2.2
classified
theinlanguage
oddities by Aronoff (1976: 20),
Migrationamong
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
and generally excluded from canonical morphological grammar.
2.3
Ethics and
43
Blends,
likeMigration
acronymsManagement.................................................
and initialisms, are not rule-governed,
since
they cannot
be assigned a regular specific pattern and their
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
final segmental make-up is unpredictable (Dressler 2000). For
instance,
we doinnot
exactly which part of a word is retained,
3.
Immigration
theknow
21st Century.
norThe
doNeed
we know
theApproach.
word is curtailed,
especially
when .....
there
for anwhere
Ethical
The Canadian
Experience
51
is an
overlap
betweenRichard
the first
and the second member of the blend,
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
as in slanguage ( slang and language).
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Yet blending exhibits some preferences. Blends are preferentially
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Governance
formed
by taking the
beginningMigration
(head) ofand
a word
and the.................
end (tail) 53
of
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1399
14
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
another one (as in smog above). But also less typical blends exist,
Table
of Contents
which are formed by combining two heads (as in modem
modulator + demodulator), or a word with a tail (as in guesstimate
guess + estimate, fanzine fan + magazine) (cf. Thorntons 1993:
145-148 partial blends). In English slang, we distinguish
prototypical from partial blends.
3.2.10.1. Prototypical blends
Some slang blends prototypically consist of the head of one word
and the tail of another one. They are often adjectives formed from
two standard or colloquial adjectives having a similar or related
Opening
and Executive
Summary
11
meaning,Considerations
as in dilly (chiefly
Austral.)
( daft..............................
+ silly) foolish,
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
fantabulous ( fantastic + fabulous) of almost incredible
excellence, ginormous ( gigantic + enormous), grungy (chiefly
1. Ethics and Human Rights
N. Amer.) ( grubby + dingy), mingy ( mean/mangy + stingy)
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
mean,
stingy; disappointingly small (see pleonastic blends in
Mario Santillo
Cacchiani 2007: 109-111).
1.1
Migrants
.............................................................................
17
This
patternRights
is also
found in some slang nouns, as in glob (
gob
+
blob)
a
mass
or
lump
of
some
liquid
or
semi-liquid
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
substance and revusical (orig. and chiefly U.S.) ( revue +
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
musical)
aFinal
theatrical
entertainment that combines elements of the
revue
and musical.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 25
3.2.10.2.
Partial
andand
lessEthics
prototypical
2.
Migration
Policies
in East blends
and South East Asia............ 27
Partial
Fabioblends
Baggiobehave as typical blends, though one of the two bases
remains intact. The first base is a word followed by a word head in
2.1 International
East Asia
East Asia..............
27
kidvid
(orig. andMigration
chiefly inU.S.)
( and
kidSouth
+ video)
a television
programme
or video
made
for children (cf. rhyming compounds).34
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
Examples of a word followed by a tail are to be found in gaydar
Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
(2.3gay
+ radar)
an ability,
attributed esp. to homosexual people,
to Bibliography
identify a (fellow)
homosexual person, sexational (orig. U.S.)
.........................................................................................
47
( sex + sensational), sexcapade ( sex + escapade), squadrol
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Christine has
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
psychedelic)
become Richard
an English
combining form obtaining adjectives with the
meaning embodying the quality denoted or implied (by the first element) in a
3.1 Worldway.
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
psychedelic
Yet its productivity
is debatable: first, it is attested in a small
number of formations (e.g. pimpadelic, scallydelic, etc.) which are mere
3.2 Urbanization,
International
and Governance
................. but
53
occasionalisms,
and, second,
it doesMigration
not reinterpret
psychedelic (secretion),
simply
abbreviates it, Migration
including itsinmeaning
the Ethical
new word
(see Mattiello
2007b).
3.3 International
Canada:inAn
Assessment
...........
54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
16 Partridge (1933, in the OED), for instance, observes that slang delights to curtail
3.2abbreviate,
Urbanization,
International
and Governance
.................
53
(clip,
shorten)
words (see Migration
Jespersen 1942,
Marchand 1969,
Bauer 1983,
1988a
related positions).
3.3 for
International
Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
142
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
less formal speech. This allows the standard word criminal and the
Table
of Contents
slang word crim to co-exist and select different registers.
From the morphological point of view, clippings are however
unpredictable, in the sense that, analysing their form, we cannot
determine how much of the base word has been deleted (cf. spec
specialist vs. specification). Yet we can approximately determine
how much of it has been retained. Indeed, especially in backclippings (truncations), there seems to be a certain tendency to
shorten words at the end of the first (less frequently, second)
syllable, which normally carries stress. Hence, most clippings are
monosyllabic
or disyllabic
schizSummary
or schizo..............................
schizophrenic)
Opening
Considerations
and (e.g.
Executive
11
(more
in
Plag
2003:
116-121).
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
On the other hand, length and stress are not helpful criteria to
explain
of fore-clippings, which are not necessarily
1. Ethicsthe
andformation
Human Rights
obtained
by preserving
stressedProcesses
syllable within
a word, as gator
in the South
Americanthe
Migration
....................................
15
/et/
alligator /let/ attests.
Mariofrom
Santillo
1.1 Migrants
Rights ............................................................................. 17
3.2.11.1.
Back-clipping
Slang
back-clippings
are numerous.
TheyDefence
are primarily
shortenings
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
21
of nouns and adjectives: e.g., caff ( caf), coke (orig. U.S.) (
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
cocaine), con (Criminals) ( convict/conviction, but also abbrev.
25
of Bibliography
confidant, .........................................................................................
conformist, contract, conundrum), cred ( credit/
credibility), crim (U.S. and Austral.) ( criminal), ex-con ( ex2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics
East and South
convict),
fave
(orig.and
U.S.)
(infavourite),
Fed East
( Asia............
federalist) 27
a
Fabio official,
Baggio esp. an FBI agent, fla(d)ge ( flagellation), flip
federal
(2.1flippant),
genMigration
(orig. Services)
(and
perh.
abbrev.
of general 27
in
International
in East Asia
South
East Asia..............
the official phrase for the general information of all ranks)
2.2 Migrationfacts,
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
information,
hyper
(orig. and chiefly U.S.) ( hyperactive),
hypo
( hypodermic)
hypodermic needle or injection, klepto
2.3 Ethics
and MigrationaManagement.................................................
43
( kleptomaniac), lat ( latrine), Merc ( Mercedes, now
Bibliography .........................................................................................
47
Mercedes-Benz),
Mex ( Mexican), mo (Austral. and N.Z.) (
moustache), narc/narco (U.S.) ( narcotic), Nip (orig. Military,
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
offens.) ( Nipponese) a Japanese, nitro ( nitroglycerine),
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
nuc/nuke ( nuclear), obs (chiefly Military) ( observation; cf.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
obbo under suffix -o, 3.2.3.20), Paki (orig. and chiefly Brit.) (
3.1 World ped
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
Pakistani),
(orig. and
chiefly
U.S.) ( pedestrian), perp (U.S.)
(3.2perpetrator),
post
(
postgraduate),
pug
(
pugilist),
rehab
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
( rehabilitation), scally (chiefly Lancashire and Liverpool) (
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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146
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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3.2.11.3.
Clipped
compounds
1.1 Migrants
Rights
............................................................................. 17
Slang clipped compounds (called clipping-compounds by Marchand
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1969:
445) reduce a compound to one of its parts. They are kept
separate
from
the
usual patterns of clippings because, like blends,
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
they are made up of two or more bases. Nevertheless, at the same
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
time they differ from blends because, while in blends the bases
have
an autonomous
in East
clipped
compounds
they were
2.
Migration
Policies andsense,
Ethics in
and South
East Asia............
27
originally
compound
members,
with
a
composite
meaning.
Hence,
Fabio Baggio
motel ( motor + hotel) is a blend, while pulmotor ( pulmonary
2.1 International
Migration
in East Furthermore,
Asia and Southclipped
East Asia..............
27
motor)
is a clipped
compound.
compounds
differ
from prototypical
blends (but not from partial blends)
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
because one of their bases may remain intact.
2.3
Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
Slang
clipped
compounds
with the first element intact are after
(Bibliography
afternoon),.........................................................................................
common ( common sense), fag ( fag-end) the
47
end of a cigarette, hard ( hard labour), jock (N. Amer.) ( jockstrap)
an athletic
moon (U.S.) ( moonshine) illicitly
3.
Immigration
in the man,
21st Century.
distilled
liquor,
motherApproach.
(orig. and
( coarse
The Need
for an Ethical
The chiefly
CanadianU.S.)
Experience
..... 51
Christine Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
motherfucker)
an obnoxious
or contemptible person, natural (
natural
life), pay (Navy) ( paymaster) an official responsible for
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
dispensing pay, settling debts, etc., skin (U.S.) ( skinflint) one
3.2 would
Urbanization,
Migration
Governanceor.................
53
who
skin aInternational
flint to save
or gainand
something,
(Brit.) (
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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148
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Many rhyming
slang formations
are noSummary
longer used
in their full form,
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
..............................
11
butFabio
rather
as elliptic
Baggio,
Laura forms
Zanfriniwhich often drop the final element (see
Kermas 2005: 134-135). For instance, in everyday conversation, the
fullEthics
formand
butchers
rhyming slang for look, is often reduced
1.
Humanhook,
Rights
to in
itsthe
elliptic
butchers,Processes
as in the ....................................
above quote. The main
Southcounterpart
American Migration
15
consequence
of such an ellipsis is loss of rhyme, and therefore of
Mario Santillo
iconicity between onset (hook) and outset (the rhyming referent
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
look).
Another consequence of elliptic forms is ambiguity, since
the1.2same
form may
correspond
to moreDefence
than one
referent, as 21
in
International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
apples, which is obtained both from apple(s) and pears (rhym.
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
slang for stairs) and, in Australian, from apples and rice/spice (for
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
nice).
Therefore,
only after contextualizing the elliptic form may
we distinguish the noun (as in up the apples the stairs) from the
2.
Migration
Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
adjective
(as Policies
in shesand
apples
nice).
Fabio
SinceBaggio
back-clipping is more widespread than the other clipping
patterns,
elliptic Migration
forms which
drop
are the
2.1 International
in East
Asiathe
andrhyming
South Eastelement
Asia..............
27
most common, as the following examples demonstrate: barnet (
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
Barnet
fair rhym.
slangin for
hair) the head, boat ( boat-race)
face,
brassand(
brass nail
for tail) a prostitute, Bristols (
2.3 Ethics
Migration
Management.................................................
43
Bristol Cities for titties) the breasts, China ( china plate)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
mate, flowery ( flowery dell) cell, grumble ( grumble and
grunt for cunt) women regarded as objects of sexual attraction,
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
Hampsteads ( Hampstead Heath) teeth, iron ( iron hoof for
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
poof)
a homosexual, Khyber ( Khyber Pass) arse, lakes (
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Lakes of Killarney for barmy) mad, crazy, mince ( mince-pie,
3.1in
World
Population
Increase
51
usu.
pl.) eye,
Moreton
Bay.............................................................
(chiefly Austral.) ( Moreton Bay
fig3.2
forUrbanization,
fizgig) anInternational
informer, Migration
oscar (Austral.
and
N.Z.)
(
Oscar
and Governance ................. 53
Asche, the Australian actor) cash, Pat (chiefly Austral.) ( Pat
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Malone) own, plates ( plates of meat) feet (cf. the full form
Table
of Contents
plate of meat for a street), potato (Austral.) ( potato peeler for
sheila) a girl or woman, rabbit ( rabbit-and-pork) talk (n
and v), Richard ( Richard the Third for bird) a girl or woman,
Sweeney ( Sweeney Todd for Flying Squad) a member of the
Flying Squad, tod ( Tod Sloan) own (in on ones tod alone),
turtle ( turtle-dove) a glove, twist (chiefly U.S., often derog.)
( twist-and-twirl) a girl.
Ambiguous elliptic forms belonging to the above pattern include
Jack ( Jack Jones for alone, or Jacks alive for five) and
Jimmy (
Jimmy OGoblin
for sovereign,
Jimmy Riddle for
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
Summaryor..............................
11
piddle),
whereas
the
following
forms
have
two
different senses
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
which developed from the same phrase: loaf ( loaf of bread for
dead
head),
raspberry
1.
Ethicsorand
Human
Rights ( raspberry tart for the heart or a
fart),
Rory OMore
for the
floor....................................
or a door).
in the Rory
South(
American
Migration
Processes
15
WhenSantillo
the full form is a single word, it may be reduced to its
Mario
initial part, as in amster (or ampster with intrusive p) (Austral.) (
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
Amsterdam
for ram) a tricksters accomplice, nav ( navigator
for1.2tater)
a potato,
tiddly
( tiddlywink)
drink, tom (
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defencea
.............................
21
tomfoolery) jewellery.
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
The elliptic form may undergo a slight change in spelling
Bibliography
25
compared
with.........................................................................................
the full phrase, as in chiv(v)y ( Chevy Chase) the
face. It may also be contracted, as in titfa/titfer/titfor ( tit for tat)
2.
Ethics incase
East becoming
and South East
27
a Migration
hat, esp. Policies
with a and
possessive
a sortAsia............
of -s suffix
Fabio Baggio
(cobblers
cobblers awls for balls, elephants elephants
trunk
for drunk),
or it may
exhibit
a familiarizing
suffix, as 27
in
2.1 International
Migration
in East
Asia and
South East Asia..............
porky ( pork pie) a lie, rammies (Austral. and S. Afr.) (
2.2 Migration Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
round-the-houses)
trousers,
rubbedy/rubberdy/rubbidy (Austral.)
(2.3rub-a-dub)
Ethics and pub.
Migration Management................................................. 43
The second member is rarely kept in abbreviated rhyming slang.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
An example would be kelly ( Derby/Darby Kelly) belly.
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
3.2.13. Reversed forms
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Reversed
in slang
mayVanderberg
appear similar to cases of semordnilap.
Christineforms
Baghdady,
Richard
This latter is a term coined in recent years (from a reverse spelling of
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
palindromes) to refer to words and phrases which make sense when
3.2 Urbanization,
Migration
andaGovernance
.................
53
read
backwards: International
e.g., the term
live is
semordnilap
of evil.
However,
unlike
semordnilap,
which
has
a
different
meaning
from
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ByMario
variation
Santillo I mean the slang formation mechanism which
modifies a word base by varying (part of) its spelling. It is an
1.1 Migrants
17
umbrella
termRights
for .............................................................................
different processes, viz. analogy (e.g.
Bananaland
Queensland),
(e.g. .............................
basket bastard),
1.2 International
Instrument formalapropism
Migrants Defence
21
metathesis (e.g. prad Dutch paard), letter pronunciation (e.g. gee
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
1.3
theSome
initial
letter
of guy), alteration (e.g. Canuck Canada),
extension
(e.g..........................................................................................
nope no), and, sometimes, their combination (e.g.
Bibliography
25
jeepers, altered and extended from Jesus). The difference between
malapropism
and alteration
is that
the former
reliesEast
on existing
words
2.
Migration Policies
and Ethics
in East
and South
Asia............
27
(basket
an autonomous word of English), whereas the latter does
Fabio is
Baggio
not (Canuck does not correspond to any standard English word).
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Variation covers a range of processes that are not merely
2.2 Migration Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
morphological,
but alsoinpertain
to the phonological system of English
(hence
marginal
in
morphology,
Dressler
2000).
For
instance,
letter
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
pronunciation is based on the pronunciation of word letters, which
47
areBibliography
reproduced.........................................................................................
at the written level, as in Beeb ( B.B.C.). Alteration
likewise reproduces dialect variants of words (as in loverly, from a
3.
Immigration
in the 21st
Cockney
pronunciation
ofCentury.
lovely), or contractions which are made in
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
spoken English (as in wotcher
The
what
cheer?),
or otherwise
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
reinterprets borrowings from foreign languages (as in vamoose Sp.
Vamos).
ButPopulation
let us nowIncrease
explore.............................................................
each process.
3.1 World
51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.2.14.2. Malapropism
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
Malapropism is the ludicrous and often deliberate misuse of words,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
esp.
in mistaking
a word for another resembling it (cf. folk
etymology in Aronoff & Fudeman 2005). Some English slang
2.
Migration
Ethics in (
Eastbastard),
and Southdick
East(
Asia............
27
examples
arePolicies
basketand
(euphem.)
detective),
Fabio (
Baggio
Jumble
John Bull) a Black mans nickname for a white man,
me-and-you,
a facetious
of colloquial
pronunciation
2.1 International
Migration adaptation
in East Asia and
South East Asia..............
27
/minju/ of menu, pencil ( penis), and jocular shampoo (
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
champagne), trick cyclist ( psychiatrist). The word to be adapted
2.3be
Ethics
Migration
Management.................................................
may
oneand
of foreign
origin,
as in matlow/matlo (Nautical) ( 43
F.
matelot)
a
sailor
and
olive
oil
(
F.
au
revoir)
good-bye.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
The new word is a fictitious personal name or a name of place in
Adam
(orig. U.S.)
(
MDMA),
3. Immigration
in the
21st
Century.(sweet) Fanny Adams ( (sweet)
fuck
all)
nothing
at
all,
Gordon Bennett
( Gor
blimey),.....
jake
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
51
(orig.
U.S.)
(
Jamaica
ginger)
an
alcoholic
beverage
made
from
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Jamaica ginger, Jerry (orig. Military) ( German), Maggie Ann
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
(Brit.,
Army)
( margarine),
Mary Ann/J/Jane or Mary Warner
(3.2marijuana)
marijuana
Urbanization,marijuana;
InternationalaMigration
and cigarette,
Governance Pompey
.................(
53
Portsmouth) Portsmouth (Football Club), Sam Hill (N. Amer.) (
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.
Ethics
and HumanisRights
Letter
pronunciation
the process which reproduces the pronunciation
in
the
South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
of the initial letters
of a word
to represent
the whole
word, as in eff (
Mario
fuck),
geeSantillo
(U.S.) ( guy), key (U.S.) ( kilo) a kilogram of a drug,
pee1.1(
v
piss)
(cf. Quirk et al. 1985: 1582).
Migrantsurinate
Rights .............................................................................
17
This process is common after abbreviation. For instance, it
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
occurs
after initialisms (e.g. Beeb B.B.C. British Broadcasting
Corporation,
veejay
V.J. video jockey, by analogy with D.J.,
1.3 Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
veep V.P. vice-president), acronymic formation (e.g. okay/okey
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
O.K. oll/orl korrect, also reversed as kayo), or clippings (e.g.
deeMigration
D detective).
2.
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
3.2.14.5.
Alteration
Alteration
is the respelling
of East
a word,
whereby
novel
item which
2.1 International
Migration in
Asia and
South aEast
Asia..............
27
alliterates or rhymes with it is formed. Slang amply instances this type
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
of variation process: e.g., Canuck ( Canada) a Canadian; spec. a
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
43
French
Canadian,
Chink Management.................................................
(derog.) ( China) a Chinaman, clobber
(Bibliography
clothes), crickey/cricky/crikey
( Christ) an exclamation 47
of
.........................................................................................
astonishment, cripes ( Christ, in the exclamation (by) cripes!), def
(orig.
U.S.) (indeath)
st Century.fashionable, dodger (Austral.) (
3.
Immigration
the 21excellent;
snodger
excellent)
good,
excellent,The
doozy/-ie
(orig.
and chiefly
N.
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
Amer.)
(
daisy)
remarkable;
amazing,
flick
(
film)
a
film,
pl.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
the cinema, git ( get a fool, idiot) a worthless person,
3.1 World Population
Increase
51
Gorblimy/-ey
( God
blind .............................................................
me!), grift (U.S.) ( graft) the
obtaining
of profit International
or advantageMigration
by dishonest
means, groise
(Public
3.2 Urbanization,
and Governance
.................
53
School) ( grease) a hard worker, a swot (also v), hep (orig. U.S.)
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
154
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Fabio Baggio
Extension
designates the addition of one or more syllables to a word,
which
do
not
correspond
to in
any
existing
suffix.
of possible
2.1 International
Migration
East
Asia and
SouthExamples
East Asia..............
27
slang extensions are -bie/-bee/-by (as in freebie/freebee/freeby free)
2.2-pe
Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
and
(as in Policies
nope
no; cf. yep). Extensions with previously
modified
bases
are found
in jazzbo/jasbo ( Jasper) a person;
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
spec. a Black person, and jeepers (orig. U.S.) ( Jesus) a mild
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
expression
of surprise,
delight, etc., but the latter cases remind 47
us
of the respective suffixes
-o
and
-ers
illustrated
in
sections
3.2.3.20
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
and 3.2.3.7.
1559
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3.3. Conclusion
156
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4. Lexical
Organization and Disorganization
Table
of Contents
Opening
Considerations
andover
Executive
Summary
..............................
It has been
stated over and
again that
slang, much
more so than 11
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
other language variants, has a tendency towards the creation of a
lexicon of its own. (Sornig 1981: 22)
1. Ethics and Human Rights
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
4.1.
TheSantillo
slang lexicon: hypotheses and aims
Mario
1.1 main
Migrants
.............................................................................
17
The
aimRights
of this
chapter is to establish whether the slang
lexicon
organizesInstrument
conceptual
material Defence
in accordance
with the
1.2 International
for Migrants
.............................
21
factors and dimensions of the lexicon of standard English, and can
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
hence
be Final
viewed
as one of its sub-systems, rather than 23
an
autonomous
dynamical
system, with its own internal organization,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
or, more plausibly, disorganization.
My investigation
therefore
to and
determine
whether
the slang
2. Migration
Policies and
Ethics aims
in East
South East
Asia............
27
Fabiosystem
Baggio exhibits a certain regularity (in terms of schemata,
lexical
regular
patterns, rules, structures, etc. which act as constraints for
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
the system behaviour), or whether there is no rational logic that can
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
predict
the system
dynamics.
After a closer investigation on this
topic,
I
would
like
to
give
an
answer
to
the
following
questions:
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
Is there.........................................................................................
any organization within the slang lexicon?
Bibliography
47
If so, is this organization the same as found in standard
3. Immigration
the 21
English?in Or
isstitCentury.
rather an independent self-regulating
The Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
organization?
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
158
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The key question from which my research starts is How are words,
1.
Ethics and
Rights
meanings
andHuman
concepts
organized within the slang lexicon?.
inSemantic
the South theories
Americandevelop
Migrationvarious
Processes
....................................
15
approaches
to meaning
Mario Santillo
description
and lexical organization. Two approaches which appear
particularly
relevant
our semantic description view the lexicon 17
as
1.1 Migrants
Rightsto
.............................................................................
structured into either semantic fields or conceptual frames. Within
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
semantic
field theories (e.g. Grandy 1992, Kittay 1992), words
applicable
a Reflections...................................................................
common conceptual domain are organized within
1.3 Some to
Final
23
semantic fields by paradigmatic relationships (synonymy, antonymy,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
hyponymy, meronymy, etc.), called meaning (or sense) relations.
Meaning
relations
members
of South
selected
of lexical
2.
Migration
Policies connect
and Ethics
in East and
Eastsets
Asia............
27
items:
the names of the days of the week (Monday, Tuesday,
Fabioe.g.,
Baggio
Wednesday, etc.) can be defined by means of the part of
2.1 International
Migrationthat
in East
Asia
and to
South
Asia..............
27
relationship
(meronymy)
they
hold
theEast
word
naming the
entire
cycle of seven
days,
i.e. week.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
By contrast, within frame semantics (Fillmore 1985, Fillmore &
2.3 Ethics
andwords
Migration
43
Atkins
1992),
are Management.................................................
not related to each other directly, but by
way
of their .........................................................................................
links to common background frames (also called
Bibliography
47
domains or knowledge schemata). That is, in a frame-based
st Century.
description,
theinabove
would be related to the more complete
3.
Immigration
the 21terms
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
system
of Calendric
Terms,
including
common
nouns
(day, week),
as Christine
well as Baghdady,
the namesRichard
of theVanderberg
days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
etc.),
specialPopulation
categories
such as
fortnight and week-end, and wider
3.1 World
Increase
.............................................................
51
categories (month, year).
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1599
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Fabio
Baggio
type
of structural
organization, and, if so, whether its behaviour is
in 2.1
anyInternational
way predictable
describable
in terms
of established
Migrationand
in East
Asia and South
East Asia..............
27
meaning relations and regular patterns.
4.2.1.
Organization
via meaning
relations
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
Within
an organized
lexical area, each lexeme (or micro-system)
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
can be first of all described in terms of its relations with the other
st Century.
system
components.
from Croft & Cruse (2004), the
3.
Immigration
in the 21Moving
primary
paradigmatic
relations
thatThe
I have
foundExperience
useful for.....my
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
51
research
include:
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Relation
of identity,
similarity
or synonymy (X equals Y, 51
as
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
in happy = glad);
160
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
inand
daffodil
> Rights
flower), and meronymy or partonymy (X is a
1. Ethics
Human
in thepart
South
American
Migration
of Y,
as in arm
> body).Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
4.2.1.1. Synonymy
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
17
Synonymy
is aRights
relation
of affinity which links two phonologically
different
words having
a very
similar meaning.
In English slang
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
21
synonymy is a profuse phenomenon. Consider, for instance,
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
examples (21)-(24), all drawn from BNC:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
3. Immigration
the 21st Century.
(grass, in
marijuana
or pot); hashish resin (which is derived
The Need
Ethical
Approach.
Thecannabis)
Canadianand
Experience
..... 51
fromfor
thean
Indian
hemp
plant like
ecstasy tabs.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
3.1 WorldLyons
Population
Increase
.............................................................
Following
(1977),
the meaning
of an expression (sense) is51a
property
of
language,
and
is
not
to
be
equated
with the
object 53
or
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and
Governance
.................
concept the expression may be used by speakers to refer to
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1619
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
(reference): i.e., the Morning Star and the Evening Star have
Table
of Contents
different meanings (senses) but both refer to the planet Venus.
Similarly, the slang expressions smack and horse have different
senses, but both refer to heroin, i.e. denote heroin in the real world.1
Extracts (21)-(24) above show that each standard drug name (i.e.
amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, LSD) corresponds to a
set of slang terms. For instance, heroin is called Chinese, H, horse
or smack by drug addicts, cocaine is often referred to as coke,
freebase or snow,2 and cannabis as grass or pot. Such slang terms
can be considered exact, absolute or perfect synonyms because they
have theConsiderations
same referentandinExecutive
the real Summary
word, belong
to the same
Opening
..............................
11
syntactic
category,
and
are
therefore
mutually
substitutable,
or,
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
more precisely, they are interchangeably used in drug addicts
3 On the other hand, they are not exact synonyms to
conversations.
1.
Ethics and Human
Rights
theincomparable
standard Migration
English words.
Cf.: .................................... 15
the South American
Processes
Mario Santillo
25.
Tests were
being
carried out on suspected drugs thought 17
to
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
include heroin, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD and cannabis. (BNC)
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
Some
Final
In 1.3
effect,
none
of Reflections...................................................................
the standard drug names in (25) can be substituted 23
by
a slang
co-referent
without making the sentence appear anomalous, 25
as
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
in Tests were being carried out on suspected drugs thought to include
4 South East Asia............ 27
2.
Migration
Policies
and
Ethics
East and
heroin,
ecstasy,
*snow,
LSD
and in
cannabis.
Fabio
Nor Baggio
are the afore-mentioned slang terms exact synonyms for
other
slang
wordsMigration
used in aindifferent
may highlight
2.1 International
East Asiacontext,
and Southwhich
East Asia..............
27
different shades of meaning. For example, junk, a slang word
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
referring
to drugs
in ingeneral
or heroin in particular, assumes
negative
connotations
which
are
not
present
in
H
or
smack,
and
it
is
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
in fact used by non-addicts, as in (26):
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3.1 World
Population
51
certain
range of
utterancesIncrease
iff they.............................................................
are substitutable in the utterances without
affecting their descriptive meaning.
3.2 Urbanization,
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
4 With
regard to this,International
Partridge (1947:
289) claims
that most slang
words are
unconventional
synonyms
of conventional
words.
3.3 International
Migration
in Canada:
An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
162
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
26. Its an article on junk, he said. Junk? Drugs. Its for the
Table
of Contents
features department. (BNC)
Synonymy in slang is a rather intricate sense relation, and many
factors may enter at play when establishing whether or not two
slang words are totally synonymous. For instance, the geographical
collocation or the origin of the words under examination may
determine their perfect (vs. partial, near or quasi) synonymy. In
fact, two different regional variants are not mutually substitutable.
Compare furphy with scuttlebutt in (27)-(28) below:
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
29.
Stow
motormouth,
she said, smiling sheepishly, and
2.3 Ethics
andit,Migration
Management.................................................
43
drink your coffee. (BNC)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
30. You big mouth! Get out! Get out of here! (BNC)
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1639
My
32. Last week U.S. citizens knew that gasoline rationing and
rubber requisitioning were snafu. (OED)
Following the same criterion, the lexical phrases dogs breakfast
and dogs dinner meaning a mess are likewise synonymous:
33. He cant make head or tail of it... Its a complete dogs
(OED)
Openingbreakfast.
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
FabioThe
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
34.
influential
Georgian Group described the main frontage
of the scheme as a dogs dinner yesterday. (ODMS)
andMario
so are
the exocentric compounds oddball and screwball used as
Santillo
nouns to denote an eccentric or odd person or, attributively, to
1.1 Migrants
Rights
............................................................................. 17
mean
eccentric,
strange:
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
35.
Bernie
was
seen as a bit of an oddball although not by me.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
(BNC)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
4.2.1.2. Antonymy
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Antonymy is a relation of sense oppositeness between two words.
Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
In 2.2
English
slang,
however,
this oppositeness relation is not always
between
two
phonologically
different
words,
but
may
also
be
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
between two different uses of the same word. That is, the same
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
slang
term can
assume two opposite senses depending on the
context: e.g., the slang adjective chuffed, commonly used with the
3.
Immigration
in the
21st Century.
positive
meaning
pleased,
satisfied, is sometimes used in the
The Need
for an sense
EthicalofApproach.
Thedisgruntled,
Canadian Experience
..... 51
contrary
negative
displeased,
as respectively
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
in (37) and (38):
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
37.
Im really chuffed
(pleased)
this is the
third goal
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migrationbecause
and Governance
.................
53
Ive scored in half an hour as a striker this season. (BNC)
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
164
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
38. Dont let on theyre after you, see, or shell be dead chuffed
Table
of Contents
(displeased), see? She dont like the law. (OED)
But, clearly, these two pragmatically distinct uses of the same slang
word cannot illustrate prototypical antonymy.
Another remarkable aspect concerns the relationship between
the standard and the slang sense. In fact, the slang sense of a word
may turn out to be diametrically opposite to the standard sense of
the same word. Thus, if bad in standard English means lacking
good or favourable qualities, and is therefore the contrary of good,
Opening
as in (39):Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
40. I say read these poets of the Seventies. They got something
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
badFinal
(good)
to say. (OED)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics
East and South
East given
Asia............
