Strength of Materials-II 2-2 Set-3 (A)

S.
32
Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014
Code No : 9A01401/R09
B.Tech II Year II Semester Regular and Supplementary Examinations
April/May - 2013
Set-3
Solutions
STRENGTH MATERIALS-II
( Civil Engineering )
Time: 3 Hours
Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry Equal Marks
---
1.
A cast iron cylinder of 200 mm inner diameter and 12.5 mm thick is closely wound with a layer of 4 mm diameter steel
wire under a tensile stress of 55 MN/m2. Determine the stresses set up in the cylinder and steel wire if water under a
pressure of 3 MN/m2 is admitted in the cylinder. Take Ecast iron = 100 GN/m2, Esteel = 200 GN/m2 and Poissons ratio = 0.25.
(Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1)

2.
(a)
Stating assumptions derive Lames equations to find out the stresses in a thick cylindrical shell.
(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

(b)
A hollow cylinder has an external diameter of 250 mm and thickness of the wall is 50 mm. The cylinder is
subjected to an internal fluid pressure = 35 MPa and external pressure = 3.5 MPa. Calculate the maximum and
minimum circumferential stresses and plot the variation of the same across the wall thickness.
(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

3.
A hollow steel shaft of external diameter equal to twice the internal diameter, 5 m long is to transmit 160 kW of power
at 120 r.p.m. The total angle of twist is not to exceed 2 in this length and the allowable shear stress is 50 N/mm2.
Calculate diameter of the shaft. (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2)
4.
A close-coiled helical spring is required to have an axial stiffness of 5 kN/m and an angular stiffness of 0.1 Nm per
degree angle of twist. If the spring is made of steel wire 6 mm diameter, find the mean diameter of the coil and the
number of turns required. Assuming E = 200 GPa and G = 80 GPa. (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.2)
5.
(a)
Derive an expression for crippling load when one end of the column is fixed and the other end is free.
(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)

(b)
Calculate the Eulers critical load for a strut of T-section. The flange width being 10 cm, overall depth 8 cm and
both flange and stem 1 cm thick, the strut is 3 m long and is built in at both ends. Take E = 2 10 N/mm3.
(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)

6.
A masonry retaining wall, 7 meters high, is trapezoidal in section, 1 meter wide at the top and 3 meters at the base, with
one side vertical. If the lateral pressure exerted by the retained material on the vertical face varies from zero at the top
to 25 kN/m2 at the base, calculate the maximum and minimum stresses induced in the base, the weight of masonry
being 21 kN/m3. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.2)
7.
Find the centroidal principal moments of inertia of a equal angle section 30 30 8 mm. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.3)
8.
Find the bending moment at mid span of the semicircular beam of diameter 9 m loaded at the mid span with a
concentrated load of 60 kN. The beam is fixed at both supports. Find the maximum bending moment and maximum
torque in the beam. (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.2)
B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.33
Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur
SOLUTIONS TO APRIL/MAY-2013, SET-3, QP

Q1.
A cast iron cylinder of 200 mm inner diameter and 12.5 mm thick is closely wound with a layer of
4 mm diameter steel wire under a tensile stress of 55 MN/m2. Determine the stresses set up in the
cylinder and steel wire if water under a pressure of 3 MN/m2 is admitted in the cylinder. Take
Ecast iron = 100 GN/m2, Esteel = 200 GN/m2 and Poissons ratio = 0.25.
April/May-13, Set-3, Q1
Answer :
Given that,
Cast iron cylinder
Inner diameter, D = 200 mm
= 0.2 m
Thickness of wall, t = 12.5 mm
= 0.0125 m
Pressure admitted, P = 3 MN/m2
Youngs modulus, Ecast iron = 100 GN/m2
Steel wire
Diameter of steel wire, Dw = 4 mm
= 0.004 m
Tension in the steel wire, w = 55 MN/m2
Youngs modulus, Esteel = 200 GN/m2
Poissons ratio
1
= 0.25
m
Stresses Set up in the Cylinder and Steel Wire

