Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Index
1. Material and Energy Balance
1.1 Material Balance
1.2 Energy Balance
2. Environmental Protection & Energy Conservation
2.1 Air Pollution
2.2 Liquid Effluents
2.3 Solids disposal
2.4 Noise Pollution
2.5 Energy conservation
3. Organizational Structure and Manpower Requirement
3.1 Organizational Principles and Basics
3.2 Hierarchy
3.3 Manpower Requirement
4. SITE SELECTION & PROJECT LAYOUT
4.1 Plant Location
4.2 Plant Layout
1|Page
Material Balance
(120)
O2
C6H5C (CH3)2OOH
(32)
(152)
H2S04
C6H5OH
(152)
(94)
= 152 kg moles
Oxygen
= 32 kg moles
Phenol
= 94 kg moles
Acetone
= 58 kg moles
= 120+32=152 kg moles
1.1.3 Feed:
Cumene = 1650 kg (For 1000 kg of Phenol)
Required oxygen = 440 kg
1 kg of air contains 0.23 kg of O2
X kg of air contains 440 kg of O2
Amount of air supplied = 1913 kg of air
25% excess air supplied = 478 kg of air
Actual amount of air supplied = 2319 kg of air
1.1.4 Balances:
2|Page
OUTLET
CH3COCH3
(58)
OXIDIZER:
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
Cumene
35786.025
9065.793
Air
51857.2035
---
Cumene hydroperoxide
----
36263.172
Off gases
----
42314.2635
Total
87643.2285
87643.2285
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
Cumene hydroperoxide
36263.172
9067.96185
Cleavage
9065.793
---
H2SO4
---
36271.8474
Total
10.84425
---
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
Cumene hydroperoxide
36271.8474
9067.96185
Carryover Cleavage
---
906.5793
Cleavage
9067.96185
35365.2681
Total
45339.80925
45339.80925
ACIDIFIER:
Cumene
SEPARATOR:
WASH TOWER:
3|Page
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
Cleavage
35365.2681
---
Water
520.524
---
---
35256.8256
---
628.9665
Total
35885.7921
35885.7921
ACETONE COLUMN:
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
OVERHEAD
BOTTOM
Cleavage
35256.8256
---
---
Acetone
---
10818.2238
---
Carryover cleavage
---
108.4425
---
---
---
108.4425
Residue
---
---
24221.7168
Total
35256.8256
10926.6663
24330.1593
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
OVERHEAD
Carryover acetone in
residue
CUMENE COLUMN:
COMPONENTS
BOTTOM
Feed
24330.1593
---
---
Cumene
---
1763.27505
---
---
108.4425
---
Residue
---
---
22458.44175
Total
24330.1593
1871.71755
22458.44175
Carryover acetone in
Cumene
4|Page
COMPONENTS
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
OVERHEAD
BOTTOM
Feed
22458.44175
---
---
- methyl styrene
---
494.4978
---
Residue
---
---
21963.94395
Total
22458.44175
494.4978
21963.94395
INLET kg/hr
OUTLET kg/hr
OVERHEAD
PHENOL COLUMN:
COMPONENTS
BOTTOM
Feed
21963.94395
---
---
Phenol
---
21751.39665
---
Carryover acetophenone
---
82.4163
---
Acetophenone
---
---
108.4425
Total
21963.94395
21833.81295
108.4425
5|Page
1.2
Energy Balance
OXIDIZER:
A) Inlet heat@ 70C:
1. Cumene @ 30C
mass 1
35786.025
Cp1
0.415
T1
Q1
kg
kcal/kg C
C
74256.00188
Kcal
310761.3678
KJ
2. Air @ 30C
mass 2
Cp2
T2
Q2
51857.2035
1.005
5
260582.4476
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
mass 1
Cp1
T1
Q1
36263.172
0.45
85
1387066.329
5804872.587
6|Page
kg
kcal/kg C
C
Kcal
KJ
2. Cumene @ 110C
9065.793
mass 1
Cp1
kg
0.455
kcal/kg C
85
T1
350619.5443
Q1
1467342.793
C
Kcal
KJ
mass 3
Cp3
0.936
25
T3
55826.199
Q3
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
b) Nitrogen
39928.5285
mass 4
Cp4
1.035
25
T4
Q4
1033150.675
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
7|Page
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT kJ
OUTLET HEAT kJ
Cumene
310761.3678
1467342.793
Air
260582.4476
---
Cumene hydroperoxide
26689694.59
---
Cumene hydroperoxide
---
5804872.587
Off gases
---
1088976.874
---
19894575
Total
27261038.41
28255767.25
COOLER:
A) Inlet heat @ 110C:
Heat taken by Cumene Hydroperoxide =5804872.587KJ
Heat taken by Cumene = 1467342.793KJ
Total heat inlet = 7272215.38 KJ
mass 1
Cp1
T1
Q1
36263.172
0.45
45
734329.233
3073167.84
kg
kcal/kg C
C
Kcal
KJ
2. Cumene @ 70C:
mass 2
Cp2
T2
Q2
9065.793
0.435
45
177462.898
742682.228
3.
