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Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering
Section 131 Changing the Living World

(pages 319321)

This section explains how people use selective breeding and mutations to
develop organisms with desirable characteristics.

Selective Breeding

(pages 319320)

1. What is meant by selective breeding? Only animals and plants with desired characteristics are
allowed to produce the next generation.

2. Circle the letter of each organism that has been produced by

selective breeding.
a. horses

b. dogs

c. cats

d. potatoes

3. Who was Luther Burbank? He was a selective plant breeder who developed disease-resistant
potatoes to help fight potato blight in Ireland, as well as over 800 varieties of other plants.

4. Complete the compare-and-contrast table of types of selective

breeding.

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SELECTIVE BREEDING
Type

Description

Examples

Hybridization

Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring

together the best of both organisms

Disease-resistant Burbank potato

Inbreeding

The continued breeding of individuals

with similar characteristics

Maintaining dog breeds

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Hybrids are often hardier

than either of the parents.

true

6. What two plant traits did Luther Burbank try to combine in his
crosses?
a. Disease resistance
b. Food-producing capacity
7. Is the following sentence true or false? To maintain the desired
characteristics of a line of organisms, breeders often use
hybridization.

false

8. Most members of a breed are genetically

9. What are the risks of inbreeding?

similar

There is always a chance that a cross between two

individuals will bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect.

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Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued)

Increasing Variation

(pages 320321)

10. Why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants

and animals in the wild? Selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide
variation found in natural populations.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? The genetic variation that
exists in nature is enough to satisfy the needs of breeders.
false

12. Breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing

mutations

, which are the ultimate source of genetic

variability.
13. Circle the letter of an inheritable change in DNA.
a. variation

b. trait

c. mutation

d. genotype

14. Is the following sentence true or false? Mutations cannot occur

spontaneously.

false

15. Name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of

mutation.
a. Radiation

b. Chemicals

16. Is it easy for breeders to produce mutants with desirable

mutations? Explain. No, many mutations are harmful, and it requires luck and perseverance to
produce a few mutants with desirable characteristics that are not found in the original population.

17. Why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing
mutant bacteria? The small size of bacteria enable millions of organisms to be treated at the
same time, thus increasing the chances of producing a useful mutant.

bacteria that can digest oil.

true

19. What technique do scientists use to produce mutant plants? Scientists use drugs that
prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis.

20. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about polyploidy.
a. Polyploid plants have many sets of chromosomes.
b. Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals.
c. Polyploidy produces new species of plants that are weaker and
smaller than their diploid relatives.
d. Bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploid.
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18. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists have produced

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Section 132 Manipulating DNA

Date ______________

(pages 322326)

This section describes the various techniques used by molecular biologists to

study and change DNA molecules.

The Tools of Molecular Biology

(pages 322323)
Genetic engineering is making changes in the DNA code of a

1. What is genetic engineering?

living organism.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Making changes to the

DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program.
true
structure

3. Scientists use their knowledge of the

and its
molecules.

chemical

of DNA

properties to study and change DNA

4. List four different techniques that molecular biologists use to study

and change DNA molecules.
a. Extract DNA from cells
b. Cut DNA into smaller pieces
c. Identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule
d. Make unlimited copies of DNA
5. Explain how biologists get DNA out of a cell. The cells are opened, and the DNA is
separated from the other cell parts.

restriction enzymes
6. Biologists use
to cut DNA
molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller
fragments.

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7. Circle the letter of the process by which DNA fragments are

separated and analyzed.
a. gel electrophoresis

c. transformation

b. extraction

d. restriction

8. In the diagram below, label the positive and negative ends of the
gel and identify the location of longer and shorter fragments.

Power
source

Longer

fragments

Shorter

fragments

+
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Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued)

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about gel
electrophoresis.
a. An electric voltage applied to the gel separates the DNA
fragments.
b. DNA molecules are positively charged.
c. Gel electrophoresis is used to compare the genomes of
different organisms.
d. Gel electrophoresis can be used to locate and identify one
particular gene in an individuals genome.

Using the DNA Sequence

(pages 323326)

10. Complete the concept map to show how researchers use the DNA
sequence of an organism.

Identifying
DNA Sequence
enables researchers to

Study
specific genes

Compare genes with

other organisms

Discover the functions

of genes

11. List four ingredients added to a test tube to produce tagged

DNA fragments that can be used to read a sequence of DNA.
a. Small, single-stranded pieces of DNA
b. Enzyme that can make a complementary DNA strand
d. One base labeled with a fluorescent dye
12. What does the reaction in the test tube generate when
complimentary DNA is made for reading DNA? The reaction generates a series of tiny
DNA fragments that are color-coded according to the fluorescent base that has been added at the
very end.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? The pattern of colored

bands on a gel tells the exact sequence of bases in DNA.
true

14. Enzymes that splice DNA together can also be used to join
synthetic

DNA sequences to natural DNA sequences.

15. How is recombinant DNA produced?

It is produced by combining DNA from different

sources.
110

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c. Supply of the 4 nucleotide bases in DNA

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16. What is polymerase chain reaction? It is a technique that allows biologists to make many
copies of a particular gene.

17. What is the role of the primers in PCR? The primers are short pieces of complementary
DNA sequences that provide a place for DNA polymerase to start working.

18. Circle the letter of the first step in the polymerase chain reaction.
a. The copies become templates to make more copies.
b. The DNA is cooled to allow the primers to bind to the singlestranded DNA.
c. The DNA is heated to separate its two strands.
d. DNA polymerase makes copies of the region between the
primers.

Section 133 Cell Transformation

(pages 327329)

This section tells what happens during cell transformation. It also describes
techniques used to determine if transformation has been successful.

Introduction

(page 327)

1. What occurs during transformation? A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external
DNA becomes a part of the cells DNA.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Griffiths extract of heatkilled bacteria contained DNA fragments.

Transforming Bacteria

true

(pages 327328)

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3. Complete the flowchart to show the steps in transforming bacteria.

plasmid
Foreign DNA is joined to a(an)
, which is a small,
circular DNA molecule found naturally in some bacteria.

Recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacterial cells. Some bacterial cells take
transformation
in the recombinant DNA by the process of
.

The culture is treated with a(an)

kills bacteria.

antibiotic

, a compound that

Only cells that have been transformed survive, because only they carry a(an)
gene
for antibiotic resistance.
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Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued)

4. Give two reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer.
a. It has a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication, ensuring that the foreign
DNA will be replicated.

b. It has a genetic markera gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the
plasmid from those that dont.

Transforming Plant Cells

(pages 328329)

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transforming

plant cells.
a. Many plant cells can be transformed by using a bacterium that
will, in nature, insert a tumor-producing plasmid into plant
cells.
b. Sometimes plant cells in culture will take up DNA on their
own when their cell walls are removed.
c. It is impossible to inject DNA directly into plant cells.
d. Plant cells that are transformed cannot develop into adult
plants.
6. When researchers transform plant cells using a bacterium that
causes plant tumors, how do researchers prevent plant tumors
from forming in the transformed cells?

Researchers inactivate the tumor-producing gene.

7. Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells. The recombinant DNA is

integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

Transforming Animal Cells

(page 329)

8. Describe how animal cells can be transformed by directly

DNA can be directly injected into many egg cells. Once inside the nucleus,

DNA repair enzymes may help to insert the foreign DNA into the chromosomes.

9. Is the following sentence true or false? The DNA molecules used

for transformation of animal cells do not require marker genes.
false

10. How is a DNA molecule constructed so that it will knock out a

particular gene?

The DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that will sometimes

recombine with specific sequences in the host chromosome.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Gene replacement has

made it possible to identify the specific functions of genes in
many organisms.
112

true
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injecting DNA.

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Reading Skill Practice

When you read about related concepts, a compare-and-contrast table can help you
focus on their similarities and differences. Construct a table to compare and contrast
transformation in bacteria, plants, and animals. Look in Appendix A for more
information about compare-and-contrast tables. Do your work on a separate sheet
of paper.
In their tables, students should compare and contrast methods of transformation and how transformed
cells are identified.

Section 134 Applications of Genetic Engineering

(pages 331333)

This section explains how transgenic organisms are made. It also describes
what a clone is and how animal clones are produced.

Introduction

(page 331)

1. How do scientists know that plants and animals share the same
basic mechanisms of gene expression?

A gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works

perfectly in a plant.

Transgenic Organisms

(pages 331333)
2. What is a transgenic organism? It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms.

3. Describe how to make a transgenic organism. Using basic techniques of genetic

engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism.

4. Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of

biotechnology

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, a new industry that is changing

the way we interact with the living world.
5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transgenic
microorganisms.
a. Transgenic bacteria will never produce useful substances for
health and industry.
b. Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply and in
great abundance.
c. People with insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated with
pure human insulin.
d. In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw
materials for plastics.
6. Is the following sentence true or false? Researchers are working on
developing transgenic chickens that will be resistant to bacterial
infections that sometimes cause food poisoning.
true

Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 13

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Chapter 13, Genetic Engineering (continued)

7. List four ways in which transgenic animals have been used.
a. To study genes
b. To improve the food supply
c. To study the effects of diseases on the human immune system
d. To produce human proteins
8. Many transgenic plants contain genes that produce a natural
insecticide

, so the crops do not have to be sprayed

with pesticides.
9. Circle the letter of each item that might soon be produced by
transgenic plants.
a. human antibodies

c. rot-resistant foods

b. plastics

d. vitamin A-enriched rice

Cloning

(page 333)

10. What is a clone? It is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a
single cell.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? For years, many scientists
thought that that it was impossible to clone bacteria.
false

12. Complete the sentences in the diagram below to show the steps in
cloning a sheep.
Donor
Nucleus

The egg cell is fused with a (an)

cell
taken from another adult using
an electric shock.
Fused Cell

The nucleus
of an egg cell is removed.
The fused cell begins to

divide

Cloned Lamb

114

The embryo
is placed in the uterus of a foster mother,
where it develops normally.

normally.

Embryo

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Egg Cell

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13. Is the following sentence true or false? All cloned animals are also
false

transgenic.

14. What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years? Sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and
other mammals have been cloned.

WordWise
Use the clues below to identify vocabulary terms from Chapter 13. Write the
terms below, putting one letter in each blank. When you finish, the term
enclosed in the diagonal will reveal an important tool in transformation.
Clues
1. The condition of having many sets of chromosomes
2. A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
3. An organism that contains genes from other organisms
4. A molecule that cuts DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides
5. Produced when DNA from different sources is combined
6. The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
7. The process of crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both
organisms
1. p

2. c

4.

5. r

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3.

6.
7.

Hidden Word: p
Definition:

A small, circular DNA molecule found naturally in some bacteria

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115