Chng 2: BO

V QU P, QU DNG

Cc phn t trong mch cng sut s dng dng c bn dn nh BJT, FET, Thyristor
thng hay b hng do cc nguyn nhn qu p,qu dng. m bo tin cy trong hot
ng v bo v h thng khi s c phi c mch bo v qu p, qu dng.
Trong chng ny, ta s kho st cc phng php bo v qu p qu dng cho cc phn
t cng sut s dng c bn dn v cc mch bo v qu p qu dng in t s dng trong
cng nghip.
2.1: Bo v qu p cc phn t cng sut:
2.1.1: Cc iu kin qu p:
Trong cc mch cng sut, ngoi vic qu p do ngun cp in gy nn cn c cc
nguyn nhn qu p khc do bn thn hot ng ca mch nh: giao hon bin p, tt ca phn
t cng sut, giao hon ti.
1- Giao hon bin p: l ngun gy qu p thng xy ra c bit khi mch cng sut chn
cp ngun bng bin p. Cc qu trnh qu xy ra trn th cp khi dng s cp b ngt
hoc ng. Cc qu xy ra khi bin p v ti b ngt ngun cp, do dng t ho bn
trong bin p. Khi ngun cp cho bin p,dng t ho s gy nn qu p gp i so vi
lc xc lp. in dung ghp gia s cp v th cp lm tng qu p th cp nu bin p
c t s vng h p ln. Qu p do giao hon bin p c minh ho hnh 2.1, 2.2 v
2.3
Ep
SW m

+
Im

Im

Es

Ep

SW m

Es

qu in p

Ti

Hnh 2.1: Qu in p do ngt dng t ho bin p

Hnh 2.2: Qu in p do np nng lng s cp bin p.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.3: Qu in p do np nng lng bin p h p

2- Tt phn t cng sut: bt c khi no phn t cng sut tt khi lm vic vi dng in
cao trong mch in cm, s c dng ngc xut hin x in tch tch tr, gy nn
in p cao trn cun dy. in p ny p ngc ln phn t cng sut ang tt v phn
nh ln phn t cng sut khc vi cc tnh ngc li. (hnh 2.4)

Hnh 2.4: Qu p do phc hi ngc ca SCR.

3- Giao hon ti: xy ra trong cc mch in cm c kt ni ti hay ngun ca mch
in. Cu ch n hoc cu ch bo v thch hp cho trng hp ny. Nng lng tch tr
trong mch in cm l E= LI2 , vi I l dng ang chy qua , cn phi c tiu tn
trong cc phn t bo v, khng gy ra qu p. Ni chung, nhng dng c h mch
chm tiu tn nng lng ny chm to ra h quang, v nhng sw tc nhanh (cu ch
hay mch bo v) s li phn ln nng lng ny cho cc phn t khc hp th. iu
kin giao hon ti ch yu ph thuc vo c tnh h mch ca sw.
Hnh 2.5 v hnh 2.6 minh ho qu p do giao hon ti.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.5: Qu p do mch giao hon ti cm ng vo.

Hnh 2.6: Qu p do giao hon ti

Qu in p cng xy ra khi ti c mch lc LC (hnh 2.7) v ti ti sinh (hnh 2.8) nh
ng c.