27
two
alternatives
that and
exhaust
theinpossibilities
in some
domain,
Baggio
as Fabio
male and
female counterparts of the same concept. The following
pairs
of
excerpts
this opposition
2.1 Internationalshow
Migration
in East Asiatype:
and South East Asia.............. 27
43.
Its Baghdady,
not his fault.
that Paula Bristow Lady Muck
Christine
RichardIts
Vanderberg
(pompous woman) herself. Who does she think she is?
3.1 World
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
(BNC)
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1659
we have the
45. The other rumour she heard was that she was a drag queen
(a male homosexual transvestite). (BNC)
46. [She] had experimented once with a drag-king friend (a
woman dressed up as a man), passing as a man on the
street. (OED)
47. For all those for whom Baywatch just isnt enough, 7
Sports World Beach Volleyball Championship in Rio de
features and
sun Executive
and sand, Summary
bronzed babes
and beachboy
OpeningJaneiro
Considerations
..............................
11
(display
Fabiobeefcake
Baggio, Laura
Zanfrini of sturdy masculine physique), and
occasionally a little sport. (BNC)
1. 48.
EthicsInand
Human Rights
flickering
torchlight the scenes probably appeared to
in themove.
South Some
American
Migration
15
of them
clearlyProcesses
included....................................
cheese-cake (display
Mario Santillo
It 1.2
is perhaps
interesting
to observe
that one
term.............................
of each couple 21
is
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
coined first, and the other is formed, often humorously, as an
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
antonym.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Slang adjectives
can also be complementaries, as way-out far
removed from convention and, after it, way-in conventional:
Reverse
terms,
the same for opposite directions on some
2.3 Ethics
and expressing
Migration Management.................................................
43
axis, are exemplified in (50) by the slang verbs gazump of a seller:
Bibliography
47
raise
the price.........................................................................................
of a property after having accepted an offer by (an
intending buyer) and gazunder of a buyer: lower the amount of an
3.
Immigration
in the
21st for
Century.
offer
made to (the
seller)
a property:
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
166
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.2.1.3. Hyponymy
Table
of Contents
Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion, say, X is a hyponym of Y iff
the meaning of Y is part of the meaning of X and X is a logical
subordinate of Y. The more general term (Y), called superordinate
or hypernym, may be the head of a compound, and the modifier
may determine the kind of Y the whole compound represents, as in
St. E. apple juice (X) is a type of juice (Y) (see Lbner 2002: 8587).
This hyponymic relation is illustrated by the slang head, taking
on the meaning of a drug addict, and its subordinate terms, with
the modifier
specifyingandthe
type ofSummary
drug or..............................
substance one 11
is
Opening
Considerations
Executive
addicted
to,
namely:
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
1. Ethics
andhead
Human
acid
an Rights
LSD addict
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mariocoke-head
Santillo a cocaine addict
crackhead
one.............................................................................
who is addicted to crack cocaine
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
hophead an opium-smoker
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Of2.1
theInternational
subordinate
terms above,
some
a relation
of coMigration
in East Asia
andstand
SouthinEast
Asia..............
27
hyponymy (e.g. acid head and meth head). Others are themselves in
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
a hypernym-hyponym relation (e.g. coke-head and crackhead),
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
43
because
crack
is a typeManagement.................................................
of coke. Still others are in an identity
relation
(e.g. pothead,
tea-head, weedhead), because pot, tea and
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
weed are three synonymous drug names for marijuana.
The resulting
semantic
networks form a logical hierarchy or
3. Immigration
in the
21st Century.
taxonomy
which,
moving
from
Lyons
295)Experience
model, we
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
The(1977:
Canadian
.....can
51
represent
schematically:
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1679
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Table of Contents
acid head
crackhead
coke-head
hophead
HEAD
meth head
ill-head
Opening Considerations and pExecutive
Summary .............................. 11
This
that every slang compound with head as 23
its
1.3 does
Some not
Finalimply
Reflections...................................................................
second element belongs to the taxonomy illustrated in Fig. 1.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Compare
acid head with the offensive term dickhead in (51) below:
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
51.
you go down to the woods today, make sure its not the
FabioIfBaggio
Forest Of Dean. Because every angel-dust dealer, acid
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
head, mushroom freak, rugby player and total dickhead in
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
the world
lives there,
apparently. (BNC)
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
168
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.2.1.4. Meronymy
Meronymy (or partonymy) describes a part-whole relationship
between lexical items. Starting form Lbners (2002: 97) meronymy
of standard body part terms, I have constructed a similar meronymy
of slang body part terms. However, since some standard items have
no slang comparable form (e.g. body or trunk), I have organized the
slang meronymy as follows, with some items remaining unnamed
(hence, indicated by variables Y and X):
lug ear
clock
face
sniffer nose
wing arm
melon
chopper
Bibliography .........................................................................................
25
breast
tooth
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
X trunk
breadbasket
stomach
lexical
gaps
in Lyons
1977:.............................................................
301), meronymic relations can 51
be
3.1 World
Population
Increase
established with other co-meronyms and subordinate terms (e.g.
3.2 Urbanization, International
Migration
Governance
.................and
53
lamp-sniffer-kisser
> clock), which
areand
mutually
interrelated
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3.
Immigration
in the 21st Century.
5 Croft
& Cruse (2004) propose a dynamic construal approach to conceptual
The Need
forthe
anidea
Ethical
Approach.
Theseems
Canadian
.....they
51
categories.
Since
of fixity
of meaning
to be aExperience
mere illusion,
Christine
RichardConstrual
Vanderberg
formulate
the Baghdady,
Dynamic Meaning
Hypothesis, according to which meaning
is not steady but context-sensitive, and each lexical item is associated with a body of
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
conceptual
content
(a non-semantic
entity called purport) transformed into
contextualized meaning by means of a series of processes (construal operations).
Urbanization,
International
Migration
.................
53
As3.2
a result,
the categories
are inherently
variable,and
andGovernance
created on-line
as and when
needed.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
drug addicts;
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
homosexuals;
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
foreign
people;
Fabio Baggio
attractive women;
alcoholic drinks;
body parts.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
a drug addict,
Mario Santillo
Access to the above terms is clearly more direct when the object is a
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
standard
word (e.g. drug, narcotics, though abbreviated into narco)
than
when it is.........................................................................................
a slang word, such as dope or junk. This statement25
is
Bibliography
likewise valid for terms derived from specific drug names:
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
2.3 Ethics
Management.................................................
reeferand
(Migration
reefer marijuana)
one who smokes marijuana,43
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
schmecker
( schmeck heroin) a heroin addict,
st Century.
snow-bird
( 21
snow
cocaine) one who sniffs cocaine,
3. Immigration
in the
The Need
an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian drug)
Experience
..... 51
speedforfreak
( speed
an amphetamine
a person
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
addicted
to anRichard
amphetamine
drug,
3.1 World
Population
.............................................................
teaman
( tea Increase
marijuana)
one who smokes marijuana. 51
Urbanization,
International
Governance ................. 53
For3.2the
respective drug
names, Migration
see also and
4.2.2.5.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Fabiosnifter
Baggio,(
Laurasnifter
Zanfrinia small quantity of cocaine inhaled
1.
Ethics
and Human
The
following
terms Rights
allude to actions connected to the experience
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
of drug-taking:
Mario Santillo
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
experience,
esp.
under the influence of hallucinatory drugs)
a drug addict,
1.2 International
Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
tripper
(
v trip (out)) one who experiences hallucinations
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
induced by a drug, esp. LSD (cf. (down) trip the experience).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.2 Migration
addict, Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
needle
a drugManagement.................................................
addict who takes drugs by injection (cf.
2.3 Ethics
andman
Migration
43
St. E. needlewoman).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
4.2.2.2.
Terms for
homosexuals
3.
Immigration
in the
21st Century.
Terms
used
to
name
homosexual
people
likewise
exhibit .....
some
The Need for an Ethical
Approach. The
Canadian
Experience
51
regularity.
They are indeed
after three preferential semantic
Christine Baghdady,
Richard coined
Vanderberg
patterns:
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration behaviour;
and Governance ................. 53
that characterize
the homosexual
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Action Pattern:
TableThe
of
Contents
and acts;
1739
Santillo
or Mario
to general
appellations normally used in slang for women or girls,
which
however
presuppose
previous knowledge of their slang use: 17
1.1 Migrants Rights
.............................................................................
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.1 association
International of
Migration
in East Asia
and South
East Asia..............
27
The
homosexuals
names
to standard
(pro)nouns
denoting
female
gender
is
more
explicit:
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
queenie/-y,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
sister used
byst Century.
homosexual men to denote a fellow
3. Immigration
in the 21
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... 51
homosexual
(cf. St.
E. brother
used between
friends
or
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
fellows),
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
wife the
passive
member
of a homosexual partnership. 51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.
Ethics
Human Rights
which
areand
intrinsically
or extrinsically related to strangeness, such
in
the
South
American
....................................
as supernatural
beings,Migration
deities, Processes
unexplainable
events, or 15
to
Mario Santillo
adjectives
denoting something strange, peculiar, etc.:
1.1 Migrants
17
fairy (cf.Rights
one.............................................................................
of a class of supernatural beings, in popular
belief supposed
to possess
magicalDefence
powers),
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
............................. 21
freakFinal
(cf. Reflections...................................................................
a sudden causeless change or turn of the mind),23
1.3 Some
moffie .........................................................................................
( hermaphrodite a human being in which parts
Bibliography
25
manner)inan
or effeminate person,
3. Immigration
theineffectual
21st Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
shirtlifter,
1759
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.2.2.3.1.
In accordance
with the Product Pattern, foreign people are
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
associated with terms for food or similar goods which they
habitually
use,
or areand
reputed
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethicstoinuse:
East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabiofrog/froggy/frog-eater
Baggio
(offens.) a Frenchman,
2.1 International
Migration
East Asia
South East
27
herring choker
a in
native
or and
inhabitant
of Asia..............
the Maritime
Provinces,
a Scandinavian,
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
Kraut/Sauerkraut,
sausage a German,
2.3 Ethics
and Migration Management.................................................
43
macaroni,
spaghetti an Italian,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
pea-soup a French Canadian,
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
andIrishman,
Executive Summary .............................. 11
Pat
( Patrick) an
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
salient
Mariophysical
Santillo features of foreign people, e.g., the colour of their
skin:
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
2. Migration
Policies(derog.)
and Ethics
in East andesp.
South
Asia............ 27
grease-ball
a foreigner,
oneEast
of Mediterranean
FabioorBaggio
Latin American origin,
Migration
or 2.1
theInternational
form of their
eyes: in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Migration
roundeyePolicies
a European,
2.2
in ESEA............................................................ 34
Ethics
slant-eye
a slant-eyed
person, esp. an Asian,
2.3
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
slope/slopy/slopehead
an oriental; spec. a Vietnamese
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Christinewomen
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
Attractive
areRichard
often called
by bizarre, curious names, esp. in
young
peoples
slang
(or .............................................................
slanguage, see Stenstrm 2000,
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
Mattiello 2005, forthcoming b). The terms used by young men to
3.2 Urbanization,
International Migration
and Governance
................. 53
define
a womans attractiveness
mainly belong
to:
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1779
some feature of
dolly/dolly-bird
an attractive and stylish young woman (cf.
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
girl).
in thebird
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
4.2.2.4.2.
A far
more
common association is found between
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
attractive women and their attitude, hence, the Attitude Pattern.
1.2 International
Instrument
Migrantssex,
Defence
.............................
21
According
to people
of theforopposite
beautiful
women often
show
a puerile,
attitude, as in:
1.3 Some
Finalimmature
Reflections...................................................................
23
babe an.........................................................................................
attractive young woman,
Bibliography
25
bimbo/bim/bimbette a young woman considered to be
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
East and
South East Asia............ 27
sexually
attractive
but ofinlimited
intelligence.
Fabio Baggio
snuggle-pup/snuggle-puppy/snuggle-pupper an attractive
2.3 Ethics
and
Migration Management................................................. 43
young
girl.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
They
may be supple
or sensual:
3.1 Worldeven
Population
sometimes
clever,Increase
acute: ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization,
Migration
and Governance ................. 53
cutie/-ey anInternational
attractive young
woman.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
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2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mariodish
Santillo
an attractive person, esp. a woman (cf. dishy very
attractive),
1.1 Migrants
Rights ............................................................................. 17
peach an Instrument
attractive for
young
woman
(cf. .............................
peachy attractive,
1.2 International
Migrants
Defence
21
desirable),
Bibliography
25
name of.........................................................................................
the apple),
tomato
an attractive
girl.
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio they
Baggio
Lastly,
may have strong, negative and destructive effects on
men,
also useMigration
the following
2.1 who
International
in Eastlabels:
Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
purler aPolicies
beautyin(cf.
earlier sense a knock-down blow), 34
2.2 Migration
ESEA............................................................
ripper
an
attractive
young woman,
2.3 Ethics
and
Migration
Management.................................................
43
smasher.........................................................................................
a very pretty or attractive woman.
Bibliography
47
4.2.2.5.
Terms for
drugs
narcotics
3.
Immigration
in the
21stand
Century.
Drug
represent
of theExperience
richest lexical
The names,
Need foras
ananticipated,
Ethical Approach.
The one
Canadian
..... 51
areas
of slang.
ManyRichard
associative
patterns can therefore be identified
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
relating terms to their referents, the most stable being:
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
of Acapulco,
1. Ethics and Human Rights
black bomber an amphetamine tablet (see also 4.2.2.5.4),
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
brown sugar
a drug consisting of heroin diluted with
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
caffeine,
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 25
grass marijuana,
greenPolicies
marijuana
of poorinquality,
2. Migration
and Ethics
East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabioice
Baggio
a potent, crystalline form of the drug methamphetamine
2.3 Ethics
43
(fromand
theMigration
colour ofManagement.................................................
the peel),
Bibliography
47
minstrel.........................................................................................
a tablet containing amphetamine, coloured black
3.2 Urbanization,
pink lady aInternational
barbiturate,Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
180
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
haze LSD,
Tablepurple/purple
of Contents
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
white
stuff morphine,
heroin, orSummary
cocaine,.............................. 11
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
In Ethics
some and
suchHuman
terms, Rights
the colour of the drug is included in its name
1.
(e.g.
green,
white),Migration
so there Processes
is an overt
association with 15
its
in the
Southred,
American
....................................
MarioIn
Santillo
aspect.
others, the association is instead covert, mediated by an
object
having
the same colour as the drug: e.g., grass and
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
marijuana have the same green colour, and snow is as white as
1.2 International
Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
cocaine
is.
The
following
names more or less explicitly allude to the drug
1.3
Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
consistency or texture:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2. Migration
and Ethics
in East
and
East Asia............
27
grass Policies
marijuana
(cf. the
leaves
ofSouth
marijuana
with herbage
FabioinBaggio
general),
2.1 International
in East
and South
Asia.............. 27
Indian hayMigration
marijuana
(cf. Asia
hay grass
cut East
or mown),
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
rock a crystallized
form of cocaine,
2.3 Ethics
Management.................................................
43
sugarand
a Migration
narcotic drug,
esp. heroin,
weed marijuana;
a marijuana cigarette.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
The quantity or weight of the drug is instead evoked by:
3.1 World
Increase
51
mike Population
a microgram
of a .............................................................
drug, esp. LSD,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ofZanfrini
various narcotic drugs in crystalline form,
Fabiocrystal
Baggio,any
Laura
1. Ethics
and Human
a thin
line for Rights
inhalation,
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3.2 Urbanization,
International Migration and Governance ................. 53
drug,
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
182
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
morphine,
Tablemorph
of Contents
Mario Santillo
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
(cf. vFinal
snifter
sniff),
snort a.........................................................................................
dose of cocaine or heroin which is taken by
Bibliography
25
inhalation,
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
43
toot cocaine
(cf. Management.................................................
slang inhale cocaine).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
1839
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
a dose
a narcotic drug (cf. a blow given to
Fabiohit
Baggio,
Laura of
Zanfrini
something aimed at),
1. Ethics
and
Rights
jolt
aHuman
quantity
of a drug in the form of a cigarette, tablet,
in theetc.
South
American
Migration
(cf. an abrupt
shock orProcesses
jerk), .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
marijuana
(cf. slang a silly or stupid person),
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
loco weed marijuana (cf. Sp. loco mad, crazy),
scat heroin,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
shit/shite
an intoxicating or euphoriant drug.
AsImmigration
expected, the
effects of drugs (e.g. euphoria, happiness,
3.
in positive
the 21st Century.
liveliness,
are alluded
to inThe
a number
terms typically
The Needvigour)
for an Ethical
Approach.
CanadianofExperience
..... 51
used
by insiders:
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
ecstasy
a powerful
synthetic
hallucinogenic drug (cf. the
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
state of being beside oneself, thrown into a frenzy or a
stupor),
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
184
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
dust cocaine,
Tablehappy
of Contents
up/upper
a drug and
which
has a stimulant
euphoric effect.11
Opening
Considerations
Executive
Summaryor..............................
Zanfrini about the depressant or tranquillizing
WeFabio
can Baggio,
imply Laura
information
effects of some drugs in:
Mariomojo
Santillo
any narcotic drug, esp. morphine (cf. magical
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
The Appearance
Pattern: connected with the features
characterizing
the Management.................................................
external aspect of the drink;
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
43
The Constituent
Pattern: connected with the constitutive
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
elements of the drink;
3. Immigration
in the
21st Century.
The Effect
Pattern:
involving the effects upon the alcoholic
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
1859
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Opening
Considerations
Executive
Summary
..............................
11
which
has alreadyand
been
wrought
and broken
up or cast aside
Fabiofor
Baggio,
Laura or
Zanfrini
re-casting
re-working),
smoke
cheap Rights
whisky,
1. Ethics
and Human
in thetarantula-juice
South American
Migration
Processes .................................... 15
inferior
whisky;
Mario Santillo
by their strength:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
or 2.1
by International
their wetness:
Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
heavy-wet
maltinliquor,
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................ 34
wet liquor,
drink.Management................................................. 43
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
186
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1. Ethics
and
Human Rights
and
grenadine,
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
(from the
colour of resin, gen. yellow or brown),
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the 21on
The
following names,
the contrary, are centred on the quantity or
The
for an Ethical
Canadian
size
ofNeed
the alcoholic
drink,Approach.
generally The
a small
one: Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
1879
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.3 Some
Reflections................................................................... 23
maltFinal
liquors),
Bibliography
25
pine-top.........................................................................................
cheap or illicit whisky, formerly flavoured with the
Fabio Baggio
4.2.2.6.4.
By Policies
contrast,in ESEA............................................................
the Effect Pattern appears much more
2.2 Migration
34
prolific. As previously remarked for drugs, the effects of alcohol
Ethics and Migration
Management.................................................
are2.3
distinguished
into positive
and negative. The positive effects 43
of
drinks
range from
stimulant and euphoric to fortifying:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
giggle-water intoxicating liquor (cf. a giggling laugh),
illumination),
3.1 World
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
moonshine illicitly
distilled
liquor,and
esp.
whisky (cf.
pleasant
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
Governance
.................
53
distraction),
188
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
st Century.
3. Immigration
the 21(cf.
shant a in
drink
a pot of drink),
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
tankBaghdady,
a drink (usu.
of Vanderberg
beer) (cf. an artificial receptacle used
Christine
Richard
for storing liquids in large quantities),
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration and Governance ................. 53
contain a liquid
or fluid).
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1899
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The
Pattern: making allusion to the material of
1. Ethics
andSubstance
Human Rights
body part
is made;Processes .................................... 15
in thewhich
Souththe
American
Migration
MarioThe
Santillo
Location Pattern: alluding to the spatial position of the
part in relation
to the other parts, or to the whole body;
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
The Covering
Pattern:
alluding Defence
to the .............................
covering (kind 21
of
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
cloth) standing for the covered body part.
4.2.2.7.1.
The.........................................................................................
Appearance Pattern evokes some attribute of the
Bibliography
25
body part aspect. However, since the aspect of the various body
2.
Migration
andpeculiarities,
Ethics in Eastthe
and
South East
Asia............
27
parts
displaysPolicies
different
attributes
evoking
them are
Fabio Baggio Body part terms are chiefly classifiable in relation
heterogeneous.
to 2.1
colour:
International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
pearlies/pearly
teeth;
2.2 Migration
Policies whites
in ESEA............................................................
34
to roundness:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3. Immigration
in the breasts,
21st Century.
melons large
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
moon
the buttocks,
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
nuts (coarse),
the .............................................................
testicles;
3.1 World
Populationpills
Increase
51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
190
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
to hardness:
Table
of Contents
to sharpness:
pegs teeth (cf. a short pin or bolt used to plug a hole);
to flatness:
pocketbook the female genitals,
tabs the ears (cf. a short broad strap or flat loop attached
by one end to an object);
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
to length/thinness:
1. Ethics
and
pin
a Human
leg, Rights
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
to hook-shape:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East
and South
East Asia............ 27
mud-hook
a hand
or foot
(cf. slang
an anchor).
Fabio Baggio
4.2.2.7.2.
Similarly,
the Function
Pattern
varied,
body part
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
and is
South
East each
Asia..............
27
having one or more specific functions which distinguish them from
Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
the2.2
others.
Among
the in
pivotal
functions we can identify the bearing
function:
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
hat-rack.........................................................................................
the head;
Bibliography
47
the identifying function:
3.1 World
Increase ............................................................. 51
lampsPopulation
the eyes;
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1919
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
theFabio
protective
defensive
function:
Baggio,orLaura
Zanfrini
Migrants Rights
............................................................................. 17
the1.1
instrumental
function:
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
tool the male
generative
organ, Defence ............................. 21
1.3 Some
Final(coarse)
Reflections...................................................................
23
weapon
the penis.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.2 Migration
or knee,Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
choppers
( v chop
cut into pieces) teeth,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
kisser the
mouth or face,
snorer
( v snore
make
harsh or noisy sounds in sleep)
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
the nose,
192
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.2.2.7.6.
The Rights
Covering
Pattern, on the other hand, establishes17a
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
metonymic relationship between the type of clothing which covers
International
for Migrants
Defence ............................. 21
the1.2
body
part and Instrument
the body part
itself, as in:
1.3 Some
Finalears
Reflections...................................................................
lug the
(cf. earlier sense one of the flaps or lappets 23
of
a cap or.........................................................................................
bonnet, covering the ears, and lughole ear-hole),25
Bibliography
mitt a hand (cf. boxing sense a boxing glove).
by
way of such
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
salient features as bright colour and full-bodied consistency than by
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
smoke,
whose
association
to .............................................................
cheap whisky requires much more
complicated
cognitive
operations
triggering
less salient
features,
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
such as darkish colour, lack of density, etc. In fact, Croft & Cruse
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
1939
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
[]Migrants
slang semantics
is a kind of secondary semiotics which is 17
1.1
Rights .............................................................................
motivated by the wish to distinguish itself from the ordinary use of
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
words
and consequently
might
be interpreted
from.............................
both its semantic 21
distance from its object and from the ordinary semantic function of a
1.3
Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
certain
word.
(Sornig
1981: 21)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
194
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
the young of the feathered tribes.
Bibliography
Another
St. E. .........................................................................................
meaning of this term foregrounds the role of birds 47
in
hunting:
st
Christine
Richard Vanderberg
Slang
addsBaghdady,
an extra meaning
to this word, but the association with
the3.1
standard
meaning
is
still
evident:
World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Urbanization,
an aeroplane
(Appearance
Pattern:
a bird has.................
wings, tail;
3.2
International
Migration
and Governance
53
1959
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1 International
Migration
in East
Asia and effect);
South East Asia.............. 27
a large sum
of money
(dangerous
a (large)
marijuana
cigarette (destructive and dangerous
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
effect).
On the other hand, there are no patterns which can explain why
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
slang associates the word bomb with:
an old car,
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
or can help us associate the word with this concept.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
4.3.1.3.
The Population
case of dog
3.1 World
Increase ............................................................. 51
The case of dog is even more complicated, since in slang it acquires
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
.................
53
specific
features which
blatantly
clash with
the standard
ones. As
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
196
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
When the word is used in the plural form, it takes on the sense of:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
This
sense Migration
is explainable
way
the rhyme
between the
2.1 latter
International
in EastbyAsia
andofSouth
East Asia..............
27
original full form dogs meat and the signatum feet, but this phonic
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
similarity is lost in the elliptic form, thus obstructing meaning access.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
a torpedo;
a submarine,
1979
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
aeriform
or completely elastic fluid,
Fabioany
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
humbug,
nonsense
(see the insubstantiality, triviality,
intangibility
of gas); for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 International
Instrument
fun;Final
a joke,
1.3 Some
Reflections................................................................... 23
and,
intriguingly,
to animate ones:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
someone who is very pleasing, exciting, admirable, etc..
frozen water,
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
and
figurative
one:
2.3a Ethics
and Migration
Management................................................. 43
a congelation
or crystalline appearance resembling ice
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
(with allusion to the slippery, cold nature of ice).
st Century.
3.
in theit21has
In Immigration
criminals slang,
a transparent meaning, which alludes to
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
the clearness and brittle nature of ice:The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
but also opaque meanings, which are disambiguable only via slang
3.2 Urbanization,
Migrationofand
Governance ................. 53
itself,
e.g. referringInternational
to the preciousness
jewellery:
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
198
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
meteorite
which contains a high proportion of iron,
Fabioany
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
or,1.1
metaphorically,
to.............................................................................
the hard, strong nature of iron itself:
Migrants Rights
17
a type of extreme
hardness
or strength.
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence ............................. 21
In 1.3
criminals
andReflections...................................................................
general slang, we find meanings which are easily
Some Final
23
explainable by means of the Material Pattern:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2. Migration
Policies
in East and South East Asia............ 27
a jemmy
usedand
in Ethics
housebreaking;
Fabio Baggio
On the other hand, we also find meanings which are obscure, e.g.:
2.2 Migration
money,Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Ethics and
Migration
Management.................................................
43
or 2.3
accessible
only
in terms
of the original rhyme, lost in the elliptic
form:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
a homosexual (see
iron hoof, rhyming slang for poof; cf.
st Century.
3. Immigration
in the 21delicacy).
a homosexuals
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
1999
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
aand
marijuana
1. Ethics
Humancigarette;
Rights
in theprison.
South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
4.3.1.9.
The case
of kick
1.1 Migrants
Rights
............................................................................. 17
In standard English, kick is used to refer to both:
and:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
discharge,
dismissal.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
Yet
a range Management.................................................
of senses of which the relationship 43
is
2.3slang
Ethicsadds
and Migration
obscure (OED):
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
a sixpence;
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
a pocket;
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
breeches,
trousers
(pl.);
3.1 World
Population
Increase
............................................................. 51
shoes (pl.),
200
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
testicle.
MarioaSantillo
On1.1the
other hand,
features are not retained by other slang
Migrants
Rightsthese
.............................................................................
17
meanings:
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
a person;
2. Migration
Policies and
Ethics in
East man;
and South East Asia............ 27
a fashionable
or showy
young
Fabio Baggio
The
last example
of partial
I propose is skin, i.e.:
Christine
Baghdady,
Richarddisorganization
Vanderberg
the integument
of an animal
stripped from the body.
3.1 World
Population Increase
.............................................................
51
Slang
assigns a variety
of new
meanings
this label,.................
which are
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and to
Governance
53
justifiable on the basis of the Material Pattern:
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
a bald head);
1.1 Migrants
Rights ............................................................................. 17
or 1.2
of aInternational
part-wholeInstrument
relationship:
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
a horse
mule.
1.3 Some
FinalorReflections...................................................................
23
Again,
slang also
adds meanings which are not explainable using
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
the above criteria:
2. Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
a dollar;
Fabio Baggio
a tyre.
This
shows
thatinthe
slang lexicon is not entirely organized 34
in
2.2survey
Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
terms of meaning relations and regular patterns, but exhibits a
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
tendency towards arbitrariness: words acquire new meanings which
.........................................................................................
areBibliography
not connected
with the standard one(s), and which cannot 47
be
inferred by making reference to ordinary features. Slang meanings
3.
Immigration
in thefeatures
21st Century.
often
entail new
which are added to existing ones,
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... 51
increasing the amount of information
necessary
for semantic
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
description.
New
slang
semanticIncrease
features
may even clash with standard ones
3.1
World
Population
.............................................................
51
(as in dog), and entail inconsistencies between the standard system
3.2the
Urbanization,
International
Migration and
.................
53
and
slang system.
This is symptomatic
ofGovernance
an independence
of the
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
latter from the former, and from what is conventional, predictable and
Table
of Contents
stable.
4.3.2. Total disorganization
Total disorganization occurs when none of the regular features of a
word are preserved in slang, and no rational pattern can activate the
slang concept in our mind using universal processes, such as
metaphor, metonymy, etc., or using traditional inferential work (see
Grices 1989 notion of implicature, Sperber & Wilsons 1986
expectations of relevance, etc.).
Total Considerations
disorganization
not Summary
imply an
expansion and
Opening
and does
Executive
..............................
11
Fabio Baggio, of
Laura
reorganization
theZanfrini
standard domain to include slang meanings,
but rather a shift to a completely different domain, with a range of
1.
Ethics and
Human
Rights
features
which
depart
from the standard ones, which make
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes
....................................
15
conceptualization and interpretation
challenging
tasks.
Mario
Santillo
Let us observe a few relevant examples.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2.
Migration
andofEthics
East and
East Asia............
27
The
form andPolicies
function
a baginjustify
the South
additional
meanings that
theFabio
wordBaggio
has in standard use:
2.1
International
an udder, Migration
a dug; in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Migration
a sac (inPolicies
the animal
body) containing honey, poison, etc.;34
2.2
in ESEA............................................................
Ethics
a fold
loose skin
beneath the (human) eyes;
2.3
andofMigration
Management.................................................
43
the stomach,
entrails.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
On the other hand, such salient features do not justify the following
st
3.
Immigration
slang
meanings:in the 21 Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
a preoccupation,
mode
of behaviour or experience;
Christine
Baghdady, Richard
Vanderberg
World
a characteristic
manner.............................................................
of playing jazz or similar music; 51
3.1
Population Increase
Urbanization,
an unattractive
or elderly
woman.
3.2
International
Migration
and Governance ................. 53
2039
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
to Ethics
abstract
slang
ones:Rights
1.
and
Human
in theaSouth
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
reprimand;
Mario Santillo
courage, spirit,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
4.3.2.3.
The case
of cat
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Semantic
shift also intervenes in the polysemic word cat,6 which in
Fabio Baggio
standard English refers to an animal:
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
(also short
for catfish,
cat-o-nine-tails),
Ethics andobjects,
Migration
Management.................................................
43
or 2.3
to concrete
such
as:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
a double
tripod with six legs;
a smallinpiece
wood tapering at each end, used in the
st Century.
3. Immigration
the 21of
game
of
tip-cat.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Vanderberg
ByChristine
contrast,Baghdady,
in slang,Richard
the word
cat applies to human beings, e.g.:
3.1 World
Population
Increase ............................................................. 51
an itinerant
worker;
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
6 See Iamartino (2006: 112-114) for the polysemy of cat and its difficult translation.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
man;
Tablea fellow,
of Contents
the primate,
as Ethics
well asand
forHuman
humansRights
who, as a result of their attitude or nature, are
1.
comparable
to American
the animal:
in the South
Migration Processes .................................... 15
MarioaSantillo
child; a junior; a foolish person;
1.1 Migrants
17
a personRights
who .............................................................................
acts comically;
1.2 International
Instrument for
Migrants
.............................
