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A highly developed form of culture is called civilization.

CULTURE:
The whole system of religious beliefs, art, philosophy, literature, dressing, morals, laws and other habits
which are exhibited by people of a society is called culture.

TYPES OF CULTURE:
There are two types of culture; which are:
Material culture:
It consists of men made objects, such as tools, furniture, dresses, buildings, bridges and the physical
substances, which has been changed and used by man. It is concerned with the external and mechanical
objects.
Non-material culture:
It consists of the customs, beliefs, and those things which could not be seen but only be realized. Such
that language, values, acting, feeling, thinking, habits and practices that they do and the ceremonies they
observe.

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
Ideological and religious beliefs:
From ancient times peoples are using different ideological and religious beliefs for their lives. Religious
beliefs stand high in any society and culture. In religion people worship to god, in some religions one and
in others more than one.

Social life:
Various needs are used in daily social life, such as food, dressing, house, and relations with others, mode
of living, religious and national days and social laws and principles.

Social role:
Due to living in a country from hundreds of years, and by living in that environment, intermeeting with
peoples of other customs and religions a new social role is produced.

Art and literature:

Art and literature are the most essential for progress of the nation. It includes grammar, philosophy,
buildings, music, mathematics, dance, man made things, picturization and games etc.

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Values:
Values are social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable
and undesirable. Frequently, social conditions are viewed as social problems when the conditions are
incompatible with or contradict closely held values. For example, poverty and homelessness violates the
value of human welfare; crime contradicts the values of honesty, private property, and nonviolence;
racism, sexism, and heterosexism violate the values of equality and fairness.

Norms:
Norms are socially defined rules of behavior. Norms serve as guidelines for our behavior and for our
expectations of the behavior of others.

Laws:
Those rules and regulations which are made by the government for the welfare of people are called laws.

Fashion: variety of things which brings beautifulness and moderation in culture.

PROGRESS:
It is the movement of a nation from lower status to the higher status.

Characteristics of social progress:

1 There is positive change in progress.
2- The desired result should be achieved.
3- The progress should be communal, means the entire group moves ahead in desired direction.
4- Both the loss and gains are possible in progress. But more possibility is of gain rather than loss.
5- Progress is volitional, means efforts have to be made and when these efforts are successful, it is called
progress.

Components of progress:
1- Security;
It means security from old lawlessness and injustice, diseases and external and internal threats to
any society.
2- Economic standard;
It includes good food, good clothing and standard income.
3- Rights:
Social rights include rights of independent life, liberty, property, religions.
4- Individual and national characters:

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Means roles and responsibilities of individual and collective behavior for the improvement of national
character.

Community
A "community" has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location.
The word is often used to refer to a group that is organized around common values and is
attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location, generally in social units
larger than a household. The word can also refer to the national community or international
community.
The word "community" is derived from the Old French communit which is derived from
the Latin communitas (cum, "with/together" + munus, "gift"), a broad term for fellowship or
organized society.
Since the advent of the Internet, the concept of community no longer has geographical
limitations, as people can now virtually gather in an online community and share common
interests regardless of physical location.

Secularization:
Secularization refers the historical process in which religion loses its social and cultural
significance. As secularization the role of religion in modern societies is restricted. In secularized
societies faith lacks cultural authority, religious organizations have little social power, and public
life proceeds without reference to the supernatural. Secularization captures a long-term societal
change, but it has consequences for religion itself.
Secularization can take on a life of its own. Once society is broadly defined as a secular
enterprise, religious culture becomes pluralized and rationalization takes holdthe process feeds
on itself. In many instances, secularization receives increasing institutional support.

Sources of secularization:
Following are the sources, from which secularization emerges in society:

Industrialization:
Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group
from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernization process,
where social change and economic development are closely related with technological
innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production.
Industrialization introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different
attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous
rationalization.

Urbanization:
Urbanization or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change.
Urbanization is also defined as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population
growth equating to urban migration

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Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological

process of rationalization.

Mass communication:
It is the communication of news and knowledge from one part of the world to another through
radio, television. Phones etc. it is the part of todays modernization.

Concepts related to the culture:

Cultural trait:
It is the smallest unit of culture like as shaking hands, driving to the left, salute to the flag etc.

Cultural complex:
A cluster of cultural trait is called cultural complex. Or a number of cultural traits when
organized together they make a cultural complex.

Cultural lag:
Material culture changes with the spend of time but non material does not change. This
difference between material and non material is called cultural lag.