Hnh 2.7: Qu p do mch lc LC vi t l L/C cao

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.8: Qu p do ti ti sinh

2.1.2 : Bo v qu p:
bo v cc phn t cng sut, phi c mch bo v qu p cho tng phn t.Trc
tin phi chn linh kin sao cho in p lm vic ca n phi gp 1,5 2 ln in p nh lm
vic bnh thng. Cc mch bo v thng s dng nh: mch Snubber, cc linh kin phi tuyn,
mch bo v in t.
1- Mch Snubber trit dv/dt:
` Trong cc mch in, mch bo v cn phi chng tc bin thin in p thun dv/dt
ngang qua cc phn t cng sut, c th gy hng linh kin. Vic gy ra dv/dt c th t vic
ng ngun ngoi hay bn thn hot ng ca mch.
Mch Snubber bao gm in tr ni tip t in v mc song song vi phn t cng sut
nh hnh 2.9.Vic mc song song C vi phn t cng sut s to mt dng in C(dv/dt) qua t
in.in cm L hn dng qua t C nn cng hn ch dv/dt, Ngoi ra L cn hn ch tc bin
thin dng di/dt khi phn t c kch dn.Mt mt do mch Snubber rt b c th b qua nht
l f cao.
i(t)
Dng thyristor di/dt=E/L

I
L

i(t)
0

t
Dng snubber

+
E

+
-

V(t)
-

V(t)
IR

E
0

a)
b)
Hnh 2.9: a) Mch Snubber vi SCR b) dng sng phc hi ngc
Trong hnh 2.9a khi SCR T tt xut hin xung dng phc hi ngc tng n gi tr nh
trong thi gian tt. Nu khng c mch RC, dng phc hi ngc b ngt trong mch in cm
s to ra mt qu in p L(di/dt) c th lm hng phn t cng sut.
Nu ni mch Snubber RC song song vi phn t cng sut, dng phc hi ngc c th
i qua mch RC (hnh 2.9b) Trn nhnh Snubber s xut hin mt dao ng tt dn to p
ngc p trn phn t cng sut. Gi tr RC thch hp s hn ch in p ngc v tc bin
thin ca n.
Khi SCR T dn, t snubber C x dng qua T v R chng tng dng di/ti ti thi im dn.
Tuy nhin khi T off, xut hin mt in p thun IR p vo t. iu ny lm hn ch vic gii hn
dv/dt ca mch snubber.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.10 minh ho mch snubber c cc tnh. R1 c gi tr

b ci thin kh nng bo v dv/dt thun, R2 c gi tr ln hn
gii hn dng x khi SCR dn.
Trong cc mch cp ngun cho mch cng sut, mch
snubber thng c ni vo ng cp ngun AC hay th cp
bin p trit cc qu gy ra do bn thn mch in.
Tuy nhin mch snubber ch c hiu qu phn no, t hiu
qu cao hn ngi ta s dng nhng phn t phi tuyn trit p,
cc phn t ny c mt mt nh hn trong iu kin lm vic
Hnh 2.10: Mch snubber
bnh thng.
c cc tnh
Thit k mch snubber cho mch dc:
Mch snubber s dng trong mch dc nh hnh 2.11. Trong thc t ngun dc c ng
ngt cp cho SCR T, v tc bin thin dv/dt phi di gi tr in p t kch T dn.
Khi S ng, C xem nh c ngn mch, SCR tt xem nh h mch.
RL l in tr ti v L l in cm ngun, ta c:
Edc ( R RL ).i L.di / dt
Li gii ca phng trnh trn:
i I (1 e t / )
(2.1)
Vi : I Edc /( R RL ) v L /( R RL )
t l thi gian o t lc S ng.
Vi phn (2.1) theo t:
di
1
I .e t /
Hnh 2.11: Mch snubber
dt

Edc
R RL t /

e
R RL
L
E
dc e t /
L
Gi tr di/dt max khi t=0:
di
E
max dc
(2.2)
dt
L
Edc
L
(2.3)
hay
(di / dt ) max
in p trn SCR T:
v R.i
dv
di
R
dt
dt
dv
di
R
dt max
dt max
Thay (2.2) vo ,ta c:
L dv
R

(2.4)
Edc dt max
Cc thng s L,RL,C c chn sao cho mch c m ti hn. C phi tch in y
trong thi gian ngn nht. T , theo phn tch trn ta c :
4L
( R RL ) 2
0
C