21
a person performing
a task
whichDefence
involves
physical agility
(see Final
a monkeys
vivacity, nimbleness, etc.).
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
Slang
adds some
extra meanings which are not motivated by the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
standard features. New meanings curiously refer to humans:
2. Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
an associate;
Fabio Baggio
a chorus girl,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
addiction
to, or
habitual
use of, a drug.
3. Immigration
in the
21st
Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine
Richard Vanderberg
4.3.2.5.
TheBaghdady,
case of mug
The
mug
is not polysemous
in the standard language:
3.1word
World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
a (usually large)
earthenware
vessel
bowl; a pot,
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and or
Governance
................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
2059
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
something insignificant,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
2. Migration
Policies
Ethics(pl.);
in East and South East Asia............ 27
money;
spec.and
dollars
Fabio Baggio
2.1 International
sheila). Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
Here
slang not Policies
only adds
new meanings, but also meanings which
are2.3inEthics
blatant
contradiction
with
standard
ones
(cf.
the
value
of
and Migration Management................................................. 43
money).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
206
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Mario
Santilloof representative cases of polysemy and low or no
This
analysis
transparency
seems
to.............................................................................
support our thesis, and to provide evidence for
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
prior expectations that the slang lexicon often exhibits disorganization
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
in 1.2
terms
of meaning
associations
and predictable
patterns. That is 21
to
say,
appears
refuse the standard rules and organizatory criteria,
1.3itSome
FinaltoReflections...................................................................
23
and to prefer unconventionality and arbitrariness. Hence, while the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
content of a standard word is normally constructed on-line, in an ad
hoc context-specific way, using encyclopedic information which
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
varies
in accessibility from individual to individual (Barsalou 1992),
Fabio Baggio
the content of a slang word is heavily dependent on shared
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
and220),
Southand
Eastmay
Asia..............
27
background
knowledge
(Gumperz
1972:
thus remain
inaccessible
to Policies
those individuals
who are not familiar with its slang
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
meaning(s).
2.3
Ethics and Migration
Management.................................................
43
Disorganization
is a gradable
notion. Total disorganization does
notBibliography
rely on rational
inferential processes or predictable behavioural
.........................................................................................
47
patterns, but rather on the memory of use of individual speakers. It
leads
the system
degrees of randomness and ensuing
3.
Immigration
in to
thethe
21sthighest
Century.
complexity,
where
no constraints
to make
some .....
states
The Need for
an Ethical
Approach.are
Thegiven
Canadian
Experience
51
impossible
or highlyRichard
improbable,
and no prediction can be made,
Christine Baghdady,
Vanderberg
since, paradoxically, the only certainty is chaos.
2079
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
4.4. Conclusion
Table
of Contents
The three fundamental questions which motivated the lexical
semantic analysis conducted in this chapter were:
Is there any organization within the slang lexicon?
If so, is this organization the same as found in standard
English? Or is it rather an independent self-regulating
organization?
If not, what else?
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
..............................
Our investigation
has shown
that, inSummary
slang, some
organization 11
is
Fabio Baggio,
Zanfrini
identifiable,
butLaura
it is not
always the case, and disorganization often
intervenes to destroy existing rules and favour system instability.
1. Ethics
andstandard
Human Rights
Like the
lexical system, the slang system has shown a
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
tendency to organize words into lexical fields, in which they can be
Mario Santillo
interrelated by means of paradigmatic meaning relations, esp.
1.1 Migrants
.............................................................................
17
synonymy.
WeRights
have drawn
a distinction between perfect synonyms
i.e.
words
that
denote
the
same
concept
and
are
interchangeable
in
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
the same context (e.g. H, horse, smack for heroin) and partial or
1.3 synonyms
Some Final exhibiting
Reflections...................................................................
23
near
different shades of meanings (cf. smack
and
junk). Other
factors have proved to be crucial to discriminate
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
perfect from partial synonymy among co-referents, viz. in-group
usage,
word Policies
origin and
form.South East Asia............ 27
2.
Migration
andmorphological
Ethics in East and
The
slang
system
has
also
shown
a
tendency to organize sets of
Fabio Baggio
items pertaining to the same conceptual domain into predictable
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
and South
East
Asia..............
27
behavioural
patterns.
Accordingly,
we observe
that
non-users
employ
names
for drugPolicies
terms which
allude to their destructive effects (e.g.
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
bomber, dynamite, hit), but users choose names which rather allude
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
to their opposite (stimulant or euphoric) effects (e.g. ecstasy, happy
Bibliography
47
dust,
joy-pop). .........................................................................................
We likewise observe that body parts are named after
their function (e.g. cake-hole, gate, trap for the mouth), or after the
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the 21
action
they perform
(e.g.
kisser the mouth, snorer the nose,
The Need
forteeth).
an Ethical
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
choppers
the
TheApproach.
recurrenceThe
of rational
associative
patterns
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
such as Effect, Function, Action, etc. are symptomatic of the system
attempt
to find
an autonomous
stability, and to maintain integrity via
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
the development of new forms of (self-)organization, emerging out
and Governance
.................
53
of 3.2
theUrbanization,
interactionsInternational
with the Migration
environment
(the context
and the
208
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
(the micro-
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
2099
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5. Sociological
Properties
Table
of Contents
Opening
Considerations
and
..............................
[] slang
is indicative
notExecutive
only of Summary
mans earthiness
but of his 11
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
indomitable spirit: it sets him in his proper place: relates a man to his
fellows, to his world and the world, and to the universe. (Partridge
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
1947: 291)
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
As1.2
theInternational
state of the Instrument
art on slang
(seeDefence
chap. 2),.............................
slang sociology21
is
forshows
Migrants
a widely discussed topic and the aspects which play a role in its
1.3 Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
sociological
characterization
have turned out to be as various as the
phenomenon
I here wish to give my contribution to the
Bibliographyitself.
.........................................................................................
25
sociological description of slang by selecting and reorganizing
properties
highlighted
far, in
orderand
to South
offer East
a more
systematic
2.
Migration
Policies andsoEthics
in East
Asia............
27
1
classification.
Fabio Baggio
The classification I propose, as anticipated at the end of chapter 2,
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
distinguishes slang sociological properties into speaker- and hearer2.2 Migration
oriented
ones: Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Speaker-oriented
which qualify the speaker 43
as
2.3 Ethics
and Migration properties,
Management.................................................
belonging to some distinct group, include: group- and subjectrestriction, secrecy and privacy, informality and debasement,
vulgarityin and
obscenity,
st Century.time-restriction, ephemerality and
3. Immigration
the 21
localism;
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Christine
Baghdady, Richard
Vanderberg
Hearer-oriented
properties,
which produce some effect upon
the hearer,
are: playfulness
and humour, freshness and novelty,
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
3.2
Urbanization,
International
.................
53
1 In
Mattiello
(2007a and
forthcomingMigration
a) some ofand
the Governance
slang sociological
properties
have
studied in aMigration
contrastivein
(English-Italian)
perspective.
3.3been
International
Canada: An Ethical
Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
212
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
musicality,
55. Jack: Good. Keep your snake (penis) in its cage for
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
seventy-two hours.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Greg: Okay.
(Meet the Parents 2000)
56. Chris: Hes being <unclear> unfuckingtouchable
(absolutely untouchable) []. (COLT)
Fabio Baggio
57. Chuck: Hey, you the new kid? Im talkin to you. Whered
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
your tie go? I thought only pansies (homosexuals) wore
2.2 Migration
neckties.Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Ren:
Oh,Migration
yeah? See
that? I thought only assholes (idiots)
2.3 Ethics and
Management.................................................
43
used the word pansy. (Footloose 1984)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
58. Kenickie: Hey Danny, whats up, do you still think about
that chick
(girl)?
3. Immigration
in the
21st Century.
Danny:
What
are you,
nuts (mad)?
(Grease
1978) ..... 51
The Need for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
Christine
Baghdady,
59.
Jo: you
know,Richard
tellingVanderberg
him to sit and he was stubbing all the
cigarettes
out,
drinking
all the drinks on the table. He was51a
3.1 World Population Increase .............................................................
right yobbo (lout)! (COLT)
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
2139
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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60. Renton (voice over): Got no money: cant get pished (drunk).
Table
of Contents
Got money: drinking too much. Cant get a bird (girl-friend):
no chance of a ride (act of sexual intercourse). Got a bird:
too much hassle. (Trainspotting 1996)
61. Boy: Rizzos been knocked up (made pregnant). (Grease
1978)
As expected, the slang expressions in (52)-(61) above can be
discriminated on the basis of their different functions and
heterogeneous effects.
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
As for functions, some of them are used by the speaker to
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
identify with a specific group, be it on the basis of age or gender
(bird, chick, nuts), habits (cook (up), hit, pished), or origin
1. Ethics and Human Rights
(asshole).
Others
rather denote
the Processes
speakers ....................................
vulgarity (knock up) 15
or
in the South
American
Migration
obscenity
(ride),
or
his
intention
to
hide
private
information
(cop,
Mario Santillo
tip).
1.1
Rights
.............................................................................
17
AsMigrants
for effects,
some
of the above expressions may appear fresh
and
(yobbo),forplayful
(squiffy),
or.............................
humorous (snake)
1.2unconventional
International Instrument
Migrants
Defence
21
to the hearer, or may rather impress, offend or challenge him
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
(asshole,
pansy,
unfuckingtouchable).
Sociological.........................................................................................
criteria are however more fluctuating and
Bibliography
25
controversial than linguistic ones. For instance, it is indisputable
that
the slang
word and
yobbo
is obtained
from
a cumulation
of two
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics
in East and
South
East Asia............
27
extra-grammatical
mechanisms i.e. back-slang plus familiar suffix
Fabio Baggio
-o and it is equally unquestionable that hit is a complex English
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
word due to its polysemy and, hence, to the large quantity of
2.2 Migration
Policies infor
ESEA............................................................
34
information
necessary
its semantic description. On the other
hand,
it
is
questionable
whether
yobbo
is
a
colourful
or
an
offensive
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
word, and whether hit is simply a faddish expression, or it is rather
.........................................................................................
47
anBibliography
opaque word
used to exclude outsiders.
English native speakers are naturally facilitated in the
3.
Immigration
in the of
21stsuch
Century.
sociological
reading
slang expressions. But they often turn
The
Need
for
an
Ethical
The Canadian
..... 51
out to be unhelpful, sinceApproach.
their opinions
about theExperience
slang functions/
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
effects are at times conflicting, and their use/perception of slang
words
is dissimilar,
though
they
all seem to agree that most slang51
is
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
inappropriate for use in polite company.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
214
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Let us first consider each of the selected criteria and then discuss
Table
of Contents
experimental data drawn from questionnaires submitted to native
informants.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
5.2.1.
Group- and
subject-restriction
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
st Century.
3. Immigration
the 21
Danny: in
It was
flipping.
The Need
forYeah,
an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Sonny:
crazy,
huh?
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Danny:
I did meet
thisVanderberg
one chick, she was sort of cool.
Sonny:
You mean
she puts
out?
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
Danny: Come on, Sonny, is that all you ever think about?
5. Sociological Properties
2159
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
This extract shows that the interactants three high school students
Table
of Contents
at the Rydell High are close friends, who are familiar with the
respective summer holiday programmes and curious about their
realization. They share not only such general characteristics as age
and gender, but also socio-cultural traits, such as education and
belonging to the same gang, the T-birds. Hence, they use slang or,
as I prefer to call it, slanguage (Mattiello 2005), as a marker of
social identity and group exclusiveness, and as a means of
expressing the values and experiences of their peer group members.
In (62) in-group distictiveness and cohesion are proclaimed by
derogatory
taboo wordsand
(e.g.
flipping
a substitute
for a strong
Opening Considerations
Executive
Summary
..............................
11
expletive,
put
out
offer
oneself
for
sexual
intercourse),
as well as
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
by creative meaning associations (e.g. chick girl, cool excellent),
which
express
the boys
need for differentiation from adult society
1.
Ethics
and Human
Rights
and
vocabulary.
They indeed
develop
their....................................
own terminology 15
to
in the
South American
Migration
Processes
show
offSantillo
and gain status within society.
Mario
Other intriguing topics which are normally favoured in young
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
mens
conversations are drinking and drugs, as the following extracts
from
show:Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 COLT
International
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
64. Jay: But youre too young to go for girls. Were drinking
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
beer, [getting
pissed]
Wayne:
[No
Im
2.3 Ethics and Migrationnot.]
Management................................................. 43
Jay: out of our nut.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
216
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
70.
Charles:
I heard
you have
to cold turkey.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
Jim: Cold turkey doesnt even apply to Substance D.
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Unlike the legacy of inherited predisposition to addictive
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migration
and Governance
53
behaviour of
substances
this needs
no genetic.................
assistance.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
2179
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1 International
Migration in East
and evident
South East
27
Informality
and debasement
are Asia
chiefly
inAsia..............
general slang
words,
which are
deliberately
used by speakers to break with the
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
neutral standard language and to reduce the level of discourse to
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
familiar
or low speech. They signal the speakers intention to refuse
conventions
and
their need to be informal, to ease social exchanges
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
and induce friendliness.
3. Immigration
in the
21st Century.
Consider, for
instance,
the welcome salutations between old
The Need
for taken
an Ethical
The Canadian
..... 51
friends
in (73),
fromApproach.
Theres Something
aboutExperience
Mary (1998):
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
3.1 World
Population
Increase
73.
Sully:
Healy, you
dog. ............................................................. 51
Healy:
Sully.
Look
at you.
3.2 Urbanization, International
Migration and Governance ................. 53
Sully: You hot shit. You look fucking pisser.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
218
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
76.
in theMax:
SouthWine?
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
MarioTessa:
SantilloOh, yes, please. Come on, Willie, lets get sloshed.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in the 21
known
and referred
to as
pubilect (see Taylor 1998 and the
The Need
for an Adolescents
Ethical Approach.
Experience
..... 51
literature
therein).
in factThe
use Canadian
dirty, swear
or taboo words
Christinetheir
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
to exhibit
strength,
power
and virility (in the case of boys), or, in
general,
to
boast
with
their
peers,
and to show that, when parents 51
or
3.1 World Population Increase .............................................................
teachers are not there, they are free to go to excesses in their
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
language.
5. Sociological Properties
2199
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.1 Migrants
Rights like,
.............................................................................
17
Josie: Mines
cunt and things like that.
Peter: <unclear>
thisfor
or Migrants
not?
1.2 International
Instrument
Defence ............................. 21
Alice: Usually shit and fuck, I think are my vocabulary.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
Josie:
Yeah,
or oh shit, you cunt!
Alice: Or
shite is also another one.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Josie: Yeah, or, or, or, budging hell cos your mums in front
of you.
2. Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
Fabio Baggio
Predictably,
most Migration
of the impolite
words
andEast
expressions
above
2.1 International
in Eastslang
Asia and
South
Asia..............
27
have sexual connotations (balls and holes, bollocks, (up your) bum,
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
cock off, cunt, fuck). Others have scatological connotations (shit,
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
shite),
and still
others areManagement.................................................
coarse terms of abuse used to insult 43
or
express
irritation
or anger (bastard, bloody, budging hell, buggery).47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
COLT adolescents often turn out to be obscene when they make
useImmigration
of such words
to refer
to various types of sexual intercourses:
3.
in the
21st Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
79.
Andrew:
Thelma
andVanderberg
Louise. That was a good bit when he
fucked
her
up
the
arse.
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
Josie: <laugh> Like when he goes, [suck my cock!]
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
220
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
A black knob?
TableCraig:
of Contents
Leanne: Yeah.
Craig: Your Mum sucks Chinky knobs. Your Mums got a
fanny with a split the wrong way. ... You know [your Mu=]
Leanne: [Yours sucks] her own boobs.
These recordings show the speakers naivety, their call for slang
four-letter words (arse, boob(s), cock, fuck, knob, suck) (Apte
1998: 987) to appear older than they are, or, for girls, to appear as
wordly-wise as the boys are supposed to be.
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
Fabio
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
5.2.5.
Time-restriction,
ephemerality and localism
Some
slang words are indeed typical of a certain time period, which
Mario Santillo
may be associated with the speakers age. Others disappear as
1.1 Migrants
17
quickly
as theyRights
have.............................................................................
been created, but they show the speakers
effort
to
be
novel
in
his
speech.
Still
others
are
typical
of
a
region,
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
normally connected to the speakers origin.
1.3
Reflections...................................................................
AsSome
for Final
time-restriction,
some slang words are typical of 23a
generation
or age
group. Hence, when a person grows older and no
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
longer belongs to this age group, (s)he generally stops using them.
Consider Policies
Mr. De and
Leons
words
in this
fromAsia............
Frankie and
2. Migration
Ethics
in East
andexcerpt
South East
27
Johnny
(1991):
Fabio Baggio
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
As for ephemerality, some words have been slang for a very long
st Century.
3.
Immigration
the 21
period
of time.in For
instance,
the word quid, which was firstly
The Need
for anwith
Ethical
Canadian
Experience
51
attested
in 1688
the Approach.
sense of aThe
guinea,
continues
to be.....
used
Christine
Richardthough
Vanderberg
now,
as in Baghdady,
COLT below,
in the slightly different sense of
one
3.1pound
World sterling:
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
2219
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
forisMigrants
Defence
21
As1.2forInternational
localism, Instrument
some slang
associated
with.............................
a specific region.
The
which follow, respectively from Grease (1978)
1.3conversations
Some Final Reflections...................................................................
23
and Footloose (1984), show examples of regional slang:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Boy: Policies
What are
Scorpions
doing
here?
aint their
2. 84.
Migration
andthe
Ethics
in East and
South
EastThis
Asia............
27
Fabioturf.
Baggio
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
gonna be ready
for it.
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
85.
Willard:Policies
Oh, shit,
really?
Ren:and
No.Migration
Yeah, but
we did dance. We danced our asses off!
2.3 Ethics
Management.................................................
43
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
The noun turf, denoting the streets controlled by a juvenile streetst Century.
gang
and regarded
by21them
as their territory, and the verb rumble
3.
Immigration
in the
(have
a gang
fight)
areApproach.
AmericanThe
English
slang,
and so is
The Need
for an
Ethical
Canadian
Experience
.....the
51
expression
to danceRichard
onesVanderberg
ass off (dance a lot), which we
Christine Baghdady,
distinguish from British slang to dance ones arse off.
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
222
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Playfulness
and humour
areVanderberg
typical features of metaphorical slang
Christine Baghdady,
Richard
words. Generally, people find a slang word amusing when the
3.1 World Population
Increasesounds
.............................................................
51
association
with its referent
unfamiliar, odd, and therefore
out3.2
ofUrbanization,
the ordinary.International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
2239
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.3 humour
Some Finaland
Reflections...................................................................
23
The
playfulness of such expressions are mainly
obtained
by
means
of
a
subtle
play
of
metaphorical
extensions,
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
which presupposes the hearers knowledge of the circumstances to
identify
the actual
meanings
implied.
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
People
also
find
a
slang
word funny when it is used across
Fabio Baggio
generation boundaries: e.g., by a speaker who is younger or older
2.1expected.
International
Migration
East Asia
and South
27
than
Consider
theinword
fox used
by a East
childAsia..............
in (89) (from
Footloose
1984),
and chick
used by an adult in (90) (from Notting
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
Hill 1999):
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
89.
Wes: Ethel, you sure youre not too tired?
Ethel: No, Ren did
most of the driving.
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
Amy: If you ask me, Ren is a total fox.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Lulu: Amy!
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
Wes: Where did you hear that?
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
224
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5.3.2.
Freshness and
noveltyfor Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 International
Instrument
Freshness
are distinctive features of slanguage, since
1.3 Someand
Finalnovelty
Reflections...................................................................
23
teenagers, and young people in general, tend to be up-to-date and
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
innovative
in their
speech.
Consider some original expressions all from COLT used by
2.
Migration
Policies
in East
and South East Asia............ 27
London
teenagers
to and
referEthics
to crazy
(people):
Fabio Baggio
2.1 International
Migration
East bloody
Asia andpotty,
Southoff
East
Asia..............
27
92.
Robert: Hes
bloodyinmad,
his
rocker. (into
microphone)
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Amanda: Where did you get it?
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
5. Sociological Properties
2259
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
97. Josie: Hi Sam! ... I was taping, Sam. ... <speaking quietly
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
just for the tape> battyman means youre gay. And
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Lezzypal
means youre a lesbian. Okay? <unclear> (break
in tape)
cigarette.
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
3.1 World
Increase
............................................................. 51
5.3.3.
DesirePopulation
to impress
and faddishness
3.2 Urbanization,
Migrationdesire
and Governance
53
Some
slang wordsInternational
show the speakers
to impress.................
the hearer,
and
they
actually
do,
because
of
their
faddishness.
The
extravagance
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
226
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
1.102.
EthicsKath:
and Human
Rights
Queer bastard.
in theClaire:
South American
Migration
Whos a que=
me? Processes .................................... 15
Mario Santillo
Kath: Mm.
Claire: Im
not.............................................................................
queer!
1.1 Migrants
Rights
17
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
Bent, lesy, queen, queer (n and adj) and many other unconventional
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
slang words can strike the hearer, because of their eccentric
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
character
and/or
figurative sense.
Another teenage slang word which may shock the hearer is cow.
2.
Policies
Ethics
in East and South
East Asia............
27
A Migration
small sample
fromand
COLT
conversations
is enough
to understand
its Fabio
use inBaggio
context:
2.1 International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
103.
Josie: [Yeah,
yeah] like your mum goes, you stupid
2.2 Migration
Policiesyeah,
in ESEA............................................................
34
cow!
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
104. Josie: what you laughing at you flat chested cow? I was
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
laughing
and you were getting the hump with it ... cos47I
knew I had it all on tape.
3. Immigration
the 21stcall
Century.
Wesley:inI didnt
you a flat chested cow.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
105.
Owain:
Youre
a fucking
flaming cow.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
Leon: <laughing> Youre so bad </> beat him up.
5. Sociological Properties
2279
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
or Mario
rhyming
phrases.
Santillo
In the following conversation taken from Grease (1978), Marty
1.1aMigrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
uses
copy reduplicative
to express her disappointment:
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
107.
Marty:
Oh,
double doo doo.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
Betty: Please.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Jan: What
was that?
Marty: One of my diamonds just fell in the macaroni!
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
108.
Samantha:
a boo boo, got my voice, too big.
Dawn: Youre telling
me.
st
mean,
Lynn, you
always
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
228
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5. Sociological Properties
2299
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The consonant
cluster /m/ rather denotes someone or something
Table
of Contents
unpleasant, as in (114) below:
114. Josie: Karen! What are you going to be when you gro=
Karen! Oi! You ugly schmuck!
Indeed, schmuck (idiot) belongs to a set of slang words of Yiddish
origin which normally have bad connotations (e.g. schmeck
heroin, schmooze a chat or gossip, schmutz filth, dirt, etc.).
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
5.3.5.
Impertinence,
and aggressiveness
Fabio
Baggio, Laura offensiveness
Zanfrini
1.
Ethics and Human
offensiveness
as anRights
inevitable consequence. Insolent terms of
in
the
South
American
Migration
....................................
15
address, or strong, even cruel
slang Processes
expressions
may be used to insult
Mario
Santillo
other
people,
in impolite conversations, or to show ones disapproval
and
condemnation
of the
hearers behaviour, way of life, etc.
1.1 Migrants Rights
.............................................................................
17
People sometimes address their friends using impudent
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence .............................
21
expressions.
Below
is a series
of contextualized
examples, some
(115,
116) drawn
from The Full Monty (1997), and the others from
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
COLT:
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Dave:Policies
I try dieting.
I doin try.
IveEast
spent
most of my
2.115.
Migration
and Ethics
EastSeems
and South
Asia............
27
Fabiofuckin
Baggio life on a diet. The less I eat, the fatter I get.
3. Immigration
in the 21st
Grace: <laugh>
... Century.
The Need
for ananEthical
Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Ian: Hes
old cunt.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderbergas you boy.
Grace:
<laugh>
So <unclear>
3.1 World
Population
............................................................. 51
118.
Vicki:
Fuck youIncrease
arsehole!
Jay:
<laugh>
...
<laughing>
No fuck
you arsehole!
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration
and Governance
................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
2.1 International
Migration in...East
Asia and South
Asia..............
123.
Shelley: [<unclear>]
<screaming>
YouEast
rotten
bastard! 27
Josie:
<shouting>
You
...
Shelley
...
are
a
sick
fat
bitch! 34
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................
125.
Samantha: Youre
dirtyMigration
dog.
3.2 Urbanization,
International
and Governance ................. 53
Romax: Youre dirty dog. [Get lost.]
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5.4. The of
opinion
of native speakers
Table
Contents
The opinion of native speakers of English2 has been crucial to
confirm our expectations about the sociological factors characterizing
slang. Results from experiments conducted on native informants aged
between 17 and 54, though not relevant statistically, have for the
most part confirmed that the functions/effects of English slang
amount to the speaker-/hearer-oriented criteria just examined. For
instance, in the questionnaires they filled in, natives offered the
following comments about the words/expressions highlighted in (52)(61):
Opening
Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
FabioCook
Baggio,
up,Laura
hit Zanfrini
The
verbandcook
up Rights
and the noun hit turned out to be hardly
1.
Ethics
Human
comprehensible
for
most
English speakers.
none would use
in the South American Migration
Processes Hence,
....................................
15
them,
and
the majority declared that they consider them faddish
Mario
Santillo
private words essentially used to communicate efficiently among
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
insiders,
and, simultaneously,
to exclude outsiders.
The
informantsInstrument
who understood
the sense
of.............................
cook up provided
1.2
International
for Migrants
Defence
21
such definitions as prepare a dose/shot of heroin or heat heroin,
1.3 Some itFinal
23
describing
as aReflections...................................................................
novel word.
They did not
always succeed in disambiguating the sense of hit
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
either. They attempted such descriptions as a heroin dose, a shot
2.
andaEthics
East and South
Asia............
27
of Migration
heroin, Policies
or, with
few inuncertainties,
aEast
dose
of drugs.
Fabio Baggioa woman from Leicester described hit through another
Interestingly,
slang
term i.e. fix
whichinwas
to her. 27
2.1 International
Migration
Eastprobably
Asia and more
Southfamiliar
East Asia..............
By contrast, an erroneous description of hit was the effect of
2.2 Migration
ESEA............................................................
34
heroin,
which Policies
howeverinconfirmed
that this word can be associated
with
a
drug
dose
via
the
negative
effects
a
drug
can
produce
on
its
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
addict (see Effect Pattern in 4.2.2.5.4).
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Cop, tip
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
oldChristine
girl from
Liverpool
defined
it an American English word, but
2 The informants were all speakers from the U.K., but their regional origins were
3.2 Urbanization,
and Governance
53
various,
viz. from SouthInternational
East (London)Migration
to East Midlands
(Leicester),.................
from Northern
England
(Liverpool, Manchester)
3.3 International
Migration to
inScotland
Canada:(Edinburgh).
An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
Pansy, asshole
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
The
noun pansy
was Richard
not recognizable
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderbergto young informants, whereas
middle-aged speakers provided the correct definition (i.e.
3.1 World Population
Increase .............................................................
51
homosexual
man, effeminate
man, effeminate gay man, gay),
though
some of them
specifiedMigration
that the word
is felt as out-dated.
3.2 Urbanization,
International
and Governance
................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
On the other hand, the noun asshole was clear to everyone. Most
Table
of Contents
speakers gave the definition idiot or stupid person, though some
others tried to be more precise (a person with an exaggerated idea
of his own importance).
Both words were viewed as offensive and aggressive espressions
which are now part of derogatory vocabulary, but asshole was
additionally felt as a vulgar/obscene swear word of American use.
Chick, nuts
There is discrepancy between the perceptions of the various
informants, who rated as out-dated words like chick and nuts.
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
The noun chick for girl, woman was known by the informants
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
but not used by them for different reasons. Some claimed it is a
playful/humorous faddish word, but colourful and offensive to the
1. Ethics and Human Rights
addressee.
Others
claimed
it is American
English,
and therefore not
in the South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
used
in
Britain.
Still
other
people
claimed
that
chick is late
Mario Santillo
1960s/70s slang, so, when it is used by adult people who were
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
young
in that period,
it produces comical effects.
The
adjective Instrument
nuts was similarly
viewed
as a.............................
humorous/playful
1.2
International
for Migrants
Defence
21
but offensive term for crazy or mad, which has now become
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
dated
slangFinal
or has
entered into informal language.
Bibliography
Yobbo ......................................................................................... 25
The
noun yobbo
seemed
familiar
to most
English
speakers.
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East
and British
South East
Asia............
27
With
a few
exceptions e.g. some did not provide any definition
Fabio
Baggio
for the word and one interpreted it as homeless alcoholic
2.1 International
Migration
Asia and
South East
Asia..............
speakers
considered
yobbo ina East
colourful
efficient
word
for thug 27
or
brainless
aggressive
person,
an
informal
British
English
term
for
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
aggressive man or uncouth person, and some would even use it
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
in such senses.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
The
adjective in
pished
pissed, some informants remark
3.
Immigration
the 21st from
Century.
would
be used
as Ethical
a playful/humorous
term
for drunk,
or avoided
The Need
for an
Approach. The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
as Christine
a result of
its colourful
character.
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
Also the noun bird for girlfriend, girl or woman was
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
considered colourful, and by some people offensive. Others felt it is
3.2informal
Urbanization,
International
now
British
English. Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
5.5.
Conclusion
Fabio
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
1.
Ethics
and Human
Rights that the functions and effects of slang
This
chapter
has confirmed
the South American
15
areinnumerous,
sometimesMigration
divergent,Processes
but more....................................
often interrelated and
Mario
Santillo
hard
to keep
separate. They may indeed merge to characterize the
same
slang
expression
and to suggest its different facets, depending
1.1 Migrants Rights .............................................................................
17
on the conversation participants and situation of occurrence.
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
Some
slang words
have turned
out to Defence
index different
speakers 21
or
to 1.3
generate
dissimilar
effects
in
relation
to
the
context.
For
instance,
Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
in American English the word dog can be viewed as an indicator of
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
informal
or low
level discourse, thus implying the speakers effort
to establish a close intimate relationship with his hearer. But it can
2. Migration Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
also be an indicator of the participants place of origin, since British
Fabio Baggio
speakers would rather use it as a colourful word for bastard,
2.1 International
in East
Asia
and South East Asia.............. 27
hence,
as a meansMigration
to challenge
their
hearers.
Similarly,
such
words
as
bird
for
a girl and fox for an
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
attractive woman can signal the speakers age and gender, since
2.3 are
Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
they
generally
used by
young men as verbal means of group
cohesion
and .........................................................................................
distinctiveness. Yet when they are used across
Bibliography
47
generation boundaries e.g. by adult men they give the
st Century.
impression
of in
being
bad
imitations of teenage slanguage, with a
3.
