MSK

Congenital
Fong (Nail-patella)

thanatophoric dysplasia

Achondroplasia
Chondroblastoma

Osteoblastoma
Osteosarcoma

Pagets
Ivory vertebra
Picture frame
Rugger Jersey
Fishmouth
MPSs
1-H Hurler
1-S Schie
2 (Hunter)
3 (Sanfillipo)
4 (Morquio)

Gaucher
Multiple epiphyseal
dysplasia
Mafucci
Reiters
psoriatic
Vertebra plana
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia

Trevor's

Turner's
BPOP

Fibrous dysplasia
Mazabraud
McCune-Albright
Spondyloepiphyseal
dysplasia
Acro-osteolysis
DISI
VISI
SNAC
Carpal angle
Kienbock's disease
Freiberg's
JIA

Osteochondritis dissecans
hypertrophic
osteoarthropathy
HPOA
high vit a
pachydermoperiostosis
Shoulder
Thoracic outlet

suprascap comp
Ax comp
Adhesive capsulitis
Median
Buford's complex
Spine tumours

MDP
Osteosarcoma staging
pelvis muscle insertion

Erlenmayer
Clavicular erosion

Klippel_Feil
Banana #
Rolando
Bennett
Reverse Segond
Pilon
Triplane
Tillaux
Caffey's

MM
OO
CPPD
amyloidosis
Engelman
Scheuermann

Boehler's angle
NF1
Rice bodies
Branchial neuritis
Tendonopathy
Medial ankle

Lateral ankle

Hypoplastic nail/ patella/ radius/ capitellum

Telephone receive femur, Cloverleaf skull, wafer thin vertebra, wide costochondral
junction,

most common dysplasia, rhizomelia (prox limbs shortened

lytic, oedema ++, pain. peak <20, rare. Epiphyseal, 70% humerus, femur, tibia.
Also anterior/ mid calcaneum
similar to osteoid osteoma. Peak 20-30. painful scoliosis, larger than OO, limited
response to aspirin, commonly in spine often posterior column, meta and distal
diap of long bones
telangiectatic - fluid levels (ddx ABC/ GBT), wide zone transition
Thickened trabeculae,/ iliopectineal line. Active - medullary expansion, lost of CM
differentiation, fracture, osteoporosis circumscripta. Intermediate - cotton-wall,
mixed sclerosis/lysis. Sarcomatous changes - bone marrow signal change.
lymphoma
paget's
Renal osteodystrophy
osteoporosis, SS, thal, renal dys
low IQ, corneal clouding, Autosomal recessive
Normal IQ, c cloud, stiff joint
low IQ, no corneal clouding (Hunter can see, so no cloud), X-linked
No coarse features, severe behavioural/ neurological changes
Normal IQ, severe platyspondactyly
Lysosomal storage disease. Ashkenazi Jews, Type 1 non-CNS, Type 2 CNS (death
within 2 years), Type 3 = 1 + CNS. Anaemia, Osteopenia/ necrosis, endosteal
scalloping, Erlenmeyer flask, h-vertebra, splenomegaly
bilateral perthes, multilayered patella, epiphyseal flattening
H&M (with haemangioma) - 30% increased risk of malignancy
dysentry. MTPJ, knee, ankle, heels, lumbar. Bialteral asymmetrical SI-it is
DIP. SIJ asymmetrical, minimal osteoporosis, osteolysis, floating osteophytes,
marginal erosions, soft tissue oedema, new bone formation
Wafer thin, LCH(EG) most common 5-15yo
T<-2.5
T -1 to -2.5
dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) -kids, common in ankle, talus, localised
lobular overgrowth of cartilage (palpable mass), bizzare physis, limb discrepancy

growth arrest at 15yo, small odontoid, thinning of ribs and clavicle, short 4-5th
MC, horseshoe kidney
amorphous mass at ulna/ finger. Vs osteochondroma: wide-base, perpendiculra to
bone axis, 30-40yo
Mono most common, asymptomatic till 20-30yo. Rib (bubbly, fusiform), femur,
tibia, face. Poly - 8-10yo, legs, monomelic. GG, well-circumscribed, no periosteal
recation
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia + soft tissue myxoma (low T1,high T2, heter postGd)
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, caf au lait unilateral
irregular epiphysis
tuft destruction without other abnormality
scaphoid #/ SL tear, SL angle >60, CL >20, leads to SL advanced collapse (SLAC)
triquetrolunate ligament tear, SL angle <30, CL>20
non-union scaphoid collapse
N 130-137'. Downs >139, MPS/Turners = Madelung - <110
AVN of lunate, linked with -ve ulnar variance
AVN of 2nd MT
early: periarticular osteopenia, effusion, thickened synovium, periostitis of hands,
antegonal mandibular notching. Knee most common
Late: erosion, epiphyseal hyperplasia
Most common lateral aspect of medial femoral condyle/ talar dome, capitellum,
fragmented articular surface
tramline on bone scan
long bone osteitis (metaphyseal lamellar), arthritis, clubbing. Linked to broncho
ca/ pleural fibroma
symmetrical, solid periosteal new bone formation
1' HOA, adolescent, irregular epiphyseal periosteal proliferation.
intrascalenous (ant/mid scalene + 1st rib); costoclavicular (cla, 1st rib, mid
scalene); subcoracoid (cora, pec minor ,ribs)
posterior labrum tear, ganglion cyst or thickened superior transverse scapular
ligament, compression. (suprascap motor mainly, sensory to CC and ACJ - if com
at suprascapular foramen - both infra and supraspinatus affect, if at sinoglenoid
then only infra) Ax best
Teres minor +/- deltoid (sag best) - quadrilateral space (Teres maj/min, long head
of tricep, neck of humerus). Sensory regiment badge
small quadrilateral space
Ligament of Struthers (bony spur)
posterior labral defect + thickened glenohumeral ligament
OO/ osteoblastoma
ABC
GCT

Osteochondroma
LCH (EG)
Osteosarcoma
Ewings
Myeloma

Cellulitis - 1&2 phase increased uptake, Osteomyelitis/pagets in all phases.

Prosthesis loosening/infection - remains hot >12 months. Metabolic superscan:
hot skull/ mandible, costochondral rib beading, tie sternum, more diffused
T1 <=8cm, T2>8cm, T3 skip lesions, M1a lungs, M1b others
ASIS - abdo, sartorius, AIIS - RF,
Marrow infiltration (Gauchers, thal, SCD); dysplasia (fibrous, metaphyseal - Pyle's,
osteopetrosis, achondro, Hurler, downs); metabolic (rickets, lead, low phosphate,
RA)
distal: SHIRT (scleroderma, hyperpara, infection, RA, trauma, progeria
medial: MILERS (met, infection, lymphoma, EG, RA, sacroma
Absent outer + cleidodysplasia, Gorlin basal cell)
hypoplastic scapula+ omovertebral bar
Pagets (lateral side)
Communited base of 1st MC #
Non-communited
PCL + MCL avullsion + medial meniscus tear
Communted # of distal tibia, axial load
Sag tib epi, ax physis, cor tib dia. Teenage
Avulsion (SH III) lateral tibial ephysis, less common in adults as ligament ruptures
first
infantile cortical hyperostosis - mandible, ulna, clavicle, ribs, scapula. Lamellated
periosteal reaction
50% lysis before visible on PF. Sclerosing type linked with POEMS
(polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal and skin changes)
RFA - if >1cm from dural/neural structure (unsuitable for spine generally as pos
element; 90% success rate first attempt.
similar pattern to OA but sometimes in "funny distribution", no erosion, with
chondrocalcinosis, radioulnar involvment,
linked with MM, mimick RA, preserved joint space, excess well-defined
subchondral cysts, no periarticular osteopenia
Neuromuscular dystrophy, enlarged fusiform diaphysis and cortical thickening of
long bone.
thoracic kyphosis, idiopathic, young man, >3 adjacent vertebral wedging >5'

normal 20-40, <20 indicates calcaneal #

kyphoscoliosis, posterior vertebral scalloping, small posterior elements, enlarged
exit foremina, rib notching (inferior); multiple NO-fibroma
MR shoulder - in subacromial bursa - fibrinous deposits. RA/TB
parsonage-turner; hyperintense infraspinatus
Type 1 - fusiform thickening, II focal/diffused thinning, III complete tear
Os naviculare, II and III symptomatic.
FDL injury rare, runs under sustentaculum tali
FHL - ballet dancers, communicates with ankle joint in 20%
PT - middle aged female, normally twice size to FDL on TS, attach to navicula
Deep collateral (Deltoid) - ATTL, PTTL deep
Superficial - tibiocal, tibionav, PSTTL, cal-nav (spring)
Collateral - ATFL (MRI ax), PTFL (ax), CFL (cor)
Peroneus brevis - base of 5th MT, prone to longitudinal split, becomes c-shaped,
leads to interposition of P.longus
P-longus - lateral to PB, inserts to cuboid.