R RL 2
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

L
C

(2.5)
5

S dng gi tr cho php dv/dt v L, RL cho trc, ta c th xc nh c R v C t (2.4)

v (2.5) .
V d 2.1:
Mch in nh hnh 2.11.in p cp ngun 400V,cc thng s cho SCR
(di/dt)max=50A/s v (dv/dt)max=200V/s.Tnh L m bo di/dt v R,C mch snubber.
Gii: Ti thi im SW ng,SCR cha dn,C xem nh ngn mch,p trn SCR VAK p ton b
trn R.
Edc
400

8H
Theo (2.3): L
(di / dt ) max
50
L dv
8 200

4
Theo (2.4): R
Edc dt max
400
Nu gi tr R b,nng lng tiu tan cao v dng x t C vo SCR khi SCR dn s cao!
Gi tr R c chn thng ln hn gi tr yu cu gii hn dv/dt.
Gi tr C c chn nh trnh gy qu dng cho SCR khi x dng vo SCR.
Thng thng ngi ta chn gi tr tiu biu l R=10,C=0,1F.
Nu chn R=10,gi tr L s tng m bo dv/dt cho php:
Edc R
400 10
T (2.4): L

20H
(dv / dt ) max
200
Gi tr L tnh trn m bo di/dt cho php!
Thit k mch snubber cho mch ac.
Cc phng trnh sau thng c s dng tnh ton:
VA 60
(2.6)
C 10 2
Vs
f
C: gi tr C min cn thit (F)
VA: cng sut biu kin bin p
Vs: in p hiu dng th cp
f: tn s lm vic
L
R 2
(2.7)
C
: h s m, thng ly khong 0,65
R: in tr m mch snubber
L: im cm hiu dng
C: in dung min cn thit mch snubber
Nu cho gi tr max dv/dt, phng trnh (2.6) c th vit thnh:
2

1 0,564 Em
(2.8)
C

2 L dv / dt
Em l in p nh dy/dy.
V d 2.2:
bo v dv/dt cho nhnh SCR trong mch chnh lu cu 1 pha,tnh mch
snubber.SCR c (dv/dt)max=50V/s.in p nh AC ng va 380V v in cm ngun 0,1mH.
Gii:
2

T (2.8):

0,564 380 10 6
1 0,564 Em
1

0,092F
C

2 L dv / dt
2 10 4
50

T (2.7):

R 2

L
10 4
2 0,65
42,86
C
0,092 10 6

2- Dng c phi tuyn trit qu p:

Cc dng c phi tuyn trit qu p c dng c tuyn nh hnh 2.12. iu kin bnh
thng, ch c mt dng in b qua n.Nu c t bin in p, n s dn vi dng in ln
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

hn rt nhiu ln v gii hn hay kp in p mt mc Vz no . Cc loi dng c ny gm:

Varistor, diode selenium, diode zener (Avalanche).

Hnh 2.12: c tnh dng c phi tuyn trit qu p

Hnh 2.13: K hiu MOV

Varistor hay MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor)

Nguyn l lm vic l in tr thay i theo in p. Khi in p di gi tr ngng, gi
tr in tr rt ln. Khi in p vt qua gi tr ngng, in tr s gim nhanh v to dng qua
MOV tng vt ln dn n hn ch in p ngang qua n. c tnh ca varistor nh c tnh
vng phn cc nghch ca diode Zener nhng lm vic c hai chiu dng in.
Diode Selenium:
Diode selenium(selen) l loi diode chnh lu cao p thng c dng trc kia. Tip xc kim
loi selen c in p nghch rt cao .Diode selen lm vic nh diode Zener nh c tuyn hnh
2.12, n c kh nng trit p qu gp 2 ln in p lm vic bnh thng.
Diode selenium c 2 loi: phn cc v khng phn cc.
Loi phn cc s dng trong mch dc v loi khng phn
cc s dng trong mch ac. Diode selen gm tng cell ghp li
vi nhau, mi cell chu in p RMS bnh thng 25V v in p
ghim khong 72V.

