EEE311:DigitalSignalProcessingI

CourseTeacher:Dr.NewazMd.SyfurRahim

AssociatedProfessor,

DeptofEEE,BUET,Dhaka1000.
Syllabus:Asmentionedinyourcoursecalendar
ReferenceBooks:
1. DigitalSignalProcessing:Principles,Algorithms,andApplicationsJohnG.Proakis
2. DigitalSignalProcessing:APracticalApproachEmmanuelC.Ifeachor
3. SchaumsOutlinesofDigitalSignalProcessing
4. ModernDigitalSignalProcessingRobertoCristi
CourseOutlines:
ThiscoursewillcoverChapter1through5ofProakissandChapter5through7ofIfeachorsbook.

SignalsSystemsandSignalProcessing
Asignalisafunctionofoneormoreindependentvariablesthatusuallyrepresenttimeand/orspace.Asignalcontains
somekindofinformationthatcanbeconveyed,displayed,ormanipulated.Examplesofsignalsofparticularinterests
are:

Speech,whichweencounterintelephony,radio,andeverydaylife.
Biomedicalsignals,suchaselectrocardiogram
Soundandmusic,suchasreproducedbyCDplayer
Videoandimage,whichpeoplewatchontelevision
Radarsignals,whichareusedtodeterminetherangeandbearingofdistanttargets

A system is a practical device that performs an operation on a signal to modify the signal or extract additional
informationfromit.Asystemmaybeelectrical,mechanical,thermal,hydraulicoranalgorithm.
By signal processing we mean the type of operations that is performed by the system to the signal. Digital signal
processingisconcernedwiththedigitalrepresentationofsignalsandtheuseofdigitalprocessorstoanalyze,modify,or
extractinformationfromsignals.ThesignalsusedinmostDSParederivedfromanalogsignalswhichhavebeensampled
at regular intervals and converted into a digital form. DSP is now used in many areas where analog methods were
previouslyusedandinapplicationswhicharedifficultorimpossiblewithanalogmethod.

AdvantagesofDSP
ThemainattractionsofDSPareduetothefollowingadvantages:

Digitalsignalcanwithstandchannelnoiseanddistortionmuchbetterthananalogsignal.
Repeaterscanbeusedforlongdistancedigitalcommunication
Digitalsystemcanbeeasilymodifiedwithsoftwarethatimplementsthespecificapplications.
Digitalsignalscanbecodedtoreduceerrorrate.
Storageofdigitalsignaliseasyandinexpensiveanddoesnotdeterioratewithage.
Reproductionofdigitalmessagesisextremelyreliablewithoutdistortion
DSP allows sophisticated applications such as speech recognition and image compression to be implemented
withlowpowerportabledevices
Theaccuracyisonlydeterminedbythenumberofbitsused.
Nodriftinperformancewithtemperatureorage
LinearphaseresponsecanbeachievedandcomplexadaptivefilteringalgorithmscanbeimplementedusingDSP
techniques.

DSP designs can be expensive when large bandwidth signals are involved. The ADCs/ DACs may not have sufficient
resolution for wide bandwidth DSP applications. In some DSP systems if an insufficient number of bits are used to
representvariablesseriousdegradationinsystemperformancemayresult.

ApplicationsofDSP
DSPhasrevolutionizedmanyareasofscienceandengineering.Theyaresummarizedbelow:
9 Measurements and analysis: Preconditioning the measured signal by rejecting the disturbing noise and
interference. The digital filters can be found in ECG and EEG equipment to record the weak signals in the
presenceofheavybackgroundnoiseandinterference.DSPtechniquesarealsousedfortheanalysisofradarand
sonarechoes.InmostGPSreceiverstodayadvancedDSPtechniquesareemployedtoenhanceresolutionand
reliability.[+patientmonitoring,Xraystorage,enhancement]
9 Telecommunications: DSP is used in telephone systems for DTMF (dualtone multifrequency) signaling, echo
cancellingoftelephonelines,equalizersforhighspeedtelephonemodems,etc.Errorcorrectingcodesareused
toprotectdigitalsignalsfrombiterrorsduringdatatransmissions.Datacompressionalgorithmsareutilizedto
reduce the number of data bits to represent given information. DSP is used for speech coding in GSM (global
systemformobilecommunication)telephones,inmodulatorsanddemodulatorsetc.[+videoconferencing,data
communication]

9 Audio and television:DigitalsignalprocessingismandatoryinCDplayers,digitalaudiotape(DAT)anddigital

compact cassette (DCC) recorder. Digital methods are also used in digital audio broadcasting (DAB). HDTV
systemsareutilizinglotsofdigitalimageprocessingtechniques.
9 Digital image processing: Digital image processing is used for restoring blurred or distorted images, data
compression, identification and analysis of pictures and photos. [+pattern recognition, satellite weather map,
facsimile]
9 Automotive: In automotive business DSP is used for control purposes. For example, ignition and injection
control system, intelligent suspension system, antiskid brakes, climate control systems, intelligent cruise
controllers, airbag controllers etc. Some speech recognition and speech synthesis are being tasted in
automobiles.Experimentshavebeenperformedforbackgroundnoisecancellationincarsusingadaptivedigital
filters.

BasicElementsofDSPSystems
TheblockdiagramofatypicalDSPsystemisshowninFigurebelow.

Theanaloginputfilterisusedtobandlimittheinputsignalbeforedigitizationtoreducealiasing.TheADCconvertsthe
analog input signal into a digital form. The heart of the system is the digital processor (Motorola MC68000, Texas
Instruments TMS320C25). The digital processor may implement one of the several DSP algorithms, such as, digital
filtering.Afterprocessingthesignalmaybestoredinacomputermemoryforlateruseoritmaybedisplayedgraphically
onadisplayunit.