8|Page
kg
kcal/kg C
C
Kcal
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT kJ
OUTLET HEAT kJ
Cumene hydroperoxide
5804872.587
3073167.84
Cumene
1467342.793
742682.228
---
3638279
Total
7272215.38
7454129.068
ACIDIFIER:
A) Inlet heat @ 70C:
Heat taken by Cumene Hydroperoxide = 3073167.84KJ
Heat taken by Cumene = 742682.228 KJ
Total heat inlet in product (Q1) = 3815850.068 KJ
1. H2SO4 @ 30C:
10.84425
mass 2
Cp2
1.44
45
T2
702.7074
Q2
Kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
22488.80565
2.29
Acetone
11243.3184
1.481
9|Page
Cumene
1813.1586
1.842
- methyl styrene
509.67975
1.406
Acetophenone
221.2227
1.97
mass 2
Cp2
0.45
55
T2
224432.0558
Q2
939248.1535
kg
kcal/kg C
C
Kcal
KJ
COMPONENTS
10 | P a g e
Cumene Hydroperoxide
INLET HEAT KJ
3073167.84
OUTLET HEAT KJ
939248.1535
Cumene
742682.228
---
H2SO4
702.7074
---
Heat of reaction of
cleavage
113893624.7
---
Cleavage
---
3995363.684
---
112716720.4
Total
117710177.5
117651332.2
SEPARATOR:
A) Inlet heat @80C:
Heat in Cumene Hydroperoxide = 939248.1535 kJ
Heat in Cumene = 3995363.684 kJ
Total heat inlet = 4934611.838 kJ
WASH TOWER:
A) Inlet heat @80C:
Mass of Cleavage =35365.2681 kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21927.0735
2.29
Acetone
10963.53675
1.481
Cumene
1767.61275
1.842
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.406
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q1=3895095.656 kJ
1. Water @ 30C
mass 2
Cp2
T2
Q2
11 | P a g e
520.524
4.18
5
10878.9516
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21857.6703
2.29
Acetone
10926.6663
1.462
Cumene
1763.27505
1.821
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.367
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q1=3868395.941 kJ
mass 2
Cp2
4.18
15
T2
32636.8548
Q2
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Cleavage
3895095.656
---
Water
10878.9516
---
---
3868395.941
---
32636.8548
12 | P a g e
Carryover cleavage
---
5201.9
Total
3905974.607
3906234.696
HEATER:
A) Inlet heat @75C:
Cleavage
Mass of cleavage = 35256.8256 kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
10926.6663
1.462
Acetone
1763.27505
1.821
Cumene
494.4978
1.367
- methyl styrene
212.5473
1.97
Acetophenone
10926.6663
1.462
Q = 3868395.941 kJ
MASS kg
Phenol
21857.6703
2.29
Acetone
10926.6663
1.509
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q = 3902835.934 kJ
13 | P a g e
COMPONENTS
Cleavage
INLET HEAT KJ
3868395.941
36252.62
Total
3904648.561
OUTLET HEAT KJ
3902835.934
--3902835.934
ACETONE COLUMN:
A) Inlet heat @90C:
Mass of cleavage =35256.8256 kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21857.6703
2.29
Acetone
10926.6663
1.509
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q = 4612442.468 KJ
B) Outlet heat:
1. Acetone vapours @ 56C
Mass 1
1
Q1
10818.2238
212.3
2296708.913
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
2
Q2
14 | P a g e
108.4425
109.96
11924.3373
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
2.32
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q3= 1924198.222 kJ
mass 4
Cp4
1.509
65
T4
10636.58261
Q4
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
Cleavage
4612442.468
Vapour acetone
---
2296708.913
Vapour cleavage
---
11924.3373
Bottom residue
---
1924198.222
---
10636.58261
Total
4612442.468
4855203
15 | P a g e
OUTLET HEAT KJ
---
Mass 1
212.3
2296708.913
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
109.96
11924.3373
Q2
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
mass1
Cp1
1.397
25
T1
377826.4662
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
Vapour acetone
2296708.913
---
Vapour cleavage
11924.3373
---
---
16 | P a g e
OUTLET HEAT KJ
2027590.4
Condensed acetone
---
377826.4662
Condensed cleavage
---
4837.75
Total
2308633.25
2410254.616
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
2.32
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
HEATER:
A) Inlet heat @90C:
Mass of residue= 2533.2168 kg
Q1 = 1924198.222 kJ
1. Acetone
108.4425
mass2
Cp2
1.509
65
T2
Q2
10636.58261
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
17 | P a g e
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q1=1924198.222 kJ
1. Acetone
108.4425
mass2
Cp2
1.51
70
T2
11462.37225
Q2
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Residue
1924198.222
1924198.222
Carryover acetone
10636.58261
11462.37225
869.25
Total
1935704.055
--1935660.594
CUMENE COLUMN:
A) Inlet heat @95C:
Mass of feed= 2533.2168kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
2.32
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
18 | P a g e
Q1=3848396.444 KJ
1. Acetone
108.4425
mass2
Cp2
1.51
70
T2
Q2
11462.37225
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
B) Outlet heat:
1. Cumene vapours @ 90C
Mass 1
1763.27505
343.9
1
Q1
606390.2897
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
212.3
2
Q2
23022.34275
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
3. Residue @ 95C
Mass = 22458.44175 kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
2.32
Cumene
1763.27505
1.863
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
19 | P a g e
Q3 = 3848396.444 kJ
Total heat outlet
Q = Q1+Q2+Q3=4477809.076 kJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Feed
3848396.444
---
Vapour Cumene
---
606390.2897
Vapour acetone
---
23022.34275
Residue
---
3848396.444
11462.37225
---
Total
4713483
4477809.076
Mass 1
1
Q1
1763.27505
343.9
606390.2897
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
2
Q2
Total heat inlet Q
Q1+Q2 = 629412.6324 kJ
20 | P a g e
108.4425
212.3
23022.34275
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
B) Outlet heat@80C:
1. Cumene
1763.27505
mass1
Cp1
1.842
55
T1
178637.3953
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
2. Acetone
108.4425
mass1
Cp1
1.51
55
T1
9006.149625
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Vapour Cumene
606390.2897
---
Vapour acetone
23022.34275
---
---
465020.1
Condensed Cumene
---
178637.3953
Condensed acetone
---
9006.149625
Total
629412.6324
652663.6449
HEATER:
A) Inlet heat @ 95C:
Mass = 22458.44175 kg
COMPONENTS
21 | P a g e
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
2.32
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
Q = 3618447.745 kJ
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.445
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Residue
3618447.745
4393829.404
816191
Total
4434638.745
2.32
Q=4393829.404 kJ
--4393829.404
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21792.6048
- methyl styrene
494.4978
1.523
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
22 | P a g e
Q=4397107.925KJ
B) Outlet heat:
1. - methyl styrene vapours @ 100C
494.4978
Mass 1
449.1
222078.962
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
2. Residue @110C
Mass = 21963.94395Kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21751.39665
2.32
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Residue
4397107.925
---
222078.962
Bottom residue
---
4324966.465
Total
4397107.925
4628534.5
Q2 = 4324966.465 KJ
Total heat outlet
Q = Q1+Q2 = 4547045.427 KJ
23 | P a g e
---
494.4978
Mass 1
449.1
222078.962
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
B) Outlet heat:
1. - methyl styrene condensed @ 95C
494.4978
mass 1
Cp1
1.445
70
T1
50018.45247
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
222078.962
---
181116.3
---
50018.45247
Total
222078.962
231134.7525
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21751.39665
Acetophenone
212.5473
---
HEATER:
A) Inlet @110C
Mass =21963.94395Kg