Diode Zener:
Diode Zener cng c s dng trit qu p trong
Hnh 2.14 a) Diode selen phn cc
nhng mch dc. N c kh nng hp th nng lng ln
b) Diode selen khng phn cc
qu p,tuy nhin cng sut tiu tn tng.
Cc dng c phi tuyn c u im hn mch snubber ch khng ph thuc vo gi tr
in cm/dung trong mch v trit qu p theo nguyn tc ngn mch, khc vi mch snubber
cho p dao ng tt dn nn hiu qu bo v cao hn.
3. Mch bo v qu p:
Nh vo c tnh giao hon nhanh ca SCR, c th s dng n vo cc mch bo v qu
p do ngun cp in hoc hot ng giao hon gy ra .SCR c ni song song vi ti.Khi c
in p vt qu gi tr n nh, SCR c kch dn to mt dng in ln t ngun qua lm
gim in p ra ti. Hnh 2.15 minh ho mt dng mch bo v qu p s dng SCR. V ngun
cp in l xoay chiu nn c 2 SCR, 1 cho chiu dng v 1 cho chiu m.Cc mch bo v
qu p in t s c phn tch phn sau.
R1 hn dng ngn mch khi SCR dn. Dng dn qua SCR ln gy st p
trn tng tr ngun Z lm gim in p ra ti . Diode Zener DZ ni tip R1, R2 to mc ngng
nhn dng qu p. Khi in p AC in cao gy ra qu p, Dz dn.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.15: Mch bo v qu p

Trong k bn dn dng ,T1 phn cc thun. Dng kch cc G T1 t L ZR1D1DZ
R2D3. Trong bn k m ,T2 phn cc thun. Dng kch G T2 t ND2DZR2D4.Khi in
p vo gim tr v gi tr an ton, DZ off ct dng kch cc G cc SCR, cc SCR tt, mch tr v
trng thi bnh thng.
2.1.3: B tr mch bo v qu p:
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng b tr cc mch bo v qu p cc v tr ngun vo,
phn t cng sut, ng ra ti. Chng hn:
Mch cc dng c phi tuyn trit p ng cp ngun vo chng qu p gy ra bi bin
p , cc in cm ng vo.
Cc phn t cng sut u phi c mch snubber chng dv/dt .
Mch cc dng c phi tuyn trit p ng ra ti chng qu p gy ra do ti in cm.
Hnh 2.16 minh ho s b tr chng p qu ti tiu biu.

Hnh 2.16: Mch bo v qu p tiu biu.

2.2: Bo v qu dng:
2.2.1: Cc iu kin qu dng:
Cc trng hp gy ra qu dng:
- Ngn mch ng ra
- S c trong mch cng sut
- S c trong chuyn i nhnh dn ca phn t cng sut
- Ngn mch gia mt pha v 1 nhnh cu diode chnh lu.
1- Ngn mch ng ra:
Trong bt k h thng no, vic ngn mch ng ra s lm dng ti hay dng qua cc phn
t cng sut tng rt nhiu ln so vi iu kin bnh thng. Dng ngn mch lc xc lp ph
thuc vo tng tr ca mch:
in p h mch
Dng ngn mch xc lp =
Tng tr mch
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Trong cc mch giao hon cu hoc y ko, vic ngn mch xut hin khi 1 phn t
chuyn t dn sang tt v 1 phn t chuyn t tt sang dn.