Sampling

Sampling is the acquisition of a continuous signal at discrete time intervals. The sampled signal is continuous in
amplitudebutdefinedonlyindiscretepointsintime.TheprocessisshowninFigureabove.Thesignalobtainedinthis
wayiscalleddiscretetimesignalandisrepresentedas x ( n ) .

x(n) = xa (nT ) ;

< n <

where,Tisthesamplingperiod.Theinverseofitissamplingfrequency, Fs . [ Fs = 1/ T ]

Basicsignals

1. Unitsampleorunitimpulse, ( n)

1 n = 0
0 n 0

( n) =

x (n) = 1.5 (n + 2) (n + 1) + 1.2 (n) 0.5 (n 2)

+ 1.6 (n 3)

Note:AnyD.T.signalcanbeexpandedinto, x( n) =

x(k ) (n k ) .

k =

2. Unitstep, u ( n)

1 n 0
u (n ) =
0 n < 0

3. Sinusoidalsignals
Acontinuoustimesinusoidalsignalisdefinedas, x(t ) = A cos(0t + ) .Adiscretetimesinusoidisobtainedby
samplingacontinuoustimesinusoidwithsamplinginterval, Ts as,

x(n) = x(nTs ) = A cos(0 nTs + ) = A cos(0 n + )

where, 0Ts =

2 F0
= 2 f 0 = 0 iscalledthedigitalfrequency.
Fs

4. Exponentialsignal, a n (or e n where, a = e and = + j )

Somepeculiaritiesofdiscretetimesinusoids
Therearetwounexpectedpropertiesofdiscretetimesinusoidswhichdistinguishthemwithcontinuoustimesinusoids.
1. A continuoustime sinusoid is always periodic regardless of its frequency, . But a Discretetime sinusoid is
periodiconlyif is 2 timessomerationalnumber.
2. A discretetime sinusoid does not have unique waveform for each value of . In fact, discretetime sinusoids
with frequencies separated by the multiples of 2 are identical. Thus a sinusoid
cos 0 n = cos(0 + 2 k )n = cos k n wherekisaninteger.
Adiscretetimesinusoid x(n) = A cos(0 n + ) isperiodicwithperiod N 0 ,if x(n) = x(n + N 0 ) .Applyingthiscondition
weget, 0 N 0 = 2 m or, N 0 = 2

. N 0 andmareintegers.

4
Figureaboveshowsthreesinusoids, cos n, cos
n and cos 0.8n .Theperiodoffirstandthesecondsinusoidsare8
4
17
and17respectively.Thethirdsinusoidisnotperiodic.
Fromthesecondpropertyitcanbesaidthatsinusoidalsignalhasuniquewaveformoverarangeof 2 .Wemayselect
this range to be to , 0 to 2 , to 3 etc. We shall select this range as to . We call this range as the
fundamentalrangeoffrequencies.Thusasinusoidofanyfrequency isidenticaltosomesinusoidoffrequency f in
thefundamentalrange to .Thus,

cos(8.7 n + ) = cos(0.7 n + ) and cos(9.6 n + ) = cos( 0.4 n + ) .

Therefore,thefrequency 8.7 isidenticaltothefrequency 0.7 inthefundamentalrange.Alsothefrequency 9.6 is
identicaltothefrequency 0.4 inthefundamentalrange.
Furtherreductioninfrequencyrange
Consider, cos(9.6 n + ) = cos( 0.4 n + ) = cos(0.4 n ) .
Thisresultshowsthatasinusoidofanyfrequency canalwaysbeexpressedasasinusoidoffrequency f ,where

f liesinthefrequencyrange0to .
Asystematicproceduretoreducethefrequencyofasinusoid cos( n + ) istoexpress as,

= f + 2 m ;

f andmisaninteger.

Nonuniquenessofdiscretetimesinusoid
Figurebelowshowshowtwodifferentcontinuoustimesinusoidsofdifferentfrequenciesgenerateidenticaldiscrete
timesinusoid.

Highestoscillationrateindiscretetimesinusoid
Therateofoscillationofasinusoidincreasescontinuouslyas increasesfrom 0 to .Therateofoscillationdecreases

15
0 = or
8
8
7

0 = or
4
4
3

0 = or
2
2

As increasesfrom to 2 .ThisisillustratedinFigureabove.Afrequency ( + x ) actuallyappearsasthefrequency

( x ) .
Samplingcontinuoustimesinusoidandaliasing
Iftwosequences x1 (n) = A cos(1n + 1 ) and x2 (n) = A cos(2 n + 2 ) havefrequenciesandphasesrelatedby,

2 = 1 + 2k , 2 = 1

or, 2 = 1 + 2k , 2 = 1

with k an integer, then the two sinusoidal sequences have the same samples, i.e. x1 (n) = x2 (n) . This is illustrated in
Figurebelow.

Here, 1 , 1 + 2 , 1 and 1 + 2 representsthesamesignal

inthetimedomain.Ifwelimitthedigitalfrequency withinthe
interval to then there is one to one correspondence
between the signals and their frequency representation. For
each frequency in the interval to the corresponding
aliasesarealloutsidetheinterval to itself.
Now,therangeofuniquedigitalfrequencies,

Or,

/ T / T or, Fs Fs
Or,

s
2
2

This implies that the highest frequency of an analog signal must be less than half the sampling frequency to avoid
aliasing.