Q=4324966.465 kJ
B) Outlet @130C
Mass =21963.94395 Kg
24 | P a g e
2.32
1.97
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21751.39665
Acetophenone
212.5473
1.97
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Residue
4324966.465
5342605.633
1071199
Total
5396165.465
2.32
Q=5342605.633 KJ
--5342605.633
PHENOL COLUMN:
A) Inlet @130C
Mass =21963.94395 Kg
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21751.39665
Acetophenone
212.5473
Q=5342605.633 KJ
B) Outlet heat
1. Phenol vapours @ 120C
21751.39665
Mass 1
296.7
6453639.386
Q1
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
2
25 | P a g e
82.4163
116.1
kg
kJ/kg C
Q2
9568.53243
KJ
mass 3
Cp3
1.97
105
T3
22431.33113
Q3
kg
kJ/kg C
C
KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Feed
6826988.5
Vapour phenol
---
6453639.386
Vapour Acetophenone
---
9568.53243
Acetophenone
---
22431.33113
Total
6826988.5
6485639.25
---
Mass 1
1
Q1
21751.39665
296.7
6453639.386
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
Mass 2
2
Q2
26 | P a g e
82.4163
116.1
9568.53243
kg
kJ/kg C
KJ
COMPONENTS
MASS kg
Phenol
21751.39665
2.32
Acetophenone
82.4163
1.97
Q=3796920.025KJ
COMPONENTS
INLET HEAT KJ
OUTLET HEAT KJ
Vapour phenol
6453639.386
---
Vapour Acetophenone
9568.53243
---
---
2806618
---
3796920.025
Total
6463207.918
6603538.025
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl- 2-pentanone
Phenol
2,4,6-Tris (2-phenyl-2-propyl)phenol
Toluene
2-Phenyl-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane
TABLE 13. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMISSIONS IDENTIFIED DURING SAMPLING OR REPORTED FROM
ACETONE AND PHENOL PLANTS USING CUMENE PEROXIDATION
MATERIAL EMITTED
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acetophenone
Benzene
Cumene
Ethyl benzene
Formaldehyde
methyl styrene
Naphthalene
Phenol
HEALTH EFFECTS
Local irritant; central nervous system narcotic
Skin irritant, narcotic in high concentrations
Narcotic in high concentrations
Carcinogen
Narcotic ; toxic
Skin and mucous membrane irritant
Irritant ; toxic
Toxic
Moderate irritant
Toxic & irritant
TABLE 14. EMISSION SOURCES BY PROCESS TYPE AT A PLANT MANUFACTURING ACETONE AND
PHENOL FROM CUMENE
Process
technology
Allied
Hercules
29 | P a g e
Emission source
Cumene peroxidation.
Cumene hydroperoxide concentration vent.
Separation column vent.
Acetone concentration column vent.
Cumene column vent.
Methylstyrene column vent.
Refined -methylstyrene column vent.
Phenol column vent.
Acetophenone column vent.
Cumene tank vent.
Acetone tank vent.
Catalyst tank vent.
Acetone transport loading vent.
-Methylstyrene transport loading vent
Phenol transport loading vent.
Acetophenone transport loading vent.
Acetophenone transport loading vent.
Cumene peroxidation vent.
Cumene hydroperoxide wash vent.
Cumene hydroperoxide concentration vent.
Vent of cuxnene hydroperoxide cleavage and product wash operations
combined.
Separation column vent.
Acetone column vent.
Separation column vent.
Dewatering column vent
Hydrogenation column vent
Acetone tank vent
-Methylstyrene tank vent
Phenol tank vent
Buffer tank vent
30 | P a g e
Formaldehyde
2Hydroxy-2phenylpropane
Isopentanal
<0.00000026
0.0000034
0.00000085
Briefly, in the cleavage section the CUMENE hydroperoxide stream is Washed (Hercules process
only) and concentrated to 80% or more cumene hydroperoxide, the cumene removed is recycled,
the cumene hydroperoxide is cleaved to products using an acid catalyst, and the catalyst is removed
from the product stream.
2. Storage Tank Vents, Combined
The emission factor for the Phenol tanks in an average of the calculated value 0.06g phenol/kg
phenol produced and an estimate of 0.012 g phenol/
phenol produced. However, based upon plant experience, he used other data for some of the
input variables Such as storage temperature, vapor pressure, etc. The two estimates were
determined using the same procedure but different input variables; therefore, the estimates
were averaged.
3. Product Transport Loading Vent; Combined
The emissions from product transport loading are caused by displacement of hydrocarboncontaining vapors in the compartment being filled. One source reports emissions of 0.061 g
acetone/kg phenol produced from the acetone loading area and 0.20g Phenol/kg phenol
produced from the phenol loading and shipping area.
4. Fugitive emissions
Fugitive emissions occur from pressure relief valves, pump seals, compressor seals, pipeline
valves and flanges, equipment purges, Process drains, wastewater separators, and laboratory
analysis Sampling. An estimate of the total non-methane hydrocarbons (as methane
equivalents) from pumps and sewers has been reported to 0.022 g/kg phenol produced. Pump
and sewer caused emissions are not the total fugitive emissions, nor are they necessarily the
most significant.
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Air emissions from the manufacture of acetone and phenol from cumene Consist of hydrocarbons.
Existing emission control technologies for the industry are described in this section. These control
methods include condensation, absorption, adsorption, floating roof tanks, and incineration. Future
considerations in emissions control technology are also discussed in this section.
Adsorption is the most commonly used method to control emissions from the cumene peroxidation
vent. Condensation, absorption and incineration are also used.
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Emissions in the cleavage section are most often controlled by condensation. Absorption and
incineration are also used.
Emissions in the product purification section are controlled by condensation, adsorption,
absorption, and incineration.
Floating roofs are used to control emissions from tanks, particularly acetone and cumene storage
tanks. Condensation, sealed dome roofs, and conservation vents are also used for this purpose, but
not as commonly as floating roofs.
Product transport loading emissions are controlled by absorption or vapor recovery. Not all plants
control this emission source.
The Scope of fugitive emissions and control methods are under study by EPA.
VARIOUS EMISSION CONTROL METHODS IN USE AT CUMENE PEROXIDATION PLANTS
VAPOUR CONDENSATION
Organic compounds can be removed from an air stream by condensation. A vapor will condense
when, at a given temperature, the partial pressure of the compound is equal to or greater than its
vapor pressure. Similarly, if the temperature of a gaseous mixture is reduced to the saturation
temperature (i.e., the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the partial pressure of one of
the constituents), the material will condense. Thus, either increasing the system pressure or
lowering the temperature can cause condensation. In most air pollution control applications,
decreased temperature is used to condense organic materials, since increased pressure is usually
impractical. Equilibrium partial pressure limits the control of organic emissions by condensation. As
condensation occurs, the partial pressure of material remaining in the gas decreases rapidly,
preventing complete condensation.
ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a phenomenon in which molecules become attached to the surface of a solid. The
process is highly selective, and a given adsorbent, or adsorbing agent, will adsorb only certain types
of molecules. The material adhering to the adsorbent is called the adsorbate. Adsorption involves
three steps.