Immigration
the 21
consequent
humorous
effect
upon theThe
hearer.
The Need for an Ethical Approach.
Canadian Experience ..... 51
An
audio-visual
context
as
in
the
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg case of film dialogues or a
specific data collection with clues about the speakers origin, age,
3.1 World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
occupation,
and interpersonal relations as drawn from COLT
conversations
has
helped usMigration
associateand
sociological
to
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Governanceproperties
................. 53
the slang words/expressions investigated.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
5. Sociological Properties
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Final Remarks
Table
of Contents
Opening
and Executive
Is slangConsiderations
a word for linguistics?
(DumasSummary
& Lighter ..............................
1978, article title) 11
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
Thirty years after Dumas & Lighters article, this study has tried to
1.
Ethicsconfirmation
and Human Rights
provide
that slang can truly be considered a word for
in
the
South
American
Processes
....................................
15
linguistics. First
of all, it Migration
is a word for
morphologists
who analyse the
Rather
than creating
new words, they obtain connoted
3.1 World
Population
Increase .............................................................
51
variants, as in the case of some slang suffixes, e.g., -eroo
(flopperoo), -ie/-y (bikie, chiefy), -er/-ers (brekker, champers),
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
238
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
fab, banana
MarioRather
Santillothan relying on existing stem or word bases, they
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
Still
otherFinal
formations
lie between grammatical and extragrammatical
morphology.
On
the
one
hand,
they
may
conform
to
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
the regular patterns of morphotactic concatenation, but display
extra-grammaticality
in Ethics
the base
forms
(yobby
yob),
or, on the
2.
Migration Policies and
in East
and
South
East
Asia............
27
other
hand,
they
may
display
regular
bases,
but
irregular
order of
Fabio Baggio
morphological processes (dicey pl. of die).
2.1
International
Migration
in East Asiabelong
and South
East Asia..............
27
Lastly,
some rare
slang formations
to marginal
morphology
because
their processes
across the margin between derivation
2.2 Migration
Policies instand
ESEA............................................................
34
and compounding (-fest in gabfest), or between morphology and
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
phonology (gee guy, Beeb B.B.C.).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
Interestingly,
while some idiomatically combining expressions 47
of
Standard English (e.g. to take advantage of) are compositional, slang
3.
Immigration
in the
Century.
idiomatic
phrases
(e.g.21tost kick
the bucket) are non-compositional, and
The Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
51
therefore
lexicalized
as such,
or, at least,
metaphorical
(e.g. to .....
work
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
ones guts out) (see Nunberg et al. 1994; cf. Mateu & Espinal 2007).
The
semantic
inspection
shown that most regular (rule3.1
World
Population
Increase has
.............................................................
51
governed) slang formations exhibit irregularity in meaning association,
3.2therefore
Urbanization,
International
Migration
andthe
Governance
................. 53
and
generate
disorganization
within
lexical system.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Final Remarks
2399
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The way slang words organize the lexicon into semantic areas is
Table
of Contents
sometimes predictable on the basis of meaning relations (synonymy,
antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy), or of regular patterns which may
help recreate the correlation between slang words and their meaning.
Yet slang organization has often turned out to be unpredictable, and
the cognitive operations linking slang words to the correlated
concepts have appeared hard, if not impossible, to identify. For this
reason we have explored slang disorganization.
Lexical disorganization is pertinent to items such as nut, which
in slang maintains some of its standard semantic features but also
acquires Considerations
new ones. Standard
featuresSummary
(e.g. roundness,
smallness,
Opening
and Executive
..............................
11
hardness)
are
useful
to
disambiguate
such
slang
meanings
as the
Fabio Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
head or a testicle, but they are useless with other slang meanings.
Hence,
have
madeRights
use of new features (e.g. excellence, fashion,
1.
Ethicswe
and
Human
craziness)
to interpret
meanings
as an....................................
excellent person, 15
a
in the South
Americansuch
Migration
Processes
fashionable
young man, or a mad or crazy person.
Mario Santillo
Lexical disorganization is total when no standard feature is
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
maintained
by slang, as in monkey. We have seen that, in slang, this
word
implies a semantic
shift
a non-human
to a human entity
1.2 International
Instrument
forfrom
Migrants
Defence .............................
21
(an associate, a chorus girl), or even to an abstract one (addiction
1.3 Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
to a drug). Here, slang meanings have turned out to be inaccessible
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
using
our common
knowledge of standard English, and, in such
conditions, the micro-system has turned out to be unstable, and its
2.
Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
dynamics
unpredictable.
Fabio
TheseBaggio
findings are in line with a recently-developed theory of
Lexical
Complexity
(Bertuccelli
grounded on
2.1 International
Migration
in EastPapi
Asia &
andLenci
South2007),
East Asia..............
27
the notions of dynamicity and complexity. Accordingly, we can
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
claim
that the slang
macro-system
is complex due to: (a) the high
number
of and
dimensions
related states of the system, and, 43
in
2.3 Ethics
Migrationand
Management.................................................
particular, (b) the irregularity and unpredictability of its dynamics.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 47
Lastly, the sociological inspection has illustrated the possible
functions/effects of slang
in free conversation. This inspection starts
3. Immigration in the 21st Century.
from the crucial distinction we have made between speaker- and
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
hearer-oriented
criteria. The former including group-restriction,
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
secrecy, vulgarity and others index the speakers characters,
3.1 World
Increase
51
attitudes
andPopulation
intentions,
while.............................................................
the latter include a set of effects,
such
as
humour
or
offensiveness,
which
slang
words
and
phrases
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
can produce upon the hearer/addressee.
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
240
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Final Remarks
2419
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
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Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Sornig,
K.Baggio
(1981) Lexical innovation: A study of slang, colloquialisms and casual
Fabio
speech, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
and Southand
Eastcognition,
Asia..............
27
Sperber,
D. & D. Wilson
(1986) Relevance:
Communication
Blackwell,
Oxford.
2.2
Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
Stein, J. (ed.) (1966) The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Random
2.3
Ethics
and
Migration Management................................................. 43
House,
New
York.
Stenstrm,
A.-B. (1999)
He was really gormless Shes bloody crap: Girls, boys and
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
intensifiers, in H. Hasselgrd & S. Oksefjell (eds), Out of corpora: Studies in
honour of Stig Johansson,st
Rodopi, Amsterdam, pp. 69-78.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
51
Stenstrm,
A.-B.,
G. Andersen
& I.K. .............................................................
Hasund (2002) Trends in teenage talk: Corpus
compilation, analysis and findings, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
References9
252
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Taylor, R.L. (1998) Adolescent peer group language, in J.L. Mey & R.E. Asher (eds),
Table
Contents
Concise of
Encyclopedia
of Pragmatics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 7-12.
Theres Something about Mary (1998), B. & P. Farrelly, U.S.
Thornton, A.M. (1993) Italian blends, in L. Tonelli & W.U. Dressler (eds), Natural
Morphology: Perspectives for the nineties, Unipress, Padova, pp. 143-155.
Tonelli, L. & W.U. Dressler (eds) (1993) Natural Morphology: Perspectives for the
nineties, Unipress, Padova.
Trainspotting (1996), D. Boyle, U.K.
Trudgill, P. (1999) The dialects of England, Blackwell, Oxford.
Walker, A.G.H. (1984) Applied sociology of language: Vernacular languages and
education, in P. Trudgill (ed.), Applied sociolinguistics, Academic Press, London,
Opening
Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
pp. 159-202.
Mario
MoutonSantillo
de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 111-132.
1.1 Migrants
Rights
.............................................................................
17
Webster,
N. & J.L.
McKechnie
(eds) (1963) Websters New Twentieth Century
Dictionary of the English Language, World Publishing Company, Cleveland/New
1.2
International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
York.
Wentworth,
(1972)
The neo-pseudo-suffix -eroo, American Speech 42, pp. 101.3 SomeH.Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
15.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
Fabio Baggio
2.3 Ethics
and Migration
Management.................................................
43
Wurzel,
W.U. (1994)
Morphology,
natural, in R.E. Asher & J.M.Y. Simpson (eds),
The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Pergamon Press, Oxford/New
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
York, pp. 2590-2598.
Yust, W. (ed.) (1950) Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica Ltd &
3.
Immigration in the 21st Century.
University of Chicago, Chicago.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Zwicky, A.M. & G.K. Pullum (1987) Plain morphology and expressive morphology,
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
in J. Aske, N. Beery, L. Michaelis & H. Filip (eds), Proceedings of the 13th Annual
Meeting
of Population
the Berkeley Increase
Linguistic .............................................................
Society, Berkeley Linguistic Society, Berkeley,
3.1
World
51
pp. 330-340.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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Authorof
Index
Table
Contents
Author Index
9
254
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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F
Table
of Contents
Fauconnier, G., 192
Fillmore, C.J., 158, 169
Flexner, S.B., 33, 39-41, 56, 57
Fradin, B., 25, 121
Franceschi, D., 26
Franklyn, J., 32, 56, 57
Fudeman, K., 151
Bibliography .........................................................................................
47
N
Nash, W., 36
3.
Immigration
in the
21st31,Century.
Leech,
G., (see Quirk
et al.)
33,
Nunberg, G., 238
The
Need
for an
Ethical
56, 57,
69, 116,
137,
152 Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine
VanderbergO
Lenci,
A., 22,Baghdady,
25, 30, 159,Richard
194, 208,
239
Olesen, V., 31, 33, 56, 57
3.1 World
51
Lieber,
R., 73, Population
85, 86, 88 Increase .............................................................
Olivares, C., 54
Lighter, J., 27, 31, 33, 40, 49, 56,
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration
and Governance
................. 53
Oshita,
H., 87
57, 237
Author Index
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
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P
Table
of Contents
2559
Walker, A.G.H., 38
Warren, B., 74, 85, 88, 121
Quirk,
R., and
31, 33,
56, 57,
69, 116,
1.
Ethics
Human
Rights
Wasow, T., (see Nunberg et al.) 238
137,
in
the152
South American Migration Processes
15
Webster,....................................
N., 34, 35, 56, 57
Mario Santillo
Wentworth, H., 101, 102
R
Whittaker, E., 31, 33, 56, 57
1.1 Migrants
Rights .............................................................................
17
Roeper,
T., 86
Wierzbicka, A., 123
Romaine,
S.,
37
Williams,
E.,
72,
85
1.2 International Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
Ruiz de Mendoza, F.J., 192
Wilson, D., 45, 169, 202
Ryder,
M.E., 67
Wurzel, W.U., 19
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
(see Dressler et al.) 19, 23, 84,
25
85, 139
S Bibliography .........................................................................................
Sag, I., (see Nunberg et al.) 238
2.
Migration
and Ethics in EastY
and South East Asia............ 27
Santibez,
F., Policies
192
FabioS.,Baggio
Scalise,
19, 22, 23, 67, 73, 156,
Yust, W., 33, 50, 51, 56, 57
238
2.1 International
Schonhorn,
M.R., 31, Migration
33, 56, 57 in East AsiaZand South East Asia.............. 27
Siegel,
D., 123
2.2 Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................
Zwicky, A.M., 20, 25, 61, 67, 15634
Siegel, M.E.A., 86
Simpson,
J.M.Y.,
2.3 Ethics
and38Migration Management................................................. 43
Skeat, W.W., 34
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Sornig,
K., 31, 34,
41, 43, 53, 5557, 61, 157, 193
Spallino,
C., 28 in the 21st Century.
3.
Immigration
Sperber,
D.,
The Need169,
for202
an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Stein, J., 56, 57
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
Stenstrm, A.-B., 31-33, Richard
37, 39, 4749, World
54, 56, 57,
176
3.1
Population
Increase ............................................................. 51
Svartvik, J., (see Quirk et al.) 31,
33, Urbanization,
56, 57, 69, 116, International
137, 152
3.2
Migration and Governance ................. 53
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Subjectof
Index
Table
Contents
1.
Ethics
Human
Rights
accent,
19, and
36, 38,
54
C
in
the
South
American
Migration
Processes
.................................... 15
acronym, 23-25, 29, 49, 66, 70,
93,
100, 107-110,
Mario
Santillo 126, 135-138,
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
258
Subject Index
9
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Subject Index
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
H
Table
of Contents
2599
marginal morphology, 24, 25, 63,
70, 71, 121, 150, 238
meronymy, 158, 160, 168, 169, 239
metaphor, 44, 45, 49, 99, 112, 119,
127, 169, 178, 192, 197, 198,
202, 215, 222, 223, 238
metathesis, 66, 150, 152
musicality, 21, 53, 58, 60, 212, 227229, 240
N
-ie/-y, 66-69, 104-108, 127, 132,
155, 237, 238, 240
natural morphology/NM, 19, 23, 24,
-ify/-fy, 109
68, 84, 86,
88, 89, 107, 138, 155
Opening Considerations and Executive Summary
..............................
11
impertinence, 39, 51, 52, 58, 60,
naturalness/markedness, 22-24, 85,
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
212, 229, 230
155
infixation, 23-25, 43, 65, 66, 68,
-ness, 64, 112, 113
123, 156,
238,
240 Rights
1. Ethics
and
Human
novelty, 20, 31, 35, 38, 47-49, 57,
inflection(al
morphology),
43,
in the South
American25,
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
60, 104,
121, 206, 211, 220, 222,
44, 69-71
224, 225, 231, 232
Mario
Santillo
informality, 28, 31-33, 35, 38-40,
46, Migrants
47, 57, 59, Rights
60, 69,.............................................................................
114, 115,
1.1
17
O
211, 217, 218, 232-234
-o, Defence
43, 62, 66,
68, 69, 72, 113-115,
1.2(nInternational
for Migrants
.............................
21
-ing
type: flaming),Instrument
64, 109, 110,
142, 144, 154, 155, 213, 238,
237
1.3
Some
Finalcorking),
Reflections...................................................................
23
240
-ing
(ppl
adj type:
64, 110,
obscenity, 28, 48, 50, 57, 59, 60,
111,
237
Bibliography .........................................................................................
25
211, 213, 218-220, 232, 233, 240
initialism, 29, 66, 68, 95, 126, 132,
-ock, 116, 155
135-138, 141, 145, 152, 156, 238
39, Asia............
50, 52, 58, 60,
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics in Eastoffensiveness,
and South East
27
-ish,
64, 111-113,
129, 130
106, 130, 167, 175, 212, 213,
Fabio Baggio
229, 230, 233, 234, 239,
J 2.1 International Migration in East Asia and227,
South East Asia.............. 27
240
jargon, 19, 33, 35, 36, 107
organization (lexical), 22, 29, 45,
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................
60, 157-193, 207, 237, 239 34
L 2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
P
letter pronunciation, 66, 72, 150,
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
152
playfulness, 21, 25, 32, 48, 57, 60,
lexical phrase, 89-91, 163
69, 94, 132, 211, 213, 222-224,
localism,
37, 38, in51,
211,
232, 233, 240
3.
Immigration
the58-60,
21st Century.
220-222,
234
polysemy,
26, 27,
52, 194, 198,
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The
Canadian
Experience
.....199,
51
-ly, 64, 112
203-206,
208,
213,
218,
240
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
prefixation, 24, 63, 64, 66, 68, 72,
M3.1 World Population Increase .............................................................
91-93
51
privacy,
28, 32, 37, 39, 42, 53, 58malapropism, 66, 150-152
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and
Governance
53
60, 141,
156, 211,.................
213, 216, 217,
231, 234
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Subject Index
9
260
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
R
Table
of Contents
17
S 1.1 Migrants Rights .............................................................................
V
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
21
-s, 1.2
43, International
66, 69, 100, 116,
117, 119,
variation,
29,.............................
41, 42, 66, 68, 100,
240
150-154, 156
1.3 Some24,
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
schm-/shm-,
66, 68,
91, 92
vernacular, 19, 36, 38
secrecy,
15,
17,
32,
36,
37,
39,
40,
-ville, 122
Bibliography .........................................................................................
25
52, 53, 58-60, 150, 209, 211,
vulgarity, 21, 28, 37, 39, 50, 52, 58214, 216, 217, 223, 239
60, 74, 96, 137, 211, 213, 2182.
Migrationproperty,
Policies20,
and30,
Ethics
South East Asia............ 27
sociological
41, in East and
220, 228, 230, 232-234, 239, 240
Fabio
46-55, Baggio
57-60, 221-235, 240
hearer-oriented, 20, 21, 30, 60,
2.1
International
Migration in East AsiaW
and South East Asia.............. 27
222-230,
239
word manufacture, 23, 29, 66-68,
speaker-oriented, 20, 21, 30, 59,
2.2 Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................
34
154, 155, 238
60, 214-222, 239
specific
slang, and
29, 35-37,
39, 40,
46,
2.3 Ethics
Migration
Management.................................................
43
Y
48, 59, 214, 217
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
-ster,
64, 117
-y, 64, 114, 117-120, 129, 130, 237
subject-restriction, 28, 40, 48, 57,
59, 60, 211, 214-216
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
The Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Christine Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
Table
of Contents
Opening
Considerations
Executive Summary
..............................
11
abso-bloody-lutely
(adv) Used and
as a considerably
more emphatic
version of absolutely.
Fabio
LauraofZanfrini
Other Baggio,
infixed forms
the word are abso-bally-lutely, abso-blessed-lutely, absoblooming-lutely and abso-fuckin(g)-lutely.
Abyssinia
From
the parting salutation Ill be seeing you.
1.
Ethics(int)
and(jocular)
Human
Rights
Acapulco
(n) A
variety of marijuana
grown
in the vicinity
of Acapulco.
in the gold
South
American
Migration
Processes
....................................
15
AC/DC (adj) (orig. U.S.) Also AC-DC. Bisexual. Humorously from alternating current,
Mario
Santillo
direct current.
acid
(n)Migrants
(orig. U.S.)Rights
The hallucinogenic
drug LSD.
1.1
.............................................................................
17
acid head (n) (orig. U.S.) Someone who habitually takes the LSD drug.
acker
(orig. Services
slang) (1) Afor
piastre.
(2) pl. Money,
cash;
coins or bank-notes.
1.2(n)
International
Instrument
Migrants
Defence
.............................
21
Adam (n) (orig. U.S.) The hallucinogenic drug MDMA.
1.3 Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
Adam-and-Eve
(v) Rhyming
slang for believe.
after (n) Afternoon.
25
ag Bibliography
(adj) (chiefly N..........................................................................................
Amer.) Agricultural.
aggro (n) (1) Aggravation. (2) Aggression; deliberate trouble-making or harassment.
2.
Migration
Policies
andSomeone
Ethics in
East
and South
East Asia............
airhead
(n) (chiefly
N. Amer.)
who
is foolish,
simple-minded,
or stupid. 27
alkyFabio
(n) Alcohol;
Baggiospec. (illicit) alcoholic liquor.
all-firedly (adv) Unusually, excessively.
2.1(adj)
International
all-in
Exhausted. Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
all-over (n) (chiefly U.S.) pl. As the all-overs, a feeling of nervousness or unease
2.2
Migration
Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
(occas.
of annoyance).
all-overish
(adj)
Having
a generalManagement.................................................
and indefinite sense of illness pervading the body. 43
2.3 Ethics and Migration
amber fluid (n) Also amber liquid (or nectar). A liquid or (alcoholic) drink of an amber
colour, spec. lager.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
ambisextrous (adj) (humorous) Bisexual. From sex and ambidextrous.
Amerikkka (n) (orig. U.S.) American
society viewed as racist, fascist, or oppressive,
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
esp. by Black consciousness. From G. Amerika, America, and the initial letters of
The
Need
for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
Ku Klux
Klan.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
ammo
(n) Ammunition
(esp.
for small
arms).
amster (n) (Austral.) Also ampster. From Amsterdam, rhyming slang for ram, a
3.1
Worldaccomplice.
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
tricksters
angel
dust
(n)
(orig.
U.S.)
The drug phencyclidine
a hallucinogen.
3.2 Urbanization,
International
Migrationused
andasGovernance
................. 53
262
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ant (n) (orig. U.S.) pl. Esp. in to have ants in ones pants, to fidget constantly, esp.
Table
Contents
because of
of extreme
agitation, excitement, nervousness, etc.
antsy (adj) (chiefly U.S.) Also antsy-pantsy. Agitated, impatient, restless; also, sexually
eager.
A-OK (adj/adv phr) (chiefly U.S.) In perfect order or condition. From all (systems) OK.
apple (n) pl. From apple(s) and pears, rhyming slang for stairs. (adj) (Austral. and
N.Z.) From apples and rice (or spice) for nice.
arb (n) Arbitrageur.
Archie (n) An anti-aircraft gun.
Argie (n, adj) (1) Argentine. (2) Argentinian.
argy-bargy (n) Contentious argument.
arse (n) (1) The buttocks, posterior. (2) (Brit.) A stupid, unpleasant, or contemptible
person. (3) As my arse! (chiefly Brit. and Ir.), Nonsense!, You must be joking!
Opening
and Executive
..............................
11
arsehole (n)Considerations
(coarse) Amer. asshole.
(1) The anus.Summary
(2) A stupid,
irritating, or despicable
person.Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
Fabio
arsy-versy (adv) Upside-down, contrariwise.
artic
(n) Articulated
lorry. Rights
1.
Ethics
and Human
arty-farty (adj) Also artsy-fartsy. Pretentiously artistic.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
arvo (n) Afternoon.
Santillo
assMario
(n) (U.S.)
Used casually in various phrases as an intensifier, esp. to indicate strength
of feeling, action, etc.: to dance ones ass off, to dance to the point of exhaustion; to
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
work (run, etc.) ones ass off; to chew ass, to reprimand severely; to tear ass, to
move
fast, to hurry.Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2
International
au reservoir (int) A malapropism from F. au revoir.
1.3 (n,
Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
Aussie
adj) Final
Also Ossie,
Ozzie. (1) Australia. (2) (An) Australian.
AWOL (adj) (orig. U.S.) Absent without leave.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
b (n)
Also B. (1) Bugger.
(2) Bastard.
babe (n) (chiefly U.S.) A girl or woman (often as a form of address).
babelicious
(adj)
(orig. U.S.)
Also babe-alicious.
a woman
or girl: sexually
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and Of
South
East Asia............
27
attractive,
gorgeous.
Fabio Baggio
baby-snatch (v) To enter into an amorous relationship with a much younger member of
theInternational
opposite sex. Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.1
backroom boy (n) A person engaged in (secret) research.
Migration
in ESEA............................................................
bad2.2
(adj)
(orig. andPolicies
chiefly U.S.,
esp. Jazz and Black E.) Possessing an abundance34
of
favourable qualities; of a musical performance or player: going to the limits of free
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
improvisation; of a lover: extravagantly loving.
badBibliography
mouth (n) (orig.
U.S.) Also bad-mouth. (1) A curse or spell. (2) Evil or slanderous
.........................................................................................
47
talk; malicious gossip; severe criticism.
bad-mouth (v) (orig. U.S.) Also
badmouth. To abuse (someone) verbally; to criticize,
3. Immigration
in maliciously
the 21st Century.
slander, or gossip
about (a person or thing).
NeedU.S.)
for (1)
an A
Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
..... 51
bagThe
(n) (orig.
disparaging
term for aThe
woman,
esp. one Experience
who is unattractive
or
elderly. (2)Baghdady,
A preoccupation,
mode
of behaviour or experience. (3) A characteristic
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
manner of playing jazz or similar music.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
baglady
(n) (orig.
U.S.) Also
bag-lady,
bag lady. A homeless woman, often elderly,
who carries her possessions in shopping bags.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Glossary
2639
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ball (n) pl. (1) Testicles. (2) Nonsense. (3) (chiefly U.S.) Courage, determination;
Table
Contents
(manly) of
power
or strength; masculinity.
ballock (v) To reprimand or tell off severely.
ballsy (adj) (1) (rare) Nonsensical, ridiculous. (2) Courageous; determined; also,
powerful, masculine.
Bananaland (n) (Austral.) Queensland.
bananas (adj) Crazy, mad, wild.
bang (n) (1) (U.S.) Excitement, pleasure. (2) An act of sexual intercourse. (3) A shot
(of cocaine, etc.).
banjaxed (ppl adj) (Anglo-Irish) Ruined, stymied.
barf (v) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) To vomit or retch.
barnet (n) From Barnet fair, rhyming slang for hair; hence, the head.
bashing (vbl n) (Services slang) Any arduous task.
Opening
Considerations
and
Executive Summary .............................. 11
basket (n) Euphemistic
alteration
of bastard.
bastard
Used vulgarly
as a term of abuse for a man or boy, and, with weakened
Fabio(n)Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
force, as the equivalent of fellow, chap; also trivially for thing, esp. something
bad or annoying.
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
bats (adj) Crazy, mad; in weakened sense, eccentric.
in
the
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
bazoom (n) pl. A womans breast.
Mario
Santillo
bean (n) (orig. U.S.) The head.
beano (n) (orig. Printers slang) Bean-feast.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
beaut (n) (chiefly U.S., Austral. and N.Z.) A beautiful or outstanding person or thing.
From
beauty.
1.2
International
Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
bedder (n) (University slang) A bedroom.
1.3 Some
FinalUniversity
Reflections...................................................................
23
bed-sitter
(n) (orig.
slang) Bed-sitting room.
Beeb (n) A contraction of B.B.C., British Broadcasting Corporation.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
beefcake
(n) (humorous)
After cheesecake. (A display of) sturdy masculine physique.25
beer belly (n) (1) One who has a protruding stomach or paunch caused by drinking
large quantities
of beer.and
(2) Such
a stomach.
2. Migration
Policies
Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
beer-off
(n)
An
off-licence.
Fabio Baggio
beer-up (n) A drinking-bout or -party.
bejesus
(int) An alteration
of the oath
Jesus.
2.1 International
Migration
inby
East
Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
bender (n) (orig. U.S.) A leg or knee.
2.2(ppl
Migration
Policies criminal.
in ESEA............................................................
bent
adj) (1) Dishonest,
(2) Illegal, stolen. (3) Of things: out of order;34
of
persons: eccentric, spec. homosexual.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
bevvied (adj) Drunk, intoxicated.
bevvy
(n) Also bevie,
bevy. A drink, esp. beer. (v) To drink.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
B-girl (n) (U.S.) A bar-girl, a woman employed to encourage customers to buy drinks at
a bar.
st
3.
Immigration
bi (n,
adj) Bisexual.in the 21 Century.
Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
bigThe
C (n)Need
(orig. for
U.S.)an
Cancer.
bigChristine
E (n) (Brit.)
As the big
E, a personal
rejection or rebuff, esp. insensitively or
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
unceremoniously conveyed; the abrupt breaking off of a (romantic) relationship.
3.1 (n)
World
Increase
.............................................................
51
biggie
(orig.Population
U.S.) Also biggy.
(1) An
important person. (2) Anything impressively
large or influential.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
264
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
big mouth (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) A very talkative or boastful person; also,
Table
ofboastful
Contents
loquacity,
talk.
bikie (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) A motor-cyclist; spec. a member of a gang of motorcyclists, notorious for disturbing civil order.
Bill (n) (1) The police-force. (2) A policeman. Freq. preceded by the.
bimbo (n) (1) (derog.) Also bim, bimbette. A young woman or adolescent girl, esp. one
regarded as sexually attractive but thought to lack intelligence or distinctive
personality. (2) A fellow, chap; usu. contemptuous. (3) A woman; esp. a whore.
bin (n) A mental hospital.
bird (n) (1) A girl, woman. (2) An aeroplane. (3) (U.S., freq. ironical) An exceptionally
smart or accomplished person; a first-rate animal or thing. (4) (U.S.) An obscene
gesture of contempt. (5) A prison sentence; prison.
bit (n) In phr a (little) bit of all right, something or somebody regarded as highly
Opening
Considerations
Executive
Summary
satisfactory,
esp. applied toand
a pretty
or obliging
woman. .............................. 11
bitch
(n) (1)
Something
difficult or unpleasant. (2) A malicious or
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura outstandingly
Zanfrini
treacherous woman.
bitching
(adj,
int)Human
(1) Expressing
anger, frustration, or contempt: unpleasant, despicable.
1.
Ethics
and
Rights
(2) Expressing admiration, approval, or enthusiasm: great, excellent; very attractive
inorthe
South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
appealing. (adv) As an intensifier, very, extremely.
Mario
Santillo
blabbermouth
(n) (orig. U.S.) Also blabber-mouth. One who blabs; one who reveals
secrets, a tell-tale.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
black and tan (n) A drink composed of porter (or stout) and ale.
black
(n) An amphetamine
1.2bomber
International
Instrumenttablet.
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
black tar (n) (U.S.) Heroin, esp. in a potent black form.
1.3 (n)
Some
Finala Reflections...................................................................
23
blacky
A Black,
Negro.
blasted (ppl adj) (chiefly U.S.) Under the influence of drugs or alcohol, intoxicated.
Bibliography
25
bling-bling
(n) (A.........................................................................................
piece of) ostentatious jewellery. Hence: wealth; conspicuous
consumption.
block
(n) The head,
esp. inand
to knock
onesinblock
So off
onesEast
block:Asia............
angry, insane.27
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics
Eastoff.and
South
bloke
(n)
(1)
(Brit.)
Man,
fellow.
(2)
(Naval
slang)
The
ships
commander.
Fabio Baggio
blood wagon (n) An ambulance.
bloody
(adj, adv) A vague
epithet expressing
anger,
resentment,
detestation;
but often
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
and
South East
Asia..............
27a
mere intensive.
2.2 Migration
Policiesorintelephone.
ESEA............................................................ 34
blower
(n) A speaking-tube
BLT (n) (orig. U.S.) Bacon, lettuce, and tomato (sandwich).
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
boat (n) From boat-race, rhyming slang for face.
boffBibliography
(n) (1) A blow,.........................................................................................
a punch. (2) In the entertainment industry: a great success, a hit. 47
(3)
Sexual intercourse. (v) (1) To hit, strike. (2) (orig. U.S.) To have sexual intercourse
(with).
3.
Immigration
inretch.
the 21st Century.
bolk
(v) To vomit; to
The (n)
Need
forAlso
an Ethical
The
Canadian
Experience
.....(Ir.)
51
bollock
pl. (1)
ballocks Approach.
or rollocks. An
absurdity;
a mess,
a muddle. (2)
Also bollox.
A stupid,Richard
contemptible,
or blundering man or boy. (adj) pl. Naked.
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
(int) pl. (1) Nonsense. (2) Expressing frustration, regret, or annoyance.
3.1(n)
World
.............................................................
bomb
(1) APopulation
success (esp.Increase
in entertainment).
(2) (U.S.) A failure. (3) A large sum51
of
money. (4) A (large) marijuana cigarette. (5) (Austral. and N.Z.) An old car.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
bombed (ppl adj) Drunk; under the influence of drugs. Freq. with out.
Glossary
2659
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
266
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
butter-and-egg man (n) (U.S.) A wealthy, unsophisticated man who spends money
Table
freely. of Contents
buzz (v) To go (quickly). As buzz off, to go off or away quickly. As buzz in, to come in
(quickly), to enter.
cack (v) (obs. and dial.) To void excrement.
caff (n) A caf.
cake (n) (jocular) A foolish or stupid fellow.
cakehole (n) A persons mouth.
Canuck (n) A Canadian; spec. a French Canadian.
capeesh (v) (chiefly U.S.) Also capisce. To understand. Chiefly used in interrogative:
Do you understand?.
cat (n) (1) (U.S.) A spiteful or backbiting woman. (2) (obs.) A prostitute. (3) (U.S.) An
itinerant worker. (4) (orig. U.S.) An expert in jazz. (5) A fellow, man. (6) A
Opening
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
catalyticConsiderations
converter.
catbird
seatBaggio,
(n) (U.S.)
As the
catbird seat, a superior or advantageous position.
Fabio
Laura
Zanfrini
cats pyjamas (n) (orig. U.S.) As the cats pyjamas (or whiskers), the acme of
excellence.
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
cert (n) Certainty; spec. in horse-racing, a horse that is considered certain to win.
in
the
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
chagger (n) (University slang) A changing-room.
Mario
Santillo
champers (n) Champagne.
chancer (n) One who takes chances or does risky things.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
charge (n) (1) A dose or injection of a drug; marijuana, esp. a marijuana cigarette. (2)
(U.S.)
A thrill; a feeling
of excitement
or satisfaction.
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence ............................. 21
Charley (n) Also Charlie. (1) A fool, simpleton, esp. as proper (or right) Charley. (2)
1.3
Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
(U.S.,
Black
E.) A
white man. (3) (U.S., Services slang) A North Vietnamese23
or
Vietcong soldier. (4) (orig. U.S.) Cocaine. (5) pl. A womans breasts. (adj) Afraid,
Bibliography
25
cowardly, esp..........................................................................................
in to turn Charlie.
chase (v) To pursue (a member of the opposite sex) amorously. Also with after.
chaser
(n) (chiefly
U.S.) One
chasesinwomen,
a woman-chaser.
2.
Migration
Policies
andwho
Ethics
East and
South East Asia............ 27
cheapie
(n)
Also
cheapo,
cheapo-cheapo.
Something
cheap; a thing of little value or of
Fabio Baggio
poor quality. (adj) Rather cheap, and often of inferior quality; produced or sold at a
lowInternational
price. Freq. of Migration
films.
2.1
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
cheesecake (n) (orig. U.S.) Display of the female form, esp. in photographs,
2.2
Migration Policies
ESEA............................................................
advertisements,
etc., in theininterest
of sex-appeal; female sexual attractiveness. 34
cheesy (adj) (1) Fine or showy. (2) Also cheesey. Inferior, second-rate, cheap and nasty.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
chesty (adj) (U.S.) Conceited and self-assertive; having ones chest thrust out as a sign
of self-importance.
Hence, chestily (adv), chestiness (n).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
chick (n) (orig. U.S.) A girl; a young woman.
chicken (n) (1) A cowardly person.
st (2) (chiefly U.S.) A girl or young woman. (v) (orig.
3. Immigration
U.S.) To fail to in
act,the
or to21backCentury.
down, from motives of cowardice.
The(n)Need
forslang)
an Ethical
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
chiefy
(Forces
A chief Approach.
or superior officer.
chillChristine
pill (n) (orig.
U.S.) A (notional)
pill used to calm or relax a person.
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
chin (n) Also chin chin. A talk; conversation; spec. insolent talk. (v) (U.S.) To chat,
3.1
World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
chatter.
China (n) From china plate, rhyming slang for mate.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
Chink (n) (derog.) Also Chinkey, Chinkie, Chinky. A Chinaman.
Glossary
2679
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
chippie (n) Also chippy. (1) (usu. derog.) A young woman; a promiscuous or delinquent
Table
of Contents
girl or young
woman; a prostitute. (2) A chip-shop.
chivvy (n) Also chivy. From Chevy Chase, rhyming slang for the face.
chivvy (v) Also chivey. To knife.
chizz (n) (School slang) Also chiz. A swindle; a nuisance.
chock-a-block (adj) Jammed or crammed close together; also crammed with, chock-full
of.
chocker (adj) (orig. Naval slang) Fed up; extremely disgruntled.
choco (n) (Austral.) Also chocko. A militiaman or conscripted soldier.
choom (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) An English soldier; an Englishman.
chopper (n) (U.S.) (1) A machine-gun or -gunner. (2) A helicopter. (3) A motor-cycle.
(4) (orig. U.S.) pl. Teeth; esp. (a set of) false teeth.
Christer (n) (U.S.) An over-zealous or sanctimonious person.
Opening
and(1)Executive
Summary
..............................
chuffed (adj)Considerations
(orig. Military slang)
Pleased, satisfied.
(2) Displeased,
disgruntled. 11
chunder
(Austral.)
To vomit.
Fabio(v)Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
chutty (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) Also chuddy. Chewing gum.
ciao
(int) An
informal
Italian
greeting or farewell, hello; good-bye.
1.
Ethics
and
Human
Rights
civvy (n) pl. Civilian clothes, mufti.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
clap a guy on (phr) (Nautical slang) To put a stop to; to stow.
Mario
clapper
(n)Santillo
The tongue of a bell, which strikes it on the inside and causes it to sound. As
like the clappers, very fast or very hard.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
clean (adj) Free from suspicion of criminal or treacherous intent or involvement; not
carrying
incriminating
material (as
weapons,
etc.). ............................. 21
1.2
International
Instrument
fordrugs,
Migrants
Defence
clean-up (n) (orig. U.S.) A profit; an exceptional financial success; also, a robbery or its
1.3
Some Final Reflections................................................................... 23
proceeds.
clippie (n) Also clippy. A bus-conductress.
Bibliography
clobber
(n) Clothes.......................................................................................... 25
clock (n) (1) The human face. (2) A punch (on the face).
closet
queen (n) Policies
A secret male
2.
Migration
andhomosexual.
Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
cloth
ears
(n)
A
person
with
a poor sense of hearing.
Fabio Baggio
cluck (n) (U.S.) A dull or unintelligent person, a fool.
cobblers
(n) From cobblers
(or cobblers)
awls,and
rhyming
for balls, testicles;
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia
South slang
East Asia..............
27
nonsense, rubbish.
2.2(n)Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
cock
(1) The penis.
(2) Used
as a form of address to a man. (3) Short for cock-andbull story, a fictitious narrative. Hence (esp. spoken) nonsense, an unfounded
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
statement. (v) With up: to bungle or mess up (a situation, task, etc.); to spoil, to
ruin.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
cocoa (v) Also coco. Rhyming slang for say so. Freq. used ironically.
coke (n) (orig. U.S.) Cocaine. (v)
To drug oneself with cocaine.
st Century.
3.
Immigration
theAn
21addict
coke-head
(n) (orig.in
U.S.)
or habitual user of cocaine.
The(n)Need
Ethical
Approach.
cokey
(U.S.)for
Alsoan
cokie.
A cocaine
addict. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
coldChristine
turkey (n)
(orig. N. Amer.)
method of treating drug addicts by sudden and
Baghdady,
RichardAVanderberg
complete withdrawal of the drug, instead of by a gradual process.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
cold-turkey
(v) To
cure of drug
addiction
by cold turkey treatment.
collekkers (n) (University slang) An examination at the end of each term in the colleges
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
of the University of Oxford.
268
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
combo (n) (1) Combination, partnership. (2) (Austral.) A white man who lives with an
Table
ofwoman.
Contents
Aboriginal
come-on (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) (The victim of) a swindler. (2) An inducement; an
invitation to approach.
Commie (n) Also Commy, (chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) Commo. A communist.
common (n) Common sense.
compo (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) Compensation, esp. that paid for an injury received while
working.
con (n) (1) (Criminals slang) Convict, conviction. (2) Confidant. (3) Conundrum. (4)
Conformist. (5) Contract.
connect (v) (1) To meet in order to obtain drugs (from). (2) (U.S.) To succeed in
obtaining something (e.g. in a burglary).
connection (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) A supplier of narcotics. (2) The action of supplying
Opening
Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
narcotics.
coo-er
(int)Baggio,
An exclamation
expressing surprise or incredulity.
Fabio
Laura Zanfrini
cook (v) Also followed by up. To prepare opium for use by the application of heat.
cookie
(n) and
(orig.Human
U.S.) (1)Rights
A woman; esp. an attractive girl. (2) A man, often with
1.
Ethics
defining word. (3) (Air Force slang) A bomb.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
cool (adj) (orig. U.S., in African-American usage) As a general term of approval,
Mario
Santillo
admirable,
excellent.
cooler (n) A prison or prison cell.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
cop (n) (1) A policeman. (2) Capture; used chiefly in a fair cop. (v) (Schoolboys,
Criminals,
Policemens
slang) (1)
capture, catch.
(2) To.............................
steal.
1.2
International
Instrument
forTo
Migrants
Defence
21
copper (n) A policeman or police informant.
1.3 Some
23
cop-shop
(n) AFinal
policeReflections...................................................................
station.
corking (ppl adj) (chiefly U.S.) Unusually fine, large, or excellent; stunning.
.........................................................................................
25
cowBibliography
(n) (1) Applied
to a coarse or degraded woman. Also, loosely, any woman, used
esp. as a coarse form of address. (2) (Austral. and N.Z.) An objectionable person or
thing, a distasteful
situation,
etc.
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
crack
(n)
(1)
(Thieves
slang)
House-breaking.
(2) A burglar. (3) (orig. U.S.) A potent,
Fabio Baggio
crystalline form of cocaine broken into small pieces.
cracked
(ppl adj) Unsound
in mind,in
slightly
insane,and
crazy.
2.1 International
Migration
East Asia
South East Asia.............. 27
crackers (pred adj) Crazy, mad; infatuated.
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
crackhead
(n) (orig.
U.S.) Ain person
who habitually takes or is addicted to crack
cocaine.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
crammer (n) (1) (orig. University slang) One who prepares pupils for an examination.
(2) A lie.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
crap (n) (1) (coarse) Excrement; defecation. (2) Rubbish, nonsense. (v) (1) To defecate.
(2) (U.S.) To talk nonsensestto; to act or speak deceitfully to.
3.
Immigration
21 Century.
crapper
(n) (coarse)in
A the
privy.
The(adj)
Need
forU.S.,
an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
crappy
(orig.
coarse) Rubbishy;
worthless;
disgusting. Experience ..... 51
credChristine
(n) Credibility;
reputation
or status
among ones peers. (adj) Credible; fashionable,
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
trendy.
3.1 (n)
World
Population
.............................................................
creep
(1) (orig.
U.S.) AIncrease
despicable,
worthless, stupid, or tiresome person. 51
(2)
(Criminals slang) A stealthy robber; a sneak thief.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
creeping Jesus (n) An abject, sycophantic, or servile person.
Glossary
2699
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
270
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
dill (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) Also dil. A fool or simpleton; spec. one who is duped by a
Table
trickster.of Contents
dilly (adj) (chiefly Austral.) Foolish, stupid, mad. From daft and silly.
ding-a-ling (n) (1) (N. Amer.) One who is crazy or insane; an eccentric. (2) The penis.
ding-dong (n) A heated argument; a quarrel.
dinge (n) Dinginess.
dink (n) (orig. N. Amer.) Also dinkie, dinky. Either partner of a usu. professional
working couple who have no children. From double (also dual) income no kids.
dinky-die (adj) (Austral. and N.Z.) Honest, genuine, real.
dirty (adv) As an intensive, very, exceedingly.
dis (adj) Broken, not working.
dish (n) An attractive person, esp. a woman.
dishy (adj) Very attractive, esp. sexually.
Opening
and
Executive
..............................
11
Divvers (n)Considerations
(Oxford University
slang)
Divinity Summary
honour moderations,
the first public
examination
in Holy
Scripture.
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
divvy (n) Also divi. A dividend.
DLEthics
(n) (orig.
in Human
African-American
1.
and
Rights usage) From down-low in on the down-low: quiet,
low-profile; in secret; (in later use) spec. (of a man) secretly engaging in
inhomosexual
the Southactivity.
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Mario
Santillo
do (v) (1) To arrest; to charge; to convict. (2) (chiefly U.S.) To take (a hallucinogenic or
other drug); to smoke (marijuana). (3) To break into; to burgle or rob. (4) With in,
1.1
Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
to bring disaster upon, do a great injury to, ruin; often, to murder, kill.
dodger
(adj) (Austral.) Instrument
Good, excellent.
1.2 International
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
doer (n) One who cheats another.
Final
Reflections...................................................................
dog1.3
(n)Some
(1) A gay
or jovial
man; a fellow, chap. (2) A worthless, despicable, surly,23
or
cowardly fellow. (3) (U.S. and Austral.) An informer; a traitor; esp. one who
Bibliography
betrays fellow.........................................................................................
criminals. (4) (U.S.) Something poor or mediocre; a failure. (5)25
A
horse that is slow, difficult to handle, etc. (6) pl. From dogs meat, rhyming slang
for feet. (7)
pl. Sausages.
(8) (orig.
U.S., and
derog.,
usu. East
considered
offens.) An
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East
South
Asia............
27
unattractive
woman,
girl,
or
man.
Fabio Baggio
dog and bone (n) (Brit.) Rhyming slang for telephone.
doggo
As to lie doggo,
to lie quiet,
to remain
hid. South East Asia.............. 27
2.1 (adv)
International
Migration
in East
Asia and
doggy (adj) Dashing, stylish, smart.
2.2 Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
dog-robber
(n) (1) A
navy orin
army
officers orderly. (2) pl. Civilian clothes worn by34a
naval officer on shore leave.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
dogs age (n) (orig. U.S.) A long time.
dogs
body (n) A junior
person, esp. one to whom a variety of menial tasks is given. 47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
dogs breakfast (n) Also dogs dinner. A mess.
dogs meat (n) Rhyming slangst
for feet.
3.
Immigration
the 21 aCentury.
doing
(vbl n) (dial.)in
A scolding;
thrashing, beating-up; a severe monetary loss.
for an
Ethical
TheorCanadian
Experience
..... 51a
dollThe
(n) Need
A woman;
a girl;
esp. aApproach.
very beautiful
attractive woman;
also occas.,
pleasant orBaghdady,
attractive man.
Christine
Richard Vanderberg
dolly-bird (n) Also dolly. An attractive and stylish young woman.
3.1(n)
World
Increase ............................................................. 51
DOM
Dirty Population
old man.
donkey-lick (v) (Austral.) To defeat easily (e.g. in a horse-race).
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
donkeys breakfast (n) (1) A straw mattress. (2) A straw hat.
Glossary
2719
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
doo-doo (n) (orig. and chiefly N. Amer., euphem.) (1) Faeces, excrement. (2) Nonsense,
Table
rubbish. of Contents
doohickey (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Also doojigger. Any small object, esp.
mechanical. From doodad and hickey.
doozer (n) (N. Amer.) Something remarkable, amazing, or unbelievable.
doozy (adj) (orig. and chiefly N. Amer.) Also doozie. Remarkable, excellent; also,
amazing, incredible.
dope (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) A preparation, mixture, or drug which is not specifically
named. (2) A person under the influence of, or addicted to, some drug. (3)
Information, a statement, etc., designed to gloss over or disguise facts. (v) (1) To
administer dope to (a person, a horse); to stupefy with a drug; to drug. (2) To take
or be addicted to drugs.
dopester (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) One who collects information on, and forecasts the result
Opening
Considerations
and
of, sporting
events, elections,
etc.Executive
(2) One whoSummary
sells, uses, ..............................
or is addicted to, drugs.11
dopey
(adj)Baggio,
(orig. U.S.)
Also
dopy. (1) Sluggish or stupefied, with or as with a drug. (2)
Fabio
Laura
Zanfrini
Stupid.
dopily
(adv)and
In a Human
dopey manner.
1.
Ethics
Rights
dosser (n) One who stays at a common lodging-house.
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
doss-house (n) A common lodging-house.
Mario
Santillo
dotty (adj) Silly, stupid.
double O (n) (U.S.) An intense look.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
down (n) Also downer or downie. Freq. in pl. A drug (esp. a barbiturate) that has a
depressant
or tranquillizing
effect.
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
drag king (n) (orig. in gay and lesbian usage) After drag queen. A woman who dresses
1.3
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
up Some
as a man;
a male
impersonator.
drag queen (n) A male homosexual transvestite.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
dream-boat
(n) (orig.
U.S.) An exceptionally attractive or pleasing person or thing. 25
dreamy (adj) (orig. U.S.) Perfect, ideal; delightful, beautiful.
drear
(n) A dreary
person. and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
2.
Migration
Policies
drippy
(adj)
(orig.
U.S.)
Drivelling, sloppily sentimental.
Fabio Baggio
drongo (n) (Austral.) A simpleton, a stupid person. (adj) Silly, foolish.
droopy
drawers (n) AnMigration
untidy, sloppy,
or depressing
such a man). 27
2.1 International
in East
Asia andwoman
South(occas.,
East Asia..............
drop-in (n) (U.S.) Something which is easy; easy money.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
dropper
(n) One who
passes counterfeit
money, cheques, etc.
druggie (n) Also druggy. One who takes or experiments with illegal drugs, a drug
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
addict.
druggy
(adj) Characteristic
of narcotic drugs or their users.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
drug-store cowboy (n) (U.S.) A braggart, loafer, or good-for-nothing.
drummer (n) (1) A thief, esp.stone who robs an unoccupied house. (2) (Austral. and
3. Immigration
in the
21 Century.
N.Z.) A swagman
or tramp.
Need
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian
..... 51
dryThe
out (v)
Of afor
drugan
addict,
alcoholic,
etc.: to undergo
treatment toExperience
cure addiction.
D.T.Christine
(n) (vulgar)
Delirium tremens.
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
ducks disease (n) Also ducks disease. A facetious expression for shortness of leg.
3.1(n)
World
Population
............................................................. 51
ducky
Also duckie.
A termIncrease
of endearment.
dude (n) A fellow or chap, a guy. Hence also approvingly, esp. (through Black E.)
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
applied to a member of ones own circle or group.
272
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
duff (v) (1) To dress or manipulate (a thing) fraudulently. (2) (Austral., Thieves slang)
Table
Contents
To steal of
(cattle),
altering the brands.
duffer (n) (1) One who sells trashy goods as valuable, upon false pretences, e.g.
pretending that they are smuggled or stolen, and offered as bargains. (2) (Austral.)
One who duffs cattle.
Dullsville (n) (U.S.) An imaginary town characterized by extreme dullness or boredom.
dumb-dumb (n) (N. Amer.) Also dum-dum. A foolish or stupid person.
dumbo (n) (orig. U.S.) A slow-witted or stupid person.
dummie (n) Also dummee, dummy. A deaf-mute.
Dutchie (n) Also Dutchee, Dutchy. A Dutchman or a German.
dynamite (n) (orig. U.S.) Heroin or a similar narcotic.
E (n) The hallucinogenic drug Ecstasy.
ear-basher (n) (chiefly Austral.) A chatterer; a bore.
Opening
Considerations
andears
Executive
11
earful (n) As
much (talk) as ones
can take inSummary
at one time;..............................
a large quantity (of talk,
gossip,Baggio,
etc.). Laura Zanfrini
Fabio
easy-peasy (adj) (orig. and chiefly Brit., Childrens slang) Extremely easy, very simple.
easy
rider (n)
(U.S.)
(1) A sexually
1.
Ethics
and
Human
Rights satisfying lover. (2) A guitar.
ecstasy (n) Also Ecstasy. A powerful synthetic hallucinogenic drug.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
eejit (n) (chiefly Anglo-Irish) Idiot.
Mario
Santillo
eff (v)
To fuck.
egg-beater (n) (U.S.) A helicopter.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
ekker (n) (University or School slang) Exercise.
elephants
(adj) From elephants
trunk,
slangDefence
for drunk.
1.2 International
Instrument
forrhyming
Migrants
............................. 21
Endsville (n) (U.S.) Also Endville. The greatest, the best; the imaginary home of good
1.3
Some
Final Reflections................................................................... 23
things
or people.
eppie (n) (Brit.) Also eppy. A fit of temper or a tantrum, likened hyperbolically to an
Bibliography
epileptic fit. ......................................................................................... 25
ex (n) (1) A former husband, wife or lover. (2) pl. Expenses.
ex-con
(n) A former
convict.
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
eyeball
(v)
(U.S.)
Also
eye-ball. To look or stare (at).
Fabio Baggio
eyeful (n) (1) A good look at something; an exhilarating or remarkable sight. (2) A
strikingly
attractiveMigration
woman. in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.1
International
Eyetalian (n) An Italian. Cf. (offens.) Eyetie.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
eyewash
(n) (Military
slang)
Also eye-wash. (1) Unnecessary routine tasks 34
or
ceremonial. (2) Humbug, blarney; nonsense.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
eyewasher (n) One who obscures or conceals actual facts or motives.
fabBibliography
(adj) Fabulous:.........................................................................................
marvellous, terrific.
47
face-ache (n) A mournful-looking person; also as a term of address.
fag (n) (1) (U.S.) A cigarette.
(2) The fag-end of a cigarette. (3) (U.S.) A (male)
3. Immigration
21sttoCentury.
homosexual. (v)inTothe
smoke;
supply with a cigarette.
The(n)Need
Ethical
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
faggot
(orig.for
andan
chiefly
U.S.)Approach.
A (male) homosexual.
faggoty
(adj) Also
faggy. Homosexual.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
fairy (n) A male homosexual.
3.1 (n
World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
falsies
pl.) (orig.
U.S.) A padded
brassire;
breast-pads.
Family (n) (1) Usu. with the. The thieving fraternity. (2) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) (The
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
members of) a local organizational unit of the Mafia.
Glossary
2739
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
family jewels (n pl.) (orig. U.S.) The male genitals, esp. the testicles.
Table
fancy pants of
(n) AContents
dandy; a snob. (adj) As fancy-pants, overly fancy; posh; snobbish,
pretentious.
Fannie Mae (n) Federal National Mortgage Association.
fanny (n) (1) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) The posterior or rump. (2) (chiefly Brit.) The
female genitals.
Fanny Adams (n) Also sweet Fanny Adams. Nothing at all.
fantabulous (adj) Of almost incredible excellence. From fantastic and fabulous.
far-out (adj) (orig. U.S.) Excellent, splendid.
fart (n) (1) A breaking wind. (2) A contemptible person.
fash (n) Fashion. (adj) Fashionable.
fat cat (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) A political backer.
fat-mouth (n) (U.S.) One who talks extravagantly. (v) To talk a great deal about
Opening
Considerations
Executive
something,
with little or noand
action
or result. Summary .............................. 11
fatso
(n) Used
humorously
derisively as a nickname for a fat person.
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura or
Zanfrini
fave (n, adj) (orig. U.S.) Favourite.
faveEthics
rave (n)and
A special
favourite
piece of music, film, musician, etc.
1.
Human
Rights
Fed (n) A federalist, a federal official, esp. an FBI agent.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
feeb (n) (U.S.) A feeble-minded person.
Mario
Santillo wing or mudguard.
fender
(n) Vehicles
fender-bender (n) (chiefly U.S.) A (usu. minor) motor accident.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
fiddley-did (n) (Austral.) Rhyming slang for quid, one pound; a pound note.
filth1.2
(n)International
(Criminals slang)
The police.
Instrument
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
fish (n) (1) (U.S.) A dollar. (2) (Nautical slang) A torpedo; also, a submarine.
1.3 Some
Final(n)
Reflections...................................................................
five-finger
discount
(U.S.) The activity or proceeds of stealing or of shop-lifting. 23
fiver (n) (Thieves slang) A fifth (term of imprisonment).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
five-to-two
(n) Rhyming
slang for Jew.
fix (n) Also fix-up. A dose of a narcotic drug.
fizzer
(n) Anything
excellent
or first-rate.
2.
Migration
Policies
and
Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
flage
(n)
Also
fladge.
Flagellation,
esp. as a means of sexual gratification.
Fabio Baggio
flake (n) (chiefly U.S.) One who is flaky or liable to act in an eccentric or crazy
manner.
2.1
International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
flaky (adj) Crazy; feeble-minded, stupid.
2.2 Migration
Policies The
in ESEA............................................................
34
flaming
(vbl n) (Computing)
action or practice of sending inflammatory or abusive
messages by e-mail.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
flaming onions (n) (Services slang) An anti-aircraft projectile consisting of about ten
balls of fire shot
upwards in succession.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
flannel-mouth (n) (U.S.) An empty talker.
flasher (n) One who exposes himself
indecently.
3.
Immigration
the 21st Century.
flat-head
(n) A fool,insimpleton.
The
for an
Ethical Approach.
Canadian
Experience ..... 51
flatty
(n)Need
(orig. U.S.)
A flat-foot,
a policeman, The
a plain-clothes
man.
flickChristine
(n) A film;
also in pl., Richard
the cinema.
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
flim (n) A bank-note.
World
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
flip3.1
(adj)
Flippant.
flipping (adj, adv) (usu. derog.) Used as a substitute for a strong expletive.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
flit (n) A male homosexual.
274
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
flowery (n) From flowery dell, rhyming slang for a prison cell.
Table
of Contents
fly (adj) (1) (U.S.)
Stylish, sophisticated; fashionable. (2) (chiefly Black E.) Attractive,
good-looking; hence, excellent, fabulous.
fly-by-night (n) One who defrauds his creditors by decamping in the night.
footer (n) Football.
footy (n) (1) Also footie, footie-footie, footsie-footsie, footsy-footsy, footy-footy.
Amorous play with the feet. (2) (esp. Austral. and N.Z.) Football.
foozling (n) Bungling.
forty (n) (Austral.) A crook, thief, sharper.
forty-rod whisky (n) (U.S.) Cheap, fiery whisky.
four-eyes (n) A person who habitually wears spectacles.
four-flusher (n) One who bluffs, a pretender, braggart, humbug.
four-letter man (n) (Brit.) An obnoxious person.
Opening
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
fox (n) (U.S.)
An attractive woman.
foxyFabio
(adj) (U.S.)
Of aLaura
woman:
attractive, desirable, pretty, sexy.
Baggio,
Zanfrini
frag (v) (U.S., Military slang) To throw a fragmentation grenade at ones superior
officer.and Human Rights
1. Ethics
frail (n) (chiefly U.S.) A woman.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
frat (n) (U.S., College slang) (1) Fraternity. (2) A member of fraternity. (v) To
Mario
Santillo
fraternize,
esp. to cultivate friendly relations with (troops of an opposing army).
fratter (n) One who establishes friendly and esp. sexual relations with German women.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
fratting (vbl n) Friendly relations between British and American soldiers and German
women
in the occupied
parts of Western
Germany
after the.............................
war of 1939-45.
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
21
freak (n) (1) A drug addict. (2) A gay man or a lesbian. (3) A person who enjoys
1.3
Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
unorthodox
sexual
practices; a fetishist. (4) (U.S., esp. in African-American usage)
An attractive young woman or (rare) man.
Bibliography
freak-out
(n) An .........................................................................................
intense emotional experience, esp. one resulting from the use 25
of
hallucinatory drugs.
freak
out (v) ToPolicies
undergo an
intense
emotional
to East
become
stimulated, esp.
2.
Migration
and
Ethics
in Eastexperience,
and South
Asia............
27
under
the
influence
of
hallucinatory
drugs.
Fabio Baggio
freebase (n) (orig. U.S.) Cocaine purified by heating with ether, and taken (illegally) by
inhaling
the fumes Migration
or smoking the
residue.
(v)and
To make
a freebase
of (cocaine).27
2.1
International
in East
Asia
South
East Asia..............
freebie (n) (U.S.) Also freebee, freeby. Something that is provided free. (adj) Free,
2.2
Migration
without
charge.Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
French blue (n) The name for a non-proprietary mixture of amphetamine and a
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
barbiturate.
frightener
(n) A member
of a criminal gang who intimidates the victims of its activities.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Fritz (n) A German, esp. a German soldier.
froggy (n) Also frog, froggee or
frog-eater. A term of contempt for a Frenchman, from
3. Immigration
in the
21stfrogs.
Century.
their reputed habit
of eating
(adj) French.
The
for an
Ethical
Approach.
TheofCanadian
frosh
(n)Need
(N. Amer.)
A college
freshman;
a member
a freshmanExperience
sports team. ..... 51
fruitcake
(n) (orig.
U.S.) A Richard
crazy or eccentric
person.
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
fubar (adj) (U.S., orig. Military slang) Also FUBAR. Bungled, ruined, messed up. From
3.1
World
Population
Increase
............................................................. 51
fouled
(or fucked)
up beyond
all recognition.
fuck (v) To copulate (with); to have sexual connection with.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
fucker (n) One who copulates. Also in extended use as a general term of abuse.
Glossary
2759
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
fud (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) An old-fashioned person. From fuddy-duddy.
Table
full as a googof
(adjContents
phr) Drunk. From Austral. slang goog, egg.
fully (v) To commit (a person) for trial.
funk (n) (1) (orig. U.S.) Music that is funky. (2) Cowering fear; a state of panic or
shrinking terror. (3) One who funks; a coward. (v) (1) To flinch or shrink through
fear. (2) To blow smoke upon (a person); to annoy with smoke.
funky (adj) (orig. U.S.) Of jazz or similar music: down-to-earth and uncomplicated;
emotional.
furphy (n) (Austral.) A false report or rumour; an absurd story.
fussock (n) Also fuzzock. A fat, unwieldy woman.
fuzz (n) (orig. U.S.) A policeman or detective; freq. collect., the police.
G. (n) (U.S.) Grand, a thousand dollars.
gabfest (n) (U.S.) A gathering for talk; a spell of talking; a prolonged conference or
Opening
Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
conversation.
gaffer
(n) A
foremanLaura
or boss.
Fabio
Baggio,
Zanfrini
gaga (n) A doting or senile person; a madman. (adj) Doting, exhibiting senile decay;
mad; fatuous.
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
gal (n) (chiefly N. Amer.) Vulgar and dialect pronunciation of girl.
in
the
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
gang-bang (n) (orig. U.S.) An act of or occasion for multiple intercourse; a sexual orgy.
Mario
Santillo
garbo (n) (Austral.) A dustman, a collector of rubbish.
garn (int) Cockney pronunciation of go on, often used to express disbelief or ridicule of
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
a statement.
gas1.2
(n)International
(1) Empty or Instrument
boastful talk;for
showy
pretence;
humbug,
nonsense. (2) (AngloMigrants
Defence
.............................
21
Irish) Fun; a joke. (3) Someone who is very pleasing, exciting, impressive,
1.3
Some Final
admirable,
etc. Reflections................................................................... 23
gasbag (n) An empty talker.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
gassed
(ppl adj) Drunk;
intoxicated.
gasser (n) (orig. U.S.) Something or someone that is very pleasing, exciting,
impressive, admirable,
etc. Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
2. Migration
Policies and
gassy
(adj)
Characterized
by
empty talk.
Fabio Baggio
gate (n) The mouth.
gator
(orig. U.S.) Alligator.
2.1(n)
International
Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
gaydar (n) An ability, attributed esp. to homosexual people, to identify a (fellow)
2.2
Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
homosexual
person.
Fromingay
and radar.
gay deceivers (n pl.) A padded brassire; breast-pads.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
gazump (v) Of a seller: to raise the price of a property after having accepted an offer by
(an intending buyer).