Before the admitted water into the cylinder,
Per unit length tensile force exerted by wire = Compressive forced producing in the cylinder.
2
Dw2 w n = 2 t 1 c
4
Circumferential compression in the cylinder is,

c =
D w
4t w
0.004
55
4 0.0125
= 13.823 MN/m2
After admitting water into the cylinder,
Longitudinal stress developed in the cylinder,
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.34
l1 =
PD
4t
3 0.2
4 0.0125
= 12 MN/m2
Bursting force = Unit length of total resisting force
P D 1 = c1 2t 1 + w1 2
Dw2 n
4
PD = c1 2t + w1
1
2
D
2 w Dw
PD = c1 2t + w1
D
2 w
3 0.2 = c1 2 0.0125 + w1
1
Q n =
Dw
0.004
2
... (1)
Here,
Circumferential strain in cylinder = Circumferential strain in wire
c1
Ec
l1
mE c
w1
Ew
Here,
c1 106
100 109
12 106
100 109
0.25 =
w1 106
200 109
105 [2 c1 2 12 0.25] = w1 105

2 c1 6 = w1
... (2)
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1),

0.6 = c1 2 0.0125 + (2 c1 6)
0.004
2
0.6 = 0.025 c1 + 0.0125 c1 0.0376

0.6 = 0.0375 c1 0.0376
0.6376 = 0.0375 c1
c1 = 17 MN/m2
w1 = 2 17 6
= 28 MN/m2
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.35
In cylinder,
Resultant stress,
= c1 c
= 17 13.82
= 3.18 MN/m2 (T)
In steel wire,
Resultant stress,
=w + w1
= 55 + 28
= 83 MN/m2 (T)
Q2.
(a)
Stating assumptions derive Lames equations to find out the stresses in a thick cylindrical
shell.
April/May-13, Set-3, Q2(a)
Answer :
For answer refer Unit-II, Q2.
(b)
A hollow cylinder has an external diameter of 250 mm and thickness of the wall is 50 mm.
The cylinder is subjected to an internal fluid pressure = 35 MPa and external pressure = 3.5
MPa. Calculate the maximum and minimum circumferential stresses and plot the variation
of the same across the wall thickness.
April/May-13, Set-3, Q2(b)
Answer :
Given that,
External diameter, d0 = 250 m
Radius, r0 =
250
2
r0 = 125 mm
Internal fluid pressure,
P1 = 35 MPa
External pressure,
P2 = 3.5 MPa
External diameter = Internal diameter + Thickness
125= r1 + 50
r1 = 125 50
r1 = 75 mm
Now from Lames equation,
Px =
b
x2
At x = 75 mm, Px = 35 N/mm2
35 =
b
75 2
... (1)
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.36
At x = 125 mm, Px = 3.5 N/mm2

3.5 =
b
125 2
... (2)
From equation (1),

a=
35
75 2
Substitute a in equation (2),

3.5 =
b
125 2
+ 35
75 2
1
1
2 b
2
75
125
3.5 35 =
31.5 =
16
.b
140625
b = 276855.46
Substitute b in equation (2),
3.5 =
276855.46
125 2
a = 17.718 3.5
a = 14.218
b = 276855.46
Variation of radial pressure Px will be,
Px =
276855.46
x2
14.218
At x = 75 mm, Px = 35 N/mm2
At x = 100 mm, Px =
276855.46
100 2
14.218
= 13.467 N/mm2
At x = 125 mm, Px =
276855.46
125 2
14.218
= 3.5 N/mm2
Variation of hoop stress,
At x = 75 mm
fx =
276855.46
75 2
+ 14.218
= 63.436 N/mm2
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.37