Fong's horn (posterior iliac horns)

lethal, micromelia (all limbs shortend)

Leg bowing, C1/2 instability, small FM (hydrocephalus) early OA,
bullet shaped vertebra, horizontal sacrum, champagne glass
pelvis, trident hands, oval femur
vs clear cell chondrosarcoma: younger, smaller, presence of
adjacent bone oedema, inter T2 signal as solid)
lytic, rim of reactive sclerosis, expansile, cortical expansion/
destruction. 2' ABC in 20%

posterior elements (pedicles), marked oedema

Spinous process/ vert body, fluid level
sacrum (can look like chordoma)

Anywhere. Linked to hereditary multiple exostosis/ diaphyseal

aclasis (polydactyly). Cartilage cap thickness>10mm poss
malignancy, >15mm = malignancy transformation to
chondrosarcoma
Most in thoracic spine, vert body > posterior elements. 1st decade
bone destruction + soft tissue mass. Mixed or sclerotic
Large extraosseous mass, bone preserved.
often spare pedicle

Flared iliac crest Renal dysfunction

to do

menisucs tear
anatomy knee/
ankle
muscle insertion
laceration degree

Open-angle glaucoma

CHEST:
LAM
LCH

F,
M, smoking, mid/upper zone nodules/ thin-walled cy

Castleman
Lofgren
Fibrosis

B-cell lymphoma, large cal LN

acute sarcoid
upper: radiaton, EAA, ank spond, sarcoid, silicosis, T
lower: UIP, scleroderma, bleomycin, a1 AT.
harmorrhagic telangiectasia, AVM lung. Right/left sh
smoker, after bone marrow transplant (~1yr) - dista
peribronchial/ subpleural patchy consolidation, reve
Central, rarely cause carcinoid syndrome, FDG cold.
often bilateral, but uni if 1' lung ca. linked with aden

Osler-weber-rendu
Obliterative bronchiolitis
COP
Carcinoid
Lymphangitis
Fleishner

CONGENITAL
Sequestration

none - <35yo, hx ca, PUO.

low risk: <=4mm nil; 4-6mm 12m; 6-8 6-12m, then
high risk: as low risk but stepped up.

Bronchial atresia
Lobar emphysema
AVM

Intralobar: 75%, cystic filled with pus/mucus/fluid. V

Extrlobar: 25%, own pleura, systemic drainage, dev
Hyperexpanded lucent oligaeima lung segment with
presents early, no musus plug
50% VHL, F>>M, central, multiple. Detected in adul

INFECTION
Mycoplasma
Klebsilla
ABPA
Angioinvasive asp
EAA (HP)
Leffler's
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
CEP
Churg Strass
Histoplasmosis
Legionnaries
ARDS
TB

most common-non bacterial infection. Often lower lo

chronic ETOH, bulging fissues
Finger in glove
multiple GG nodules (halo, haemorrhage) (+/- cavita
acute - centrilobular nodules mid zones; chronic - fib
Fleeting infiltrate -Simple pulmonary esinophilia (lin
lavage >25% eosinophils, thickened bronchovascula
reversed bat's wing (peripheral consolidation)
EVA, p-ANCA random GG/ consolidation
american. polyarthralgia, erythema nodosum. LN, p
Pleural effusion, unilateral infiltrates, hyponatraemia
wedge >18mmHg. CXR N <24hrs. GG + bronchial d
1' mediastinal LN; 2' apex, cavitation, >65yo, small

EXPOSURE/AUTOIMMUNE
Asbestos
Round atelectasis
PMF
Post-transplant

Subpleural fibrosis, lung base

Silicosis, bases, pseudotumour
Pseudotumour, can be FDG-avid, periphery to hilum
1hr: hyperacute rejection
24 hrs: reperfusion oedema

RA/SLE
LIP
Drug-induced fibrosis
Fibrosing mediastinitis
NEOPLASM/ NODULES
BAC
Pancoast
Bronchogenic cyst
NF1
TS
NHL
A1A
Emphysema
Caplan
Trachea; Ca
CVID
CARDIOVASCULAR
indentation of anterior oesophagus
coarctation
pseudocoarctation
Azygous cont of IVC
MR endocardial
endocardial circumferential
midcardial