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
gazunder (v) (Brit., humorous) Of a buyer: to lower the amount of an offer made to (the
seller) for a property. Fromstgazump and under.
3.
Immigration
in the 21 heroin;
Century.
gear
(n) (1) (U.S.) Marijuana;
drugs in general. (2) The organs of generation.
NeedAfor
anfellow.
Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
geeThe
(n) (U.S.)
man,
From
guy.
geed-up
(adj) Drugged.
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
gee-gee (n) A horse.
Population
.............................................................
gen3.1
(n)World
(orig. Services
slang)Increase
Information,
facts. Perhaps abbreviation of general in 51
the
official phr for the general information of all ranks.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
276
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
gender-bender (n) A person (esp. a pop singer or follower of a pop cult) who
Table
of affects
Contents
deliberately
an androgynous appearance by wearing sexually ambiguous
clothing, make-up, etc.
get (n) A fool, idiot.
G.I. (n) A German artillery shell. Chiefly in G.I. can. From galvanized iron.
giggle-water (n) Intoxicating liquor.
gimp (n) A cripple; a lame person or leg; a limp.
gimpy (n) (orig. U.S.) A cripple. (adj) Lame, crippled.
ginger-beer (n) Also ginger. Rhyming slang for queer, a homosexual.
ginormous (adj) Very large, simply enormous; excessive in size, amount, etc. From
gigantic and enormous.
gippy (n) Also gyppie, gyppy or gippo, gypo, gyppo. (1) An Egyptian, esp. a native
Egyptian soldier. (2) A gipsy.
Opening
Considerations
and Executive
git (n) In contemptuous
use: a worthless
person. Summary .............................. 11
giveFabio
(a person)
the hump
To annoy, depress, a person.
Baggio,
Laura(phr)
Zanfrini
glad eye (n) A look or movement of the eyes designed to attract a person of the opposite
sex. and Human Rights
1. Ethics
glad hand (n) Hand of welcome; a cordial handshake or greeting.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
glam (n) Glamour. (adj) Glamorous. (v) To glamorize.
Marioboy
Santillo
glamour
(n) A member of the R.A.F.
glamour puss (n) A glamorous person.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
glass-house (n) A military prison or guard-room.
glitterati
(n) (orig. U.S.)
The celebrities
glitteringDefence
stars of fashionable
society, or21
of
1.2 International
Instrument
for or
Migrants
.............................
the literary and show-business world.
1.3
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
glitz
(n)Some
(orig. and
chiefly
N. Amer.) An extravagant but superficial display; showiness,
ostentation.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
glitzy
(adj) Characterized
by glitter or extravagant show; ostentatious.
glob (n) A mass or lump of some liquid or semi-liquid substance. From gob and blob.
glue-sniffer
(n) Policies
A person and
who Ethics
inhales the
fumesand
of plastic
for their narcotic
2.
Migration
in East
Southcement
East Asia............
27
effects.
Fabio Baggio
gobby (n) A coastguard, or an American sailor.
go 2.1
big (v
phr) (orig. U.S.)
To be a big
haveand
a large
sale.East Asia.............. 27
International
Migration
in success,
East Asia
South
gobsmacked (ppl adj) (Brit.) Also gob-struck. Flabbergasted, astounded; speechless or
2.2
Migration
in ESEA............................................................ 34
incoherent
withPolicies
amazement.
gobstick (n) A clarinet.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
gob-stopper (n) A large, hard, freq. spherical sweet for sucking.
God-awful
(adj) (orig.
U.S.) Terrible; extremely awful.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
God-box (n) A church or other place of worship.
God-damned (adj) Accursed, damnable.
3.
Immigration
in the
21stforCentury.
God
forbid (n) Rhyming
slang
kid.
The Need
for
an Ethical
goggle-box
(n) A
television
set. Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
going-over
(n)Baghdady,
(orig. U.S.) Also
going
over. A beating; a thrashing.
Christine
Richard
Vanderberg
go it (v phr) To go along at great speed.
3.1 World
gold-dig
(v) To Population
extract moneyIncrease
from. ............................................................. 51
gold-digger (n) (orig. U.S.) A girl or woman who attaches herself to a man merely for
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
gain.
Glossary
2779
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
goner (n) One who is dead or undone; something which is doomed or ended.
Table
of Contents
gonger (n) (U.S.)
(1) Opium. (2) An opium pipe.
good oil (n) (Austral.) Reliable information.
goof (n) (1) A foolish or stupid person. (2) A mistake. (v) (1) To dawdle, to spend time
idly or foolishly. (2) To make a mistake.
goof ball (n) (1) Also goof pill. (A tablet of) any of various drugs, spec. marijuana. (2)
A silly, stupid, or daft person.
goofy (adj) Stupid, silly.
goo-goo (adj) Of the eyes or glances: amorous.
goopy (adj) (orig. U.S.) Fatuous, esp. fatuously amorous; stupid.
Gor blimey! (int) Also Gawblimy, Gorblimey, Gorblimy. Vulgar corruption of the
imprecation God blind me.
Gordon Bennett (int) An exclamation of astonishment or exasperation. From Gor
Opening
blimey.Considerations and Executive Summary .............................. 11
graft
(n) (1)Baggio,
Work, esp.
hardZanfrini
work. (2) A trade, craft. (v) To work hard.
Fabio
Laura
grafter (n) (orig. U.S.) One who makes money by shady or dishonest means; a thief; a
swindler.
1. Ethics
and Human Rights
grass (n) (1) Green vegetables. (2) (orig. U.S.) Marijuana, used as a drug. (3) The
inground.
the South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
(4) (Criminals slang) A police informer. (v) (1) To knock or throw (an
Mario
Santillo
adversary) down; to fell. (2) To betray (someone); to inform the police about
(someone).
1.1
Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
grease-ball (n) (U.S.) A derogatory term for a foreigner, esp. applied to one of
Mediterranean
or Latin
American
1.2
International
Instrument
fororigin.
Migrants Defence ............................. 21
grease monkey (n) A mechanic.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
greaser
(n) (U.S.)
A native
Mexican or native Spanish American.
greasy spoon (restaurant) (n) (orig. U.S.) A cheap and inferior eating-house.
Bibliography
25
green
(n) (1) (orig..........................................................................................
U.S.) Marijuana of poor quality. (2) pl. Money.
greenback (n) A frog.
greenhouse
(n) (Aeronautical
The
covering
overAsia............
observation and
2.
Migration
Policies andslang)
Ethics
inglass
Eastcockpit
and South
East
27
similar
planes.
Fabio Baggio
greenie (n) (Surfing slang) A large wave before it breaks.
gremmie
(n) (Surfing Migration
slang) Also in
gremmy.
(1) Aand
young
surfer.
A trouble-maker
2.1 International
East Asia
South
East(2)Asia..............
27
who spends most of his time on the beaches but does not surf.
2.2(n)Migration
in ESEA............................................................
grey
(U.S., BlackPolicies
E.) A white-skinned
person. (adj) Of a person: white-skinned. 34
greycing (n) Greyhound racing, a sport in which a dummy hare propelled mechanically
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
round a set track is pursued by greyhounds.
gricer
(n) A railway
enthusiast; loosely, a train-spotter.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
griff (n) News; reliable information.
grift (n) (U.S.) The obtaining of
profit or advantage by dishonest or shady means.
3.
Immigration
in student.
the 21st(2)Century.
grind
(n) (1) A hard
(An act of) sexual intercourse. (v) To have sexual
The
Need for
Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
intercourse
withan
(a woman).
grody
(adj) (U.S.)
Disgusting,
revolting.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
groise (n) (Public School slang) (1) A hard worker, a swot; one who curries favour. (2)
3.1
World
Increase
.............................................................
51
Hard
work.Population
(v) To work hard,
to swot;
to curry favour.
groovy (adj) (orig. U.S.) A general term of commendation: excellent, very good.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
278
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Groper (n) (1) (Austral.) A jocular appellation for a native West Australian. (2) A blind
Table
man. of Contents
gross-out (n) (chiefly U.S.) An instance of (deliberately) crude or disgusting behaviour;
a repellent or shocking person or thing. (adj) Shocking, repellent, disgusting.
grot (n) (Brit. and Austral.) An unpleasant, dirty, or ugly person. (adj) Also grotty.
Unpleasant, dirty, nasty, ugly.
groupie (n) (1) (R.A.F. slang) A group captain. (2) Also groupy. An ardent follower of
a touring pop group.
grumble (n) From grumble and grunt, rhyming slang for cunt, a woman or women
regarded collectively as a means of sexual gratification.
grunge (n) (1) (U.S.) A style of rock music. (2) (chiefly N. Amer.) Someone or
something that is repugnant or odious, unpleasant, or dull.
grungy (adj) (chiefly N. Amer.) Grimy, unpleasant. From grubby and dingy.
Opening
Executive
gum-bucketConsiderations
(n) (Naval slang) Aand
smokers
pipe. Summary .............................. 11
gum-game
(n) (U.S.)Laura
A trickZanfrini
or dodge.
Fabio Baggio,
gum-shoe (n) A detective.
gungy
(adj)and
AlsoHuman
gungey. Of
a sticky or messy consistency; mucky, greasy, slimy.
1.
Ethics
Rights
guppie (n) (1) A homosexual yuppie. From gay and yuppie. (2) A yuppie concerned
inabout
the the
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
environment and ecological issues. From green and yuppie.
Mario
Santillo
gussie (n) (Austral.) An effeminate man.
gussy (v) With up: to smarten up, esp. to dress smartly.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
gut (n) pl. Energy, verve, staying power; courage, force of character.
gutted
Bitterly disappointed;
1.2 (adj)
International
Instrumentdevastated.
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
gutty (adj) (Jazz slang) Earthy, primitive.
23
guv1.3
(n)Some
Used asFinal
a termReflections...................................................................
of address to a man.
guzzle-guts (n) A glutton.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 25
H (n)
Heroin.
habit (n) (orig. U.S.) The practice of taking addictive drugs.
hack
(n) (1) (orig.
disparaging,
chiefly
jocular)
A journalist
or reporter,
esp. a staff
2.
Migration
Policies
and now
Ethics
in East
and
South East
Asia............
27
newspaper
writer.
(2)
A
prostitute;
a
bawd.
Fabio Baggio
hackette (n) A jocular or disparaging term for a female journalist.
half-arsed
(adj) Amer. Migration
-assed. Ineffectual,
stupid,
inexperienced.
2.1 International
in Eastinadequate,
Asia andmediocre;
South East
Asia..............
27
half-cut (adj) Half-drunk.
2.2 Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
half-pie
(adj) (N.Z.)Policies
Halfway towards,
imperfect, mediocre.
half-shaved (ppl adj) (obs.) Also half shaved. Partly intoxicated, drunk.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
half-shot (adj) (orig. U.S.) Half-drunk.
hammy
(adj) Characteristic
of a ham actor or ham acting.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Hampsteads (n) From Hampstead Heath, rhyming slang for teeth.
handbag (house) (n) A form ofstelectronic dance music.
3.
Immigration
in the
21 sentence.
Century.
handful
(n) A five-year
prison
The
for anslang)
Ethical
Canadian
Experience
51
hang
fiveNeed
(v) (Surfing
AlsoApproach.
hang ten, etc.The
To allow
the specified
number .....
of toes
to project over
the noseRichard
of the surfboard,
usu. to gain speed.
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
hang-out (n) (1) A residence; a lodging. (2) (Amer. University slang) A feast; an
3.1
World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
entertainment.
hang out (v) (1) (in early use chiefly U.S.) To spend or pass time, esp. habitually, idly,
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
or at leisure. (2) To reside, live.
Glossary
2799
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
hanky-panky (n) (1) Jugglery, legerdemain; trickery, double dealing, underhand dealing.
Table
ofactivity
Contents
(2) Sexual
or dalliance, esp. of a surreptitious nature.
happening (ppl adj) (orig. U.S.) Currently in vogue, fashionable, trendy.
happy dust (n) Cocaine.
hard (n) Hard labour.
hard-assed (adj) (orig. U.S.) Tough, uncompromising, resolute.
hard cheese (n) (Brit.) Bad luck.
hardcore (n) A form of popular music regarded as particularly extreme, aggressive, or
experimental.
hard tail (n) (U.S.) A mule.
Harry (in phr) In arbitrary appositive uses of which a few have emerged as set
expressions, e.g., Harry Flakers (Nautical slang), exhausted; Harry Flatters
(Nautical slang), (of the sea) calm; Harry Frees (chiefly Nautical slang), free;
Opening
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
Harry James,
nose.
hash
(n) Hashish.
Fabio
Baggio, Laura Zanfrini
hash-joint (n) (chiefly U.S.) A cheap eating-house, boarding house.
hash-up
(n)and
A hastily
cooked
meal.
1.
Ethics
Human
Rights
hat-rack (n) (1) The head. (2) A scraggy animal.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
have-on (n) (Farmer slang) A swindle; a take-in; a do.
Mario
Santillo
head
(n) (orig.
U.S.) A drug addict or drug-taker.
head-banger (n) A young person shaking violently to the rhythm of pop music.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
head case (n) (orig. Brit.) A person characterized as mentally ill or unstable.
head-shrinker
(n) (orig.Instrument
U.S.) A psychiatrist.
1.2 International
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
heat (n) (1) Also heater. A gun. (2) Involvement with or pursuit by the police; a police
1.3
Some
officer,
theFinal
police.Reflections...................................................................
(3) A state of intoxication caused by alcohol or drugs, esp. in23
to
have a heat on.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
heavy
sugar (n) (U.S.)
Big money.
heavy-wet (n) Malt liquor.
heck
(int) Euphemistic
alteration
of hell. in East and South East Asia............ 27
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
heebie-jeebie(s)
(n)
(orig.
U.S.)
Also
heebies. A feeling of discomfort, apprehension, or
Fabio Baggio
depression.
heinie
The buttocks.Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.1 (n)
International
Heinie (n) (N. Amer.) Also Heiney. A German (soldier).
2.2(n)Migration
inaESEA............................................................
34
heist
(orig. U.S.)Policies
A hold-up,
robbery. (v) To hold up, rob, steal.
hells bells (int) An expression of anger or annoyance.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
hep (adj) (orig. U.S.) Well-informed, knowledgeable, up-to-date; smart, stylish.
herBibliography
indoors (n) (Brit.)
Ones wife or girlfriend.
.........................................................................................
47
herring choker (n) (1) (Canad.) A native or inhabitant of the Maritime Provinces. (2)
(U.S.) A Scandinavian. st
3.
Immigration
in go
theor21
highball
(v) (U.S.) To
driveCentury.
at high speed.
The Need
an(1)
Ethical
Approach.
Thewhich
Canadian
..... 51
high-binder
(n) for
(U.S.)
A rowdy;
one of a gang
commitsExperience
outrages on persons
and property.
(2) One of
a secretVanderberg
society or gang said to exist among the Chinese in
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
California and other parts of the United States for the purpose of blackmailing and
3.1
World
Population
.............................................................
51
even
of assassination.
(3)Increase
A swindler,
esp. a fraudulent politician.
high-roller (n) (U.S.) One who spends extravagantly; one who gambles for high stakes.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
hill (n) As hill of beans (orig. U.S.), a thing of little value.
280
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
hinny (n) Also hinnie. A term of endearment: sweet one, sweetheart, darling. From
Table
honey. of Contents
hip (adj) (orig. U.S.) Well-informed, knowledgeable. From hep. (v) To inform.
hippie (n) Also hippy. A hipster; a person, usually exotically dressed, who is given to
the use of hallucinogenic drugs; a beatnik.
hippieness (n) Also hippiness. The quality or characteristics of a hippie or hippies.
hippish (adj) Somewhat hypochondriacal; low-spirited.
hippy (adj) (orig. U.S.) Characteristic of hippies.
hipster (n) (orig. U.S.) Also hepster. An addict of jazz, swing music, etc.
hit (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) A dose of a narcotic drug; the action of obtaining or
administering such a dose. (2) A killing; a robbery.
hit list (n) A list of persons to be assassinated.
hit-man (n) A hired murderer.
Opening
and
Summary ..............................
11
hit squad (n)Considerations
(orig. U.S.) A group
of Executive
esp. politically-motivated
assassins or kidnappers.
ho Fabio
(n) (chiefly
U.S.,
orig. Zanfrini
in African-American usage) (1) A sexually promiscuous
Baggio,
Laura
woman. (2) A prostitute. From whore.
hock-shop
A pawnshop.
1.
Ethics (n)
and
Human Rights
hoke (v) (Theatrical slang) To overplay (a part), to act (a part) in an insincere,
insentimental,
the SouthorAmerican
Migration Processes .................................... 15
melodramatic manner.
Mario
Santillo
hokey (adj) (orig. U.S.) Sentimental, melodramatic, artificial.
hokum (n) (orig. U.S., Theatrical slang) Speech, action, properties, etc., on the stage,
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
designed to make a sentimental or melodramatic appeal to an audience.
hole
(1) Also cake-hole.
The mouth.
(2) The anus,
or the.............................
external female genital
1.2(n)International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
21
organs.
1.3 Some
Final U.S.,
Reflections...................................................................
23
homeboy
(n) (orig.
esp. Black E.) A member of ones peer group or gang.
Sometimes used as a term of address.
Bibliography
25
homegirl
(n) (orig..........................................................................................
and chiefly U.S., esp. Black E.) A woman or girl from ones home
town, region, or neighbourhood; hence, a member of ones peer group.
homey
(n) (N.Z.)
Also homie.
An Englishman;
a British
immigrant,
esp. one newly
2.
Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and
South
East Asia............
27
arrived.
Fabio Baggio
homo (n, adj) (A) homosexual.
hood
(chiefly U.S., Migration
esp. in African-American
A youthful
rowdy.
2.1(n)International
in East Asiausage)
and South
Eaststreet
Asia..............
27
hoofer (n) A (professional) dancer.
2.2(n)Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
hook
pl. The fingers
or hands.
hook (v) (1) To solicit as a prostitute. (2) To move with a sudden turn or twist.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
hooker (n) (chiefly U.S.) A prostitute.
Hooray
Henry (n) A
type of loud, rich, rather ineffectual or foolish young society man.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
hop (n) (chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) Beer.
hophead (n) (1) (orig. and chiefly
U.S.) An opium-smoker; a drug-addict. (2) (N.Z.) A
3. Immigration
in the 21st Century.
drunkard, a tippler.
The Need
for an
Ethical
Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
hop-over
(n) (Army
slang)
An assault.
hopped-up
(adj)
(U.S.) (1) Richard
Stimulated
by, or under the influence of a narcotic drug. (2)
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
Excited, enthusiastic. (3) Of a motor vehicle: having its engine altered to give
3.1
Worldperformance.
Population Increase ............................................................. 51
improved
hoppy (n) (U.S.) An opium addict. (adj) Characterized by drugs or drug-taking.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
hop toy (n) A container used for smoking opium.
Glossary
2819
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
282
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Glossary
2839
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
jazz (n) (1) (orig. U.S.) A type of music originating among American Negroes. (2)
Table
of Contents
Sexual intercourse.
(v) To have sexual intercourse (with).
jazzbo (n) (U.S.) Also jasbo. A person; spec. a Black person.
jeepers (int) (orig. U.S.) Also jeepers-creepers. A mild expression of surprise, delight,
etc.
Jeez (int) (orig. U.S.) Also Jese, Jez or Geez(e). An exclamation of surprise or
enthusiasm; also used simply for emphasis.
jelly (n) (1) A pretty girl; a girl-friend. (2) Gelignite.
jelly bean (n) An unpleasant, weak, or dishonest person; spec. a pimp.
jelly-belly (n) A fat person.
jelly-dog (n) A harrier.
jelly roll (n) (1) A lover. (2) Sexual intercourse. (3) The female genitalia.
jerkeroo (n) (U.S.) A fool, a stupid person.
Opening
Considerations
and
Executive
..............................
Jerry (n) (orig.
Military slang) A
German;
spec. aSummary
German soldier;
a German aircraft.11
jerry
(n) ABaggio,
chamber-pot.
Fabio
Laura Zanfrini
Jessie (n) Also Jessy. A cowardly or effeminate man; a male homosexual.
JewEthics
boy (n)and
(offens.)
A Jewish
male.
1.
Human
Rights
jigaboo (n) (U.S., coarse) A Black person, a Negro.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
jig-a-jig (n) Also jig-jig or jig-a-jog. Sexual intercourse. (v) To copulate.
Mario
Santillo
jigger
(v) Used
in mild oaths, as in Im jiggered, Ill be jiggered.
jiggery-pokery (n) Deceitful or dishonest manipulation.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
jim-jam (n) pl. Delirium tremens.
Jimmy
(n) (1) From Jimmy
OGoblin,
slangDefence
for sovereign,
twenty shillings.
1.2 International
Instrument
forrhyming
Migrants
.............................
21
(2) From Jimmy Riddle, rhyming slang for piddle.
1.3 Woodser
Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
Jimmy
(n) (Austral.
and N.Z.) A solitary drinker.
jitterbug (n) (orig. U.S.) A jittery or nervous person; an alarmist.
.........................................................................................
25
jiveBibliography
(n) (orig. U.S.)
Talk or conversation; spec. misleading. (v) To mislead; to talk
nonsense.
jive-ass
(n) (U.S.)
A personand
whoEthics
loves fun
excitement.
2.
Migration
Policies
inorEast
and South East Asia............ 27
jivey
(adj)
(chiefly
U.S.)
Also
jivy.
Misleading,
phoney, pretentious.
Fabio Baggio
Jixi (n) (dated) Also Jixie. A two-seated taxi-cab licensed in 1926.
joanna
(n) Rhyming slang
for piano.
2.1 International
Migration
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
Jock (n) A Scottish sailor; any Scotsman.
2.2
in ESEA............................................................
34
jock
(n)Migration
(1) Jockey.Policies
(2) (coarse)
The genitals of a man. (3) Food. (4) (N. Amer.) From
jock-strap, an athletic man.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
jocker (n) (N. Amer.) (1) A tramp who is accompanied by a youth who begs for him or
acts as his catamite.
(2) A male homosexual.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
Joe (n) (Canad.) A French Canadian.
Joey (n) (1) A threepenny bit. (2)
A fourpenny piece.
3.
Immigration
in the 21st Century.
johndarm
(n) A policeman.
The
Need
for an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
John
Hop
(n) Rhyming
slang for cop,
a policeman.
Johnnie
(n) Also
Johnny. (1)
A policeman.
(2) A condom.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
joint (n) (chiefly U.S.) (1) A marijuana cigarette; also, hypodermic equipment used by
3.1
World
Population
Increaseor.............................................................
drug
addicts.
(2) A partnership
union, or a place of meeting or resort. 51
(3)
(Fairground slang) A stall, tent, etc., in a circus or fair. (4) Prison. (5) (Music slang)
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
A song, a recording; an album.
284
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
2859
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
286
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
laid-back (ppl adj) Of music: mellow, subdued; of a person, etc.: casually unperturbed,
Table
relaxed. of Contents
lair (n) (Austral.) Also lare. A flashily dressed man, one who shows off.
lairy (adj) (1) Also leary, leery. Flashily dressed; vulgar. (2) (Cockney) Knowing,
conceited.
lakes (adj) From Lakes of Killarney, rhyming slang for barmy, mad, crazy.
lallapaloosa (n) (U.S.) Something outstandingly good of its kind.
lame-brain (n) A dull-witted or stupid person.
lamps (n) pl. The eyes.
lard-ass (n) (orig. N. Amer.) (A term of abuse for) a person who has large buttocks or is
fat.
larn (v) To teach; to give (a person) a lesson.
lat (n) (1) (orig. Bodybuilding) Latissimus dorsi. (2) Latrine.
Opening
Considerations
lawk (int) Also
lawks. Lord! and Executive Summary .............................. 11
lay Fabio
(n) (1) Baggio,
(orig. U.S.)
A woman
who is readily available for sexual intercourse; an act
Laura
Zanfrini
of sexual intercourse. (2) A line or plan of business, occupation, adventure, etc. (v)
(orig. U.S.)
have sexual
intercourse with (a woman).
1. Ethics
andTo
Human
Rights
lay back (v) To do nothing, relax.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
lay for (v) (orig. U.S.) (Of a woman) to be willing to have (extramarital) sexual
Mario
Santillo
intercourse.
lazy dog (n) (U.S., Military slang) A type of fragmentation bomb designed to explode in
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
mid-air and scatter steel pellets at high velocity over the target area.
lead
balloon
(n) A failure,
an unsuccessful
venture. Defence ............................. 21
1.2
International
Instrument
for Migrants
leaf (n) (Services slang) Also leef. Leave of absence, furlough.
1.3 (n)
Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
leccer
(University
slang) Also lecker, lekker. A lecture.
left field (n) A position away from the centre of activity or interest.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
left-footer
(n) A Roman
Catholic.
legit (n) A legitimate actor, child, etc. (adj) Legitimate.
legless
(adj) Drunk,
esp. too
drunk
to stand.
2.
Migration
Policies
and
Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
leg-over
(n)
(Brit.)
(An
act
of)
sexual
intercourse.
Fabio Baggio
lemon (n) (1) The head. (2) A simpleton, a loser. (3) (orig. U.S.) Something which is
badInternational
or undesirableMigration
or which infails
meetand
ones
expectations.
(4) (U.S.) An
2.1
EasttoAsia
South
East Asia..............
27
informer.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in Irritated,
ESEA............................................................
34
lemony
(adj) (Austral.
and N.Z.)
angry.
length (n) A penis; sexual intercourse.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
Les (n, adj) Also Lessie, Lessy, Lezzy. (A) lesbian.
Lesbie
(n) Also Lesbo,
lesbo. A lesbian.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
letty (n) A bed, a lodging.
lickety-split (adv) (chiefly U.S.)
At full speed; headlong.
3.
Immigration
the 21stofCentury.
lickle
(adj) Childlikeincorruption
little.
an Ethical
Approach.
The
Canadian
Experience
liferThe
(n) Need
(1) Onefor
sentenced
to penal
servitude (or
earlier,
transportation)
for life......
(2)51
A
sentence for
life.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
ligger (n) One who gatecrashes parties.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
lightning
(n) (chiefly
U.S.) Gin;
also, any
strong, freq. low-quality, alcoholic spirit. 51
Limey (n) (1) (esp. Austral., N.Z. and S. Afr.) An English immigrant. (2) (U.S.) An
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
English ship; an English (or British) sailor.
Glossary
2879
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
288
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
macaroni (n) (1) (derog.) An Italian. (2) (chiefly Austral.) Rhyming slang for baloney,
Table
ofmeaningless
Contents
nonsense,
talk.
mack (n) (1) A pimp. (2) (U.S., chiefly in African-American usage) A deceptive and
convincing speaker.
mad (n) (chiefly U.S.) Fury, anger; a fit of anger.
mad money (n) Money for use in an emergency or in any unexpected eventuality.
maggie (n) (U.S.) Also maggy. A prostitute.
Maggie Ann (n) (Brit., Army slang) Margarine.
magic (adj, int) Superlatively good, excellent, fantastic.
magsman (n) (orig. Brit.) A street swindler, a confidence trickster.
main guy (n) (U.S.) A man of authority or importance; a leader, a chief.
main line (n) (orig. U.S.) Also main-line. (1) A principal vein, into which drugs can
readily be injected. (2) An intravenous injection of drugs.
Opening
and(heroin
Executive
Summary
..............................
11
mainline (v)Considerations
(orig. U.S.) To inject
or a similar
drug) intravenously,
esp. illicitly.
main
man (n)
(U.S.)Laura
A favourite
male friend; a man admired for his achievements.
Fabio
Baggio,
Zanfrini
main squeeze (n) (N. Amer.) (1) An important person; the person in charge. (2) A
sweetheart,
lover. Rights
1. Ethics
andaHuman
make it (v phr) To achieve sexual intercourse (with).
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
make out (v) To succeed in seducing, gain sexual satisfaction, have sexual intercourse
Mario
(with).Santillo
make with (v) To bring into operation; to use; to concern oneself with.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
M. and V. (n) (Services slang) Meat and vegetable(s).
man-eater
(n) A sexually
voracious woman.
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
map (n) A persons face.
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
marble
orchardFinal
(n) (N.
Amer.) Also marble town. A cemetery.
marra (n) A companion, partner. From marrow.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
Mary
(n) (1) (orig.
U.S.) Used humorously as a form of address among male
homosexuals. (2) (Austral.) A woman, esp. an Aboriginal woman.
Mary
Ann (n) Policies
(1) An effeminate
man,
oneand
whoSouth
takes East
a female
role; a male
2.
Migration
and Ethics
in or
East
Asia............
27
homosexual.
(2)
(U.S.)
Also
Mary
J
(or
Mary
Jane/Warner).
Marijuana;
a
Fabio Baggio
marijuana cigarette.
matlow
(n) (Nautical slang)
Also matlo.
A sailor.
2.1 International
Migration
in East
Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
matman (n) (orig. U.S.) A wrestler.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
mau-mau
(v) (chiefly
N. Amer.)
To intimidate, harass; to terrorize.
max (n) (U.S.) A maximum score or achievement, esp. in an examination.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
MCP (n) Male chauvinist pig.
me-and-you
(n) Menu.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
meat-head (n) (orig. U.S., derog.) A stupid person; a person (esp. a man) who has a
large or muscular physiquestbut who is unintelligent or uncouth.
3.
Immigration
in the
21 esp.
Century.
meat-hook
(n) An arm;
a hand,
one which is large and clumsy.
The Need
an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
meat-house
(n) for
A brothel.
meat-market
A meeting-place,
nightclub, etc., popular among prostitutes or
Christine (n)
Baghdady,
Richard bar,
Vanderberg
people in search of casual sexual partners.
3.1 World
Increase
meat-wagon
(n)Population
(orig. and chiefly
U.S.).............................................................
(1) An ambulance. (2) A police car or van. 51
mech (n) (N. Amer. and Austral.) A person who cheats at gambling games, spec. cards.
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
From mechanic.
Glossary
2899
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
290
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
molly (n) Also molley, mollie. An effeminate man or boy; a male homosexual.
Table
of Contents
mong (n) (Austral.,
derog.) (1) A person of low or indeterminate status. (2) A mongrel;
any dog.
monkey (n) (1) (Criminals slang) An associate. (2) (U.S.) A chorus girl. (3) (Brit. and
Austral.) 500 pounds sterling; (Austral.) 500 dollars. (4) (chiefly U.S.) The male or
female sexual organs. (5) Addiction to, or habitual use of, a drug.
monkey-hurdler (n) (U.S.) An organist.
monkey-man (n) (U.S.) A weak or gullible man, esp. one subservient to his wife or
lover, or to women generally.
monkey meat (n) (U.S., Army slang) Tinned meat.
monkey parade (n) (dated) An evening promenade of young people, esp. for the
purpose of meeting members of the opposite sex.
monkey suit (n) (orig. U.S., freq. deprec.) A uniform, esp. a formal, decorative, or
Opening
Considerations
Executive
showy one,
as a baseball orand
military
uniform. Summary .............................. 11
Montezumas
revenge
(n) (jocular)
Fabio Baggio,
Laura
ZanfriniDiarrhoea suffered by travellers, esp. in Mexico.
moocher (n) A beggar, a scrounger.
mooching
(regional)
Begging,
1.
