Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Frequency allocation
UMTS summary
Satellite allocation
Terrestrial allocation
FDD systems
TDD systems
Layer 1
Layer 1 is the physical layer. Signalling and traffic data is borne on the air
interface by physical channels. The physical channels are defined by
code set and frequency in FDD mode and by code, timeslot, and
frequency in TDD mode.
Layer 2
Layer 2 is divided into two sub-layers:
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (lower layer).
The MAC layer is responsible for the random access procedures, physical
link control, error protection, ciphering, multiplexing, and channel
mapping to the physical layer (Layer 1) Radio Link Control (RLC) layer
(upper layer).
GSM to UMTS Transition RF Engineering Guideline
14 Lucent Technologies Proprietary See Notice on first page Issue 1.1 July 2000
The RLC layer is responsible for logical link control, and acknowledgement
/unacknowledgement of data transfer
Layer 3
Layer 3 is the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer. The RRC layer is
responsible for
coordination and control of bearers, monitoring processes, power control,
measurement
reporting, paging, and broadcast control functions.
In order to define a process for each different type of information, sets of
logical channels are mapped onto transport channels, and ultimately
physical channels are defined.
Logical channels are defined between the RLC and the MAC. Transport
channels are defined between the MAC and the physical layer (Layer 1).
Logical channels
The following logical channels are used to transfer signalling information:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) downlink The BCCH is a downlink
broadcast channel which carries system information. There are two types:
BCCH-Constant (BCCH-C) and BCCH-Variable (BCCH-V), the data on
which may be constantly updated.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH) - downlink
The PCCH is a downlink channel which carries paging messages. It is used
when the
network does not know the location cell of the mobile or the mobile is in
sleep mode.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
The CCCH is a bi-directional channel which carries data when the
mobile has no RRC
connection to the network.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
46 Lucent Technologies Proprietary See Notice on first page Issue 1.1 July 2000
Adaptive Multi Rate codecs
Adaptive Multi Rate devices provide the benefits of high speech quality
from the EFR Codec
combined with the bandwidth efficiency of using HR channels.
Mobile Handover
This chapter outlines the three main types of UMTS mobile handover, with particular
emphasis on inter system handover between a UTRAN and a GSM network.
10
11
The absolute length of the Silence Duration (SD) depends on the time
taken for the mobile to
switch from the UMTS frequency to a GSM frequency, decode and
measure the GSM channel
data, and switch back to the UTRAN frequency.
Note: Appendix A contains Silence Duration parameter definitions
reproduced from the ETSI
UTRAN Handover standard.
12
If there is no knowledge of the relative timing of the UTRAN and GSM cells,
Silence Duration
Patterns are used to search and decode the GSM Synchronisation
Channel (SCH). The
process is repeated whenever the mobile receives a new SCH.
Depending on the mobiles capabilities, the SCH search may be either
sequential (track first
GSM Frequency Correction Channel before decoding SCH), or parallel
(parallel tracking of FCH
and SCH). The parallel option decodes the SCH faster and thus needs
fewer SD patterns.
For example, a parallel search with 2 SD patterns every 0.48s alternately
using Tpattern1 (the delay
between successive SD patterns) of 226.92ms (47 * 4.615ms) and Tpattern2
263.08ms (57 *
4.615ms) is as efficient as a sequential search with 4 SD patterns per 0.48s
with T pattern 120ms.
The number of successive patterns used to scan a specific GSM frequency
(N pattern) before it is
assumed to be unsuccessful, can vary the probability of detection against
the number of slotted
frames (that is, the impact on UTRAN link). The default settings for Npattern
is 11 for serial
searches and 6 for parallel searches, to ensure successful detection under
worst case GSM cell
timing conditions.
If the SDs are allocated by the UTRAN on a periodic basis, the mobile
triggers the search
procedure within the available SDs. So no specific signaling is needed
between the mobile and
the UTRAN.
Alternatively, the mobile may initiate a search by sending a Request New
Cell Search message
to the UTRAN, within which it indicates its serial/parallel search capability.
The UTRAN
calculates a suitable SD pattern and advises the mobile using the normal
SD indicators. The
network operator can delay implementation of this SD pattern according
to the timing priority
assigned for New BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) identification. When
the mobile completes
13
its search, it signals to the UTRAN the timing of the associated SCH (or SCH
Not Found).
Examples of Silence Duration and associated SD patterns are given in
Appendix A.
GSM to UMTS Transition RF Engineering Guideline
Issue 1.1 - July 2000 Lucent Technologies
Proprietary
See Notice on first page
55
Once the mobile has successfully received the SCH for a neighbors GSM
cell, it must reconfirm
the cell Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) to establish the identity of the
cell.
If Silence Durations (slotted frames) are allocated on a periodic basis on
the downlink, the
14
56 Lucent Technologies
Proprietary
15
16
17
handover.
18
To simplify cell identification, the GSM system may also indicate the UTRAN
base station
scrambling codes in the GSM/UTRAN service area. As the UTRAN does not
use a super-frame
structure to indicate synchronisation, a dual-standard mobile operating in
GSM mode may
obtain frame synchronisation with the UTRAN once the UTRAN base station
scrambling code
timing has been acquired. The scrambling code has a 10ms period and is
synchronised to the
UTRAN Common Channel frame timing.
GSM to UMTS Transition RF Engineering Guideline
60 Lucent Technologies
Proprietary
See Notice on first page
Issue 1.1 - July 2000
This page is intentionally left blank
78 Lucent Technologies
Proprietary
See Notice on first page
19
BTS Antennas
In addition to the usual BTS site antenna system design criteria (such as RF
characteristics and
site and electrical constraints) the existence and type of any network
already owned by the
organisation is crucial. The organisation may own a single band (900MHz
or 1800MHz) GSM
network, a dual band GSM network, or may not own an existing network.
Each situation is
discussed in this section.
At the time of writing, dual band (GSM/UMTS) antennas have been
developed by a number of
manufacturers and are about to enter production. Tri band antennas,
with separate isolated
ports and elements for 900MHz, 1800MHz and 2GHz are at the prototype
stage and expected
to enter production early in 2001.
No existing network
20
antennas for the two bands. In an existing network this needs only one
additional antenna
system to serve the new 2GHz band. However, this approach has some
significant
disadvantages, including:
Greater loading on the antenna support structure
Increased number of antenna feeders and associated duct/riser
space required
Increased rental costs
Increased environmental impact with subsequent implications for
planning consent
Requirement to carry spares for each antenna type
GSM to UMTS Transition RF Engineering Guideline
Issue 1.1 - July 2000 Lucent Technologies
Proprietary
See Notice on first page
79
As a result, operators are likely to install dual band antennas.
21
Existing dual band GSM network operators who obtain a UTRAN licence,
may want to continue
to operate the dual band GSM network in addition to a UTRAN for the
foreseeable future. The
existing dual band network may operate with either single or dual band
(900/1800MHz)
antennas.
There are three possible options:
Install additional 2GHz antennas
At sites with separate 900 and 1800MHz antennas, replace the
1800MHz antenna with a
22
23
24
configuration, but they are not mandatory for dual GSM/UTRAN band
operation.
This type of antenna has two separate ports: one for the 900MHz feeder
and one for the
1800/2000-MHz feeder.
It can be used with an external cross-band combiner to achieve a similar
effect to a dual band
GSM/UTRAN antenna with internal cross-band diplexer. However, this
approach requires
additional tails, and the components that are not housed within the
antenna require
25
Dual band and tri band diplexers are used to combine and divide two
and three (possibly
duplex) signal bands, so that more than one band can share a common
antenna or antenna
feeder.
Isolation between the ports for each band is necessary to avoid high
power transmit signals
from one band impairing the performance of the receiver(s) operating on
the other bands.
26
27
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) performs similar functions to the Base
Station Controller
(BSC) in a GSM network. It is usually positioned at the centre of a
coverage region and has
three principal interfaces:
Core network (Iu) interface through which it communicates with the
Mobile Switching Centre
(MSC) for circuit switched traffic, and the Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN) for packet
data, both via Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) interfaces at the MSC
and SGSN
respectively
Neighbouring RNC (Iur) interface through which it communicates with
surrounding RNCs
when the serving RNC requires radio resources from cells controlled by a
neighbouring
RNC to maintain a connection on the air interface (for example, in soft
handover)
Base Transceiver Station (Iub) interface through which it communicates
with the BTSs (Node
Bs) that it controls
The RNC also provides interfaces to the Operations and Maintenance
Centre (OMC) terminal,
Local Maintenance Test Terminal (LMTT), and Short Message Service Cell
Broadcast Centre
(SMS-CB).
The primary tasks of the radio network controller are to control:
Handover decisions that require signalling to the mobile
Combining and splitting in support of the macro diversity available
from using multiple BTSs
to maintain a communication channel with the mobile
Assignment of radio resources from one or more BTSs (either locally
controlled by the
same RNC or controlled from a neighbouring RNC)
The RNC rack layout and architecture block diagram is shown in the
following diagram:
28
Data on
3G
An Introduction to the Third Generation
29
See also
http://www.mobile3G.com
Issue Date: 1st February 2000
Copyright 1999, 2000 Mobile Life streams
Limited
30
1. Introduction
People will look at their mobile phone as much as they hold it to their
ear. As such, 3G will be less safe than previous generations- because
television and other multimedia services tend to attract attention to
themselves- instead of hands-free kits, we will need eyes-free kits!
As with all new technology standards, there is uncertainty and the fear of
displacement. Third Generation (3G) mobile is topical and contentious for
several reasons:
31
The US, Japanese and European mobile players all have different
technology competences and are now unified in this single standardthe separate wireless evolution paths and European wireless leadership
are thereby challenged
Many industry analysts and other pundits have questioned the return
on an investment in 3G technology- questioning whether network
operators will be able to earn an adequate return on the capital
deployed in acquiring and rolling out a 3G network.
