MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution)

MAHENDHIRAPURI, VADUGAPALAYAM (PO), NAMAKKAL DT-637 503.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
V.SURENDRAN (III YEAR EEE)
K.VENKATESH (III YEAR EEE)
E-MAIL ID: lkvenkatesh90@gmail.com
 CONTENTS

 ABSTRACT

 INTRODUCTION

 ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

 POWER IN THE WIND

 TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROTOR

 LIFT AND DRAG

 POWER GENERATING UNIT

 VARIABLE FREQUENCY ALTERNATOR

 DETAILS OF THE MOUNTING

 EXPERIMENTAL DATA

 APPLICATION OF POWER GENERATED

 CONCLUSION
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ABSTRACT

With the evolution of new technologies in the field of automobile engineering the
comfort of the passengers and safety of perishable goods has become a major concern.

Various comfort accessories in passenger vehicles like televisions sets, music

system, focus lights, fans with higher quality pumps, power steering electrical control systems,
warning systems etc have increased the power requirements of the vehicle. In the past 20 years, the
electrical demand of automobiles has more than doubled. Today vehicles with air conditioners have
also become common .The power requirement of the air conditioner system is met by an additional
engine attached to the vehicle. The additional battery or engine has though fulfilled the energy
requirements of the vehicle it has also increased the weight of the vehicle resulting in the loss of
fuel efficiency of the vehicle. This is an attempt made to utilize the wind energy produced by the
movement of the vehicle to generate electrical power.

INTRODUCTION
New technologies are being developed everyday. And the needs for more
power in the automobiles are also increasing everyday. Thus in order to depend on the same engine
for all the wind energy can be utilized as it is a permanent solution to the energy needs of the
vehicle. Transitioning to wind powered system will bring about improved fuel efficiency, increased
power, higher levels of safety, greater comfort, and countless new convenience.

ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

 It is a renewable source of energy.
 Like all forms of solar energy, wind power systems are polluting, so it has no adverse
influence on the environment.
 Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport.

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 On a small scale up to a few kilowatt system is less costly. On a large –scale costs can be
competitive with conventional electricity and lower costs could be achieved by mass
production.

POWER IN THE WIND

Wind energy is the continuous source of the power when a vehicle is in movement. When
the vehicle moves it has to do work against the air in the surroundings in order to move forward.
Thus the resistance offered in the form of wind to the vehicle is utilized to rotate a turbine and
produce electricity.
The power in the wind is proportional to:
• the area of windmill being swept by the wind
• the cube of the wind speed
• the air density –which varies with altitude

The formula used for calculating the power in the wind is shown below:
Power =0.5 x density of air x swept area x velocity cubed
P=1/2.ñ.A.V^3
Where,
P - Power in the watts (W)
ñ - The air density in kilograms per cubic meter (Kg/m3)
A - The swept rotor area in square meters (m2)
V- The wind speed in meters (m/s)
The fact that the power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed is very significant.
This can be demonstrated by pointing out that if the wind speed doubles then the power in the wind
increases by a factor of eight.

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TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ROTOR

The factors considered to select the Wind turbine are:

• Start-up wind speed
• Cut-in speed
• Rated wind speed
• Furling wind speed
- the wind speed that turn an unloaded rotor
- the wind speed at which the rotor can be loaded
- the wind speed at which the machine is
designed to run
- the wind speed at which the machine will be
turned out of the wind to prevent damage

FUNCTION WIND SPEED IN kmph

Start-up wind speed 20
Cut-in speed 30
Rated wind speed 40-60
Furling wind speed 100

The fraction of the free-flow wind power that can be extracted by a rotor is called the
power-coefficient; thus

Power coefficient = Power of wind rotor

Power available in the wind

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LIFT AND DRAG:

The basis for wind energy conversion. The extraction of power, and hence energy, from the
wind depends on creating certain forces and applying them to rotate (or to translate) a mechanism.
There are two primary mechanisms for producing forces from the wind; lift and drag.
Lift forces act perpendicular to the air flow, while drag forces act in the direction of flow.
Lift forces are produced by changing the velocity of the air stream flowing over either side of the
lifting surface: speeding up the air flow causes the pressure to drop, while slowing the air stream
down leads to increase in pressure. In other words, any change in velocity generates a pressure
difference across the lifting surface. This pressure difference produces a force that begins to act on
the high pressure side and moves towards the low pressure side of the lifting surface which is called
airfoil.

POWER GENERATING UNIT

The idea is to implement 12 volt variable frequency alternators (VFA) for this
purpose .When the wind turbine reaches a speed of 600rpm the alternator will start power
generation. Thus more power is available from the assembly of 3seperate 12V VFA system. The
most promising alternator technology for VFA would be permanent magnet induction system.

