II

Baccalaureate
Lc. Shirley Enriquez
Coordinator
1

History
helps us
understand
people &
society

History
helps us
understand
changes in a
society
History
contributes
to moral

History
provides
identity

understanding

History is essential
for good
citizenship

History helps
us develop skills
to access evidence

WORLD HISTORY II
UNIT 1: THE ANCIENT ROMANS
1.1. The Ancient Romans
1.2. Etruscan Rulers
1.3. The Patricians
1.4. Roman Government Formed
1.5. Roman Religion
1.6. Roman Families A Central Focus
1.7. Roman Conquest And Expansion
1.8. The Punic Wars
1.9. Julius Caesar
1.10. The Triumvirate
1.11. Augustus Caesar
1.12. The Julian Emperors
1.13. The Good Emperors
1.14. Pax Romana
1.15. Christianity, A New State Religion
1.16. The End of The Roman Empire
UNIT 2: AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.

African Civilization
Nubia
The Kingdom of Kush
Axum
The People of Nok
The Bantu Peoples
The Kingdom of Ghana
The Kingdom of Mali
The Kingdom of Songhai

UNIT 3: INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS

3.1. Civilizations of India
3.2. The Aryans
3.3. Aryan Life
3.4. Aryan Economy
3.5. Vedas
3.6. Varnas A Caste System
3.7. Dharma
3.8. Indian Religion
3.9. Sacred Writings
3.10. Brahman Nerguna
3.11. Reincarnation
3.11. Reincarnation
3.12. Buddhism Arrives
3.13. The Four Noble Truths
3.14. The Eightfold Path
3.15. Nirvana
3.16. Buddhism Spreads Abroad
3.17. Buddhism Splits
3.18. Indian Kingdoms And Empires
3.19. The Kingdom of Magadha
3.20 . The Mauryan Empire
3.21. The Gupta Empire
3.22. The Guptas Return To Hinduism
3.23. The Gupta Empire Declines

UNIT 4: CIVILIZATIONS IN CHINA

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.

Civilization In China
The Xia Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty
Qin Building Projects
The Great Wall of China
Qin Dynasty Ends
4

4.9. The Han Dynasty

4.10. Pax Sinica
4.11. he End of The Han Dynasty
4.12. Religion In China
4.13. Confucianism
4.14. Daoism
4.15. Buddhism Arrives In China

WORLD HISTORY II
UNIT 1: THE ANCIENT ROMANS
1.1.

The Ancient Romans

The Italian Peninsula was
home to a people that
would eventually rule most
of the known world. The
story of how this small
village which was named
Rome grew into the most
powerful empire in the
world is one of war, luck,
and intrigue.

According to legend the

city-state of Rome was founded by a young man named Romulus. Legend says
that Romulus built a wall around his village. When his brother leapt over the
wall, Romulus was upset, and killed him. This legend further says that Romulus
then stated that a similar fate would befall anyone who ever tried to break
through
the
walls
of
Rome.
Whether or not Romulus was a real person is not known. Most archeologists
and historians believe that Rome began as a series of several small villages set
around seven hills. It is believed that as these villages grew they eventually
merged forming one larger city.
It is believed that around 750 B.C. the village leaders met together, and decided
to form a single government for all the united villages, forming for the first
time, a united Roman city-state.
Activities:
a. Answer these questions:
Who founded Rome? ____________________________
6

Explain the legend about Romulus:

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
1.2.

Etruscan Rulers

In the year 620 B.C. the city-state of Rome was conquered by an outside group
of people known as the Etruscans. The Etruscans, who ruled much of Northern
Italy, setup kings in Rome. These kings belonged to a wealthy family known as
the Tarquins.
The Etruscans ruled Rome for the next 111 years. During this time, they built
Rome into one of the wealthiest cities in Italy. They taught the Romans how to
use bricks, and tile roofing, how to design and layout streets and cities, and how
to improve public works.
The Etruscans also shared their culture, including their religious beliefs, their
art, poetry, writing, and drama.
In 534 B.C. a new king rose to power in Rome. This king was known as
Tarquin The Proud. The brutality of this king lead to a rebellion by the citizens
of Rome in 509 B.C., ending the rule of the Etruscans in Rome.
Answer:
a. Who were the Tarquins?
b.

How long did the Etruscans rule Rome?

c. What did Etruscans teach the Romans?

d. Who was Tarquin the Proud?

1.3.

The Patricians
During the reign of the
Etruscan kings in Rome, the
quality of life among the
Romans grew to new levels of
wealth and education. The
most wealthy and educated of
these Roman citizens were
known as the patricians.

After the Etruscans were overthrown, the people looked to the patricians for
guidance in running the affairs of their city-state. These patricians declared that
a new form of government would rule in Rome. This new form of government
was called a republic. Republican government was first outlined by the Greek
Philosopher Aristotle. A republic is a type of government where a small group
of elite leaders are elected as rulers
Answer:
a. Who were the Patricians?
b.

What was the new way of government in Rome done by the Patricians?

c. What is a Republic?
1.4.

Roman Government Formed

The republican government in Rome was controlled by elite members of society

known as patricians. These leaders could be elected to the Senate, which was
made up of 300 elected leaders.
The Senate voted on laws, and authorized war, building projects, taxes, and
other matters of public policy.

In addition to the senate, the Romans also elected two

leaders to an office which they called consuls. These
consuls, who served for a one year term, made up an
executive branch of government. They had authority
to oversee all government employees, tax collection,
and to insure that laws were being enforced. These
consuls had a great deal of power when they acted
together. However, they could not do anything alone.
Either consul had the authority to veto the decisions
of the other, helping to keep the power of either in
check.

During times of emergency, such as during a war, the Romans elected a

dictator. This dictator had complete authority, and his word was law. However,
this dictator only served until the crisis was over, after which their power was
returned to the senate and to the elected consuls.
This form of republican government would survive for the next 500 years, and
would serve Rome well, bringing them greater freedoms, and riches.
Answer:
a. Who controlled the Republic Government in Rome?
b. Which way was used to elect the government?
c. Who is a dictator?
1.5.

Roman Religion

The Romans borrowed their religious beliefs from the peoples around them.
They worshipped the same spirits worshiped by their former Etruscan rulers.
They also began to worship the Greek gods, giving them new Roman names.

Zeus became Jupiter, Ares became Mars, Aphrodite

became Venus, and so forth.