First, the adsorbent comes in contact with the stream containing the adsorbate, and separation due
to adsorption results. Next, the unadsorbed portion of the stream is separated from the adsorbent.
Finally, the adsorbent is regenerated by removing the adsorbate.
Activated carbon is the most suitable adsorbent for organic vapors. Carbon adsorbs 95% to 98% of
all organic vapor from air at ambient temperature regardless of variations in concentration and
humidity given a sufficient quantity of carbon. The adsorption of a mixture of organic vapors in air
by carbon is not uniform, however, higher boiling point components are preferentially adsorbed.
When a contaminated gas stream is passed over an activated carbon bed, the organic vapor is
adsorbed and the purified stream passes through. Initially, adsorption is rapid and complete, but as
32 | P a g e
the carbon bed approaches its capacity to retain vapor, traces of vapor appear in the exit air. This is
the breakpoint of the activated carbon. If gas flow is continued, additional amounts Of Organic
material are adsorbed, but at a decreasing rate.
SOLVENT ABSORPTION
Absorption is a process for removing one or more soluble component from a gas mixture by
dissolving them in a solvent. Absorption equipment is designed to insure maximum contact
between the gas and the liquid solvent to permit interphase diffusion between the materials.
Absorption rate is affected by factors such as the solubility of gas in the particular solvent and the
degree of chemical reaction; however, the most important factor is the solvent surface exposed.
A vent gas scrubber-cooler system used on a cumene peroxidation vent is illustrated in figure. In this
system off gases are scrubbed in a tray tower to absorb hydrocarbons into the scrubbing liquid,
which is an aqueous Na2CO3 solution. Some of the scrubbing liquid is sent to the oxidation section,
and some is recycled through the scrubber with makeup solution. The scrubbed gas is cooled,
condensate is removed and sent to the oxidation section, and the gas is released to the atmosphere.
INCINERATION
Complete combustion of the hydrocarbons present in the emissions from a cumene peroxidation
phenol plant produces carbon dioxide and water. NOx may be produced depending on the method
of combustion the temperature. SOx production depends on the sulphur content of the auxiliary
fuel, if any. The types of incinerators (i.e., direct flame afterburners, catalytic after burners, or flares),
used to combust hydrocarbons at plants manufacturing acetone and phenol from cumene were not
reported.
STORAGE TANKS
Six kinds of evaporation loss from storage of organic materials occur: breathing, standing storage,
filling, emptying, wetting, boiling. Vapors expelled from a tank because of thermal expansion,
barometric expansion, or additional vaporization are breathing losses. Vapor loss from such areas
as seals, hatches, other openings (but not due to breathing or level changes) constitute standing
storage loss. Vapors expelled from a tank is filled constitute filling loss. Vapors expelled from tank
during emptying (due to the fact that vaporization occurs slowly, air enters to equalize pressure,
vaporization stabilizes, and there is excess vapor in the tank) are emptying loss. Wetting loss is the
vaporization of liquid from wetted exposed wall in a floating roof tank when the roof is lowered.
Vapors expelled because of boiling are boiling loss.
FLOATING ROOF TANKS
Floating roof tanks are of various designs but the basic concept is that the roof floats on the surface
of the stored material. A seal provides intimate contact between the roof and the tank wall. These
tanks reduce breathing and filling losses by reducing the space available for vapor accumulation.
Wetting losses are small and not a problem.
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observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product. Keep away from heat and flame. Keep
away from sources of ignition. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated
area away from incompatible substances.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Airborne Exposure Limits:
- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 10 ppm (TWA)
Ventilation System:
A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures below the
Airborne Exposure Limits. Local exhaust ventilation is generally preferred because it can control the
emissions of the contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general work area.
Please refer to the ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practices,
most recent edition, for details.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved):
If the exposure limit is exceeded, a respirator with an organic vapor cartridge may be worn for up to
ten times the exposure limit. Since this compound has been identified as possibly existing in both
vapor and particulate phase, a dust/mist prefilter is recommended. For emergencies or instances
where the exposure levels are not known, use a positive-pressure, air-supplied respirator.
WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves and clean body-covering clothing.
Eye Protection:
Use chemical safety goggles and/or a full face shield where splashing is possible. Maintain eye wash
fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
Stability:
Stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition.
Hazardous Polymerization:
Will not occur.
Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizers.
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Conditions to Avoid:
Heat, flame, other sources of ignition.
The daily quantity of trade effluent from the factory shall not exceed 18 m3.
The daily quantity of sewage effluent from the factory shall not exceed 7 m 3.
(i) Trade Effluent Treatment: The applicant shall provide comprehensive treatment system consisting
of Primary / secondary and / or tertiary treatment and is warranted with reference to influent quality
and operate and maintain the same continuously so as to achieve the quality of the treated effluent
to the following standards:
pH
Suspended Solids
BOD
COD
Oil & Grease
TDS
Chlorides
Sulphates
Chromium
Total Chromium
Total metal
Iron
Between
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
Not to Exceed
5.5 to 9.0
100 mg/l.
100 mg/l.
250 mg/l
10 mg/1.
2100 mg/1.
600 mg/1.
1000 mg/1.
0.1 mg/l
2.0 mg/l
10 mg/l
5.0 mg/l
(ii) Trade Effluent Disposal: The treated effluent shall be used in the process to the maximum extent
and remaining shall be used on land for green belt development.
(iii) Sewage Effluent Treatment: The applicant shall provide comprehensive treatment system as is
warranted with reference to influent quality and operate and maintain the same continuously so as
to achieve the quality of treated effluent to the following standards.
(1) Suspended Solids - Not to exceed 100 mg/I.
(2) BOD 3 days 27 C - Not to exceed 100 mg/I.
(iv) Sewage Effluent Disposal: The treated domestic effluent shall be soaked in a soak pit, which shall
be got cleaned periodically. Overflow, if any, shall be used on land for gardening / plantation only.
(v) Non-Hazardous Solid Wastes:
Sr. No.
1
2
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Type of waste
Slag
Machine returns
Quantity
158267MT/Yr
10000 MT/Yr
Disposal
Landfill
By reuse in own sinter
plant
Flue Dust
24000 MT/Yr
Fly ash
12000 MT/Yr
(vi) Other conditions: The industry shall monitor effluent quality regularly. The applicant shall comply
with the provisions of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Class Act, 1977 (to be referred as
Class Act) and Rules there under: The daily water consumption for the following categories is as
under:
(i) Domestic -80 CMD
(ii) Industrial Processing CMD
(iii) Industrial Cooling - 3135 CMD
(iv) Agriculture/Gardening - 16 CMD
The applicant shall regularly submit to the Board the returns of water consumption in the
prescribed form and pay the Class as specified under Section 3 of the said Act.
Pumps
Burners
Electric motors
Valves
Steam Vents
Various equipments noise levels and control measures are listed in the table below:
Equipment
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Possible
measures
Noise
Control
Electric motors
90-110
Pumps
Vane(Industrial)
Vane(mobile)
Axial position
Screw type
Gear
Heaters and furnaces
75-82
84-92
76-85
72-78
78-88
90-110
Valves
80-108
Piping
90-105
covers,
mutes,
covers,
mutes,
Acoustic
plenums,
intake
mufflers, lined/ damped ducts
Avoid sonic velocities, limit
pressure drop and mass
flow,and replace with special
low noise valves.
Isolation and lagging, in liner
silencers, vibration isolators.
Apart from the listed noise sources, minor sources of the noise pollution may be pipes and
hoses hitting the floor, panels etc. i.e. rattling noises, which can be stabilized with adsorbent
mounts. All the bolts should be tightened to prevent vibration and clatter. Venting of process gas
out the condensers may result in serious noise pollutions. This is due to turbulent mixing of high
velocity gas with the stationary gas. Steam leaks and another common noise problem with the
sound level are reaching sometimes 100 dB at the distance of 25 feet of the leak. All steam leaks
should be timely repaired. Where noise levels cannot be reduced to acceptable levels of a
person, ear protection equipment should be used. The industry shall take adequate measures
for control of noise levels from its own sources within the premises so as to maintain ambient
air quality standard in respect of noise to less than 75 dB(A) during day time and 70 dB(A) during
night time. Day time is reckoned in between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. and night time is reckoned
between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
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muffler with insertion loss of 25 dB(A) shall also be provided. The measurement of insertion loss
will be done at different points at 0.5 m from acoustic enclosure/room and then average.
3] The industry shall take adequate measures for control of noise levels from its own sources
within the premises in respect of noise to less than 55 dB(A) during day time and 45 dB(A) during
the night time. Day time is reckoned between 6 a.m. to 10 p.m and night time is reckoned
between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
4] Industry should make efforts to bring down noise level due to DG set, outside industrial
premises, within ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control measures.
5] Installation of DG Set much be strictly in compliance with recommendations of DG Set
manufacturer.
6] A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for DG set should be set and
followed in consultation with the DG manufacturer which would help to prevent noise levels of
DG set from deteriorating with use.
7] D.G. Set shall be operated only in case of power failure.
8] The applicant should not cause any nuisance in the surrounding area due to operation of D.G.
Set.
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Any energy conservation scheme must also consider the costs involved in removing or transferring
the excess energy i.e. capital cost of heat exchangers, piping, valves, pumps, insulation and
operating costs of pumping and maintenance. Energy conservation is only worthwhile if the
reduction in energy costs exceed the cost of implementation. A scheme maybe devised for a plant
and then held over until energy prices make the proposal attractive. This type of forward planning
requires that the plant layout adopted can be easily modified. Energy conservation can be achieved
at three levels:
(i) Correct plan and operation and maintenance
(ii) Major changes to existing plant and processes.
(iii) New plants and new processes.
The time required to implement energy conservation measures, the capital cost required, and the
potential savings, all increase from level (i) to (iii) above. The cost of downtime for level.(ii) can be
significant, and the level (iii) offers the greatest long term potential for energy conservation. This
latter objective can be achieved either by designing new, energy efficient plants for established
process routes, or adopting new and less energy- intensive process routes. The basic approach
towards conservation of energy should be taken into account:
i. Operational modification
ii. Research and development
iii. Design modification
iv. Insulation
v. Maintenance
vi. Process integration
vii. Process modification
viii. Waste utilization
In the near future all industrial operations that have reacted to the energy crisis must be organized
to institute a systematic approach towards conserving energy in all forms through more efficient
utilization of existing processes and carefully studied reduction of losses and wastes. The following
examples illustrate some application of the basic engineering principles t the design of equipment
for improved energy efficiency.
(i) Plant Operation:
Energy savings can be achieved by good engineering practice and the application of established
principles. These measures may be termed as good housekeeping and include correct plant
operation and regular maintenance. The overall energy savings are usually small and may not be
easy to achieve and significant time may be required for regulate maintenance and checking.
However, such measures do help to establish commitment of a company to a policy of energy
conservation.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT:
The high value of energy should be acknowledged in plant operation by treating it as a product with
monetary value than can be sold or traded, just like the chemical product. This should be the basis
for operational policies concerned with the energy management or energy conservation. These
duties can be incorporated by the process engineer. EAM&T is a means to efficient operation in this
area, but there must be a commitment from all operational and managerial personnel to the
importance of these tasks if they are to be successful. The reaction and product recovery areas have
been identified as critical units from an energy perspective. Detailed monitoring and targeting
should be established in these areas.
ALTERNATE ENERGY RESOURCES
The fuel resources of the world are fast depleting and there is an urgent need to explore the
possibility of the alternate sources of energy. Although rapid breakthrough has been
achieved in the use of nuclear energy for the distillation of the steam, which in turn is used
for the generation of electricity, it is not used widely due to the lack of the flexibility in its
utilization and because of the non-feasibility of its operation on the smaller scale. Some of
the alternate energy sources being developed nowadays have been briefly discussed below:
Solar energy
Solar energy is the most important form of renewable energy for plant. The energy incident
on the solar panel installed in the roof and other areas of the plants are highly useful in
heating up the water and converting to steam. This is one renewable source of the energy
which is now slowly finding wide acceptance in the process industry. In the process industry
it is being used widely for heating the process water and in some cases for the production of
the low pressure steam. Energy conservation is not only concerned with the process
industries but is also concerned with other small household purposes carried out in the
industrial areas. It can also be used for the heating and providing warm water in the canteen
and the other non-production areas in the process plant.
Energy from biomass conversion
Biomass in todays Chemical Industries is going to play a vital role in the production of
energy as well as in different chemical products. The biomass have been widely used
however major considerations include:
Two extremes can be envisioned by which the transformation to a biomass based chemical
industry may take place:
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1. Biomass will be refined and cracked into the familiar platform chemicals (i.e. ethylene,
propylene, C4-olefines and BTX) and synthesis gas (syngas, a mixture of mainly carbon
monoxide and hydrogen gas). From these one- to six-carbon building blocks, all other
chemicals and materials can be produced. Provided that efficient processes will become
available by which oxygen-rich biomass of a varying composition can be transformed into
basic hydrocarbon building blocks, the big advantage is that the current petrochemicals
infrastructure and processes can be used. The fossil feedstock refining companies of today
may then become the biorefineries of tomorrow.
2. A wide range of bio-based building blocks, in which as much of the functionality of
biomass as possible has been retained, become the raw materials from which all other
chemicals and materials are made. Not a few refineries that produce a limited number of
platform chemicals will be present, but a large number of (smaller scale) bio-refineries that
produce a whole array of building blocks.
Between these two extremes lies a whole spectrum of non-exclusive scenarios that are
perhaps more realistic. As a less extreme example of the first scenario: ethylene, one of the
current platform chemicals, can be produced from (bio) ethanol. In fact, the Brazilian
company Braskem and US based Dow Chemical will each start commercial production of
polyethylene from bio-ethanol. Bio-ethanol is currently made from sugar or starch. In the
future, it is expected that ethanol will be made from the more abundant lignocellulosic or
woody biomass.
The Gobar gas concept has found wide acceptance in the rural India. Although bioconversion
technology has been very successful in the waste treatment, the technology to generate
energy for the industrial uses is in early stages of the development. However, this
technology holdsgreat promise as its fundamental advantage is that apart from being a
clean source of the fuel, it is a renewable source of energy.
Ocean thermal energy:
The Ocean energy is one of the contributors in renewable energy. The temperature of the
water in the ocean varies drastically with the depth. The principal here is to run a heat
engine to retract heat energy from ocean by utilizing the difference in temperature of the
ocean at various depths.
This technology is in the very early stages of the development and can only be utilized if the
plant is situated close to the coastlines.
Wind energy:
The unequal heating of the earth by the sun causes winds. This effect is particularly
pronounced in the coastal areas with a difference between the temperature for the land and
the sea. The force of the wind is used to rotate windmills, which are rotating blades to collect
the force of the wind. This mechanical energy produced can be used directly on it can be
converted into electrical energy. These have been used with partial success in the process
46 | P a g e
industry, mainly to pump water both process water and the water to effluent treatment
plants.
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Coordination mechanism: The whole structure should be like a well-oiled machine, with cohesion
and co-ordination at all levels.
Principles of work administration and control, labour organization and control, raw material
and their storage
Selection of site, layout of works, building and plants
Problem of internal transport and material handling
Construction work
Proper equipment selection
Minimization of labour
Office administration and finance
Marketing and distribution of products.
Unity of objectives
Specialization
Coordination
Chain of command
Authority responsibility
Delegation
Unity of command
Span of Control
Balance
Communication
Efficiency
Personal ability
Decision making and control by exception
Flexibility
Departmentalization
Goal centered and purposeful activities
But an organization that works well in one type of environment (environment being defined as
combination of markets, customers, producers and technology) may fail in another. The failure may
arise due to contingency factors such as:
1. Task uncertainty, technology and environment
2. Power and conflict
3. Growth and size
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Here task uncertainty is the degree to which the task necessary for the performance is
unpredictable. Technology and environment are the sources of unpredictability.
Organizational structure should manage conflict so that it helps the company. It is helpful to
understand the basic determinants of power in an organization and how conflicts are related
Organization effectiveness includes the following criteria
1. Organizational efficiencies
2. Adaptability to external changes
3. Satisfaction of individual needs
3.2 Hierarchy
I.
Board of Directors
i.
Establishes objectives
ii.
II.
ii.
III.
Operating management
i.
ii.
Accountable to CEO
IV.
Operating supervision
i.
ii.
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Keeping the above factors in mind, we have divided the organization of our plant into the following
categories
General administration
Production division
Maintenance division
Marketing division
A. Finance Sector
When it comes to the overall scope and duties of a finance department, there are many functions to
be fulfilled. For the most part, the duties include all things related to budgeting.
From appropriations to control of expenditure and auditing duties, the finance department of any
given company has an array of duties.
A finance department basically has three main functions:
To provide strategic financial support regarding operational and general business planning
To meet and surpass the internal and external needs and financial reporting requirements
of the company at large
The finance department generally focuses on providing relevant information necessary for upper
level management. Such information is crucial in determining how a company can make better
financial decisions.
Services and Duties of a Finance Department
In order to implement these functions, there are a number of services that need to be performed.
For example, the proper preparations of the annual budget as well as compliance of regulatory
codes are both important services of a finance department.
Key Positions in a Finance Department
A finance department is comprised of several key positions that bear the burden of responsibility
when it comes to maintaining the cohesiveness and overall productivity of the department as a unit
of the company.
When you think about the overall structure of the finance department, there are four key point
people that may come to mind:
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Accountant
Finance specialist
Finance Director
The finance director is the head of the finance department. This individual will have the supreme
responsibility to ensure that all financial reports are accurate and up to date. The finance director is
tasked with giving a financial forecast for the company and disclosing certain financial information
about the company to the shareholders.
Deputy Finance Director
The deputy finance director is usually responsible for putting together the companys annual
budget. In this position, the deputy finance director will be responsible for developing an overall
financial strategy. Sometimes referred to as the finance manager, the deputy finance director is also
responsible for managing the finance departments team of employees.
Accountant
The next position of importance in the department of finance is the accountant. The accountant is
responsible for handling the accounts payable and accounts receivable.
Accountants also process payroll. Other duties include putting together financial-related documents
such as reports, auditing, and closing out accounting books.
Finance Specialist
The finance specialist basically handles capital investments. This position may also require a bit of
analytical work such as reconciliations, maintaining the general ledger and keeping a close eye on
the funds of the company.
Evolution of the Finance Department
With each passing year the company evolves into an entity that is responsible for increasing the
company (and shareholders value). This shall be done by increasing the number of employees of
the department according to requirement and including other employees like clerical staff and intersection commuters.
B. Personnel & Administration department
Human resources is the business administration function responsible for finding, hiring, managing
and retaining employees, and for ensuring that the right employees, in the right numbers, are
deployed throughout the organization to achieve its goals. Human resources are a function that
exists in every business regardless of size, industry or geographic location. In fact, even though small
businesses may not have a formal human resource department or an employee with a title that
includes "human resources," the function is performed when employees are hired, training,
supervised and, hopefully, retained.
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Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common set of functions to meet the organizations
goals. These "functions" of the administrator were described by Henri Fayol as the 5 elements of
administration" (in italic below).
Planning - is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. It
maps the path from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function
involves establishing goals and arranging them in a logical order. Administrators engage in both
short-range and long-range planning.
Organizing - involves identifying responsibilities to be performed, grouping responsibilities into
departments or divisions, and specifying organizational relationships. The purpose is to achieve
coordinated effort among all the elements in the organization (Coordinating).
Organizing must take into account delegation of authority and responsibility and span of control
within supervisory units.