Ethics(n)
and
Human
Rightsscrounging; loafing, loitering.
moody (n) (Brit., orig. Criminals slang) Flattery or lies intended to persuade or elicit
incompliance;
the Southnonsense,
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
rubbish.
Mario
Santillo
moon (n) (1) (U.S.) Illicitly distilled liquor. From moonshine. (2) The buttocks.
moon-eyed (adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Drunk.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
moonlight (v) (orig. U.S.) To do paid work in addition to ones regular employment.
moonlighter
(n) A person
who makesfor
a hasty
departure
by night.
1.2 International
Instrument
Migrants
Defence
............................. 21
moonshine (n) Illicitly distilled liquor, esp. whisky.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
Moreton
Bay (n)
(chiefly
Austral.) From Moreton Bay fig, rhyming slang for fizgig,23
an
informer.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 25
morph
(n) (U.S.) Morphine.
mossback (n) A slow, rustic, or old-fashioned person.
mossie
(n) (orig.Policies
and chiefly
Austral.)
Also
A mosquito.
2.
Migration
and
Ethics
in mozzie.
East and
South East Asia............ 27
mossy
(adj)
(U.S.)
Extremely
conservative
or
reactionary;
old-fashioned, out-of-date.
Fabio Baggio
mother (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) An obnoxious, despicable, or contemptible person.
From
coarse motherfucker.
2.1
International
Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
motherless (adj) (1) (Austral.) Very poor, having no money. (2) (S. Afr.) Drunk;
2.2
Migration Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
intoxicated.
mothers ruin (n) Gin.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
motormouth (n) (orig. U.S.) A person who talks fast and incessantly, usually to little
purpose.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 47
mouseburger (n) (chefly U.S., humorous) A person who does not have a particularly
good-looking appearance st
or high I.Q., but can nevertheless achieve professional
3. Immigration
in thethrough
21 Century.
and personal success
determination.
The Need
for anorEthical
Approach.
mousetrap
(n) Inferior
unpalatable
cheese. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
mouthful
(n) (orig.
and chiefly
U.S.) An
utterance of notable truth or relevance.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
mouthpiece (n) (chiefly Criminals slang) A lawyer, esp. one appearing as counsel for
3.1
............................................................. 51
theWorld
defencePopulation
in a criminal Increase
case.
Mozart and Liszt (adj) Rhyming slang for pissed, drunk, intoxicated.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
mucker (n) A heavy fall, a cropper.
Glossary
2919
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
292
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
needle beer (n) (U.S.) Near-beer mixed with ethyl alcohol or an alcoholic drink.
Table
of(U.S.)
Contents
needle man (n)
A drug addict who takes drugs by injection.
nellie (n) Also nelly. (1) (derog.) An effeminate or homosexual man. (2) A silly,
ineffectual, or fussy person. (3) (Austral.) A cheap wine.
nembie (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) A Nembutal capsule.
nerd (n) (orig. U.S., derog.) An insignificant, foolish, or socially inept person.
nerk (n) (Brit., deprec.) A foolish, objectionable, or insignificant person. From nerd and
berk (or jerk).
nerts (adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Nuts, crazy.
never-never (n) (orig. Austral.) The hire-purchase system.
neves (n) (Brit., orig. London, Criminals slang) Back-slang for seven, a prison sentence
of seven years.
nick (v) (1) To steal (a thing); to defraud. (2) (Of the police) to arrest, take into custody.
Opening
Considerations
and
Executive
..............................
11
nickel (n) (U.S.)
(1) Five dollars
worth
of a drug Summary
(originally marijuana).
(2) A five-year
prison Baggio,
sentence.Laura Zanfrini
Fabio
niff (v) (chiefly Brit.) To smell or sniff out (esp. something unpleasant).
nigEthics
(n) (derog.
offens.) Rights
A dark-skinned person. From nigger.
1.
andand
Human
Niggerville (n) (U.S.) A neighbourhood with predominantly black residents.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
nightery (n) (orig. U.S.) Also nighterie, niterie, nitery. A nightclub.
Mario
nig-nog
(n)Santillo
(1) (derog. and offens.) A black or dark-skinned person. (2) (mildly derog.)
A new or unskilled recruit; a novice; a foolish or naive person.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
nigra (n) (Southern U.S.) A Black person. (adj) Dark-skinned.
Nimby
(n) Also NIMBY.
Used asfor
a Migrants
slogan objecting
to the
siting of something
1.2 International
Instrument
Defence
.............................
21
considered unpleasant, such as nuclear waste, in ones locality. From not in my
1.3
Some
back
yard. Final Reflections................................................................... 23
nineteenth hole (n) (orig. U.S., humorous) The bar room in a golf clubhouse, as reached
Bibliography
25
at the end of a .........................................................................................
standard round of eighteen holes.
ninety-day wonder (n) (U.S., Services slang, humorous) A graduate of a ninety-day
officers training
course.
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
ning-nong
(n)
(Austral.
and N.Z.) A fool, a stupid person. Cf. nig-nog (sense 2).
Fabio Baggio
ninny (adj) A simpleton; a fool.
Nip2.1
(n)International
(orig. Military, Migration
offens.) A Japanese
(adj)South
Japanese.
in Eastperson.
Asia and
East Asia.............. 27
nitro (n) Nitroglycerine.
2.2(v)Migration
ESEA............................................................
34
nitto
(CriminalsPolicies
slang) Toinkeep
still or quiet; to stop.
nitty-gritty (n) (U.S.) The realities or practical details of a matter. (adj) Basic,
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
fundamental; down-to-earth, practical.
nitwit
(n) (orig. U.S.)
A stupid, silly, or foolish person. (adj) Stupid, foolish, idiotic. 47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
nix (n) Nothing; nobody.
nobbler (n) (chiefly Austral. and
A small quantity of alcoholic drink.
st N.Z.)
3.
Immigration
in the 21
Century.
no-hoper
(n) (orig. Austral.)
A racehorse
with no prospect of winning.
The(n)
Need
for U.S.)
an Ethical
Approach.
The
Canadian
Experience
..... 51
no-no
(orig.
Something
which is
forbidden,
unwise,
impossible,
or
unacceptable.
(adj) Forbidden,
Christine
Baghdady,
Richardunacceptable.
Vanderberg
noov (n) (Brit.) Also noove. Nouveau riche.
3.1(adv)
World
Population
nope
(orig.
U.S.) No. Increase ............................................................. 51
nose candy (n) (N. Amer.) A drug that is inhaled through the nose; spec. cocaine.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
noshable (adj) Suitable for noshing; tasty, delicious.
Glossary
2939
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
294
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
oil-burner (n) (1) A vehicle which uses an excessive amount of lubricating oil, usually
Table
ofofContents
on account
its poor condition. (2) (U.S.) A serious addiction to a drug, esp.
heroin.
oil can (n) (Military slang) A German trench mortar shell of the First World War.
oiled (adj) Drunk; mildly drunk, tipsy, usu. well oiled.
oink (n) Also OINK. A couple with no children, living on a single (esp. large) salary.
From one income, no kids.
O.K. (adj) Also OK, ok. All right, fashionable, modish. From oll (or orl) correct.
okay (adj) Also oke, okey, okey-dokey, or reversed as kayo. O.K..
old bean (n) Also old fruit. A familiar form of address.
old boot (n) A woman; a wife.
old lady (n) (U.S., chiefly Prison slang) A passive or unwilling (usually male) partner in
a homosexual relationship.
Opening
Executive Summary .............................. 11
old ship (n)Considerations
A jocular address toand
a sailor.
oldFabio
sweat (n)
An experienced
soldier or military pilot.
Baggio,
Laura Zanfrini
olive oil (int) A humorous mispronunciation of au revoir.
omee
(n) (Polari
AlsoRights
omie. A landlord, a master; a man.
1.
Ethics
and slang)
Human
on (adv) Under the influence of drink or (orig. U.S.) drugs. (prep) (orig. U.S.) As in on
inthethe
South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
stuff, addicted to drugs.
Mario
Santillo
oncer (n) (Brit.)
A one-pound note; (occas.) one pound sterling.
one-arm bandit (n) (orig. U.S.) A slot machine or similar gaming machine operated by
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
pulling down an arm-like handle.
one-arm
joint (n) (U.S.)Instrument
A cheap restaurant
where the
seats have
one arm wide enough
1.2 International
for Migrants
Defence
.............................
21
to hold a plate of food, etc.
1.3 Some
Reflections...................................................................
one-lunger
(n)Final
An engine
with a single cylinder; a vehicle or boat driven by such 23
an
engine.
Bibliography
25
one-night
stand (n).........................................................................................
A casual sexual liaison or encounter lasting only one night.
one-pipper (n) (Military slang) A second lieutenant (so called from this officers
entitlement to
wear oneand
pip Ethics
on the shoulder
his orSouth
her uniform).
2. Migration
Policies
in Eastofand
East Asia............ 27
onion
(n)
The
head.
Esp.
in
off
ones
onion,
mad,
crazy.
Fabio Baggio
O.O. (n) (U.S.) Once-over.
op 2.1
(n) International
(1) (U.S.) A detective;
esp.
private
A Asia..............
radio or telegraph
Migration
in aEast
Asiainvestigator.
and South(2)
East
27
operator. From operative or operator.
2.2(n)Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
O.P.
(chiefly U.S.)
Also O.P.s.
From other peoples (cigarettes or alcoholic drink).
OPM (n) (U.S.) Other peoples money.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
oppo (n) (orig. Services slang) A partner, a counterpart.
orkBibliography
(n) (orig. and chiefly
U.S.) An orchestra; spec. a jazz or dance band.
.........................................................................................
47
orthopod (n) (Medicine slang) An orthopaedic surgeon.
oscar (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) From
Oscar Asche, rhyming slang for cash.
3.
in the
21storig.
Century.
O Immigration
sign (n) (Medicine
slang,
and chiefly U.S.). The persistently gaping, open
The
Need
anwho
Ethical
Canadian Experience ..... 51
mouth
of a for
patient
is in aApproach.
coma, dying, The
or dead.
OTT
(adj) AlsoBaghdady,
O.T.T. OverRichard
the top, outrageous.
Christine
Vanderberg
out (n) pl. An outpatient department in a hospital.
Population
.............................................................
out3.1
(v) World
(1) (Boxing
slang) ToIncrease
knock out
or defeat (an opponent). (2) To kill, esp. by51a
blow. (3) (orig. U.S.) To expose the undeclared homosexuality of (esp. a prominent
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
or public figure).
Glossary
2959
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
296
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
2979
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
298
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
plate of meat (n) (1) Rhyming slang for a street. (2) pl. Also elliptically, as plates.
Table
Contents
Rhymingof
slang
for feet.
pleb (n) (U.S.) A new cadet at a military or naval academy.
plonked (adj) (chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) Intoxicated, drunk; also with up.
plonko (n) (Austral.) An alcoholic.
plotzed (adj) (U.S.) Intoxicated; drunk.
plug-ugly (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) (1) A member of a gang of ruffians in Baltimore
and some other American cities. (2) A very ugly person or (occas.) animal.
plurry (adv) (chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) As an intensifier, very, extremely, damnably.
From bloody.
plute (n) (chiefly U.S.) A plutocrat; a very wealthy person, esp. an industrialist.
pocketbook (n) (U.S.) The external female genitals.
pod (n) Marijuana.
Opening
andAExecutive
Summary .............................. 11
pointy-headConsiderations
(n) (orig. U.S., derog.)
stupid person.
poison
(n) Baggio,
(orig. U.S.)
Alcoholic
liquor; an alcoholic drink.
Fabio
Laura
Zanfrini
poisoner (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) A cook, esp. for large numbers.
poke-out
(U.S.)
A parcelRights
of food given to a tramp, etc.; a lunch.
1.
Ethics(n)and
Human
poker-faced (adj) Also po-faced. Having a solemn or humourless expression.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
pol (n) (orig. and chiefly N. Amer.) A politician.
Mario
Santilloand N.Z.) A scrounger, a sponger; a shirker.
poler
(n) (Austral.
polis (n) (Sc. and Ir.) The police; a police officer.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
polly (n) (orig. U.S., now chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) A politician.
Polly
Apollinaris mineral
water; afor
bottle
or glass of
this. ............................. 21
1.2(n)
International
Instrument
Migrants
Defence
Pom (n) (Austral. and N.Z., usu. derog.) Also Pommie, Pommy. An immigrant (usually
1.3
Someone)
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
a recent
to Australia
or New Zealand from Britain; a British (esp. an English)
person.
Bibliography
25
Pompey
(n) (1) A .........................................................................................
nickname for the town and dockyard of Portsmouth, in Hampshire.
(2) Portsmouth Football Club.
poncy
(adj) (chiefly
Brit., and
derog.)
Also in
poncey.
pretentious,
self-consciously
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethics
EastAffected,
and South
East Asia............
27
refined
or
superior;
effeminate,
homosexual.
Fabio Baggio
poofteroo (n) (derog.) A homosexual man; an effeminate or affected man. From
poofter.
2.1
International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
pooh pooh (n) Also poo poo. Faeces, excrement.
2.2(v)Migration
Policies
in esp.
ESEA............................................................
34
poon
(Austral.) To
dress up,
flashily.
poopy (adj) (chiefly U.S.) Foolish, dull-witted; ineffectual, weak.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
pop (n) An injection of a narcotic drug. (v) To take (a drug or pill); spec. to swallow or
inject (a narcotic
drug).
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
pop off (v) To die.
poppa stoppa (n) (U.S., Black st
E.) A person, esp. a man.
3.
Immigration
in the
21takes
Century.
popper
(n) (1) A person
who
pills (esp. of stimulant drugs) freely or excessively;
The
Need for an Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
any drug-taker.
poppy
(n) Opium.
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
pop shop (n) A pawnshop.
3.1 World
Increaseharsh,
.............................................................
51
popskull
(n) (N.Population
Amer.) A powerful,
or low quality (esp. home-made) alcoholic
drink; inferior whisky.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
pork (v) (orig. U.S.) To engage in sex.
Glossary
2999
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
pork chop (n) (U.S., derog.) A black person who is subservient to whites.
Table
pork-chopperof
(n) Contents
(U.S.) A full-time union official.
porky (n) From pork pie, rhyming slang for a lie.
pornie (n) A pornographic film.
porny (adj) Pornographic.
post (n) (1) (Medicine slang, chiefly U.S.) An autopsy, a post-mortem. (2) (U.S.)
Postgraduate.
post office (n) Esp. in espionage: a person who receives information and either transmits
it or holds it for collection.
pot (n) Cannabis.
potato (n) (1) As the potato, the (very, real, or proper) thing. (2) pl. Money; spec.
dollars. (3) (Austral.) From potato peeler, rhyming slang for sheila, a girl or
woman.
Opening
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
pothead (n)Considerations
A habitual user of cannabis.
potted
(adj)Baggio,
(1) (orig.
and chiefly
N. Amer.) Under the influence of alcohol; drunk. (2)
Fabio
Laura
Zanfrini
(N. Amer.) Under the influence of cannabis.
potzer
(n) (Chess
slang) Also
patzer. A poor player, a novice.
1.
Ethics
and Human
Rights
pound-noteish (adj) (Brit.) Also pound-notish. Affected, pompous.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
pox-doctor (n) A doctor specializing in the treatment of venereal disease.
Mario
Santillo
prad
(n) (now
chiefly Austral.) A horse.
pratfall (n) A fall on to the buttocks. (v) To fall on to the buttocks.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
prat leather (n) A wallet or purse kept in the hip pocket.
preem
(orig. and chiefly
U.S.) Afor
premire;
a firstDefence
showing or
performance, esp. of
1.2 (n)
International
Instrument
Migrants
.............................
21a
film.
1.3(adj)
Some
23
preg
(orig.Final
U.S.)Reflections...................................................................
Of a woman: pregnant.
preggers (adj) (orig. Brit.) Also preggie, preggy or preggo. Of a woman: pregnant.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
prep
(v) (orig. U.S.)
To train (a sportsman, team, etc.) in preparation for any sporting
event.
prepper
(n) (U.S.,
School and
A student
at a prepEast
school,
esp. one who27
is
2.
Migration
Policies
andCollege
Ethicsslang)
in East
and South
Asia............
a
member
of
a
sports
team.
Fabio Baggio
preppy (adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Of or relating to a student at a prep school.
pretty-boy
(n) A man who
is attractive
in a Asia
feminine
an effeminate
or narcissistic
2.1 International
Migration
in East
andway;
South
East Asia..............
27
man; (also) a male homosexual.
2.2 Migration
Policies in
ESEA............................................................
34
previous
(n) (Brit., Criminals
slang)
A criminal record; previous convictions.
prex (n) (U.S., now rare) (A title for) the president of a college. Hence: any president, as
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
of America, a society, etc.
prick
(n) (coarse) (1)
The penis. (2) A term of contempt or abuse for a man; a fool. 47
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
private business (n) (Eton College slang) Extra tuition.
pro (n) A prostitute.
st Century.
3.
Immigration
inIr.the
Prod
(n, adj) (chiefly
and21
Sc., derog.)
Also Proddie, Proddy. (A) protestant.
The (n)
Need
for an Ethical
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
profesh
A profession,
esp. the Approach.
theatrical profession.
prog
(n) (1) (Oxford
or Cambridge
University slang) An officer elected periodically
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
and having mainly disciplinary and administrative duties. From proggins or earlier
3.1
World
Increase
.............................................................
51
proctor.
(2)Population
A programme.
(adj) Of
music: experimental, innovative; avant-garde,
modern. From progressive.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
pronk (n) (Brit., derog.) A fool, an idiot; (also) an ineffectual or effeminate person.
300
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
prop (n) (1) (orig. Theatrical slang) A property in a theatre, film set, or similar location;
Table
of Contents
a stage property.
(2) (chiefly Criminals slang) A diamond; a valuable piece of
jewellery.
propellerhead (n) (orig. U.S.) A person who is extremely knowledgeable about or
devoted to a subject, esp. a technological subject.
propho (n) (orig. U.S., Military) Prophylaxis of venereal disease; (also) a prophylactic
device, spec. a condom.
pross (n) (N. Amer.) Also prossie, prossy, prostie, prosty. A prostitute.
Prot (n) (chiefly Ir.) A protestant.
provo (n) Also Provo. A member of the Provisional I.R.A.
psych (v) To psychoanalyse.
psycho (n) (orig. U.S.) A psychopath; (more generally) any person exhibiting odd or
deranged behaviour. (adj) Of a person: psychopathic.
Opening
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
pud (n) (coarse)
The penis.
puffFabio
(n) (1)Baggio,
(U.S., Criminals
slang) Dynamite or other explosive material. (2) (Brit.)
Laura Zanfrini
Marijuana. (3) (usu. deprec.) Also poof. A male homosexual; an effeminate man.
pugEthics
(n) A pugilist.
1.
and Human Rights
puke (v) To eject by vomiting; to vomit (something). Freq. with up.
in
the
South
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
pump (v) (coarse) To copulate.
Mario
Santillo
punk-ass (adj) (U.S.) Of a person: worthless, good-for-nothing.
puppy-hole (n) (Eton College) A pupil-room.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
purler (n) (orig. and chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) Something of surpassing excellence or
quality;
a beauty. Instrument for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2
International
purple (n) Also purple haze. LSD, used as a recreational drug.
1.3 heart
Some(n)Final
23
purple
(Brit.)Reflections...................................................................
A tablet of the drug Drinamyl.
pusher (n) (1) (chiefly Services slang) A girl or young woman. (2) (orig. U.S.) One
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
who peddles drugs
illegally.
pussy (n) (1) (coarse) The vulva; the external female sexual organs. (2) (chiefly N.
Amer.) Effeminate
boyand
or man;
a homosexual.
2. Migration
Policies
Ethics
in East and South East Asia............ 27
putFabio
out (v) Baggio
(orig. U.S.) Chiefly of a woman: to offer oneself for sexual intercourse.
Q.B.I. (adj) (R.A.F. slang) (Of flying conditions): quite bloody impossible.
q.t.2.1
(n)International
Also Q.T. Quiet.
Chiefly in
in East
on the
(strict)
q.t., onEast
the quiet,
in secret,27
in
Migration
Asia
and South
Asia..............
confidence.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in Queens
ESEA............................................................
34
Quaggers
(n) (University
slang)
College.
qualified (adj) Used as a euphemism for bloody, damned, etc.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
queen (n) (1) Also quean. A male homosexual, esp. the effeminate partner in a
homosexual relationship.
(2) An attractive woman; a girl-friend.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
queenie (n) An effeminate male, a homosexual.
queeny (adj) (Of a man): effeminate,
esp. ostentatiously so; camp.
st
3.
Immigration
in theA21
queer
(n) (freq. derog.)
(usu.Century.
male) homosexual; one who is soft, effeminate, or
The
Need for
anHomosexual.
Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
homosexual.
(adj)
queerie
(n) (usu.
derog.) A Richard
(usu. male)
homosexual; an effeminate man.
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
quid (n) (chiefly Brit., Austral. and N.Z.) A sovereign; one pound sterling.
3.1 (n)
World
Increase
.............................................................
rabbit
(1) APopulation
poor performer
at any game;
a novice. (2) (Austral.) Liquor; a bottle51
of
beer. (3) (Austral. and Nautical slang) A smuggled or stolen article. (4) (also v)
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
From rabbit-and-pork, rhyming slang for a talk, to talk.
Glossary
3019
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
302
Glossary9
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License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
3039
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
304
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
3059
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
306
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
sharpie (n) (N. Amer.) That which is smart or in good condition, esp. of cars.
Table
sheen (n) (1)of
BaseContents
coin. (2) (U.S.) A car; an automobile.
shelf (n) (Austral.) A police informer. (v) To inform upon.
shellacking (vbl n) (chiefly U.S.) A beating or thrashing; a defeat.
shell out (v) To pay up, hand over.
she-male (n) A passive male homosexual or transvestite.
shiner (n) (1) Coin, money. (2) A mirror. (3) Usu. pl. Diamonds or other jewels. (4) A
black eye.
shirtlifter (n) (Austral.) A male homosexual.
shit (n) (coarse) Also shite. (1) An intoxicating or euphoriant drug, spec. cannabis,
heroin, or marijuana. (2) A contemptuous epithet applied to a person.
shit a brick (int) Expressing surprise or amazement.
shithead (n) A despicable person.
Opening
Considerations
and enthusiastic,
Executive very
Summary
..............................
11
shit-hot (adj)
(coarse) Unpleasantly
skilful, cunning,
knowledgeable.
shit-house
(n) (coarse)
A term
of disgust or contempt. (adj) Disgusting, despicable.
Fabio Baggio,
Laura
Zanfrini
shitless (adj) (coarse) Alluding to a state of extreme fear or physical distress.
shits
(n) Asand
the shits,
diarrhoea.
1.
Ethics
Human
Rights
shit-scared (adj) (coarse) Extremely frightened.
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
shoe (adj) (U.S.) Conforming to the dress, behaviour, or attitudes of students at
Mario
Santillo
exclusive educational establishments.
shonk (n) (1) An offensive name for a Jew. (2) (Austral.) One engaged in irregular or
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
illegal business activities.
shonky
(adj) Unreliable,Instrument
dishonest. for Migrants Defence ............................. 21
1.2 International
shoo-fly (n) (U.S.) A policeman, usu. in plain clothes, whose duty is to watch and report
1.3
Final Reflections................................................................... 23
on Some
other policemen.
shoot (int) (U.S.) An arbitrary alteration of shit, a coarse exclamation of annoyance or
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 25
disgust.
shoot (v) (orig. U.S.) To inject esp. oneself with (a drug); often followed by up.
shooter
(n) (1) Policies
(U.S.) Aand
measure
or in
drink
of and
spirit,South
esp. whisky.
(2) A shooting
2.
Migration
Ethics
East
East Asia............
27
instrument,
a
gun
or
pistol.
Fabio Baggio
shoppy (n) Also shoppie. A shop assistant.
short
(n) A brief visit
to a prostitute;
a brief
in a hotel
sexual purposes.
2.1time
International
Migration
in East
Asiasojourn
and South
EastforAsia..............
27
short-timer (n) (1) (U.S., Military slang) One nearing the end of his period of military
2.2
Migration
in ESEA............................................................
34
service.
(2) OnePolicies
who makes
a brief sojourn in a hotel for sexual purposes; one who
visits a prostitute.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
shorty (n) Also shortie. (1) A person of short stature. (2) (orig. U.S.) A short drink.
shouse
(n) (Austral.)
A privy.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
shover (n) (1) Also shovver. Jocular alteration of chauffeur. (2) One who passes base
coin.
3.
Immigration
21storCentury.
showboat
(v) (U.S.)in
Tothe
perform
behave ostentatiously; to show off.
The Need(n)for
an Ethical
Approach.
Canadian Experience ..... 51
shrewd-head
(Austral.
and N.Z.)
A cunning The
person.
shrink
(n) (orig.
U.S.) A psychiatrist.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
sick (adj) (1) (now esp. Skateboarding and Surfing) Excellent, impressive; risky. (2)
3.1
World
.............................................................
51
(orig.
U.S.)Population
Of a drugIncrease
addict: craving
for a dose of a drug, suffering from
withdrawal symptoms. (3) Disgusted, mortified, chagrined.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
sickie (n) (N. Amer.) Also sicky or sicko. One who is mentally ill or perverted.
Glossary
3079
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
308
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Glossary
3099
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
smoke (n) (1) (U.S.) An abusive and offensive term for a Black. (2) (N. Amer.) Cheap
Table
Contents
whisky. of
(3) Opium,
marijuana.
smoke-up (n) (U.S.) An official notice that a students work is not up to the required
standard.
smoothie (n) (orig. U.S.) A person who is stylish, suave, chic.
snafu (n) (chiefly U.S., orig. Military slang) Also SNAFU. A confusion or mix-up. (adj)
Confused, chaotic. (v) To mess up, to play havoc with. From situation normal: all
fouled (or fucked) up.
snake (n) (1) (coarse) The penis (recorded earliest in one-eyed trouser snake). (2)
(Austral., Military slang) A sergeant.
snake eyes (n) (1) (U.S.) Tapioca. (2) (N. Amer.) A throw of two ones with a pair of
dice.
snake-headed (adj) (Austral. and N.Z.) Angry, irritable.
Opening
and Executive
Summary .............................. 11
snake juice Considerations
(n) Whisky; any alcoholic
drink.
snake
poison
(n) (U.S.
and Austral.)
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura
ZanfriniWhisky.
snapper (n) pl. Teeth; a set of false teeth.
Sneaky
Peteand
(n) Human
(orig. andRights
chiefly U.S.) Also sneaky pete. A name given to any of
1.
Ethics
various illicit or cheap intoxicating beverages.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
sniffer (n) (1) (orig. U.S.) One who sniffs a drug or toxic substance. (2) The nose.
Mario
Santillo
snifter
(n) (U.S.)
(1) A cocaine addict. (2) A small quantity of cocaine inhaled through
the nose. (3) A portable radio direction-finder.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
snitty (adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Ill-tempered, sulky.
snoot
The nose, esp.Instrument
when large or
shaped. Defence ............................. 21
1.2(n)
International
forbadly
Migrants
snorer (n) The nose.
1.3(n)
Some
snort
(orig.Final
U.S.)Reflections...................................................................
(1) A dose or measure of cocaine or heroin which is taken 23
by
inhalation. (2) An alcoholic drink; a measure of spirits.
Bibliography
25
snow
(n) (1) (orig. .........................................................................................
U.S.) Cocaine; occas. heroin or morphine. (2) (Silver) money.
snow-bird (n) (U.S.) One who sniffs cocaine; gen. a drug addict.
snuff
it (v) To die.
2.
Migration
Policies and Ethics in East and South East Asia............ 27
snuff
out (v)
To kill, to murder.
Fabio
Baggio
snuggle-pup (n) (U.S., obs.) Also snuggle-puppy, snuggle-pupper. An attractive young
girl.International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
2.1
sob (n) A pound.
2.2 (n)
Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
S.O.B.
(chiefly U.S.)
Also in
s.o.b.
Son of a bitch; also silly old bastard, etc.
soccer (n) Also socker. The game of football as played under Association rules.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
sockeroo (n) (orig. U.S.) Something with an overwhelming impact.
socko
(n) (orig. and
chiefly U.S.) A success. (adj) Stunningly effective or successful.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
(int) An interjection imitative of the sound of a violent blow.
sod (n) (1) (coarse) One whostpractises or commits sodomy; a male homosexual. (2)
3. Immigration
in the
21 nuisance.
Century.
Something difficult;
a great
The Need
anBlack
Ethical
The Canadian
sometimey
(adj)for
(U.S.,
and Approach.
Prison slang) Variable,
unstable.Experience ..... 51
soogee-moogee
(n) (Nautical
slang)
A mixture containing caustic soda used for
Christine Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
cleaning paintwork and woodwork on ships and boats.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
sooner
(n) (1) (U.S.)
One who
acts prematurely.
(2) (chiefly Austral.) An idler, shirker.
sore-head (n) (1) (U.S., Political slang) A dissatisfied or disappointed politician. (2)
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
(chiefly N. Amer.) A discontented, dissatisfied person.
310
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Glossary
3119
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
spooky (adj) (1) (Surfing slang) Of a wave: dangerous or frightening. (2) (N. Amer.) Of
Table
a personof
(or Contents
animal): nervous; easily frightened; superstitious. (3) (U.S.) Of or
pertaining to spies or espionage.
spot (n) A drop of liquor.
Spud Islander (n) (Canad.) A native or inhabitant of Prince Edward Island, which is
noted for its fine potatoes.
squaddie (n) (Services slang) Also squaddy. A member of a squad; a private soldier; a
recruit.
squadrol (n) (U.S.) A small police van. From squad and patrol.
squarehead (n) Also square-head. (1) An honest person. (2) (Army slang) A foreigner
of Germanic extraction, esp. a German or Scandinavian.
squeaky clean (adj) Above criticism, beyond reproach.
squiffy (adj) Intoxicated; drunk.
Opening
and
Executive
squillion (n)Considerations
Also zillion. A very
large
number of Summary
millions. .............................. 11
squillionaire
(n) AlsoLaura
zillionaire.
One who is extraordinarily wealthy; a multimillionaire.
Fabio Baggio,
Zanfrini
squiz (n) (Austral. and N.Z.) A look or glance. From squint and quiz.
stakey
(adj)and
(chiefly
Canad.)Rights
Also staky. Well provided with money.
1.
Ethics
Human
star-back (n) An expensive, reserved seat at a circus.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
starkers (adj) Also starko. Of a person: absolutely without clothing. From stark naked.
Mario
starrer
(n) Santillo
A play or film which provides an impressive leading role for an actor or
actress.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
statie (n) (U.S.) A state trooper.
steaming
(vbl n) The action,
by a gang,
of passing Defence
rapidly through
a public place 21
(or
1.2 International
Instrument
for Migrants
.............................
train, etc.) robbing bystanders (or passengers).