Hnh 2.17: Ngn mch ng ra do chuyn trang thi dn gia cc phn t cng sut.
Trng hp ti l ng c cng xy ra ngn mch khi khi ng ng c trong trng
hp ng c c ng yn (v nht l khi ng c c gn ti). Lc sc in ng cm ng v
tng tr tng ng ca ng c xem nh bng 0.
2- S c trong mch cng sut:
S c xy ra khi phn t cng sut dn sai, c th do xung kch sai hoc xut hin dv/dt
vt qu p thun cho php, hoc in p ngc cao qu mc cho php.
3. S c trong chuyn i nhnh dn ca phn t cng sut:
S c ny c cp hnh 2.17, khi mt nhnh chuyn t dn sang tt v mt nhnh
chuyn t tt sang dn m khng c thi gian tr chuyn trng thi.
Xem mch cu BJT nh hnh 2.18.Bnh thng Q1Q4 dn, Q2Q3 tt, dng ghp ra ti theo
chiu VccQ1RLQ4GND. Khi o trng thi Q1Q4 tt, Q2Q3 dn, dng ghp ra ti theo
chiu Vcc Q3RLQ2GND.
Trng hp xung kch sai hoc ti mang tnh cm, thi gian chuyn trng thi di d dn
n tnh trng ngn mch do dn trng Q1Q2 dn hoc Q3Q4 dn lm qu dng v hng cc
phn t cng sut.

Hnh 2.18:Mch cu BJT b dn trng Q1Q2 hoc Q3Q4

do khng c thi gian tr chuyn trng thi.
2.1.2: Bo v qu dng:
1- Cu ch:
bo v qu dng cho cc phn t cng sut, c th s dng cu ch t v tr thch
hp.Hnh 2.19a t cu ch ng vo AC l phng php n gin nht. Trong hnh 2.19b, t
cu ch ng hng vi phn t cng sut bo v cho tng phn t mt, cch ny thng hay
s dng. Trong mt s trng hp, gim tc bin thin di/dt, ngi ta t thm cc cun
dy trn tng nhnh cc phn t cng sut, tuy nhin cun dy s nh hng n hot ng
bnh thng ca mch.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 2.19: a) Cu ch bo v t ng vo
b) Cu ch bo v t ng hng vi phn t cng sut
c) t cc cun dy chng di/dt
Hnh 2.20 minh ho cu to cu ch v hnh 2.21 l c tnh dng in ca cu ch.

Hnh 2.20: Cu to cu ch

Hnh 2.21: c tnh dng in cu ch:

Khi c dng s c tng, nhit cu ch tng cho n khi t=tm, l thi gian chy cu ch
v h quang bt u xut hin xuyn qua cu ch. Do h quang, tng tr ca cu ch tng, lm
gim dng in.
Tuy nhin, n s to ra mt in p h quang ngang qua cu ch . Nhit pht ra lm bc
hi cc phn t cu ch, lm tng chiu di h quang v gim dng in. Qu trnh ny lm tt
h quang trong thi gian ngn. Khi h quang xut hin v tt trong thi gian ta ,s c b ct. Thi
gian ct cu ch cng nhanh, in p h quang cng cao.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

10

Thi gian ct tc l tng hai thi gian chy tm v thi gian h quang ta,tm ph thuc vo
dng ti v ta ph thuc vo h s cng sut ca mch gy s c. Thng thng s c b ct
trc khi dng s c t n gi tr nh u tin. Dng s c t n gi tr cc i nu khng
c cu ch gi l qu dng t ti.
Hnh 2.22 minh ho c tnh dng in/ thi gian ca phn t cng sut v cu ch.

Hnh 2.22 c tnh dng in /thi gian ca dng c v cu ch

a) Bo v hon ton
b) Ch bo v ngn mch
Trong hnh 2.22a, c tnh cu ch lun nm pha di c tnh dng c nn cu ch s
bo v dng c trong ton tm lm vic. Trong hnh 2.22b, cu ch ch bo v khi bt u xy ra
ngn mch, cn qu dng bnh thng s dng mch ct CB hoc hn dng.
Nu gi R l in tr mch khi c s c v I l dng s c tc thi trong khong thi gian
xy ra s c n lc dp tt h quang, nng lng nui mch:
We Ri 2dt
(2.9)

Nu R = const, gi tr I2t t l vi nng lng nui mch. Gi tr I2t gi l nng lng cho qua v
p ng vi vic nng chy cu ch.
Gi s dng sng dng ct cu ch hnh 2.21 c dng tam gic u v tm=ta=tc/2.Dng
nh xuyn qua Ip.T (2.9),ta c:
tc

