Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Timeline of MR Imaging
1972 Damadian
patents idea for large
NMR scanner to detect
malignant tissue.
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
Principle of MRI
1980
1973 Mansfield
independently
1959 Singer
publishes gradient
measures blood flow approach to MR.
using NMR (in mice).
1920
1985 Insurance
reimbursements for
MRI exams begin.
1973 Lauterbur
publishes method for
generating images
using NMR gradients.
1990
2000
Source: http://www.fonar.com/timelineofmri.htm
Instrumentation (1)
Instrumentation (2)
Modern 3 Tesla
MRI unit (Philips)
Bore of the magnet
Magnet
Gradient Coil
RF Coil
Main magnet
body
Patient Couch
Source: Joe Gati, photos
Permanent Magnet
open
C-Shape
Standing MRI
Advantage:
-Simple
-Comfortable
-Inexpensive
-No need to use liquid Helium
-Low maintenance cost
Disadvantage:
-Low field strength (normally <0.7T)
-Field inhomogeneity
-Sensitive to temperature change
Superconductive Magnet
closed
cylindrical
Advantage:
Start
5A
-High stability
-High homogeneity
-Cost low
Disadvantage:
1cm
-Expensive
1 Guass
-Helium needed
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
1) High SNR
1) High cost
Gradient Magnets
RF Coils
loop of wire
Spin
To differentiate
atoms
Same atom
number but
different atom
weight are
different isotopes
Why 1H?
- 3*1022/ml in water
1) Gyromagnetic ratio is much larger than others, and thus the magnetic
resonance signal is the largest
3) Different forms in biological organ
- water
randomly oriented
- fat
So by default, MRI is
1H
imaging!
when placed in a magnetic field (B0; e.g., our MRI machines) protons will either align
with the magnetic field
there is a small difference in the number of protons in the low and high energy
states with more in the low state leading to a net magnetization (M)
Precession
Larmor Equation
Resonance
frequency (MHz)
: Gyromagnetic ratio
Unit of /2 : MHz/T
Gyromagnetic Ratio
Question
Question
For the following scanners,
What is the resonance frequency of the following nuclei in
each of the magnetic fields?
1H
GE 0.7 Tesla
Phillips 3.0 Tesla
SIEMENS 7.0 Tesla
23Na
low field MRI
Clinical MRI
High field MRI
31P
/2
(MHz/T)
1H
42.57
23Na
11.26
31P
17.23
Bo = 0.7T
Bo = 3.0T
Bo = 7T
Zeeman Effect
The phenomenon of quantized energy states in the presence of an
external magnetic field is known as the Zeeman effect
The energy difference (E) between the two levels is exactly
proportional to the frequency v and thus the magnetic field B0:
h (Planck's constant)
= 6.626 10-34 Js
Before:
1) # low-energy protons are slightly more than # high energy protons
2) No net magnetization in the transverse plane -- the phase of transverse components
are random
After:
1) half of the different protons with low energy reversed their energy state no net
macroscopic longitudinal magnetization
2) The phase of the transverse component are consistent
Coordinate System
Flip Angle
Bo
Break
Types of Relaxation
After break
Longitudinal Relaxation
T1 decay describes the longitudinal magnetization returns to equilibrium.
Mz(t) = Mo(1 - e-t/T1).
T1 = time required for Mz to recover 63% of its original value
Transverse Relaxation
Summary of Relaxation
Energy emission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K-Dg5jmV-8&list=PLCD41685D8499AAB1
MR signal
T2 Weighted Imaging
Tissue A
Mxy
Tissue A
Mxy
Tissue B
Mxy
Tissue B
Mxy
Signal
Tissue A
MR signal
Tissue A
Tissue A
Mz
Tissue B
Mxy
Tissue A
Mxy
Tissue B
Mz
MR signal
Tissue B
Signal
Tissue B
PD=proton density
T1 Weighted Imaging
Tissue A
Mxy
Tissue A
Mz
Tissue B
Mz
Tissue A
Mz
Tissue B
Mz
Tissue B
Mxy
Signal
Tissue A
Signal
Tissue B
Felix Bloch
Switzerland
- determine the time evolution
of nuclear magnetization
Summary
For samples in external magnetic field, the
sample is exposed to energy at the correct
frequency that will be absorbed.
A short time later, this energy is reemitted,
which can be detected and processed.
A brief summary video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CGzknV06g