Society:
A collection of communities where people of different cultures, customs and traditions live
together is called society.
The study of society begins with basic components of culture, including symbols, language,
and values. Although society surrounds us and permeates our lives, it is difficult to "see" society.
By thinking of society in terms of a picture or image, however, we can visualize society and
therefore better understand it. Imagine that society is a coin with two sides: on one side is the
structure of society and on the other is the culture of society. Although each "side" is distinct,
both are inseparable from the whole. By looking at the various elements of social structure and
culture, we can better understand the root cause of social problems.
The structure of society refers to the way society is organized. Society is organized into different
parts: institutions, social groups, statuses, and roles.
Institutions An institution is an established and enduring pattern of social relationships. The
five traditional institutions are family, religion, politics, economics, and education. but some
sociologists argue that other social institutions, such as science and technology, mass media,
medicine, sport, and the military, also play important roles in modern society.
Social Groups Institutions are made up of social groups. A social group is defined as two or
more people who have a common identity, interact, and form a social relationship.

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Statuses Social groups consist of statuses. A status is a position a person occupies within a
social group. The statuses we occupy largely define our social identity. The statuses in a family
may consist of mother, father, stepmother, stepfather, wife, husband, child, and so on.
Roles Every status is associated with many roles, or the set of rights, obligations, and
expectations associated with a status. Roles guide our behavior and allow us to predict the
behavior of others. As a student, you are expected to attend class, listen and take notes, study for
tests, and complete assignments. Because you know what the role of the teacher involves, you
can predict that your teacher will lecture, give exams, and assign grades based on your
performance on tests.

Industrial society:
Societies where highly discipline way of human energy, natural resources and technology are
combinely produce goods and services in the economy.

ECONOMY:
An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area, the labor, capital and
land resources, and the economic agents that socially participate in the production, exchange,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. A given economy is the end
result of a process that involves its technological evolution, history and social organization, as
well as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors
give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions.

Economical sectors:
In modern economies, there are four main sectors of economic activity;

Primary sector of the economy: Involves the extraction and production of raw
materials, such as corn, coal, wood and iron. (A coal miner and a fisherman would be
workers in the primary sector.)
Secondary sector of the economy: Involves the transformation of raw or intermediate
materials into goods e.g. manufacturing steel into cars, or textiles into clothing. (A
builder and a dressmaker would be workers in the secondary sector.)
Tertiary sector of the economy: Involves the provision of services to consumers and
businesses, such as baby-sitting, cinema and banking. (A shopkeeper and an accountant
would be workers in the tertiary sector.)
Quaternary sector of the economy: Involves the research and development needed to
produce products from natural resources.

GDP
The GDP - Gross domestic product of a country is a measure of the size of its economy. The
most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like

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the GDP and GDP per capita. While often useful, it should be noted that GDP only includes
economic activity for which money is exchanged.

Informal economy
An informal economy is economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government,
contrasted with a formal economy. The informal economy is thus not included in that
government's Gross National Product (GNP). Although the informal economy is often
associated with developing countries, all economic systems contain an informal economy in
some proportion.

Capitalism:
When the government and resources of the country remain in the hands of industrialist and land
lords, this type of economical system is called capitalism. In capitalism all the income paid to the
industrialists and land lords, and no right to the workers.

Socialism:
In this type of system, there are equal rights to the masters and workers. The economy in
socialist country remains in the hands of producers means farmers and workers.

Communism:
Communism is a sociopolitical movement that aims for a classless and stateless society
structured upon common ownership of the means of production, free access to articles of
consumption, and the end of wage labor and private property in the means of production and real
estate.

ISTHUMS OF SUEZ
The term isthmus (plural isthmuses) is taken from Ancient Greek word isthmos which
means "neck". It is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with water
forms on either side. Isthmus of Suez in Egypt connects Africa and Asia.
Canals are often built through isthmuses where they may be particularly advantageous to
create a shortcut for marine transportation. The Suez Canal adjoins the North Atlantic and Indian
Oceans, cutting across the Isthmus of Suez to connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of
Suez/Red Sea. Strait is the sea counterpart of isthmus.

History of Egyptian civilization:

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, concentrated along the
lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.

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Egyptian civilization combined around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper
and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of
stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods. The
Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the
New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached at the peak of its power during the New
Kingdom, in the Ramesside period, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was
conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period. In the aftermath of Alexander
the Great's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of
Egypt. This Ptolemaic Dynasty ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when it fell to the Roman Empire and
became a Roman province.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the
conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the
fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. With
resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and
surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the
organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions,
and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and
organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and
administrators under the control of a Pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the
Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and
construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and
obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation
systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass
technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. Egypt left a lasting
legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of
the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for
centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to
the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural
legacy, for Egypt and the world.

Economic Standard of Living:

Levels of income and wealth are key determinates of individual or family wellbeing.
Economic standard of living involves a complex combination of factors such as income, living
costs, and household size and composition.
The more prosperous an economy, the better off the residents of that economy are in terms
of opportunities to gain a higher income, buy material possessions and access quality health care.
In general, this leads to greater social connectedness, educational advancement, and wider
employment options and increased life expectancy.

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