Staffing - means filling job positions with the right people at the right time. It involves determining
staffing needs, writing job descriptions, recruiting and screening people to fill the positions.
Directing (Commanding) - is leading people in a manner that achieves the goals of the organization.
This involves proper allocation of resources and providing an effective support system. Directing
requires exceptional interpersonal skills and the ability to motivate people.
One of the crucial issues in directing is to find the correct balance between emphasis on staff needs
and emphasis on economic production.
Controlling - is a function that evaluates quality in all areas and detects potential or actual deviations
from the organization's plan. This ensures high-quality performance and satisfactory results while
maintaining an orderly and problem-free environment. Controlling includes information
management, measurement of performance, and institution of corrective actions.
Budgeting - exempted from the list above, incorporates most of the administrative functions,
beginning with the implementation of a budget plan through the application of budget controls.
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D. Operations
Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and
redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or services. It involves the
responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources
as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing
the process that converts inputs (in the forms of materials, labour, and energy) into outputs (in the
form of goods and/or services). The relationship of operations management to senior management
in commercial contexts can be compared to the relationship of line officers the highest-level senior
officers in military science. The highest level officer shapes the strategy and designs it over time,
while the line officer makes tactical decisions in support of carrying out the strategy.
According to the U.S. Department of Education, operations management is the field concerned with
managing and directing the physical and/or technical functions of a firm or organization, particularly
those relating to development, production, and manufacturing.
Operations management programs typically include instruction in principles of general
management, manufacturing and production systems, plant management, equipment maintenance
management, production control, industrial labour relations and skilled trades supervision, strategic
manufacturing policy, systems analysis, productivity analysis and cost control, and materials
planning. Management, including operations management, is like engineering in that it blends art
with applied science. People skills, creativity, rational analysis, and knowledge of technology are all
required for success.
E. Product Marketing & Sales
In a manufacturing company the production function may be split into four sub-functions:
Production and planning department
The production and planning department will set standards and targets for each section of the
production process. The quantity and quality of products coming off a production line will be closely
monitored. In businesses focusing on lean production, quality will be monitored by all employees at
every stage of production, rather than at the end as is the case for businesses using a quality control
approach.
Purchasing department
The purchasing department will be responsible for providing the materials, components and
equipment required to keep the production process running smoothly. A vital aspect of this role is
ensuring stocks arrive on time and to the right quality.
Stores department
The stores department will be responsible for stocking all the necessary tools, spares, raw materials
and equipment required to service the manufacturing process. Where sourcing is unreliable, buffer
stocks will need to be kept and the use of computerized stock control systems helps keep stocks at a
minimal but necessary level for production to continue unhindered.
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Works Department
The works department will be concerned with the manufacture of products. This will include the
maintenance of the production line and other necessary repairs. The works department may also
have responsibility for quality control and inspection.
Number Required
Annual
Salary
i
n Qualification
rupees
Lacs/annum
MD/Chairperson
40
Engineer
with
cum
15
experience.
Board Of Directors
Designation
Number Required
Annual
Salary
i
n Qualification
rupees
Lacs/annum
CEO
30
COO
30
CFO
30
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MBA
years
Operation
Vice President
20
Chemical Engineer
(for production) with
10
year experience
Production Engineer
12
Chemical
Engineer
with
year
Experience
Maintenance
11
Engineer
Mechanical
with
Engineer
4
year
experience
Instrumentation
Engineer
Instrumentation
Engineer with 4 year
experience
Shift Engineer
5.5
Chemical
with
engineer
4
year
Experience
Shift Operator
12
Diploma in Chemical
Engineering
Labor(permanent)
12
Labor(temporary)
Quantity
depending
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High School
High School
Administration
Vice President
15
Manager
12
Security Officer
5.5
Retired
Army or
police
official
Fire & Safety Officer
5.5
8 years experience in
fire and safety
management
Medical Officer
5.5
MBBS
with 4
of
experience
e
Medical Staff
Diploma
Public
Officer
Relation
experience in public
relations
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years
Finance:
Vice President
20
Manager
15
MBA
(finance)
with
8
years experience
Account Officer
10
Clerical Staff
Marketing;
Vice President
20
MBA
(marketing)
with
12
years
experience
Manager
15
MBA (marketing)
with 8 years
Marketing Officer
10
MBA (marketing)
with 5 years
experience
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of
20
Manager
15
Research Assistor
10
Clerical Staff
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total cost
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2. Availability of power:
The electricity source must be available to the plant, because it is the prime source for the
process plants. This electricity is used in agitated vessels, pumps, compressors and etc.
continuous and uninterrupted power supply is essential for the continuous operation of the
plant.
3. Water:
Water is an essential material majorly used in the process plants and it is necessary to the
labours. The water can be used for cleaning the equipments and plant. The water is also used in
the wash towers, coolers and condensers. In the plant location the ground water source should
be available. Water should also available in neighborhood at low cost.
The process industries use large quantities of water for cooling, washing, steam generation and
as a raw material in process. Hence, the plant must be located where a dependable supply of
water is available. A large river or lake is preferable, although deep wells or artesian well may be
satisfactory if the amount of water required is not too great. The level of the existing water table
can be checked by consulting the state geological survey and information on the constancy of
the water table and the year round capacity of local rivers or lakes should be obtained. If the
water supply shows seasonal fluctuation, it may be desirable to construct a reservoir or to drill
several standby wells. The temperature, mineral content, slit or sand content, bacteriological
content, and cost for supply and purification must also be considered when choosing the water
supply.
4. Transport facility:
The raw material and the products want to be transported in and out of the plant. So that the
road transport facilities should be good and easily available. If the harbor is nearby means, its
best to easy shipping.
The transportation of material to or from the plant will be significant cost to us, hence it should
be located at places well connected by road, railways and waterways. For the production of
PHENOL main raw material is Cumene which we can bring our through well developed road and
railway facilities from reliance hazira plant (310 KM) or from IPCL (430 KM) Vadodara plant thus,
transportation problems will not be there. We also can import cumene through sea
transportation (Nhava Sheva Sea).
5. Skilled labours and their facilities:
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The plant must require skilled labours. They should know about the process and they want the
knowledge of the safe working and hard working. They want to be available at nearby location.
Those labours must get their facilities like bus transportation, hospitals, canteens and shelter at
nearby to the plant.
The type and the supply of labor available in vicinity of a proposed plant site must be examined.
Consideration should be given to prevailing pay scales, restriction on number of hours worked
per week, competing industries that can cause dissatisfaction or high turnover rates among the
workers, and variations in skills and productivity of the workers. As Maharashtra is a prominent
industrial state labor force from all parts of India flows in there. So getting the right labor force
here will not be a problem.