At x = 100 mm
fx =
276855.46
100 2
+ 14.218
= 41.903 N/mm2
At x = 125 m
fx =
276855.46
125 2
+ 14.218
= 31.936 N/mm2
35 N/mm2
Radial pressure
distribution
13.467
125
75
0
31 N/mm2
41.903
Hoop stress distribution
63.436
Figure
Q3.
A hollow steel shaft of external diameter equal to twice the internal diameter, 5 m long is to
transmit 160 kW of power at 120 r.p.m. The total angle of twist is not to exceed 2 in this length and
the allowable shear stress is 50 N/mm2. Calculate diameter of the shaft.
Answer :
Let,
External diameter be D
Internal diameter be d
Given that,
External diameter = 2 Internal diameter
D = 2d d =
D
2
Power transmitted = 160 kW

Speed, N = 120 r.p.m
Angle of twist, = 2
Allowable shear stress = 50 N/mm2
Let us assume the rigidity modulus, C = 8 104 N/mm2
We know that,
Power =
160=
2NT
6 10 4
2 120 T
6 10 4
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.38

T=
160 6 10 4
2 120
D3 =
D3 = 1383371.30
= 12732.39 N-m
D = 111.42 mm
T = 12732.39 10 3 N - mm
Angle of twist should not exceed 2 for length 5 m.
Polar moment of inertia,

IP =
i.e.,Polar modulus =
[D4 d4]
32
4 D
= 32 D 2

IP =
Angle of twist, =
I
Polar modulus= P
D
2
2 =
15D 4
512
D/2
8646070.63 180
2
D = 125.45 mm
Q4.
2
We know that,
Torque = PS Polar modulus
12732.39 103
=
50
5000 12732.39 10 3 12
8 10 4
15 D 4
D4 = 247691678.5
Given,
T
PS
T
l
c IP
Q1 = 180 radians
15D 4
=
256
Allowable shear stress (PS) = 50 N/mm
15 D3
256
8646070.63
=
180
D4
D4 =
15D 4 2
512
D
Polar modulus =
15D 3
256
15D 4
IP =
512
254647.8 256
15
A closed-coiled helical spring is required to

have an axial stiffness of 5 kN/m and an angular stiffness of 0.1 Nm per degree angle of
twist. If the spring is made of steel wire 6
mm diameter, find the mean diameter of the
coil and the number of turns required. Assuming E = 200 GPa and G = 80 GPa.
Answer :
Given that,
Angular stiffness, Kt = 0.1 Nm/degree

= 100 Nmm
15D
= 254647.8
256
3
Axial stiffness, Ka = 5 kN/m

Diameter of steel wire, d = 6 mm
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.39

Q5.
Mean diameter of coil, D = ?
(a)
Derive an expression for crippling load

when one end of the column is fixed
and the other end is free.
Answer :
April/May-13, Set-3, Q5(a)
Number of turns, n = ?
Axial stiffness, Ka =
For answer refer Unit-V, Q10.
5=
Gd 4
64nR 3
nR3 =
80 6 4
64 5
nR3 = 324
(b)
... (1)
Calculate the Eulers critical load for a

strut of T-section. The flange width being 10 cm, overall depth 8 cm and both
flange and stem 1 cm thick, the strut is
3 m long and is built in at both ends.
Take E = 2 x 10 N/mm3.
April/May-13, Set-3, Q5(b)
Answer :
Given that,
T
Angular stiffness, Kt =
Length of strut,L = 3 m = 3000 mm