Answer:
How many gods did Roman believe in?

1.6.

Roman Families A Central Focus

In Rome, families were very important. Family units were central to Roman life.
These families consisted of a father, mother, all unmarried children, and any
servants or slaves.
In a Roman family, the father had the final say in all decisions. He decided how
money would be spent, what property would be purchased, or sold, and could
even sell family members into slavery, or have them killed.

Women ran the household, and had the right to

shop at the market, and were well respected in
society. Some wealthy women could own
property.
Romans taught their children to be loyal to their
families, and to the republic. They also taught them to have high moral values,
to treat others with fairness, and to be respectful.
Answer:
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How were formed families in Rome?

1.7.

Roman Conquest And Expansion

The Romans faced threats on every side by other groups of people who lived on
the Italian Peninsula. In order to protect them, the city-state of Rome began to
develop a powerful military.

power

in

the

All Roman citizens

were required to serve
in the military when
needed. This insured a
constantly
available
supply of soldiers. For
the next two and a half
centuries,
Roman
armies
slowly
conquered or subdued
all of their enemies on
the Italian Peninsula.
By 264 B.C., Rome was
the
sole
and
undisputed
ruling
Peninsula.

As the Romans conquered their neighbors they treated them relatively good. At
this time in world history, it was common, when one army conquered another,
to slaughter all of the conquered people. The Romans not only allowed the
conquered to live, but also allowed them to continue following their own
religions, and traditional ways of life. In many cases conquered peoples were
even granted Roman citizenship. In this way, the Romans were able to build
unity and loyalty throughout their empire.
Answer:
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a. Who enrolled in the military services in Rome?

b. Which nations were conquered by the Romans?

1.8.

The Punic Wars

By 264 B.C., Rome was an international force to be reckoned with. They had
conquered all of the Italian Peninsula, and had built the most powerful army in
the world. The only power in the region that could match that of the Romans
was Carthage.
The city-state of Carthage had colonies around the Mediterranean, and had
built the strongest navy in the world. The Romans worried that the
Carthaginians would seize the Strait of Messina, a passageway between Italy,
and Sicily. In order to protect this region, Roman generals marched their
armies South, and destroyed most of the Carthaginian colonies in the area.
This battle began a war with Carthage that would last for the next 25 years.
While Romes army was more powerful, the Carthaginians Navy gave them an
advantage. They could attack along the coast, and then retreat to the sea, where
they were safe.
To combat against this tactic, the Romans built their own fleet of war ships.
They also developed new sea war faring techniques that allowed them to use
their land fighting skills in sea battles. The Romans would use grappling hooks
to attach themselves to a ship. They could then board the ship, and fight man
to man.
By 241 B.C. the Romans forced Carthage to surrender. As part of this
surrender, Carthage paid Rome a large tribute of land and treasure.

12

In 221 B.C. a young Carthaginian general by the name of Hannibal again tried
to attack Rome. Hannibal marched 40,000 troops, and 40 elephants over the
alps
into
the
Roman
homeland.

Caught unexpectedly, the

Romans suffered many
loses. By 216 B.C. Hannibal
had almost completely
defeated the entire Roman
army. However, the Romans
continued to fight. Citizens
were called up from all parts
of the empire to defend
their homeland.
By 202 B.C. Rome was able
to defeat Hannibal, under the direction of a Roman general named Scipio.
In 146 B.C. Carthage again began to grow in strength and power. Rome
worried that they might again try to attack. In order to insure that this did not
happen, Rome decided to attack Carthage, and to wipe it off the face of the
Earth.
Roman armies took the war to the Carthage homeland, where they sold all the
Carthaginians into slavery, and even went so far as to sow salt into their fields,
so that the area could never again be used for farming. This ended the Punic
Wars, and the threat that Carthage posed to Rome.
Activities:
a. Describe Carthage

b. How long did it last the war between the Carthaginian colonies and
Romans?
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1.9.

Julius Caesar
In 60 B.C. a young and ambitious general by the
name of Julius Caesar stepped into political life.
Caesar had been very successful on the
battlefield, and had greatly expanded Rome's
borders The senate feared that Caesar would use
his army to over throw the republican
government. In an attempt to protect this from
happening, the senate ordered Julius Caesar to
return to Rome, but to leave his armies North of
the Rubicon River.
Julius Caesar refused to do as he had been
ordered. By crossing the Rubicon with his
armies, he committed treason against the senate,
and in effect declared civil war.

Caesar eventually defeated opposing forces, and by 45 B.C. had taken over
control of the entire Roman Empire. Caesar had himself declared dictator for
life, giving him absolute power over the empire. He then proceeded to reform
the nation, giving jobs and land to the poor.
Caesars rule in Rome would be brief. The following year, in 44 B.C. Julius
Caesar was murdered by members of the senate, lead by Marcus Brutus and
Gaius Cassius, who were worried that Caesar was destroying the republic
Answer:
a. Who was Julius Caesar?

b. What did the Senate order to do to Julius Caesar?

14

c. Why did Julius Caesar declared himself as a dictator?

1.10. The Triumvirate

After the death of Julius Caesar, the
Roman Empire was divided up and ruled
by three of Caesars former generals.
These generals were Octavian, Marc
Antony, and Marcus Lepidus. These
three leaders formed what they called the
Triumvirate. Each member of the
triumvirate had absolute authority over
matters that took place within their
portion of the empire.
This triumvirate did not last long.
Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from
public life. Octavian then began planning
a civil war against Marc Antony. Antony
fell in love with, and married a princess
from Egypt by the name of Cleopatra.
Octavian convinced the people that Marc
Antony intended to take over Rome, and
put Egyptian rulers in charge of affairs in the Roman Government. Octavian
declared war against Antony in the name of the Roman Republic. By 31 B.C.
Octavian defeated Marc Antony in Greece. In order to evade capture, Marc
Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

Octavian was now the undisputed ruler of Rome. The republican government,
which had been designed to rule a small city-state, and had not been very
effective at ruling the now massive Roman Empire. Rather than reform the
republican form of government that they practiced, Octavian recommended to
the senate that one strong leader be put in place. The senate elected Octavian as
the consul, and supreme leader of Rome for life.
15

Activities:
a. What is the meaning of Triumvirate?

b. Who formed the Triumvirate?

c. Why didnt the Triumvirate last long?

d. Who was Octavian?

1.11. Augustus Caesar

After being elected as consul for life, Octavian
changed his name to Augustus, which means
Majestic One. Augustus Caesar ruled Rome from
27 B.C. until his death in A.D. 14 During his reign,
Augustus Caesar instituted a number of reforms
that strengthened the empire, and that helped the
poor find work, and improved their lives. He also
oversaw a number of important building projects,
that lead him to declare I found this city in bricks,
and left it in marble

Answer:
a. Who was Augustus Caesar?

16

b. What reforms did Augustus Caesar institute?

1.12. The Julian Emperors

Following the death of Augustus Caesar, Rome was ruled by a succession of
four emperors referred to by historians as the Julian Emperors. They are given
this name due to the fact that each of these four emperors was related in some
way to Julius Caesar.

The first of these emperors was Tiberius. Tiberius succeeded Augustus to the
throne, and was his adopted son. He was a cruel and jealous leader, who
accused many innocent people of treason against him.

Tiberius was succeeded by is grand nephew Caligula.

Caligula was mentally ill, and displayed poor
leadership as a result. He was eventually murdered by
one of his own guards.
Caligula was followed to the thrown by Claudius, who
was in ineffective leader, and who cared more about
living a comfortable life, than ruling an empire.
Claudius was followed to the thrown by Nero. Nero
was a violent and cruel leader, who nearly bankrupt Rome through horse racing
and music.
Activities:
a. Who were the Julian Emperors?

b. Who succeeded who? Make a Timeline to describe it.

17

1.13. The Good Emperors

Following the Julian emperors, a series of generals backed by the Roman Army
ruled Rome for 28 years. Tired of violent, or ineffective leaders, the Roman
Senate decided to take action. The senate began to put forward their own
candidates for emperor. These emperors tended to be fair, reasonable, and
effective. They lead Rome forward to a golden age, and expanded the borders of
the Roman Empire to the largest that they had ever been. For these reasons,
they were referred to as the good emperors.
Activities:
a. Why was the term good emperors used after Julian Emperors?

1.14. Pax Romana

From 30 B.C. until A.D. 180 Rome enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity.
This time period is referred to by historians as the Pax Romana, or Roman
Peace.

This 200 year period of

peace and stability
allowed the Roman
Empire to achieve new
heights in technology,
agriculture,
science,
and the arts. The
18

Roman Empire was a very civilized place during this time, and life was generally
comfortable, and good.
Answer:
a. What produced the Roman Peace?

1.15. Christianity, A New State Religion

Religion in the Italian Peninsula had a long history. The early Romans had
worshiped the spirit gods of the Etruscans, their neighbors to the North.
Later Romans adopted the gods of the Greeks as their deities. However, Roman
tradition allowed people to worship according to the dictates of their own
hearts. As a result of this religious freedom, many different religions and sects
flourished in the Roman Empire.
Around A.D. 30 a new religious movement began among the Jews in the
distant borders of the Roman Empire. A group of Jews began following the
teachings of a new leader by the name of Jesus Christ. Slowly this movement
expanded beyond the Jews, to many other peoples in the surrounding areas,
and a new religion was born. This new religion would be known as
Christianity.
After the death of Jesus, his followers continued to teach those things that he
had taught them. They taught that Jesus Christ was the Son of God, and the
Messiah that the Jews had been waiting for.
Many people throughout the Mediterranean accepted these teachings, and
became known as Christians. For the next 300 years, Christianity was practiced
by many city dwellers in private. Roman officials viewed Christians as a threat,
and often had them killed. Christians continued to establish churches, and to
spread their religion, but they did so discreetly.
19

In A.D. 312 an important Roman general by the name of Constantine was

converted to Christianity through a spiritual experience he had on the
battlefield. That same year, Constantine was made emperor of Rome.

Under his leadership,

Constantine
offered
protection
to
Christians,
allowing
Christian churches to
be built throughout the
empire, and allowing
Christianity to spread
more quickly.
By
A.D.
392
Christianity
had
become a powerful force in Rome. It was practiced from border to border. In
this same year, the emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the state religion,
and outlawed all other religious practices.
Christians began to organize their church into parishes, which were overseen by
priests. Several parishes formed what was called a diocese. Each diocese was led
by a bishop.
Eventually the bishop in Rome began to claim authority over all other bishops,
and gave himself the title of papa, or Pope. The Western parishes readily
accepted the authority of the Pope, however, the Eastern churches did not. The
churches in the West eventually became known as the Roman Catholic
Church, while the churches in the East joined together to form the Eastern
Orthodox Church.
Activities:
a. Look up the meaning of these terms:
Deity:
20

Sect:
Jews:
Jesus Christ:
Christianity:
God:
Church:
b. Write a summary about Christianity in the Roman Empire.

1.16. The End of The Roman Empire

After a brief period of peace known as the Pax Romana, which lasted about 200
years, Rome fell into a long slow period of decline. Instead of focusing on
protecting their borders, Roman armies began fighting against one another. As
a result, many outside invaders were able to enter Rome, and cause great
destruction. These invaders included the Visigoths, the Huns, the Germans, the
Persians, the Slavs, and the Avars.
By the late A.D. 400s Rome was completely overrun by these outside forces,
and ceased to function as an empire. In A.D. 476 the German soldier Odoacer
captured the city of Rome, and killed the emperor. He named himself king of
Italy. Many historians consider this the official date of the fall of Rome.
Answer:
a. What was the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire?
21

b. When was the fall of the Roman Empire?

c. Personal Opinion:
Humanity?

what was the contributions of Roman to the

22

UNIT 2: AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

2.1. African Civilizations
The continent of Africa is three times bigger than the United States. This vast
landmass provides a varied landscape of forests, river valleys, deserts, and
grasslands. Over the centuries many different peoples and cultures have made
Africa their home. Indeed it is believed by many archeologists that Africa is the
birthplace of the human race. Early African peoples did not usually leave a
written record. Instead, they passed on their histories through oral traditions
and stories.

This lack of written histories has

made the task of studying these
peoples
more
difficult.
Archeologists have had to learn
as much as they can by
collecting these oral traditions,
and by studying ancient artifacts

Activities:
List 5 characteristics of African Civilizations.

23

2.2. Nubia
The first civilization to appear in Northern Africa
was that of the Nubians. The Nubians lived in
villages along the Nile River, just south of Egypt
around 3000 B.C. The fertile soils and endless
fresh water from the Nile made Nubia the perfect
location to build a city.
The city they built was one of the most sophisticated of the time. Nubian kings,
noblemen, and merchants grew wealthy through trade with Egypt and other
peoples. Elaborate Nubian tombs have been found, showing that the kings of
the time were as wealthy as the Egyptian kings of the same era.
Activities:
a. What was the first African Civilization?
b. Where was Nubia located?
c. Describe the city of Nubia.

2.3. The Kingdom of Kush

After a thousand years, Nubia gradually
evolved becoming larger and more
powerful. By 2000 B.C. Nubia was known
as the Kingdom of Kush. The people of this
kingdom traded Ivory and other treasures
from Southern Africa with the peoples who
lived further North.

Around 1500 B.C. Egyptian leaders sent armies in to overpower Kush. For
nearly 500 years, Kush would be controlled by the Egyptians, and would be
forced to pay the Pharaoh a tribute. Eventually however, around 1000 B.C.
24

Kush was able to turn the tables, winning their freedom from Egypt. Then in
724 B.C. lead by a Kushite king named Piankhi a large and well trained Kushite
army was able to invade Egypt, and control it.
In 671 B.C. the Assyrians, who had superior weaponry were able to run the
Kushites out of Egypt, and rule it for themselves. The Assyrians used iron
weapons, which were harder and more powerful than the bronze weapons that
the Kushites used.
After leaving Egypt and returning to their original borders, the Kingdom of
Kush entered a golden age. For the next 150 years, the Kushites grew wealthy.
They were able to build large comfortable homes, and plan beautiful cities. This
golden age was however brought to an end by a people known as the Axums,
who invaded around 500 B.C. from the East.
Activities:
a. How was called Nubia when it became larger and more powerful?

b. What did people from the Kingdom of Kush trade?

c. Which nation was controlled by Kush?

d. How the Kingdom of Kush entered a golden age?

2.4. Axum
25

The Axums controlled a territory along the Red

Sea that allowed them to prosper from trade.
After defeating the Kingdom of Kush, Axum
was able to control trade into and out of much
of Africa. Cargo ships from Rome, India, Persia,
and Egypt brought goods in, and took Ivory and
other goods out to the rest of the known world.
Around A.D. 330 the king of Axum was
converted to Christianity by a pair of
shipwrecked missionaries. This king declared
that Christianity was to be the official religion of the nation.
The Christian nation of Axum thrived until the A.D. 600s when Muslim
raiders and bandits began seizing Axum goods and territory. Unable to
adequately fight back, the Kingdom of Axum became smaller, and less
influential. Gradually, the people of Axum began calling their kingdom
Ethiopia.
Activities
a. Where were the Axums located?
b. What was Axum able to control?
c. How was Axum converted to Christianity?

2.5. The People of Nok

Around 700 B.C. a small civilization emerged in the
Niger River Valley, known as the Nok People
civilization. Very little is known about this people or
about their culture. They were not as wealthy as the
Kingdoms of the North. They lead a quiet life of
farming and family. The few artifacts that have been found show that they used
iron tools to plow and farm the land.
26

Activities:
a. Where was Nok located?
b. Was Nok a wealthy civilization?
c. What did they do for a living?
2.6. The Bantu Peoples
Around 1000 B.C. much of Africa was
covered in small villages of primitive
peoples who shared languages that were
similar to one another. Because the
languages they shared are known as Bantu,
these people are referred to as the Bantu
peoples.
The Bantus lived in small villages that were governed by a chief, council, or by
elders. These villages were typically made up of extended families, but marriage
among people of different villages was common.
The locations of Bantu villages were temporary. They tended to remain in one
location until the resources in that area were exhausted. As life became more
difficult, or the ground less fertile, they would move on to a new location.
Activities:
a. Why were they called the Bantu Peoples?
b. Why the locations of Bantu villages were temporary?
2.7. The Kingdom of Ghana
Around A.D. 300 a new and powerful kingdom emerged in West Africa. This
kingdom was known as Ghana. Between A.D. 300 and A.D. 1200 Ghana
controlled the export of salt, and gold. They were also able to prosper from the
collection of taxes on the many merchant caravans that traveled through their
territory as they brought goods from one area to another.
27

Ghana controlled a vast area of over 100,000

square miles. A Ghanan king was referred to as the
Ghana, just like a Egyptian king was referred to as
the pharaoh.
Activities:
a. What products did Ghana control to export?
b. What was the way Ghana had to prosper?
c. Glossary: Look up the meaning of these terms:
Pharaoh
Emerge
Tax
Prosper
2.8. The Kingdom of Mali
Around A.D. 1200 a small city-state controlled by Ghana was able to win its
independence. This city-state was named Mali. During the A.D. 1300s Mali
expanded its territory, and influence. By the late A.D. 1300s Mali controlled all
of the former Kingdom of Ghana, as well as much of the territory around it.
This new kingdom faced many threats
from both its neighbors, as well as the
people they had conquered. By the mid
A.D. 1500s the peoples they had
conquered began to rebel against their
control. At the same time, attacks from
outside forces weakened the armies of
Mali, causing the kingdom to split into several smaller city-states.

28

Activities:
a. Which small city was controlled by Ghana?

b. What was the problem between Ghana and Mali?

2.9. The Kingdom of Songhai

Around A.D. 1400 a strong military leader by the name of Sunni Ali lead his
forces in a succession of battle victories. Through these victories, Sunni Ali
conquered much of the former Kingdoms of Ghana and Mali.
Upon his death, Sunni Ali left rule of his kingdom to his son. Sunni Ali was
Muslim, but his son was not. The people rebelled against their new non-muslim
king, and instead installed their own king, a man named Askia Muhammad.
In A.D. 1528 Muhammad was overthrown by his son. Following this event, the
Kingdom of Songhai entered a period of war and decline. This war weakened
the kingdom, so that by A.D. 1589 they were unable to defend themselves
against invading armies from Morocco.
Activities:
a. Who was Sunni Ali?
b. Who was Muhammad?

UNIT 3: INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS

29

3.1. Civilizations of India

For many thousands of
years mankind has
inhabited the Indus
River Valley. Living a
simple life of hunting,
gathering, and later, of
farming
and
agriculture,
these
peoples were able to
thrive, raise families,
and
practice
their
religious beliefs.

Then in about 1500 B.C. a new, more technically advanced group of people
arrived in the region. These people were known as the Aryans. The Aryans were
a fair skinned people that used their technologies to conquer the peoples of the
Indus River Valley.
Activities:
a. Where was the Indian Civilization located?
b. Who were the Aryans?
c. In which continent is the Indus River Valley located?

3.2. The Aryans

30

The Aryans were a fair skinned people that originated somewhere near the
Caspian and Black Sea around 1500 B.C. The Aryan people possessed greater
technologies than many of the peoples around them. For many hundreds of
years the Aryans spread from the region near these two seas towards the Indus
River Valley.
After conquering the peoples of the Indus
River Valley, the Aryans continued to push
their territory outward. They moved
towards the southeast, and conquered the
people of the Ganges Plain.
The Aryan culture eventually spread
throughout much of South Asia. Many
aspects of Aryan culture still exist today in
these regions today.

3.3. Aryan Life

The Aryans were not unified under a single
government. They shared the same language
and traditions, but were organized into small
tribes or groups. Each tribe was ruled by a chief
known as a rajah.
The Aryans were a warlike people, and
celebrated their victories in battle, passing on
war stories from one generation to the next.
Early Aryans were nomadic, traveling from one
place to another in search of food and shelter.
Later Aryans learned to farm the fertile soils of
the Indus River Valley, allowing their
settlements to become more permanent.
The Aryan world was ruled by the men. Woman were subject to their husbands,
and were considered their property. Both boys and girls were allowed to attend
schools, and receive an education.
31

3.4. Aryan Economy

The Aryans raised cattle, sheep,
goats, and other animals. They also
farmed crops, and probably traded
with other tribes, as well as with their
non-Aryan neighbors.

The most important indicator to of

wealth among the Aryans was the number of cattle that an individual owned.
The more cattle an family, or tribe possessed the more wealthy they were.
Eventually cattle became so important in Aryan society that they made it illegal
to kill or eat them.
Activities:
a. Fill in the Chart with information about the Aryans.
Aryan Location

Aryan Life

Aryan Economy

3.5. Vedas
For many hundreds of
years the Aryans did not
have a written language.
Instead, they passed their
32

history down from one generation to another though stories, poems, and epics.
These oral histories would be memorized, word for word, and handed down,
insuring that future generations would not forget their past.
Around 1200 B.C. the Aryans developed a written language. The oral traditions
that had been handed down were recorded in sacred books called Vedas, or
Books of Knowledge.
These Vedas give historians an accurate window into the lives and culture of the
Aryan peoples. Without them, we would know very little about the Aryans.
Activities:
a. What are the Vedas?

b. Why the Vedas are known as Books of Knowledge?

3.6. Varnas A Caste System

From the Vedas we learn a great deal
about the social caste system
implemented by the Aryans. A social
caste is a rank, or level within a
society that tells other members of
the society how important each
individual is. The Aryans called the
ranks in their society Varnas.
33

The highest Varna was the priests, called Brahmans. The Brahmans were the
only Varna that were allowed to both read, and also teach from the Vedas.
The next most important varna were the Kshatriyas. The Kshatriyas were made
up of the warriors, and rulers of villages. These people were allowed to study
the Vedas, but they were not allowed to teach them to other people.
After the Kshatriyas, the Vaisyas were the third varna in importance. The
Vaisyas were made up of artisans, merchants, and farmers. These people could
not study, nor teach from the Vedas.
The lowest varna were the Sudras. The Sudras were the servants of the other
three varnas, and were responsible for doing the jobs that no one else wanted.
These varnas were rigid. An individual was born into a varna, socialized only
with other members of their varna, married in their varna, and died a member
of their varna. They could not move up or down within that rigid system. Thus,
the varna you were born into would determine your lifestyle, and what types of
jobs would be open to you.

Activities:
a. Draw the Caste System implemented by the Aryans.

34

b. Look up the meaning of these terms in the dictionary:

Deal:
Caste:
Priest:
Warrior:
Artisan:
Merchant:
Servant:
Rigid:
3.7. Dharma
The Vedas outlined the duties of each
Varna. These duties were called dharmas.
The Aryans believed strongly in the
importance of fulfilling their duties.

These duties depended both on the varna that an individual belonged to, as
well as on their age. The duties outlined what jobs an individual could do, what
jobs they should do, and what jobs they must do. Every aspect of social life and
behavior was outlined for them based on their varna.
Activities:
What are the Dharmas?

35

What are duties?

3.8. Indian Religion

The Aryans believed in many gods. They worshiped Indra, the god of war; Agni
, the god of fire; and Usha, the goddess of the morning, as well as many other
minor gods and goddesses. They believed that these deities had great power
over their lives. The priests performed elaborate ceremonies in an effort to both
please them, as well as gain their favor.

Over time the Aryan religion slowly evolved,

becoming more complex, and rich with tradition
and ceremony. The religion grew to become
Hinduism, which is one of the primary religions
still practiced in the region today.

Activities:
a. Describe the Indian Religion:

b. What did the Priest do?

c. What is the Hinduism?

36

3.9. Sacred Writings

In addition to the Vedas, other sacred books began to appear. The first of these
were the epics of Mahabharata, and Ramayana. Mahabharata is a long epic
poem that is over 100,000 versus long. It tells the story of two families, and of
their struggle for power, and control over the Aryans. This story is full of
philosophical ideas, and thoughts on their culture, and religious practices.
The Ramayana is a smaller epic poem, but still considerably large, at over
24,000 versus. This epic tells the story of a kind and goodly king, and his wife.
Later the Upanishads would be written from 800 B.C. to 400 B.C. The
Upanishads are the recorded wisdom of generations of priests as they search for
religious meaning and truth.
Activities:
a. What is the difference between the Mahabharata and Ramayana?

b. Explain these phrases:

struggle for power
philosophical ideas
3.10. Brahman Nerguna
The Upanishads taught that all living
things possessed within them a part of a
universal spirit. They believed that
because all things possessed a part of this
37

spirit, that all living things were sacred, and should not be killed.
The Hindus believed that in order for a spirit to achieve true joy and freedom,
they must be united again with that spirit. In order to achieve tranquility, and
bring themselves closer to the spirit, which they called Brahman Nerguna they
practiced a series of mental and physical exercises known as yoga.
Activities:
a. What were Hindus thoughts about the spirit?

b. What is yoga?

