PRINCIPLES OF

TRANSLATION

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this lecture, you will be

able to answer questions about:
1. The definition of translation
2. Theories of translation
3. Types of translation

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

What is
Translation?
Translation is defined
as substituting a text in
a source language (SL)
with that in a target
one (TL)
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translation is the expression in another

language (or target language) of what
has been expressed in another, source
language, preserving semantic and
stylistic equivalences.

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translation involves the transposition of thoughts

expressed in one language by one social group into
the appropriate expression of another group,
entails a process of cultural de-coding, re-coding
and en-coding

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

What is the
Result of
Translation?
Similar semantic
and pragmatic aspects
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Why
similar?
Theories
of
Translation
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Theories of translation fall into

two categories in term of their
purposes:

1. To express as exactly as
possible the full force and
meaning of every word and
of phrase in the SL
2. To produce a result that does
not read like a translation at
all, but that moves in its new
dress with the same ease as
in its native rendering

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

To consider which should come first and

which second, it depends on whats in the
translators mind; and when the two are in
conflict and it is therefore necessary to
choose between them, the question is
which side is to be sacrificed.
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

In general,
theories of
translation can be
simply described
as follows :

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Adi Buana PGRI University, Surabaya

What are Types of

Translation?
1. Language Discourse
2. Language Hierarchy
3. Level of Content
(interlanguage
transformation)
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translation Based on
Language Discourse
1. Literature
2. Journalism
3. Newspaper
4. Science
5. Documents

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translating Literary
Texts

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translating Texts of
Journalism and
Newspaper

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translating Texts of
Science

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translating Texts of
Documents

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translation Based on
Language Hierarchy
1. Phonemic Level
2. Morphemic Level
3. Word Level
4. Phrase Level
5. Sentence Level
6. Text Level
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Hi! My name is
[daiaen]

PHONEMIC LEVEL
This kind of translation is used
restrictedly on proper and
geographical names.
For example: Diana [daiaen] in
Bahasa Indonesia it is
pronounced [diana].
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

MORPHEMIC LEVEL
Translation of this level makes
effort at finding some synonyms
in TL for those of SL.
one-sided searah, sepihak
auto
swa
pre
pra
bi
dwi
Two-sided road
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

WORD LEVEL
Kemarin dia datang kemari.

Yesterday he came here.

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

PHRASE LEVEL

-A fly in the ointment rintangan kecil

-A drop in the bucket setetes air di lautan
-The salt of the earth putra terbaik

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

SENTENCE LEVEL
Every dark cloud has a silver lining

senang susah permainan hidup

Birds of a feather flock together

seperti minyak di dalam air

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

TEXT LEVEL

Translation of text level sees a text as a whole point of

translation unit, mainly the group of independent
sentences. A good example for this kind of translation
is translating poems.
Bunga lembayung biru warnanya
Kesemuanya untuklah saya
Bukan untuk anda
Bila berkesempatan
Anda menggantikan
Hati-hatilah dengan tinjuku
Akan mendarat di wajahmu
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translation
Based on
Level of Content
This type refers to the manner of the content
of an SL text presentation into that of TL for
the sake of an adequate translation.

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

See you again in the

discussion
of
ADEQUATE
TRANSLATION
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Faculty of Language an Science
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya