Reproduction!: Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

Reproduction!
Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth!
Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014
Learning Objectives!
Parenting and reproductive decisions"
! Ensuring a healthy pregnancy"
! Conception and pregnancy"
! Birth and the postpartum period: What to
expect"
! Infertility and options"
! Abortion"
! Sexual well-being and reproductive rights"
!
Overview of Prenatal Periods!

Period!
Length!
Germinal"
First 2 weeks"
(zygote)"
Key Events!
Fertilization"
Implantation"
Start
of Placenta"
Arms,
Embryonic"
(embryo)"
3rd - 8th"
(6) weeks"
Fetal"
(fetus)"
9th week to
birth (30-40)
weeks"
legs, face, organs, muscles

all develop"
Heart begins beating"
Growth and finishing "
Conception & Fertilization"

!
Becoming Pregnant:"
!
Conception"
!
"
!
First signs: "

!
!
!
"
ovulation "
"fertilization"
" implantation"
Light period, spotting, or no

period"
Fatigue"
tender breasts"
Nausea/Vomiting: appetite
change"
Blood or urine tests for HCG"
Subtle softening of uterus at 6

weeks" getting ready to house embryo
Overview: Journey of the Fertilized Egg"
Figure 8.3
During the
First 7 to 10
Days After
Conception
First Trimester"
Germinal """ Embryonic """" Beginning of Fetal period
Figure 8.5 - Important Milestones of Fetal Development
First Trimester: Germinal Period!

First 2 weeks (14 days) "
!
!
!
zygote forms post

conception"
Early stem cells!
Blastocyst implants"
!
!
Outer layer"
Inner cells"
Implantation has naturally

high failure rate"50% failure rate
First Trimester: Embryonic Period"

From the 3rd to the 8th week " embryo"
!
3rd week - first sign of human structure"

!
4th week "

!
head and heart starts to form"
5th week"
!
thin line down the middle (22 days) that becomes the neural
tube!
arm and leg buds appear; tail "
8th week"
!
~ 1 long, weight < 1 oz."
head more rounded; face more formed"
all basic organs and body parts (except for sex) present"
20% of all embryos

spontaneously abort
"
!
During first trimester" Risk of spontaneous abortion!

First Trimester: Beginning of Fetal Period!

from the 9th week until birth " fetus"
!
around 3rd month:"

!
5% of fetuses abort
sex organs begin to be visible - fully formed by 12th week (2nd

trimester) "
what is the default sex? why?"
female
by the end of the 3rd month:"

!
all body parts present and moveable"
fetus only weighs over 1 oz and is 3-4
long"
First Trimester: !
Changes in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Partners"
!
Changes in pregnant women"
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Sensitive or swollen breasts"

Nausea and fatigue"Fetus sucks E from host
Changes in nonpregnant partners"
Experience hopes, anxieties,

fears, and questions"
Suspiciousness stemming from

Backaches and headaches"fetus is heavy. hormone causes
the fact that they were able to
accomplish the creation of a new
Frequent urination"
life"
Darkening of the areolas"part of hormone change !
Food cravings and aversions"
Morning sickness Nausea that is
the result of increased hormones"
Experience a growing connection

with the child "
Reflect on the changes caused by
the pregnancy to connect with
their partner"
May or may not have emotional

changes"
Second Trimester: Fetal period"
2nd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

4th-6th months"
! can determine sex of fetus"
!
External body parts develop "

! fingernails, eyebrows, and eyelashes"
! Skin covered by lanugo (fine down-like hair)"
provides insulation for fetus
main systems develop more:" "quickening"

! circulatory " heart beat is stronger
! digestive & excretory"
! fast brain growth and maturation"
!
neurogenesis"
synaptogenesis"
2nd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

By end of 2nd trimester"
! Fetus has opened its eyes"
!
!
Age of Viability"
! ~ 26 weeks: about 50% survival rate "
! ~ 28 weeks: about 95% survival rate"
"
"
!
Second Trimester: "

Changes in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Partners!
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Changes in pregnant
women"
Begin to feel the fetus s
movements"
Changes in skin coloration"
Changes in nonpregnant
partners"
Couvade: Male partners

experience pregnancy
symptoms similar to
those of their pregnant
partners"
Swelling in the extremities"

Clumsiness"
Backaches and nosebleeds"
Heartburn and hemorrhoids"
Third Trimester: Fetal period cont."
3rd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

!
from the 7th - 9th month (birth) "

!
viability to full term"
respiratory and cardiovascular

systems matures"
Gains weight4.5 lbs. in last 10

weeks"
"
Down-like hair disappears"

!
Skin smoother"
"
Vernix caseosa "

! protective creamy, waxy
substance "
Third Trimester: "