I 2p
2I p 2
t dt tc
I t i dt 2
t
3
0 c
3 I 2t
Suy ra:
(2.9a)
I p2
tc
chn cu ch thch hp, trc tin phi d on dng s c v tho cc iu kin:
1- Cu ch phi m bo dn lin tc dng nh mc
2- Gi tr I2t ca cu ch trc khi dng s c b ct phi nh hn gi tr nh mc I2t ca
dng c.
3- Cu ch phi chu c in p sau khi dp tt h quang
4- in p h quang nh phi nh hn gi tr nh mc nh ca dng c.
2.3: Bo v qu p&qu dng s dng mch in t:
Vi
2.3.1: Cm bin qu p&qu dng:
1. Cm bin p:
in tr: phng php thng dng nht l dng in tr
+
phn p nh hnh 2.23.
Vc
R2
(2.10)
Vc
Vi
R1 R2
Chn t l R1,R2 t h s phn p nh yu cu.
Lu : tng tr vo nhn t Vc l:
Hnh 2.23: Cm bin p dng in tr phn p.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
11
2

Rc R1 // R2

(2.11)

Ty thuc vo cng sut v in p ng vo Vi,ta phi chn cng sut in tr ph hp

p ng cng sut tiu tn v in p chu ng trn in tr.
V d: Vi=220V,Pi=10W,chn cu phn p sao cho Vc=10V.
P
10
Ta c: I i i
45mA
Vi 220
Chn dng qua cu phn p c 1mA khng nh hng cng sut ngun.
R2
10
H s phn p:

0,045
R1 R2 220
V
220
R1 R2 i 3 220 K
I c 10
Suy ra:
R2 9,9 K , R1 210,1K
Cng sut tiu tn v in p trn in tr:
PR1 210,1.10 3 0,21W ,VR1 210V
PR 2 10.103 0,01W , VR 2 10V
Tng tr vo nhn t Vc:
Rc R1 // R2 9, 45K
Cm bin p bng in tr c th s dng lm cm bin p dc hoc ac.
Bin p: s dng bin p ch cm bin p ac.
+
+
Ta c in p trn th cp:
N
Vp
Vs
Vs s nV p
(2.12)
Np
Ns: s vng th cp
Np: s vng s cp
Lu p ng tn s ca bin p v trnh
Hnh 2.24: Bin p cm bin p ac.
bin p bo ha t.
2. Cm bin dng:
in tr shunt: phng php ny s dng cho dng dc hoc ac,chnh xc vi dng
Ic b v khng cch ly vi mch iu khin.
Vc I c Rs
(2.13)
Ic

Rs

Vc
C th to in tr shunt t cng thc tnh in tr dy qun:
l
R
(2.14)
S
Hnh 2.25: Cm bin dng bng
in tr shunt
: in tr sut ca vt liu lm in tr(.m)
l: chiu di dy/thanh in tr(m)
S: tit din ngang ca dy/thanh in tr(m2)
Bin dng: ch p dng cho cm bin dng ac.
Lu : vi bin dng k hiu Ip/Is=200/5 chng hn,c ngha l nu t dng s cp
Ip=200A,ngn mch th cp s c dng th cp Is=5A.
Th cp bin dng c ni tr Ri t vi n vi chc .
cm dng th cp,ta mc in tr Rs gia hai u th cp bin dng vi iu kin
Rs<< Ri m bo t s bin dng ng.
Khng c th cp bin dng h mch!Ng ra th cp s c xung p rt cao c
th lm hng mch vo.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

12

Th cp
Is

Ip S cp

Hnh 2.26: Cm bin dng bin dng

Cm bin dng hiu ng Hall:
Hin nay cm bin dng hiu ng Hall c s dng rt rng ri,vi nhng u im
nh sau:
- Cm bin c dng dc v ac.
- nhy cao,tuyn tnh trn tm rng.
- o dng t mA n hng trm A.
- Cch ly gia dng cm bin v mch o.
Nguyn l c bn cm bin dng hiu ng Hall nh hnh 2.27.