1.3(n)Some
stem
pl. TheFinal
legs. Reflections................................................................... 23
stew (n) (U.S.) A stewardess.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
stick
(n) (1) A pistol.
(2) (Thieves slang) A jemmy or crowbar. (3) A cigarette made
with marijuana.
sticky-fingered
Apt toand
steal,Ethics
light-fingered.
2.
Migration(adj)
Policies
in East and South East Asia............ 27
stiff-arsed
(adj)
Amer.
-assed.
Reserved,
supercilious, stand-offish.
Fabio Baggio
stiffener (n) A fortifying or reviving drink, spec. an alcoholic one.
sting
(Austral.) (1) Strong
drink.in(2)East
A drug,
administered
to a racehorse27
in
2.1(n)International
Migration
Asiaspec.
andone
South
East Asia..............
the form of an injection.
2.2 (n)
Migration
stingo
Strong alePolicies
or beer. in ESEA............................................................ 34
stinkeroo (n) (orig. U.S.) Also stinkaroo. Something of a very low standard; a very bad
2.3
Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
performance.
stinko
(pred adj) (orig.
U.S.) (1) Of a very low standard; very bad. (2) Intoxicated; blind
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
drunk.
stink-pot (n) A term of abuse for
a person or (rarely) a thing.
3.
Immigration
the 21st magistrate.
Century.
stipe
(n) Also stip. Ainstipendiary
The Need
an Ethical
Approach.
The
Canadian
Experience
.....long
51
stir-crazy
(adj) for
(chiefly
U.S., Criminals
slang)
Mentally
deranged
(as if) from
imprisonment.
Christine
Baghdady, Richard Vanderberg
stone-broke (adj) Also stony-broke. Ruined.
3.1 (adj)
World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
stoned
(orig.
U.S.) (1) Drunk,
extremely
intoxicated. (2) In a state of drug-induced
euphoria.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
stop one (phr) (Austral.) To take a drink.
312
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
stoppo (n) (1) A rest from work. (2) (Criminals slang) An escape, a get-away.
Table
of Contents
stormer (n) (Brit.)
Something of surpassing size, vigour, or excellence.
storming (ppl adj) (chiefly in Sport) Displaying outstanding vigour, speed, or skill.
stove-up (adj) (N. Amer.) Run-down, exhausted; worn out.
stragger (n) Stranger.
street cred (n) (Apparent) familiarity with contemporary trends, fashions, social issues,
etc. From street credibility.
streetman (n) (U.S.) A petty criminal who works on the street, esp. as a pickpocket or
drug pedlar.
stride (n) pl. Trousers. Also occas. jeans.
string out (v) (U.S.) To be under the influence of a drug.
stripey (n) (Naval slang) A long-service able seaman; one with good-conduct stripes.
strongers (n) (1) A mixture containing caustic soda used for cleaning paintwork and
Opening
Considerations
and(2)
Executive
.............................. 11
woodwork
on ships and boats.
IntoxicatingSummary
liquor.
strong
it (v)Baggio,
To behave
excessively,
Fabio
Laura
Zanfrinito exaggerate.
strung out (adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Weak or ill, esp. as a result of drug addiction;
hence, addicted
to drugs.
1. Ethics
and Human
Rights
stubby (n) (1) (Austral.) A short, squat beer-bottle. (2) pl. Shorts.
in
the
South
American
Migration Processes .................................... 15
stuff (n) (1) (orig. U.S.) Narcotics, esp. in on the stuff, addicted to drugs, on drugs. (2)
Mario
Santillo
Chiefly as the stuff, money, cash. (3) Stolen goods. (4) Forbidden goods smuggled
into a gaol.
1.1
Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
stupe (n) A stupid person, a fool.
sub1.2
(n) International
An advance of money.
Fromfor
subsistence
money.
Instrument
Migrants
Defence ............................. 21
submarine (v) (U.S.) To put out of action in an underhand or covert way; to sabotage.
1.3(v)Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
suck
(coarse)
To perform
cunnilingus or, esp., fellatio.
suds (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Beer.
.........................................................................................
25
sugBibliography
(v) (Brit.) To (attempt
to) sell (someone) a product under the guise of conducting
market research. From sell under guise.
sugar
(n) (1) Money.
(2) and
A narcotic
esp. heroin.
(3) LSD
(taken
on a lump27
of
2.
Migration
Policies
Ethicsdrug,
in East
and South
East
Asia............
sugar).
Fabio Baggio
suicide blonde (n) (jocular) A woman with hair dyed blonde (esp. rather amateurishly).
super-cool
(adj) (orig. and
chiefly U.S.)
VeryAsia
cool,
relaxed,
2.1 International
Migration
in East
and
Southfine.
East Asia.............. 27
superfly (n) One who sells illegal drugs, a pusher. (adj) (U.S.) (1) Very good,
2.2
Migration
Policies
ESEA............................................................
34
excellent,
the best
(esp. ininthe
context of drugs). (2) Typical of the film character
Super Fly.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
surfie (n) (chiefly Austral.) A surfer or surfboarding enthusiast.
susBibliography
(n) Also suss. .........................................................................................
Suspicion of having committed a crime; suspicious behaviour, esp.
47
loitering. (adj) Suspect, suspicious; of questionable provenance or condition. (v) To
suspect (a person) of a crime.
3.
Immigration
in theState
21stgovernment
Century. relief paid to the unemployed.
susso
(n) (Austral., dated)
The
Need
for ansuspect,
Ethicalsuspected.
Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
sussy
(adj)
Suspicious,
SWA(L)K
(phr)Baghdady,
Sealed withRichard
a (loving)
kiss.
Christine
Vanderberg
swamp (v) (Austral.) To make (ones way) by obtaining a lift from a traveller.
3.1 World
Population
.............................................................
51
swamper
(n) (Austral.)
One Increase
who travels
on foot but has his swag carried on a wagon;
hence, one who obtains a lift.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Glossary
3139
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Sweeney (n) From Sweeney Todd, rhyming slang for Flying Squad, a member of the
Table
of Contents
Flying Squad.
sweetie-pie (n) (orig. U.S.) A lovable person; also as a term of endearment.
sweetmouth (v) (chiefly U.S., Black E.) To flatter.
swiftie (n) Also swifty. A fast-moving person: a rapid runner, a quick thinker.
swinging (ppl adj) Of or pertaining to one who engages in promiscuous sexual activity.
swingle (n) (N. Amer.) A swinging single or unaccompanied person; spec. one in
search of a sexual partner.
switched-on (ppl adj) Aware of all that is considered fashionable and up-to-date.
switcheroo (n) (U.S.) A change of position or an exchange, esp. one intended to surprise
or deceive. Also attrib., reversible, reversed.
swizz (n) (chiefly Schoolchildrens slang) A disappointment.
swy (n) (Austral.) Two, spec. a two-shilling coin or a two-year prison sentence.
Opening
Considerations
and Executive Summary .............................. 11
syph (n) Also
siff. Syphilis.
sysop
(n) (orig.
U.S.,Laura
Computing
slang) System operator.
Fabio
Baggio,
Zanfrini
tab (n) (1) A tablet or pill, spec. one containing LSD or another illicit drug. (2) A
cigarette.
(3)Human
An ear. (4)Rights
(Austral.) An (attractive) young woman or girl.
1. Ethics
and
Tab (n) (University slang) A member of the University of Cambridge. From Cantab.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
tab show (n) (U.S.) A short version of a musical, esp. one performed by a travelling
Mario
Santillo
company.
From tabloid show.
tache (n) Also tash. Moustache.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
Taffy (n) A familiar nickname for a Welshman.
talk1.2
turkey
(v) (orig. N.Instrument
Amer.) To speak
frankly and Defence
without reserve;
to talk hard facts.
International
for Migrants
.............................
21
tank (n) (1) A drink (usu. of beer). (2) (U.S.) A cell in a police station, spec. one in
1.3
Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
which
several
prisoners
(esp. drunks) are held.
tarantula-juice (n) (U.S.) Inferior whisky.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
tarnation
(n) (chiefly
U.S.) Damnation, used as an imprecation, or exclamation 25
of
emphatic objurgation.
tartMigration
(n) (1) A female
immoral
character;
prostitute.
(Austral.
and N.Z.,
2.
Policiesofand
Ethics
in Eastaand
South (2)
East
Asia............
27
Liverpool
dial.)
As
the
tart,
his
tart,
a
wife
or
girl-friend.
(3)
The
young
Fabio Baggio
homosexual companion of an older man.
Tassie
(Austral.) Also
Tassey, Tassy.
(1) Asia
Tasmania.
(2) A Tasmanian.
2.1 (n)
International
Migration
in East
and South
East Asia.............. 27
taste (n) (U.S.) An alcoholic drink; alcohol.
2.2(adj)
Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
tasty
Attractive,
esp. sexually;
pleasant.
tato (n) Also tatie, tattie. Potato.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
T.B. (n) (U.S.) Also t.b. A confidence trickster. From tubercolosis.
TCB
(phr) (U.S., Black
E.) To take care of business.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
tea (n) (1) (orig. U.S.) Marijuana; spec. marijuana brewed in hot water to make a drink.
(2) Spirituous or intoxicating
st liquor.
3.
Immigration
teach
(n) A teacher.in the 21 Century.
The Need
forU.S.)
an Ethical
Approach.
The Canadian Experience ..... 51
tea-head
(n) (orig.
A habitual
user of marijuana.
teaman
(n) (U.S.,
Criminals
slang) One
who smokes or sells marijuana.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
tear-arse (n) A very active busy person. (v) Amer. -ass. To drive recklessly.
World Population Increase ............................................................. 51
tec3.1
(n) Detective.
techno (n) A type of popular music having a fast, insistent dance beat.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
314
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
ten-four (int) Also 10-4. The radio code phr for message received; used loosely as an
Table
ofofContents
expression
affirmation.
ten per center (n) (U.S., Theatrical slang) A theatrical agent.
terr (n) (Rhodesian slang) A terrorist.
Tewt (n) (Army slang) Also TEWT. An exercise used in the training of junior officers.
From tactical exercise without troops.
thang (n) Representing a Southern U.S. pronunciation of thing.
thickie (n) One who is dull of intellect.
thirty (n) (chiefly Journalistic slang) The last sheet, word, or line of copy or of a
despatch.
thou (n) Thousand.
throw (v) To vomit. Usu. with up.
tick (n) Credit; trust; reputation of solvency and probity. From ticket.
Opening
and (2)
Executive
..............................
11
ticker (n) (1)Considerations
(orig. U.S.) The heart.
(U.S. and Summary
Austral.) Courage,
spirit.
tick-tack
AppliedLaura
to a system
of telegraphy or signalling used by bookmakers at
Fabio(n)
Baggio,
Zanfrini
race-meetings. Used attrib.
tiddly
(n) From
rhyming slang for a drink.
1.
Ethics
andtiddlywink,
Human Rights
tight-arsed (adj) Amer. -assed. Full of inhibition, unable to relax and enjoy oneself.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
tin-arsed (adj) (Austral. and N.Z.) Very lucky.
Mario
tincture
(n)Santillo
An alcoholic drink.
tinned dog (n) (Austral.) Canned meat.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
tinnie (n) (Austral.) Also tinny. A can of beer.
tip 1.2
(n) A
piece of useful
private or special
information
communicated
by an expert. 21
(v)
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
.............................
(orig. U.S.) To furnish (a person) with private information as to the chances of
1.3
Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
some
event;
to warn,
alert, or inform (a person). Freq. with off.
tired and emotional (adj) (jocular) Drunk.
Bibliography
tit (n)
(orig. U.S.) .........................................................................................
pl. A womans breasts. Also in to get on ones tits (or occas. tit),25
to
irritate intensely, get on the nerves of.
titfer
(n) Also titfa,
titfor. From
for tat,in
rhyming
slangSouth
for a hat.
2.
Migration
Policies
and tit
Ethics
East and
East Asia............ 27
toc Fabio
emma (n)
(Military
slang)
A
trench
mortar.
Baggio
tod (pron) From Tod Sloan, rhyming slang for own in on ones tod, alone, on ones
own.
2.1
International Migration in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
toffee-nosed (adj) Snobbish, supercilious.
2.2 Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................
34
Togger
(n) (University
slang)
A boat rowing in the Oxford college races called
Torpids.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
tom (n) From tomfoolery, rhyming slang for jewellery.
tomato
(n) (orig. U.S.)
An attractive girl.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
tool (n) (1) The male generative organ. (2) (Criminals slang) Any weapon.
toot (n) (U.S.) Also tout. Cocaine;
a snort of cocaine. (v) To inhale cocaine.
3.
Immigration
in thetootsey-wootsey,
21st Century.tootsie-wootsie, tootsy-wootsy. (1) (chiefly
tootsy
(n) Also tootsie,
The
for an
Ethical
Approach.
Canadian
Experience
51
U.S.)Need
A woman,
a girl;
a sweetheart.
(2) AThe
playful
or endearing
name for a .....
childs
or a womans
small foot.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard Vanderberg
topper (n) (U.S., Military slang) A first sergeant.
3.1 World
Increase
.............................................................
51
topping
(ppl adj)Population
Of high quality;
excellent;
first-rate.
torpedo juice (n) Also torp. Intoxicating liquor extracted from torpedo fuel; any strong
3.2
Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
home-made alcoholic liquor.
Glossary
3159
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
316
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
twocer (n) (Brit., orig. Police slang) Also twocker, TWOCer. A car thief, esp. one who
Table
Contents
steals forof
the purpose
of joy-riding.
two-time (v) (orig. U.S.) To deceive (esp. a person to whom one owes loyalty); to be
unfaithful to (a spouse or lover).
U-ey (n) (Austral.) Also youee. A U-turn.
uglies (n) As the uglies, depression, bad temper.
ump (n) (chiefly U.S.) Umpire, spec. in baseball.
uncool (adj) Unrelaxed; unpleasant.
undercover (n) An undercover agent.
underfug (n) (Brit., Schoolboys slang) An undervest; also, underpants.
underground mutton (n) (Austral.) A rabbit; rabbit meat.
under the table (phr) As (to put) under the table, (to make) drunk to the point of
insensibility.
Opening
Considerations
and
Executive
Summary
.............................. 11
unfuckingtouchable
(adj) A more
emphatic
version
of untouchable.
UniFabio
(n) (chiefly
Austral.
andZanfrini
N.Z.) Also Univ. University.
Baggio,
Laura
unreal (adj) (chiefly N. Amer. and Austral.) So good or impressive as to seem
incredible;
amazing.
1. Ethics
andremarkable,
Human Rights
untogether (adj) Poorly coordinated; not in full control of ones faculties.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
up (n) (1) A drug (esp. an amphetamine), often in the form of a pill, which has a
Mario
Santillo
stimulant
or euphoric effect. (2) (U.S.) A prospective customer.
up-and-downer (n) Also upper and downer. An up-and-down fight or argument; a
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
violent quarrel.
upper
(1) A drug (esp.
an amphetamine).
(2) (Public
School
slang) A pupil of 21
the
1.2 (n)
International
Instrument
for Migrants
Defence
.............................
upper school.
1.3(pred
Some
Reflections...................................................................
23
upter
adj)Final
(Austral.)
Bad or worthless; no good.
use (v) To take drugs.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
U.S.
of A. (n) United
States of America.
ute (n) (chiefly Austral. and N.Z.) A utility vehicle.
vagMigration
(n) (Austral.Policies
and N. Amer.)
(1) Vagrant.
(2) Vagrancy.
2.
and Ethics
in East
and South East Asia............ 27
vamoose
(v)
(orig.
and
chiefly
U.S.)
To
depart.
Fabio Baggio
veejay (n) (chiefly U.S.) One who presents a programme of (popular music) videos, esp.
on International
television. FromMigration
V.J., video jockey.
2.1
in East Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
veep (n) A vice-president.
Policies
intime
ESEA............................................................
34
veg2.2
(v) Migration
(orig. U.S.) To
pass the
in mindless or vacuous inactivity, esp. by watching
television. Often with out.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
vent (n) (Theatrical slang) A ventriloquist.
verbal
(n) Insult or.........................................................................................
abuse.
Bibliography
47
vet (n) A doctor of medicine. From veterinarian.
Victor Charlie (n) (U.S., Services
slang) A Vietcong soldier.
3.
Immigration
in the
21stU.S.,
Century.
vidiot
(n) (orig. and
chiefly
derog.) A habitual, undiscriminating viewer of
The
Needorfor
an Ethical
Approach.
Theand
Canadian
Experience ..... 51
television
player
of video games.
From video
idiot.
viff Christine
(n) An aircraft
that changes
direction
abruptly as a result of a change in the direction
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
of thrust of its engine(s). From vectoring in forward flight.
3.1(n)World
Increase
51
Ville
As the Population
Ville, Pentonville
Prison.............................................................
in London.
vis (n) (orig. Military slang) Visibility.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
W (n) A lavatory or water-closet.
Glossary
3179
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
wacko (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) An eccentric or crazy person. (adj) Crazy, mad;
Table
eccentric.of Contents
wacky (adj) (orig. U.S.) Crazy, mad; odd, peculiar.
wacky baccy (n) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Also wacky tobaccy or wacky weed. Marijuana.
wagger (n) (orig. Oxford University) A waste-paper basket.
wakey-wakey (n) (orig. Services slang) Reveille.
wallop (n) Alcohol, esp. beer; alcoholic drink.
wank (n) An act of (male) masturbation. (v) Of a male: to masturbate. Freq. with off.
washed up (ppl adj) (orig. and chiefly U.S.) Defeated, exhausted, finished.
wassock (n) (Brit., orig. northern dial.) Also wazzock. A stupid or annoying person; an
idiot.
wasted (ppl adj) Intoxicated (from drink or drug).
Wavy Navy (n) (Brit.) The Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
Opening
and Executive
Summary .............................. 11
way-in (adj)Considerations
Conventional; fashionable,
sophisticated.
way-out
Far removed
reality or from convention; extreme; progressive.
Fabio(adj)
Baggio,
Laura from
Zanfrini
weakie (n) (chiefly Austral.) Also weaky. A person who is weak in constitution,
character,
or Human
ability. Rights
1. Ethics
and
weapon (n) (coarse) The penis.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
weed (n) (orig. U.S.) Marijuana; a marijuana cigarette.
Mario (n)
Santillo
weedhead
(chiefly U.S.) One who is addicted to marijuana; a marijuana smoker.
weekender (n) (orig. U.S.) A person who indulges in occasional drug-taking, esp. at
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
weekends.
weeny
(n) (U.S.) AlsoInstrument
weenie. (1) for
A girl;
an effeminate
man.
(2) An objectionable
1.2 International
Migrants
Defence
.............................
21
person.
1.3 Some
Final Reflections...................................................................
23
weight
(n) A measure
of an illegal drug; hence, the drug.
weirdie (n) Also weirdy or weirdo. An odd or unconventional person.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
wellie
(n) Also welly.
A kick, acceleration.
Welshie (n) Also Welshy. A Welshman or Welshwoman.
wetMigration
(n) (1) Liquor,
drink. (2)
(rare)
Urination,
the act
of South
urinating;
urine.
2.
Policies
and
Ethics
in East
and
East
Asia............ 27
Whacko
(int)
Also
Wacko.
An
exclamation
of
delight
or
excitement:
Splendid!
Fabio Baggio
Excellent! Hurrah!
whaler
(n) (Austral.) AMigration
tramp, orig.in
oneEast
whose
route
followed
course
of a river. 27
2.1 International
Asia
and
South the
East
Asia..............
Whammo (int) Also Whamo. An exclamation suggesting a sudden violent blow or
2.2
Migration
surprising
event.Policies in ESEA............................................................ 34
whang-doodle (n) (N. Amer.) Something unspecified.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
what-the-hell (adj phr) Casual, careless, devil-may-care.
wheel
(n) (1) (U.S.)
A dollar. (2) (U.S., orig. Criminals slang) Chiefly in pl. The legs.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
(3) pl. A car.
wheelie (n) (Austral.) Also wheely.
A person in or confined to a wheelchair.
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in slang)
the 21An
whifflow
(n) (Nautical
unnamed gadget.
The(n)
Need
an Ethical
The
Experience ..... 51
whistle
Fromfor
whistle
and flute,Approach.
rhyming slang
for Canadian
suit.
white
(n) (1) Morphine.
(2)Richard
An amphetamine
tablet.
Christine
Baghdady,
Vanderberg
white-arsed (adj) Contemptible, despicable.
3.1lady
World
Population
Increase
.............................................................
51
white
(n) (Austral.)
A drink
of methylated
spirits, sometimes mixed with another
ingredient.
Elisa Mattiello An Introduction to English Slang. A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
2008 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
318
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
white lightning (n) (orig. U.S.) (1) Inferior or illicitly distilled whisky. (2) A kind of
Table
LSD. of Contents
white line (n) (U.S.) Alcohol as a drink; also, one who drinks alcohol.
white mule (n) (U.S.) A potent colourless alcoholic drink; spec. illicitly distilled whisky.
white-shoe (adj) (chiefly U.S.) Effeminate, immature.
white stuff (n) (chiefly U.S.) Morphine, heroin, or cocaine.
whitie (n) (Black E.) Also whitey, whity. A white person.
whizzo (n) Also whizz. Something very remarkable. (adj) Excellent, wonderful. (int) An
exclamation expressing delight.
whore-shop (n) A brothel.
wicked (adj) (orig. U.S.) Excellent, splendid; remarkable.
wife (n) The passive member of a homosexual partnership.
wiggy (adj) (U.S.) Mad, crazy.
Opening
and(aExecutive
Summary
..............................
11
wind up (v)Considerations
(Racing slang) To put
race-horse) into
fit condition
for running.
windy
(adj)Baggio,
Apt to get
into aZanfrini
state of alarm; nervous, frightened.
Fabio
Laura
wing (n) An arm.
Wingco
(n) and
(R.A.F.
slang) Wing
Commander.
1.
Ethics
Human
Rights
wingding (n) (U.S.) (1) A fit or spasm, esp. as simulated by a drug addict. (2) A wild
inparty;
the aSouth
American Migration Processes .................................... 15
celebration or social gathering.
Mario
Santillo
wingy (n) A one-armed man.
wino (n) (orig. U.S.) A habitual drinker of cheap wine; an alcoholic or drunkard.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
wiped (ppl adj) (orig. U.S.) Chiefly with out. (1) Reduced to a state of physical
incapacity;
exhausted,
tired out.
Intoxicated
or incapacitated
by drugs 21
or
1.2
International
Instrument
for(2)
Migrants
Defence
.............................
alcohol.
1.3 Some
Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
wipe-out
(n) (1)
(Surfing
slang) A fall from ones surfboard as a result of a collision
with another surfer or a wave. (2) (orig. U.S.) Destruction; a killing; a crushing
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
defeat; an overwhelming
experience.
wipe out (v) (1) To be knocked from ones surfboard. (2) (orig. U.S.) Of drink, etc.: to
render intoxicated
or senseless;
to overwhelm.
(3) To
kill (aEast
person).
2. Migration
Policies
and Ethics
in East and
South
Asia............ 27
wiseFabio
guy (n)
(orig.
U.S.)
A
know-all,
a
wiseacre;
someone
who
makes sarcastic or
Baggio
annoying remarks.
wish
(n) (N. Amer.)
A mail-order
catalogue.
2.1book
International
Migration
in East
Asia and South East Asia.............. 27
witch-doctor (n) (Military slang) A psychiatrist.
2.2 (adj)
Migration
Policies
in ESEA............................................................ 34
with-it
Fashionable,
up-to-date.
wizard (adj) Excellent, marvellous, very good.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
wood-and-water joey (n) (Austral.) An odd job man.
Woodbine
(n) An.........................................................................................
Englishman, esp. a soldier, considered as a habitual smoker 47
of
Bibliography
Woodbine cigarettes.
wooden cross (n) (Military slang)
st A wooden cross on a servicemans grave; hence,
3. Immigration
death in action. in the 21 Century.
The(n)
Need
for an
Ethical
Experience
..... 51
woody
(1) (orig.
Surfing
slang,Approach.
chiefly U.S.)The
Also Canadian
woodie. An estate
car with timberframed sides.
(2) An erection
of the
penis.
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
woopie (n) (orig. N. Amer.) Also woopy. A well-off older person.
3.1Woop
World
Woop
(n)Population
(Austral. andIncrease
N.Z.) The.............................................................
name of an imaginary place in a remote area.51
Glossary
3199
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
wop (n) (1) (R.A.F. slang) A radio operator. From wireless operator. (2) (orig. U.S.,
Table
Contents
offens.) of
An Italian
or other southern European, esp. as an immigrant or foreign
visitor. (adj) Italian.
word (v) (Austral.) To speak to, accost; to tell, pass word to.
wotcher (int) A corruption of What cheer?, a familiar greeting.
wow (n) (orig. U.S.) A sensational success. (adj) Exciting or expressing admiration and
delight.
W.P.B. (n) Also w.p.b. Waste-paper basket.
Wrac (n) Also WRAC. The Womens Royal Army Corps.
Wraf (n) Also WRAF. The Womens Royal Air Force.
Wren (n) A member of the Womens Royal Naval Service.
Wrennery (n) (Services slang, jocular) A building used to accommodate Wrens.
wrinkly (n) Also wrinklie. An old or middle-aged person.
Opening
Executive
Summary
..............................
wrongo (n) Considerations
(chiefly U.S.) Also and
wronggo.
A bad, dishonest,
or untrustworthy
person. 11
Y (n)
(chiefly
U.S.) Young
Christian Association.
Fabio
Baggio,
Laura Mens
Zanfrini
yack (n) Incessant talk of a trivial or boring nature.
yacker
(n) (1)
(derog.)
A chatterbox
1.
Ethics
and
Human
Rights or gossip. (2) (Austral.) Talk, conversation, chatter.
yackety-yackety (n) Incessant talk. (int) Expressing the sound of incessant chatter.
in the South American Migration Processes .................................... 15
Yank (n) A Yankee.
yapMario
(n) (1)Santillo
(U.S.) The mouth. (2) Idle or loquacious talk; a chat. (v) To talk idly or
loquaciously; to chatter.
1.1 Migrants Rights ............................................................................. 17
yardie (n) (orig. West Indies) A Jamaican.
yatter
(orig. Sc. dial.)
To talk idly
incessantly;
to chatter.
From yammer and
1.2 (v)
International
Instrument
for and
Migrants
Defence
.............................
21
chatter.
1.3 belly
Some(n)Final
23
yellow
(orig.Reflections...................................................................
U.S.) A coward.
yellow jacket (n) A pentobarbitone capsule.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
25
yen-yen
(n) (U.S.) A
craving for opium, opium addiction.
Yid (n) (usu. offens.) A name for a Jew.
yobMigration
(n) Back-slang
for boy.and
Orig.Ethics
simply,ina boy,
youth;South
in mod.
use, Asia............
a lout, a hooligan.
2.
Policies
Easta and
East
27
yobbery
(n)
(Brit.)
Hooliganism.
Fabio Baggio
yobbish (adj) Characteristic of a yob.
yobbo
Also yobo. AMigration
lout, a hooligan.
Extended
fromSouth
yob. East Asia.............. 27
2.1 (n)
International
in East
Asia and
yobby (adj) Loutish.
Policies Jewish
in ESEA............................................................
yok2.2
(n) Migration
(derog.) A pejorative
term for a non-Jew, a Gentile. From Yiddish goy.34
yonks (n) A long time, chiefly in for yonks.
2.3 Ethics and Migration Management................................................. 43
yo-yo (n) (U.S.) A stupid person, a fool.
yucky
(adj) Also yukky.
Nasty, unpleasant; sickly sentimental.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
47
yumpie (n) (orig. U.S.) Young upwardly mobile people.
yum-yum (n) An action providing
a pleasurable or delicious sensation; love-making.
3.
Immigration
in the
21sturban
Century.
yuppie
(n) Also yuppy.
Young
professional, now also freq. interpreted as young
The
Needmobile
for anprofessional.
Ethical Approach. The Canadian Experience ..... 51
upwardly
yuppification
(orig. U.S.)
The action
or process by which an area, building, clothing,
Christine (n)
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
etc., becomes or is rendered suitable for yuppies.
3.1 World
Population
Increase
............................................................. 51
yuppify
(v) (orig.
U.S.) To subject
to yuppification.
za (n) (U.S.) Pizza.
3.2 Urbanization, International Migration and Governance ................. 53
zac (n) (Austral.) Also zack, zak. A sixpence.
320
Glossary9
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
zapper (n) (orig. U.S.) The remote-control unit for a piece of electronic equipment, esp.
Table
oforContents
a television
video recorder.
zappy (adj) Lively, amusing, energetic; striking.
zig-zag (adj) (chiefly U.S., Military slang) Drunk.
zipless (adj) (coarse) Denoting a brief and passionate sexual encounter.
zizzy (adj) Showy, spectacular; lively, uninhibited.
zonk (v) (1) To hit, strike, or knock. (2) To fail; to lose consciousness, to die.
zonking (ppl adj, adv) Impressively (large or great).
zoot suit (n) (orig. U.S.) A type of mans suit of exaggerated style popular in the 1940s.
zooty (adj) (U.S.) (Strikingly) fashionable.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Table of Contents
English Library:
the Linguistics Bookshelf
Printed Edition ISSN 1974-0603
Electronic Edition ISSN 1974-0670
General Editor
Giovanni Iamartino (Milano)
Scientific Committee
The
series
the Linguistics Bookshelf is meant43
to
2.3book
Ethics
and English
MigrationLibrary:
Management.................................................
be a forum for scientific discussion and debate over any topic of English
Bibliography
47
linguistics,
in .........................................................................................
a theoretical, descriptive or applied perspective, both
synchronically and diachronically. It aims to provide new insights into
st Century.
3.
Immigration
in and
the 21
English
phonetics
phonology,
morphology, syntax, lexis, semantics
Need for an
Approach.
The Canadian
Experience
..... 51
andThe
pragmatics,
andEthical
the interface
between
different levels
of linguistic
Christine
Baghdady,
Richard
Vanderberg
analysis. New and recent research methodologies, critical approaches,
and3.1specialized
fields ofIncrease
knowledge
such as corpus linguistics, critical
World Population
.............................................................
51
discourse analysis, translation studies, the varieties of English and ESP
3.2beUrbanization,
will
dealt with in International
the series. Migration and Governance ................. 53
3.3 International Migration in Canada: An Ethical Assessment ........... 54
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Publications:
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of Polimetrica License B. Polimetrica
License B gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the authors property.
Related series:
Table
of Contents
Lexicography worldwide:
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
series editor Giovanni Iamartino
la Mario
lexicografa
Santillo bilinge del espaol, Polimetrica Publisher, Italy.
ISBN 978-88-7699-075-5
Maria
Colombo etInstrument
Monica Barsi,
textes runis
par.............................
(2008), Lexicogra1.2 International
for Migrants
Defence
21
phie et lexicologie historiques du franais - Bilan et perspectives,
1.3 Some Final
Reflections...................................................................
23
Polimetrica
Publisher,
Italy. ISBN 978-88-7699-084-7
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25
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