Elastic modulus, E = 200 103 N/mm2
Ed 4
128nR
[Q 100 Nmm per degree angle of twist]
Centroidal Axis from the Top
100 1 =
nR =
A1 y1 + A2 y 2
A1 + A2
200 6 4
100 180
100 mm
y1 = 5 mm
nR = 45.238
n=
y=
45.238
R
10 mm
... (2)
y2 = 45 mm
Put equation (2) in (1),

nR3 = 324
70 mm
45.238
R 3 = 324
R
45.238 R = 324
R2 = 7.162
R = 2.676 mm
10 mm
Mean diameter of the coil,
Figure
D =2R
= 2 2.67
D = 5.35 mm
Substitute R in equation (2),
45.238
n=
R
=
45.238
2.676
n = 16.9 ~
17
From figure,
A1 = b 1 d 1
= 100 10
= 1000 mm2
y1 = 5 mm
A2 = b 2 d 2
= 70 10
= 700 mm2
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.40
70
+ 10
2
= 45 mm
Centroidal axis,
y2 =
Y =
1000 5 + 700 45
1000 + 700
Y = 21.470 mm
Y = yt = 21.470 mm
Centroidal axis from bottom,
yB = (70 + 10) 21.470
yB = 58.53 mm
Moment of Inertia about X-X axis
IXX
2
2
b d 3
d1 b2 d 23
d2
1 1
+
A
y
+
A
y
+

=
1 t
2 B
2 12
2
12
100 103
10 703
+ 1000(21.470 5) 2 +
+ 700(58.53 35) 2
=
12
12
IXX = 952990.19 mm4

Moment of Inertia about Y-Y Axis
IYY =
d1b13 d 2b23
+
12
12
10 1003
70 103
+
12
12
= 839166.66 mm4
When both ends are fixed,
Leff =
=
L
2
3000
2
= 1500 mm
Eulers critical load,
Pcritical =
2 EI
2
l eff
2 200 103 0.839 106

1500 2
= 736053.16 N
= 736.05 kN
=
( JNTU-Anantapur )

Q6.
S.41
A masonry retaining wall, 7 meters high, is trapezoidal in section, 1 meter wide at the top and 3
meters at the base, with one side vertical. If the lateral pressure exerted by the retained material
on the vertical face varies from zero at the top to 25 kN/m2 at the base, calculate the maximum
and minimum stresses induced in the base, the weight of masonry being 21 kN/m3.
Answer :
Given that,
Top width of trapezoidal section = 1 m
Bottom width of trapezoidal section = 3 m
Height of trapezoidal section = 7 m
Unit weight of masonry = 21 kN/m2
K 1m L
7m
N
3m
Weight of masonry when 1 m length of the wall is considered,

3+1
7 21
P=
2
= 294 kN
2
1
(1 7 0.5) + 2 7 1 +
3
2
x=
1
(1 7) + 2 7
2
= 1.083 m
Pressure at every 1 m interval,
= 25 1
= 25 kN/m
Total lateral force =
1
25 7
2
= 87.5 kN
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.42

Let the resultant of load P and thrust W pass through Q and its magnitude to be R.
W
P
x
O
b
2
R
e
b
2
Taking moments of forces about the point R.

7
87.5 294( y x ) = 0
3
204.16 = 294 (y 1.083)

y 1.083 = 0.694
y = 1.77 m
Eccentricity, e = y
b
2
3
2
= 1.77 1.5
e = 0.277 m
Direct stress on the base,
= 1.77
d =
=
P
A
294
31
= 98 kN/m2
Moment of the base,
M =Pe
= 294 0.277
= 81.438 kN-m
Modulus of section,
Z=
1 2
b d
6
1 2
3 1
6
Z = 1.5 m3
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.43