3.11. Reincarnation
The Hindus believed that the soul went through a series of rebirths, as it strived
to obtain a oneness with the universal spirit, or Brahman Nerguna. They
believed that when a person died, they would be reborn again, living many lives,
until they perfected themselves. This state of perfection was called moksha.
They believed that how a person lived their current life would determine the
form they would take in the next life. If they lived a good life, and fulfilled all
their dharmas or duties, they might be born into a higher varna or class in the
next life. If they lived poorly, they might be born into a lower life, or even into a
lower life form, such as a beetle, or snake.
When one obtained this state of Moksha their cycle of rebirth after rebirth
would finally stop, and they would live in eternal happiness at oneness with the
Brahman Nerguna.
Activities:
38

a. What is the reincarnation?

b. What is moksha?
3.12. Buddhism Arrives
The 500 B.C.s were a period of religious
reform in the Indus River Valley, and
surrounding regions. Many religious
leaders began to question the long
standing Hindu values and teachings.
New teachers began to travel, teaching
new ideas, and forming new sects and
religions. The most influential of these
teachers was a prince by the name of
Siddhartha Gautama.
Gautama was a Kshatriya Prince. His
position of power in Indian society
allowed him to live a life of great comfort.
This sheltered life kept him from viewing
the state of poverty and sickness that many of the people lived in. When
Gautama was 29 years old, he began to tour his kingdom. Gautama was
shocked at how much his people suffered.
Distressed, Gautama left his wife, and newborn son in search of truth, and
enlightenment. For the next seven years he lived as a hermit wandering and
pondering humanity, and life.
Activities:
a. Who was Gautama and what were his beliefs?

b. What did Gautama do at the age of 29?

39

c. What happened during the next seven years?

3.13. The Four Noble Truths

During these wanderings, Gautama
developed a series of what he called
the Four Noble Truths. After
developing these truths, he began
teaching them to his family friends,
and eventually to many others. His
followers began to call him the
Buddha, or Enlightened One.

The first of the noble truths, said the Buddha was that all people no matter how
rich or poor suffer pains and afflictions. Second, the Buddha taught that people
suffer these afflictions because they keep traveling through the endless cycle of
rebirths or reincarnation. He taught that these rebirths were caused by
mankinds desires for different things.
Thirdly, he taught that people could end their cycle of rebirths, and thus their
suffering by ending their desires for things. Finally, the Buddha taught that a
person could eliminate their desires by following what he called the Eightfold
Path.
Activities:
a. List the Four Noble Truths elaborated by Gautama

b. Whats your opinion about these four noble thruths?

40

3.14. The Eightfold Path

In order to eliminate their desires for worldly things,
and thus end the cycle of rebirths, the Buddha taught
his people to follow eight principals. These eight
principals were to know the truth, resist evil, say nothing
that might be hurtful, respect life, free the mind from
evil, work in service towards neighbors, control evil
thoughts, and practice meditation.
Activities:
a. List the eight principals taught by the Buddha.

3.15. Nirvana
By following the eightfold path, and
avoiding evil extremes, the Buddha
taught that an individual could
achieve nirvana. He taught that
nirvana, which in their language
meant to blow out a candle, was a
state of non-existence It was not a
place, like heaven, but rather an
actual state of non-existence. When someone reached nirvana, their soul was in
harmony with the universe, and they would cease to exist
41

Activities:
a. Write a synonym for each term:
Nirvana:
Candle:
Non-existence:
Heaven:
Soul:
Harmony:
Universe:

3.16. Buddhism Spreads Abroad

The Buddha spent 45 years traveling throughout
India teaching the Four Noble Truths, and the
Eightfold Path. Through his efforts, he was able to
gain a large following of several thousand disciples.
After his death, the Buddhas followers continued to
travel, preaching the new religion throughout the
Asian Continent, into China, Japan, Korea, and
eventually throughout the World.

3.17. Buddhism Splits

Shortly after the death of the Buddha, disagreements in the doctrines
of Buddhism developed. Many followers began to look to the Buddha
as a savior and believed that he should be worshiped. Many others felt
that they should not worship the Buddha, and looked to him only as a
teacher.
42

Those who felt it important to worship the Buddha became known as

Mahayana Buddhists. Those who did not worship the Buddha were known as
Theravada Buddhists.
Activities
Explain in the chart each heading.
Buddhism Spreads Abroad

Buddhism Splits

3.18. Indian Kingdoms And Empires

A number of smaller kingdoms, and larger
empires flowered and later declined in the Indus
River Valley and surrounding region. None of
these ever managed to rule the entire region, but
some became quite powerful and wealthy.

3.19. The Kingdom of Magadha

Around 550 B.C. a small kingdom in the northern part of the region known as
the Magadha Kingdom began to expand and flourish. Lead by an aggressive
king by the name of Bimsiara Magadha expanded its borders.

King Bimsiara used armies, politics,

and marriage to add more territory
to his kingdom. After his death in
43

495 B.C. the Kingdom of Bimsiara began to decline rapidly.

Around 500 B.C. Persian armies invaded the region, bringing havoc upon the
people of Magadha and surrounding city-states. In 327 B.C. Alexander The
Great entered into the Valley, and conquered it for a short time.
In 321 B.C. a military leader by the name of Chandragupta Maurya overthrew
the Magadha king, and declared himself the ruler of the Kingdom of Magdha.
3.20 . The Mauryan Empire
Maurya was a skilled leader and
politician, as well as military leader. He
expanded the Kingdom of Magadha
into the Mauryan Empire. Maurya
developed infrastructure such as roads,
bridges, and a post office, that would
help his empire to flourish for almost
150 years Mauryas Grandson Asoka
began his rule as a brutal warlord. His
military expanded the borders of the empire to include two thirds of the Indian
subcontinent. In later life Asoka grew tired of war, and became converted to
Buddhism. He taught his people to be kind to others, and to have regard for
human life. Under his rule, Buddhist teachers were able to spread Buddhism
far and wide.
After the death of Asoka the Mauryan empire entered a period of decline. His
successors levied heavy taxes on the people. Their harsh treatment caused the
people to turn against their Mauryan masters. The last Mauryan king was
murdered in 184 B.C. which ended the Mauryan Empire. The region again
returned to the control of small city-states