4 days: acute rejecton, effusion; GG after 1m

2-3wks: angioinvasive asp (Bronch-arterial fistula), f
2-3m: LIP; >3m CMV - Multiple GG changes + conso
pleural effusion most common (unilateral)
linked with autoimmune (Sjorgrens) - GGO + thin-wa
UL - amiodarone (also dense liver), MTX, nitro
Linked to methysergide/ histoplasmosis. Asymptoma

peripheral, low density (mucin), most commonsolita

SCC
thin wall, precarinal, uniloculated, may communicat
inferior rib notching, neurofibroma (mediastinal); me
renal AML, LZ fibrosis, bilateral cysts (like LAM); MSK
posterior mediastinal LN
panlobar/panacinar emphysema, lower lobe, bronhie
Smoking related - UZ, centrilobular.
nodular presentation of RA
SCC most common, then adenoid cystic ca
Tree-in-bud, bronchiectasis/ thickened bronchus, nod

myxoma
Myxoma

abberant left pulmonary

adult - post-ductal. 1-3 ribs not notched as supplied
no pressure gradient/ rib notching/ cardiomegaly. Di
abscent hepatic IVC, HV drains directly to RV. R gona
infarct
amyloid
patchy septal - HOCM/ RV overload
thin septal - IDCM/ myocarditis
lateral - sarcoid, myocarditis, Anderson-Fabry, Chag
As above
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy -fa
pos in constritive but not restrictive disease
Stanford A (prox) =DB 1+2 (1=asc + des)
Stanford B (dis) = DB 3
80% LV (intraatrial septum, near fossa ovalis), often
Hypo T1 to myocardium, hetero (mixed tissue), SSFP

Epsiein
balloon size
Fibromuscular dysplasia

cystic lesion with fluid/pus/mucus

mild cyanosis, cardiomegaly, dilated RA, small RV, a
CI 8-10mm, EIA 6-8, SFA/renal 4-6, pop 3-4
mid renal artery, stenosis + aneurysm

ASD
PAPVC

secundum 60%, primum 35% (Endocardial Cushion

PV to R SVC (most common), L SVC, RA, IVC (infraca

Epicardial
ARVC
septal bounce
dissection

D-TGA
L-TGA
TNM

V/Q

Complete transposition, egg-on-side

Corrected (AV discordance).
T2a = 3-5cm; T2b 5-7; T3 >7, <2cm to carina, ches
N1 ips hilar/ peribronchial
N2 ips mediasintal/ carina
N3 contra media/ hilar, supra, scalene
M1 beyond above, pleural/ pericadial nodules/ effus
High
>1 Large or 1L > 1M, or >3M
Inter
1 Large
Inde
<4 M or 1 matched + N CXR
Low
Others

odules/ thin-walled cysts, then reticulation/fibrosis, increased lung vol, recurrent pneumothoraces. S

d, sarcoid, silicosis, TB, histoplasmosis

ycin, a1 AT.
VM lung. Right/left shunt, emboli
nsplant (~1yr) - distal bronchial obliteration with air trapping
hy consolidation, reverse halo (atoll), crazy paving, +/- nodules. 55-60yo,
syndrome, FDG cold.
g ca. linked with adeno, breast, GI, thyroid, cervix. Volume loss

2m; 6-8 6-12m, then 18-24m; >8 3,9,24m & +/- dCT, PT or bx

th pus/mucus/fluid. Visceral pleura, no link to tracheobronchia tree, drains via pul veins
stemic drainage, developmental, present in first 6 months
ma lung segment with mucoid impaction (most common AP seg of LUL)

iple. Detected in adulthood

fection. Often lower lobes (also isolated upper lobe), nodular interstitial, non-cavitation, 2 months to

morrhage) (+/- cavitation), peribronchial consolidation, immunesupressed

mid zones; chronic - fibrosis upper zone
onary esinophilia (linkted to ascariasis), reverse bat's wing, high blood eosinophil
kened bronchovascular bundle, pleural effusion
l consolidation)

hema nodosum. LN, popcorn + centrally calcified (target), multiple calcified nodules
trates, hyponatraemia, no LN
hrs. GG + bronchial dilatation. Chronic scarring in non-dependent lobes
itation, >65yo, small pleural efffusion

d, periphery to hilum, can cavitate/ calcified. Linked to coal miner's/ silicosis (pneumoconiosis)

n; GG after 1m
nch-arterial fistula), fungal/ bacteria (likely Tx lung)
GG changes + consolidation
(unilateral)
rens) - GGO + thin-wall cysts
ver), MTX, nitro
lasmosis. Asymptomatic, calcified R paraT mass.