Bending stress
b =
M
Z
81.438
1.5
= 54.292 kN/m2
max = d + b
= 98 + 54.292
= 152.29 kN/m2
(Compression at N)
min = d b
= 98 54.292
= 43.708 kN/m2
Q7.
(Compression at K)
Find the centroidal principal moments of inertia of a equal angle section 30 30 8 mm.
Answer :
Y'
V
2
30 mm
8 mm
135
22 mm
45
1
L
U
8 mm
M
30 mm
X'
Y
Divide the L-section into 2-rectangles - (1) and (2),
Area, A1 = 30 8
= 240 mm
A2 = 22 8
= 176 mm
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.44
The coordinates of centroid G be ( x , y ) with respect to rectangular axis BX' and BY',
Rectangle-1
From BY'
The distance of centre of gravity,
x1 =
30
2
= 15 mm
From BX'
y1 =
8
2
= 4 mm
From BY', the distance of centre of gravity,
x2 =
8
2
= 4 mm
From BX'
y2 = 8 +
22
2
= 19 mm
Centroid about X-axis,
x=
A1 x1 + A2 x 2
A1 + A2
240 15 + 176 4
240 + 176
x = 10.346 mm
Centroid about Y-axis,
y=
A1 y1 + A2 y 2
A1 + A2
240 4 + 176 19
240 + 176
y = 10.346 mm
Moment about X-axis
2
2
b d 3
d b d 3
d

1 1
+ A1 y + 2 2 + A2 2 y
IXX =
12
2 12
30 83
8 223
+ 240(10.364 4) 2 +
+ 176(11 10.346) 2
=
12
12
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.45
= 10945.211 + 7173.944
= 18119.155 mm4
IXX = 18119.155 mm4
Hence, the given section is equal angle section so the section has equal dimensions.
Principal Axis
The inclination of principal axis,
tan2 =
2 I xy
I YY I XX
We know that,
IXY = A1 V1 K1 + A2 V2 K2
Where,
K1 = Horizontal distance of centre of gravity of rectangle (1) from Y-Y axis.
30
x
2
= 15 10.346
= 4.654 mm
V1 = Vertical distance of centre of gravity of rectangle-(1) from X-X axis
K1 =
8
2
= 10.346 4
V1 = 6.346 mm
[Q V1 below X-X axis]
V1 = 6.346 mm
K2 = Horizontal distance of centre of gravity of rectangle-(2) from Y-Y axis.
V1 = y
8
2
= 10.346 4
K2 = 6.346 mm
K2 = 6.346 mm
[Q K2 is towards the left of XY-axis]
V2 = Vertical distance of centre of gravity of rectangle-(2) from X-X axis
K2 = x
22
= 8 + y
2
= 19 10.346
V2 = 8.654 mm
IXY = 240 4.654 ( 6.346) + 176 8.654 ( 6.346)
= 16753.84 mm
tan2 =
(16753.84) 2
0
2 = 90
1 = 45 and
2 = 90 + 45
= 135
Here 1, 2 are the position of principal axis through centroid.
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.46
Principal Moment of Inertia

Moment of inertia about principal axis U-U,
IUU =
=
1
1
[I + I ] + [Ixx Iyy] cos2 Ixy sin2
2 xx yy
2
1
[18119.155 + 18119.155] + 0 + 16753.84 sin90
2
IUU = 34872.99 mm4

I UU ~
34873 mm 4
Moment of inertia about principal axis V-V,

IVV = IXX + IYY IUU
= 18119.155 + 18119.155 34873
IVV = 1365.31 mm 4
Q8.
Find the bending moment at mid span of the semicircular beam of diameter 9 m loaded at the
mid span with a concentrated load of 60 kN. The beam is fixed at both supports. Find the maximum bending moment and maximum torque in the beam.
Answer :
Given that,
Diameter of semicircular beam,
d =9m
= 9000 mm
Concentrated load,
p = 60 kN
= 200 GPa
Let, G = 80 GPa
60 kN
K
90
45
P
M
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.47
The maximum bending moment acts at the mid span of the beam.
MM =
( 2 2 cos sin 2 ) + sin 2

(Pr)
2( + 1) ( 1) sin 2
Here,
= 90
=
EI
GJ
Moment of inertia,
I=
4
d
64

J=
4
d
32
200 (9 103 ) 4 32
64 80 (9 10 3 ) 4
5
4
K1 = (2 2cos sin2)
= 2 2cos90 sin290
K1 = 1
K2 = sin2
= sin290
K2 = 1
K3 = 2 ( + 1) ( 1) sin2
= 2 90
5 5
+ 1 1 sin290
180 4 4
9 1
=
4 4
K3 = 6.818
5
1 + 1
4 60 4.5 103
MM =
6.818
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.48