Dy dn

Ic
Phn t Hall
K

Vc

Li st vt liu t mm

Hnh 2.27: Nguyn l cm bin dng hiu ng Hall

Mt li vng kn l vt liu t mm t gn hoc bao bc dy dn c dng in cn o
Ic.Khi dng Ic qua dy dn,li sinh ra t trng tc ng ln phn t Hall t trong khe h t ca
li ,lm xut hin in p trn phn t Hall.in p ny rt b nn cn c khuch i thm.
Cm bin Hall c 2 loi: h mch(open loop) v vng kn(closed loop).
Loi h mch c tuyn tnh ph thuc vo vt liu li v tri ph thuc vo phn t
Hall,mch khuch i.Gi thnh loi h mch thp.

Hnh 2.28: Cm bin dng Hall vng kn

Trong loi cm bin Hall vng kn,in p Hall c khuch i vc a v kch mch li
dng in cp cho cun dy b qun trn li.T trng cun dy to ra cng bin nhng
ngc chiu vi t trng to bi dng s cp Ic.Kt qu l t thng tng trong li bng 0.iu
ny lm tng nhy v tuyn tnh ca cm bin.
Gii thiu vi mch cm bin dng hiu ng Hall ACS712(xem data sheet)
- Dng SOIC 8 chn
- p ng ng ra 5s
- BW=80Khz
- Tng sai s ng ra 1,5%,Ta=250C
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in tr dn bn trong 1,2m
Cch in min 2,1KVrms
Cp ngun n 5V
nhy ng ra 66-185mV/A
in p ra t l vi dng dc/ac ng vo
Tm dng in vo max: 5 n 30A

Hnh 2.29: Mch ng dng tiu biu ACS712

2.3.2: Mch bo v qu p/dng:
1. S nguyn l:

Cm bin
p/dng

iu khin

K
(chnh lu)

So snh

ng/ct

p tham
chiu

Hnh 2.30: S khi nguyn l mch bo v qu p/dng

Hnh 2.30 minh ha s nguyn l chung ca mch bo v qu p/dng.Tn hiu t cm
bin p/dng c khuch i tng nhy(c th chnh lu chnh xc trong trng hp cn
chuyn sang dc),sau a vo mch so snh so snh vi tn hiu tham chiu.in p tham
chiu xc nh mc/ngng qu p/dng cn tc ng.Ng ra mch so snh s pht tn hiu n
mch iu khin ng ct ng ct mch cp ngun p/dng.Mch iu khin ng ct c th
l BJT,FET cng sut lm vic ch giao hon hoc thyristor. nhy v p ng ca mch
bo v c quyt nh bi mch khuch i,so snh v nht l mch iu khin ng ct,phn
t kha cp ngun.
2. Mch bo v qu p cp ngun:
Xem mch bo v qu p cp ngun nh hnh 2.31.
+Vcc

Q2

Vcc

+
R1
Q1
Ti
Dz

R2

Hnh 2.31: Mch bo v qu p cp ngun tiu biu

Khi p cp ngun Vcc nh hn Vz+V1(V1: in p m Q1),Q2 dn bo ha,in p cp ra
ti bng Vcc-VCES2(VCES2: in p bo ha CE Q2) Vcc
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

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Khi p cp ngun Vcc vt qua Vz+V1,Q1 on lm gim dng IB2,Q2 dn yu lm tng