Changes in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Partners!
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Changes in pregnant
women"
Women begin to feel achy or tired
because of the pressure and
weight of the growing fetus"
Varicose veins and hemorrhoids"
Swelling in the legs and ankles"
Leg cramps and backaches"
Changes in nonpregnant
partners"
#
#
Social and identity

shifts occur"
Seek out other
parents advice about
their new life
experience"
Shortness of the breath"

Braxton-Hicks contractions "
Father to Be: Experience of Pregnancy"

!
Ecstasy to ambivalence to fearfulness"
Toward partner may feel closeness or separation "
Concern about financial impact"
Active involvement helps"
Sympathy pregnancy"
Miscarriage"
(Spontaneous Abortion)!
!
Quite common in first trimester"
"
! Why?"First pregnancy has high failure rate
"
"
Something wrong with fetus/hostile uterine environment

10-20% of pregnancy are spontaneous abortion
Stillborn"
fetus dies within 8 weeks/most at risk are teenagers
"
!
Not to be confused with elective abortions"

Defining Abortion!
!
Elective termination of a pregnancy"

25% of US pregnancies end in elective abortion/ 1% happen after 20 weeks/50% of women
Reasons women choose to have an abortion"

They feel too young or unprepared to raise a family"
! They got pregnant due to sexual violence"
! Risk to mother s life"
! Wanting the child to grow up in a stable family
environment with financial security"
! Emotional consequences of adoption was too distressing"
!
Defining Abortion cont.!

!
U.S. has one of the highest abortion rates among

developed countries"
All countries with lower rates of abortions provide:"
"
Comprehensive sex education"
Easy access to inexpensive birth control and emergency

contraception"
After abortion:"
!
Most women experience relief but others also report feeling

anger, regret, guilt, or sadness for a period of time"
If a woman is having trouble coping with her decision to have

an abortion, professional counseling may help to ensure her
emotional health and well-being"
Three Stages of Childbirth!
lasts for 10-16 hrs.Discharge.

Cervix widens and thins
20-30 min. Afterbirth
30min-2 hrs. Birth doesnt start until cervix full widened
Preventing Prenatal Dangers"

!
Most babies are born healthy!! and"
Most hazards are avoidable!!"
birth defects caused by teratogens!

!
Role of placenta!is a buffer against teratogens
timing of exposure "

!
involves critical or sensitive periods any one remembers what

this is?"
how much is the mother exposed to and

amount of exposure (threshold effect)! how
much crosses through placenta
heredity (genetic vulnerabilities) !
interaction effect"
Some Forms of Teratogens!

!
1997: viable fetus can be protected under

child abuse laws"
Teratogens:"
! Prescription
! Smoking
and non-prescription drugs"
(Nicotine)"
! Caffeine"
! alcohol
! Fetal
"
Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)!

Some Forms of Teratogens!

!
Teratogens (cont):"
! Diseases"
! Radiation"
! Environmental pollution"
! other factors"
! malnutrition"
! maternal age"
! paternal age"

Reproduction!: Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

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Reproduction!

Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth!

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Overview of Prenatal Periods!

legs, face, organs, muscles

Growth and finishing "

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Conception & Fertilization"

First signs: "

Light period, spotting, or no

Blood or urine tests for HCG"

Subtle softening of uterus at 6

Overview: Journey of the Fertilized Egg"

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Figure 8.5 - Important Milestones of Fetal Development

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

First Trimester: Germinal Period!

zygote forms post

Implantation has naturally

First Trimester: Embryonic Period"

3rd week - first sign of human structure"

4th week "

head and heart starts to form"

arm and leg buds appear; tail "

~ 1 long, weight < 1 oz."

head more rounded; face more formed"

20% of all embryos

During first trimester" Risk of spontaneous abortion!

First Trimester: Beginning of Fetal Period!

around 3rd month:"

sex organs begin to be visible - fully formed by 12th week (2nd

by the end of the 3rd month:"

all body parts present and moveable"

fetus only weighs over 1 oz and is 3-4

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Changes in pregnant women"

Sensitive or swollen breasts"

Changes in nonpregnant partners"

Experience hopes, anxieties,

Suspiciousness stemming from

Experience a growing connection

May or may not have emotional

Second Trimester: Fetal period"

Figure 8.5 - Important Milestones of Fetal Development

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

2nd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

External body parts develop "

provides insulation for fetus

main systems develop more:" "quickening"

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

2nd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

Second Trimester: "

Couvade: Male partners

Swelling in the extremities"

Third Trimester: Fetal period cont."

Figure 8.5 - Important Milestones of Fetal Development

Dr. Rapalyea HDE-12 Fall 2014

3rd Trimester: Fetal Period cont.!

from the 7th - 9th month (birth) "

viability to full term"

respiratory and cardiovascular