The assembly was mounted on a car and results proved to be satisfactory .By not
increasing the height of the vehicle the drag is not increased to a large extent. The visibility angle
of the driver which is 20 degrees elevation is also taken care in the design. Since the assembly is
mounted inside the present structure of the vehicle is also not disturbed.

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VARIABLE FREQUENCY ALTERNATOR

Since resistive heating loads are essentially frequency insensitive, the a.c. generator can be
effected at a variable frequency corresponding to the changing drive speed. For this purpose
capacitor excited squirrel cage induction machines can be conveniently used. Such a scheme is
shown in figure. These systems are gaining importance for stand alone wind power applications.
The magnitude and frequency of the emf depends on the value of the load impedance, prime-mover
speed and excitation capacitance.

The varying output voltage can be converted to constant D.C. using choppers or controlled
rectifiers on constant a.c using force-commutated inverters.

MATERIAL
Three ultra low-mass blades, reinforced by a carbon-fiber skin for superior
rigidity.

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WIND TURBINE (EXHAUST FAN)

DETAILS OF THE MOUNTING

Block Diagram of the Wind Power Generated

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PICTORIAL VIEW

The mounting system consists of the turbine assembly inside an aerodynamically

designed hood. In buses this can be done by the addition of the special equipment without major
losses in the aesthetics and other parameters of the vehicle. The wind turbines are fitted at the top
of the bus above the driver’s cabin. This will provide maximum wind to the turbine assembly,
rotating high speeds which will be connected to the 12V alternator to produce electricity. This
power generated is utilized to supply to all apparatus and also charging the battery, hence reducing
the engine load.

The apparatus will consist of three separate turbine and VFA assembly to provide
power. When connected the total power generated will be enough to run all the components and
also charge the battery.

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• Fig shows the wind turbine fitted at the top of the bus

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
The test was conducted on two different bearings under no load conditions with one pulley
attached to it with a 12V alternator coupled to wind turbine shaft.
The table gives test results obtained when the assembly was fitted on the vehicle. The
apparatus used for the test were an exhaust fan with 5 blades and a cycle hub in the first case. Later
the second test with a made with a10mm inner diameter ball bearing. The gears that are intended to
be used will have a speed ratio of 1:5.5 in order to provide a speed of up to 6000-7000 rpm in all
conditions above the speed of 30 kmph.
S. VEHICLE WIND TURBINE SPEED IN RPM
SPEED Kmph WITH CYCLE HUB WITH BALL BEARING
NO
AVERAGE TRIAL1 TRIAL2 TRIAL3 TRIAL1 TRIAL2 TRIAL3
1. 30 800 850 880 1050 1080 1060
2. 40 1050 1000 1080 1250 1325 1300
3. 50 1250 1300 1275 1580 1600 1600
4. 60 1450 1400 1450 1700 1750 1780

APPLICATION OF POWER GENERATED

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 STARTER MOTOR:

Starter motor can be designed to start the engine in a shorter time interval and bring
it to higher speeds of rotation before the ignition process is started.
Therefore, emissions due to the partial combustion that takes place at low speeds would be
reduced. In other words, restarting would be “smooth”. The engine control strategy delays the
motor switch –off for a couple of seconds to ensure that it is not a short stop that the driver is
making. For example, it would not be beneficial to switch the internal combustion engine off at
every stop signal. Ideally, the alternator could provide hybrid propulsion capabilities, which would
further improve the efficiency of the engine. This means that the engine would avoid operating at
torque – speed combinations at which the engine is not efficient by allowing the alternator to
provide propulsion at these times. Switched reluctance motors (SRM) can be used for the starter
motor application. Studies have shown that SRMs can operate at low voltages without sacrificing
efficiency.

REGENERATIVE BREAKING
Alternator could be used to remove torque from the wheels and thus slow the vehicle
down when required. Therefore, breaking energy that would otherwise be wasted as heat in friction
brakes is now to recharge the 12V batteries. The amount of power that the alternator produces
depends on the speed of the vehicle and the capacity of the alternator at that speed.

CONCLUSION
Demands for higher fuel economy, performance, reliability, convenience, as well
as reduced emissions push the automotive industry to seek electrification of ancillaries and engine
augments .In buses of the future, throttle actuation, steering, anti-lock braking, air-conditioning,
and electrical power system. As the electrical power requirements are taken over by the wind
turbine assembly the load on the engine is reduced. This results in increased mileage and fuel
saving.

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