MM = 0.33 60 4.5 103
= 89.1 103 kN-m
= 89.1 kN-mm
M N=45 =
( 2 2 cos sin 2 ) + sin 2

(Pr)
2( + 1) ( 1) sin 2
5
(2 2 cos 45 sin 2 45) + sin 2 45
4
=
60 4.5 103
5 5 2
2 45
+ 1 1 sin 45
180 4 4
=
0.1072 + 0.5
60 4.5 103
3.534 0.125
= 48.091 103 kN-m
M N=45 = 48.091 kN-mm
B.M Diagram
89.1 N-m
48.091
48.091 kN-mm
60 kN
M
Q
P
K
RK
L
RL
Reactions
RK + RL = 60 kN
Taking forces about tangent at any point M,
RK 4.5 60 (OP OM) = 0
4.5 RK = 60 (OP OM)
OP = 4.5 m
OM = 4.5 cos45
OM = 3.181
( JNTU-Anantapur )
S.49
RK 4.5= 60 (4.5 3.181)

RK =
79.14
4. 5
RK = 17.586 kN
RL = 42.426 kN
Point of zero Bending Moment
M = RK R sin 60R sin ( /2)
For zero bending moment,
M = 0
RK R sin = R 60 sin ( /2)
RK sin = 60 sin ( /2)
60
sin
=
17 .586
sin
2
sin
= 3.411
sin cos cos . sin

2
2
sin
= 3.411
cos
tan = 3.411
= tan1 (3.411)
= 7339'
Maximum torsional moment,
i.e., Torque in beam at = 7339'
M max = RK (R R cos( 7339')) 60(R R cos( 7339' 45))

= 17.586 (4.5 4.5 cos ( 7339')) 60((4.5 4.5 cos( 11839'))
= 17.586 (4.5 1.266) 60(4.5 + 2.157)
= 56.85 399.42
t = 342.57 kN-m
M max
( JNTU-Anantapur )

Strength of Materials-II 2-2 Set-3 (A)

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S.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

(Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1)

(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

(Unit-II, Topic No. 2.1)

(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)

(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.2)

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

SOLUTIONS TO APRIL/MAY-2013, SET-3, QP

Stresses Set up in the Cylinder and Steel Wire

Circumferential compression in the cylinder is,

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

105 [2 c1 2 12 0.25] = w1 105

Substitute equation (2) in equation (1),

0.6 = 0.025 c1 + 0.0125 c1 0.0376

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

At x = 125 mm, Px = 3.5 N/mm2

From equation (1),

Substitute a in equation (2),

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

Power transmitted = 160 kW

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

Angle of twist should not exceed 2 for length 5 m.

Polar moment of inertia,

Allowable shear stress (PS) = 50 N/mm

Polar moment of inertia,

A closed-coiled helical spring is required to

Angular stiffness, Kt = 0.1 Nm/degree

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Axial stiffness, Ka = 5 kN/m

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

Mean diameter of coil, D = ?

Derive an expression for crippling load

April/May-13, Set-3, Q5(a)

For answer refer Unit-V, Q10.

Calculate the Eulers critical load for a

Length of strut,L = 3 m = 3000 mm

Centroidal Axis from the Top

Put equation (2) in (1),

Mean diameter of the coil,

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

IXX = 952990.19 mm4

2 200 103 0.839 106

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

Weight of masonry when 1 m length of the wall is considered,

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

Taking moments of forces about the point R.

204.16 = 294 (y 1.083)

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Strength of Materials-II (April/May-2013, Set-3) JNTU-Anantapur

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.

Spectrum ALL-IN-ONE Journal for Engineering Students, 2014

B.Tech. II-Year II-Sem.