6. Markets:
It is essential that the plant must be closed to the market or else, unreasonable amount will be
spending for transporting the products to the market.
7. Climate condition:
Climate and environment affect the operational efficiency of workers; excess cold may cause
tiredness, fatigue or disease among the workers. Decreased humidity and climate temperature
is high can cause dehydration to the employees while working. So that, plant must be located in
such a place where the climate is conductive to efficient operation of the plant.
8. Meteorological data:
If plant is located in cold climate, cost may be increased by the necessity for construction of
protective shelters around the process equipment, and specially cooling towers or airconditioning equipment may be required if the prevailing temperatures are high. Excessive
humidity or extremes of hot and cold weather can have serious effect on the economic
operation of the plant, and these factors should be examined when selecting the site. In
Maharashtra extremities are not experienced. Temperature ranges between 12 to 39oC.
9. Plant sewage and waste disposal:
The primary source of sewage and waste in a process plants are sanitary waste, process drains
and surface drainage. The sewage system is designed to conduct these to disposal without
logged with solid or filled with dangerous concentration of explosive gases.
10. Local community consideration:
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The process plant must fit in with and be acceptable to the local community. Full consideration
must be given to the safe location of the plant, so that it does not impose a significant additional
risk to the community. On a new site, the local community must be able to provide adequate
facilities for the plant personnel like school, banks, housing and faculties.
11. Taxation and legal restriction:
State and local tax rates on property, income, unemployment insurance and similar items
vary from one location to another. Similarly, local regulations on zoning, building codes,
nuisance aspects, and transportation facilities can have a major influence on the final choice
of a plant site. In fact, zoning difficulties and obtaining the many required permits can often
be much more important in terms of cost and time delays then many of the factors
discussed in the preceding sections.
12. Tax benefits:
The incentives and facilities offered to SEZs are: (detailed instructions available at:
http://www.sezindia.nic.in/index.asp )
Duty free import/domestic procurement of goods for development, operation and
maintenance of SEZ units
100% Income Tax exemption on export income for SEZ units under Section 10AA of the
Income Tax Act for first 5 years, 50% for next 5 years thereafter and 50% of the ploughed
back export profit for next 5 years.
Exemption from minimum alternate tax under section 115JB of the Income Tax Act.
External commercial borrowing by SEZ units upto US $ 500 million in a year without any
maturity restriction through recognized banking channels.
Exemption from Central Sales Tax.
Exemption from Service Tax.
Single window clearance for Central and State level approvals.
Exemption from State sales tax and other levies as extended by the respective State
Governments.
13. Clearances
Clearances between adjacent plants should at least those for primary access roads. The
space between edge of any road and nearest equipment must not be less than 1.5 meters.
Adequate road access with properly formed roads must be provided for known maintenance
purposes: e.g. compressor house, large machine areas, reactors or convertors. Minimal
concrete paving should be supplied for walkways interconnecting major items of equipment,
platforms, stairways and buildings. Paving should be supplied around pumps or other
machinery located in the open, underneath furnaces, and any other areas where spillage is
likely to occur during normal operation. Areas containing acids or other chemicals or toxic
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materials should be paved and bounded to prevent spillage spreading. Other areas of the
plant are to be graded and surfaced with granite chips or similar material.
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The SEZ has advantage of all types of transportation system such as roadways,
seaport, air and railways so the special economic zone should have a good export
link with the other countries in the world.
The trend in the unorganized industries sectors such as information technology,
jewelry and gem, toys, biotech, and leather is to come under one common roof in
order to have an access to the general infrastructure facilities.
The increasing in the demand for the integration of the industrial sector in India.
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The Maharashtra Special Economic Zone is the most strategically placed SEZ in the country.
Being the most industrialized state in India, Maharashtra has undergone rapid infrastructure
development such as roads, railways, airport, and seaports. These assistances have helped
the industries further.
The Special Economic Zones in Maharashtra have the advantages of close proximity to
seaport and airfreight services that would increase India's industrial exports.
Maharashtra Special Economic Zone comprises of
1. SEEPZ
Santa Cruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) was set up in the year 1974 for
the purpose of manufacturing and exporting electronic products. Set up in an area
measuring 100 acres it has become watershed project of the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation. The gem and jewellery industry was introduced in the year
1988 in SEEPZ.
Facilities of SEEPZ are
2. NMSEZ
The Navi Mumbai Special Economic Zone (NMSEZ) is located in the satellite township
near Mumbai known as Navi Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. Navi Mumbai Special
Economic Zone (NMSEZ) is situated in the most industrialized part of India. NMSEZ is
regarded to be the best SEZ in India as sea, rail, air and road and a state of the art transshipment hub connect it.
Facilities of NMSEZ are
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The NMSEZ has well developed transportation system including wide main roads and
services roads
The commercial units have the option of choosing between technologically equipped
state of the art factories, land plots with proper amenities, and well-built and equipped
office space
The NMSEZ has adequate supply of power and also has back up provisions in case of
shut downs
The NMSEZ has adequate supply of water through the dams operated by the CIDCO
The NMSEZ has a very well-constructed system of disposal for solid waste and sewer
water
3. MMSEZ
The Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone (MMSEZ) is proposed to be setup in Navi
Mumbai area, as a standard international business center. The area where the MMSEZ
would be set up is situated near Mumbai in Maharashtra. Maha Mumbai Special
Economic Zone would be acquiring 10,000 hectares of land in three different stages,
within a time span of ten years.
Facilities of MMSEZ are
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8. Minimum discomfort: poor lighting, excessive sunlight, heat, noise, vibration and smells should be
minimized and if possible counteracted.
9. Inherent safety
10. Maximum security
11. Efficient process flow
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Tank Farm
Plant
Area 1
Plant Layout
Roads
Plant
Utilities
Expanion
EXIT
GREEN
AREA
Plant
Area
2
Offices
Change
Rooms
Canteen
Laboratry
Workshops
FIRE
STATION
Stores
Emergency
water supply
Expansion
EXIT
GATE
Parking Area
PIPE BRIDGES
GATE
References
I.
II.
http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/phenol.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X04007562
III.
https://www.google.com/patents/US5371305
IV.
https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/395139430146/Cumene%20oxidation%20to%20cu
mene%20hydroperoxide.pdf
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
http://www.infodriveindia.com/india-import-data/cumene-import-data.aspx
http://sezindia.nic.in/writereaddata/statePolicies/maharashtrapolicy.pdf
https://mohdazizan.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/production-of-phenol.pdf
http://www.doingbusinessinmaharashtra.org/SEZ_in_Maharashtra.aspx
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