VCE2,in p ra ti s gim.n khi Q1 bo ha,Q2 off ct ngun ra ti.
IC bo v qu p NCP346

a)Dng v ngoi NCP346

SOT-23-5
c) Mch tiu biu
Hnh 2.32: IC bo v qu p NCP346
Dng v ngoi SOT23 5 chn
in p chu ng cc i Vccmax=30V
in p ng vo ngng bo v: Vth=4,45V(danh nh)
Hot ng bnh thng: Vin<Vth,CNTRL=0,OUT=0
Hot ng bo v:
Vin>Vth,CNTRL=0,OUT=1
hoc
CNTRL=1,OUT=1
- Thi gian ON/OFF <1s
Xem thm data sheet IC NCP346
3. Bo v qu dng tng cng sut y ko:
-

Hnh 2.33: Mch bo v qu dng tng cng sut y ko

Khi mi cp ngun,p trn C1 bng 0,DZ1 off,Q5,Q6off,r le K h mch.Ngun +12V np
C1 qua R7 n khi VC1 =8V,Q5 v Q6on lm r le K ng.y l mch to thi gian tr ng ti
vo tng cng sut bo v loa v loi v ting bp loa khi mi cp ngun.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

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Khi dng in qua cp BJT y ko,c th l Q2,vt qu gii hn,in p trn R2 vt

qu V lm Q3 on.C1 x nhanh qua Q4 lm Q5,Q6 off ct r leK h mch ti.
iu kin qu dng:
R4
R4
(2.14)
VBE 3
Vs 2
R2 I 2 V
R4 R3
R4 R3
V R4 R3
hay
(2.15)

I2
R2
R4
Thay cc gi tr vo:
0,5 5,6 15
I2

8,36 A
0,22
5,6
Bi tp chng 2
2.1:
2.2:
2.3:
2.4:
2.5:
2.6:
2.7:
2.8:

2.9:

2.10:

2.11:
2.12:
2.13:
2.14:

2.15:

Phn tch cc trng hp qu p do giao hon bin p.

Phn tch cc trng hp qu p do ngun hoc ti c thnh phn L.
Phn tich trng hp qu p do ti l ng c.
Phn tch cc trng hp qu dng do bn thn mch in gy ra.
So snh hiu qu ca cc mch trit qu p s dng snubber,MOV,diode zener,diode
selenium.
iu g xy ra khi di/dt p vo phn t cng sut vt qu gii hn cho php?Lm cch
no gii hn di/dt trong mc cho php?
iu g xy ra khi dv/dt p vo phn t cng sut vt qu gii hn cho php?Lm cch
no gii hn dv/dt trong mc cho php?
Mch snubber dc nh hnh 2.11.Cho Edc=300V,L=10H,RL=10,SCR c
(dv/dt)max=600V/s.
a)
Tnh R,C mch snubber.
b)
V dng sng V trn SCR khi SCR tt.
Thit k mch snubber tha cc iu kin thng s nh sau:
Cng sut ngun cung cp 5KVA,in p th cp 120Vrms
Tn s lm vic 400Hz
in cm mch in 100H
0,75
a)
Chng minh chi tit li cng thc (2.9a)
b)
Mt cu ch c thng s I2t =150A2s,thi gian ct dng 6ms.Tm gi tr dng nh s
c.
Thit k mch o p AC 50Hz,output t 0-5VDC,tng ng vi input t 0-250VAC.
Thit k mch o dng AC 50Hz,output t 0-5VDC,tng ng vi input t 0-100A AC.
S dng cm bin dng Hall ACS712,thit k mch o dng cho output t 0-5VDC,tng
ng input t 0-30A AC.
Thit k mch o v qu p,qu dng cho mng in 1 pha 220VAC 50Hz.
iu kin qu p: Vqa=240VAC
iu kin qu dng: Iqd=100A AC
Mch s iu khin ct khi ng t(contactor) khi xy ra qu p hoc qu dng.
S dng IC NCP346,thit k mch bo v qu p cp ngun cho ti vi iu kin:
in p cp ngun danh nh 12V,khng c cao qu 10%.
Dng cp ra ti 1A(chn MOSFET/BJT li ngoi thch hp)

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