3.21. The Gupta Empire

For 490 years following the fall of the
Mauryan Empire, the Indian people would
44

remain under the rule of small city-states. Then in A.D. 310 a new leader
emerged who would begin again to unify India. This leaders name was
Chandragupta. Chandragupta setup his capital in the old Kingdom of
Magadha.
Under the rule of Chandragupta, and his descendants, the people of the Gupta
Empire flourished. During this time period great advances in art and science
were made. For this reason, many historians refer to this time period as the
golden era of Indian history.
Activities
Write the right information about each larger empire.
The Kingdom of Magadha

The Mauryan Empire

The Gupta Empire

Time:______________

Time:______________

Time:_____________

Leader:_____________

Leader:_____________

Leader:____________

Feature:____________

Feature:____________

Feature:____________

3.22. The Guptas Return To Hinduism

Under the rule of Guptan kings, the people of India returned to their Hindu
roots. Hindu became the religion of the state in the Gupta Empire, and leaders
encouraged the people to follow the teachings in the sacred writings, especially
the Upanishads.
Guptan Kings lowered taxes, and encouraged freedom, and personal
development. As a result, the Guptan Empire became the center of arts,
learning, science, and technology, astronomy, and math for the region.
Activities:
45

a. Why did the Gruptas return to Hinduism?

b. Why did the Gruptan become a center of arts, learning, science, and
technology, astronomy, and math for the region?

3.23. The Gupta Empire Declines

After the death of one of their greatest kings, Chandragupta II the Gupta
Empire began to fall apart. New leaders were not as effective in ruling the
government. As the government became weaker, invaders from the Northwest
were able to weaken and ultimately destroy the empire.
By A.D. 600 the Gupta Empire was no more. The region was once again made
up of a collection of many different city-states. However, even though the Gupta
Empire was gone, the Gupta culture remained. Much of modern Indian
Culture was first established by the Guptans.
Activities:
Write down the causes for the Grupta Empire declination.
UNIT 4: CIVILIZATIONS IN CHINA
4.1. Civilization In China
The
Chinese
civilization is the oldest
civilization
still
in
existence today, and
extends backwards in
history in an unbroken
chain over nearly four
thousand
years.
Throughout
these
46

thousands of years of history, the Chinese people have been instrumental in

developing technologies and advancing the knowledge of mankind.
The Chinese have been ruled by a succession of dynasties. A dynasty is a family
that passes the right to rule the nation from one generation to the next.
4.2. The Xia Dynasty
Before China developed the ability to write down
their history, stories were passed down orally from
one generation to the next. The story of the Xia
Dynasty is such a case. For decades historians have
believed that the Xia Dynasty was just legend. Then
in 1959 evidence was found that showed that this
dynasty may not have just been legend, but may
have really existed. The truth about whether or not
the Xia Dynasty really existed is still being debated
The Xia family would have ruled China from around 2100 B.C. until around
1800 B.C. They are believed to have been Aryans, who migrated into the area,
and who were able to conquer the local peoples using their superior weaponry
and technology
4.3. The Shang Dynasty
Like the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty
was once thought to be only a myth or
legend. Unlike the Xia Dynasty, which
is still being heavily debated, the Shang
Dynasty is now considered by all
historians as a true dynasty. Because
many historians do not consider the Xia
Dynasty a true dynasty, the Shang
Dynasty is often called the first true
Chinese dynasty.

47

The Shang Dynasty ruled China from around 1500 B.C. until 1100 B.C.
During this 400 year period of history, Chinese tradition states that 30 separate
kings ruled from a succession of 7 different capitals. Only a few of these capitals
have been located and excavated by archeologists. The last capital from which
this dynasty ruled was located in 1899, and was the first Shang Dynasty capital
to be found and studied.
One of the most important contributions made during the period that the
Shang Dynasty ruled China was the invention of writing. The earliest written
records found in China come from this time period.

4.4. The Zhou Dynasty

The Zhou family was able to defeat and overthrow the last Shang Dynasty king
in 1028 B.C. They claimed that the Shang Dynasty had lost the mandate of
heaven due to their poor governing. The Zhou Dynasty would become the
longest lasting dynasty in Chinese history, lasting over 800 years.

The Zhou set up a new economy, rearranging the affairs of the kingdom. As
they did so, the borders of their kingdom swelled, and they were able to
maintain control over the people they conquered effectively.

Zhou kings assigned

nobleman, who were
usually members of the
royal family to serve as
regional rulers. These
nobleman owned the
land, and were given
absolute authority over
it. The peasants could
not own land, but
48

instead worked the land for the noblemen.

This form of government worked well for several hundred years. However,
overtime the king slowly became less powerful, while the nobleman grew in
power.
In 771 B.C. while fighting against a rebellion, the Zhou armies suffered a
terrible defeat. As a result, the Zhou Dynasty lost even more power to the
noblemen. They managed to hang on to power for another 500 years. Then in
256 B.C. the Zhou Dynasty was finally overthrown.
4.5. The Qin Dynasty
By 221 B.C. a man by the name of Qin had overthrown all remaining members
of the Zhou Dynasty, and all other opposition, allowing him to place himself as
the ruler of China. The Qin Dynasty would only last about 11 years. Yet during
these short years, this dynasty would make changes that would effect the history
of China for thousands of years. So influential was Qin, that the name of the
nation, China, is a derivative of his name.

In order to show his importance and power,

Qin added a new name to his own. He
began calling himself Qin Shihuangdi,
which means Qin, the first emperor of
China.
Qin Shihuangdi again reorganized the affairs
of China. Instead of a system of nobleman,
Qin wanted everything to be under his
direct authority and control. He established
a strict set of written laws that were
recognized throughout China, and setup
military control in each region of China so

49

that local nobleman could not rebel against the emperor.

4.6. Qin Building Projects

The Qin emperor set out to build up China into the most glorious nation on
Earth. In order to do this he needed labor. Qin used the peasants, forcing them
to work under slave conditions, so that he could build roads, bridges, canals,
buildings, and his most famous building project of all, the Great Wall of China.

Activities:
Complete the outline with brief information about each Dynasty:

Civilization
in China
The Xia
Dynasty

The Shang
Dynasty

The Zhou
Dynasty

The Quin
Dynasty

50

4.7. The Great Wall of China

Early emperors had built walls in the
northern territories to protect their nation
against attack from outside forces. These
walls were spread across the landscape, and
not connected.