), most commonsolitary nodule, thenn diffused consolidation. Linked with smoking, M=F. 2nd most c

ed, may communicate with trachae lumen

oma (mediastinal); meningocoele (convex side of scoliosis via neural foramen); LZ fibrosis, UZ bullae
cysts (like LAM); MSK - bone cysts in hands, bone island in skull

ma, lower lobe, bronhiectasis/ wall thickening, symptomatic (basal)

oid cystic ca
ckened bronchus, nodules. Linked to NHL

notched as supplied by thyrocervical trunk (prox to coractation); usually inferior posterior 3-8th rib
ing/ cardiomegaly. Distal to L subclav
directly to RV. R gonadal to R renal, venous return via azygous/ hemiazygous. linked to polysplenia

nderson-Fabry, Chagas

ar cardiomyopathy -fattyfibrotic infiltration of RV/septum/LV, microaneurysms, RV wall thining + dila

ctive disease
=asc + des)

ar fossa ovalis), often pedunculated, rarely sessile. Can obstruct mitral valve - large LA, pul HTN
o (mixed tissue), SSFP: hypo to blood, hyper to myo

ilated RA, small RV, abn tricuspid

4-6, pop 3-4

Endocardial Cushion Defect - 40% down's syndrome), sinus venosus (entrance of SVC) 5% - always
SVC, RA, IVC (infracardiac - scimitar turkish sword syndrome, linked to hypogenic lung)

<2cm to carina, chest wall, diaphragm, phrenic, pleura, pericardium, atelectasis/pneumonitis of ent

icadial nodules/ effusion, nodula in contra lobe

1M, or >3M

ed + N CXR

pneumothoraces. Spares costophrenic recess, anterior RML/lingula

itation, 2 months to resolve, +/- pleural effusion

eumoconiosis)

to do:

g, M=F. 2nd most common cavitation cancer in lungs. Maybe FDP cold.

Z fibrosis, UZ bullae, PHT

posterior 3-8th ribs notched

nked to polysplenia (left isomerisation - bilobar lungs, partial anomalous pul ven connection, left SVC

V wall thining + dilatation.

rge LA, pul HTN

f SVC) 5% - always linked to PAPVC

pneumonitis of entire lung, nodules in same lobe; T4 mediastinal, great vessel, trachea/carina, rec

intervention

connection, left SVC, situs ambiguitous, SAD, double outlet RV)

rachea/carina, rec lary nerve, oeso, vertebra, separate nodule in different ips lobe

H&N/NEURO
HSV
Temporal lobes/ limbic system - oedema

CHEST
Brohchopulmo
Barotrauma from >28d ventilation. 0-3d ARDS-like patchiness; 4-10d white-o

CVS
Moyamoya

Terminal ICA - puff of smoke on angio

GI
Hirshsprung inverted cone at transition, full-term infant, <6/52 from birth

GU
PKD

Recessive: hyperechoeic enlargement, lost of CM differentiation; severity inv

MSK
SUFE

posteroinferior, 50% bilateral

Syndromes
Trisomy 13
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 21

AKA Patau - death within days of birth. Holoprosencephaly (inseparate hemis

AKA Edward - death within 48d. Clenched hand with 2/3 digit overlap. CHD, c
Moyamoya, Alzheimers, AVSD, pulmonary hypoplasia, pig bronchus, 11 ribs,

ness; 4-10d white-out with airbron; 10-20d cystic changes; >20d hyperinflation, linear changes, foca

tiation; severity inversely related to hepatic fibrosis

y (inseparate hemispheres), VSD, Spina bifida, dysmophic faces, cleft lips, polydactyly, omphalocele
igit overlap. CHD, choroid plexus cysts, corpus callosum agenesis, strawberry skull (frontal lobe hyp
bronchus, 11 ribs, DDH, atlanto-axial sub, leukaemia.

linear changes, focal emphysema

actyly, omphalocele
ull (frontal lobe hypoplasia),cystic gyroma, single UA