Qin was an ambitious leader. He ordered his

people to connect the existing walls together, and to expand them, eventually
covering a distance of over 4000 miles. As seen in this map.

Over 300,000 peasants were forced to help build the Great Wall of China.
Many of which died during the construction. After working for several years,
the Great Wall of China was completed, and still stands today as one of the
great building projects in human history.
Activities:
a. Why was the Great Wall of China built?
51

b. Is the Great Wall of China still today?

4.8. Qin Dynasty Ends

By 210 B.C. the peasants were tired of being forced to build
one project after another for their emperor. The noblemen
were upset that their power had been taken away, and the
scholars were upset at the emperor who had ordered all the
books to be burned.
In 207 B.C. a military leader by the name of Liu Bang was
able to overthrow the Qin, establishing himself as the new emperor of China

4.9. The Han Dynasty

In the year 207 B.C. a new dynasty began to rule
China. This dynasty was lead by a peasant whose
name was Liu Bang. Liu Bang had grown tired of
the brutal leadership of the Qin Dynasty. Many
other people also were tired of the Qin. Liu Bang
proclaimed that the Qin had lost the mandate of
heaven, or the right to rule the nation. He was
able to overthrow them, and establish himself as
the new emperor of China, and the first emperor
of the Han Dynasty.
The Han Dynasty would rule China for the next
400 years. During this time period they would be
one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations
on Earth. Their achievements would only be
surpassed by the Roman Empire.

52

Because of its location amidst high mountains and surrounded on many sides
by water, China was isolated from much of the rest of the world. As their
civilization flourished and their wealth increased, they were largely unaware of
what advancements were taking place in the nations around them.
Activities
a. Explain the end of the Quin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han one.

4.12. Pax Sinica

During the rule of the Han emperors, China enjoyed a 400
year period of peace and prosperity. During this time, the
Han emperors established a strong central government that
was designed to help the people, and protect them.
One such innovation was the storage of food. During times
of plenty, Han emperors would have great amounts of food
put up into storage. Then during difficult times, they would sell these food
stores, helping to stabilize food prices.
The Han also abolished the practice of giving powerful government positions to
members of the royal family. They wanted the most capable leaders to control
government. To insure that the most talented leaders were given government
posts, the Han Emperor Wudi instituted a series of written exams. Anyone
could take the tests. Those who received the highest scores were given posts in
the government.
Activities:
Explain the most important points in the Pax Sinica period.

53

4.13. The End of The Han Dynasty

By A.D. 220 the Han Dynasty had fallen into a weakened state. Warriors from
competing areas began fighting one another, throwing China into a period of
civil war that would last for many years.

Even though the Han Dynasty had ended, many of the

contributions made by this dynasty would become
interwoven into Chinese culture, and would endure
through the ages to modern times.

4.14. Religion In China

The religious history of China is complex, and has evolved over the centuries.
Deeply interwoven into their beliefs is the worship of their ancestors. The
Chinese believed that the spirits of their ancestors were watching over them,
and that they could be called upon during difficult times. Throughout Chinese
history many different religious movements have taken hold, and then later
died away. Some religious movements have lasted longer than others. A few of
these still exist today
4.15. Confucianism
In 551 B.C. a man by the name of Kongzi was born to a poor family in the
province of Shandong. Kongzi is known in the western world as Confucius.
Confucius saw many problems in the world in which he lived. He wanted to
help make improvements, in order to change the world for the better. In order
to get into a position of influence, Confucius tried to get himself appointed as
an advisor to a number of different government officials. When this failed,
Confucius
instead
set
out
as
a
teacher.
54

The most important things to Confucius were

peace, and order. He felt that everyone had a
proper role in society, and that if people were
willing to accept their role, and fulfill it, that peace
and harmony would abound.
In order to help people accept their roles in society,
and establish order, Confucius laid out what he
called ethics. These ethics outlined how individuals
should treat one another. The most important of
these ethics outlined the responsibilities of
children to respect and listen to their parents, and
other elders.
He also laid out ethics for how subjects should
follow rulers, for how rulers should treat subjects,
how husbands and wives should treat one another,
and how friends should treat each other.
During his own lifetime Confucius teachings were not widely accepted.
However, within a hundred years, they were being used by the emperor to help
him rule, and eventually became a widely followed religion. Confucianism
would remain a powerful force in Chinese history.
4.16. Daoism
A contemporary to Confucius was a teacher named Laozi. Most of what we
know about Laozi is so heavily mixed with legend, that it is difficult to know
what is true, and what is myth.

55

The teachings of Laozi

were
recording
in
writings called the Dao
De Jing. Laozi taught
that a force known as
the Dao permeated all
living things. He told
his followers that the
most important thing
an individual could do
is to reject the world,
and their desires for
worldly possessions and power, and commune with nature, bringing ones self
into a state of oneness with the Dao.
Many individuals in China practices both Confucianism and Daoism.
Confucianism taught them how to behave towards one another, while Daoism
taught them how to behave towards the natural world, and with themselves
personally.
4.17. Buddhism Arrives In China
Buddhism was founded by an Indian prince, who called himself the Buddha.
The Buddha taught his people about what he called The Four Noble Truths,
and an Eightfold Path. He also taught the people to use meditation. More can
be read about the Buddha in chapter seven, using the menu to the left side of
your screen.
After the death of the Buddha, his followers traveled around Asia spreading his
message to distant lands. Buddhism reached China just as the Han Dynasty was
coming to an end. During these difficult times, people were in search of faith.
Buddhism, along with its teachings of Nirvana offered them hope for a better
life. By A.D. 400 Buddhism was widely practiced in China.
56

Activities:
Explain about:
Confucianism

Daoism

Buddhism

57

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/
http://www.gradebook.org/Social%20Studies%20Worksheets.ht
m

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/hyper_titles.cfm
http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentations
andactivities/presentations/timeline/

http://www.worldhistory.com/
http://old.sandi.net/depts/history_social_science/world_histor
y_curriculum.pdf

http://iss.schoolwires.com/1685204410347887/lib/168520441
0347887/Chapter_20.pdf

http://www.historyonthenet.com/Lessons/worksheets.htm
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/schools/primaryhistory/wo
rksheets/worldhistory/world_explorers.pdf

http://www.eduplace.com/ss/socsci/books/content/gfxorganiz
ers/graph_2-col.pdf

58

59