32
business case can pay for itself. The main positive (rather than
defensive) reason for mobile network operators to secure 3G network
licenses is to solve capacity issues in terms of enabling far greater call
capacity than todays digital mobile networks allow.
Non voice (data) traffic will also be huge, with new mobile multimedia
applications such as mobile postcards, movies and music driving new
applications and services along with corporate applications.
Applications and services available through the Internet, intranet and
extranet will drive the interest in and traffic on 3G networks.
Many people will not have a fixed phone at home. Preventing this until
now has been the slow speed of mobile data in 2G and even so called
2.5G technology that has made Internet access the principle
application for home phones.
33
vendors will be those that can deliver new products rapidly and
reliably.
Given the fragmented market for wireless phones, alliances and
mergers between Korean, Japanese, European and American mobile
phone and consumer electronics manufacturers will continue and
accelerate since few if any companies have all the enabling
technologies in-house from video to camera to mobile to interfaces.
Smaller players in all of these sectors will continue to consolidate, as
companies such as Sagem and Benefon (with data skills and location
centric smart phones respectively) are acquired to gain better
distribution for their technologies.
From an end user point of view, the move from GPRS to 3G is much
more revolutionary than the move from Second Generation data
services to GPRS. GPRS allows the mobile network to catch up with the
data bandwidths available over fixed telecommunications networks,
whereas 3G provides unprecedented bandwidth for mobile users, so
34
In
1998,
the
International
Telecommunications Union (ITU)
(see www.itu.int) called for Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) proposals
for
IMT-2000
(originally
called
Future
Public
Land
Mobile
Telecommunications Systems (FPLMTS)), the formal name for the Third
Generation standard. Many different proposals were submitted: the DECT
and TDMA/ Universal Wireless Communications organizations submitted
plans for the RTT to be TDMA-based, whilst all other proposals for nonsatellite based solutions were based on wideband CDMA- the main
submissions were called Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and cdma2000. The
ETSI/ GSM players including infrastructure vendors such as Nokia and
Ericsson backed WCDMA. The North American CDMA community, led by
the CDMA Development Group (CDG) including infrastructure vendors
such as Qualcomm and Lucent Technologies, backed cdma2000.
3G STANDARDIZATION PROCESS
3GPP
35
In the first half of 1999, much progress was made in agreeing a global IMT2000 standard that met the political and commercial requirements of the
various technology protagonists- GSM, CDMA and TDMA. In late March
1999, Ericsson purchased Qualcomms CDMA infrastructure division and
Ericsson and Qualcomm licensed each others key Intellectual Property
Rights and agreed to the ITUs family of networks compromise to the
various standards proposals.
Mo
de
1
Title
Origin
IMT DS
WCDMA
Direct
Spread FDD
(Frequency
Division
Duplex)
IMT MC
cdma2000
Multi-Carrier
FDD
(Frequency
Division
Duplex)
IMT TC
UTRA TDD
(Time Division
Duplex)
Supporters
36
3G DATA RATES
High Mobility
Full Mobility
37
384 kbps for pedestrian users traveling less than 120 kilometers per hour in
urban outdoor environments.
Limited
4. 3G Network Nodes
elements:
RADIO NETWORK
NODE B
38
CELL PLANNING
CORE NETWORK
BACKBONE NETWORK
39
40
5. Timescales for 3G
2001
Milestone
3G radio interface standardization took place, and initial 3G
live demonstrations of infrastructure and concept terminals
shown
Continuing standardization with network architectures,
terminal requirements and detailed standards
The formal approval of the IMT-2000 Recommendations will
be made at the ITU Radio communication Assembly in early
May
3G licenses are awarded by governments around Europe
and Asia
3G trials and integration commence
2001
2000
May 2000
2000
Summer of
First trial 3G services become available in Europe
2001
Start of 2002 Basic 3G capable terminals begin to be available in
commercial quantities
Throughout -Network operators launch 3G services commercially and
2002
roll out 3G.
-Vertical market and executive 3G early adopters begin
using 3G regularly for non voice mobile communications
2002/3
New 3G specific applications, greater network capacity
solutions, more capable terminals become available,
fuelling 3G usage
2004
3G will have arrived commercially and reached critical
mass in both corporate and consumer sectors.
TABLE 4- SOURCE MOBILE LIFESTREAMS
41
6. 3G Specific Applications
AUDIO
With 3G, MP3 files will be downloadable over the air directly to your
phone via a dedicated server. There are numerous business models to
allow both the network providers as well as the copyright owners of the
MP3 material to benefit financially. Mobile Lifestreams expects that the
integration of mobile telephony with everyday consumer products will
emerge within the next four years to the extent that we will be able to
retrieve data be it voice, Internet or Music anytime, anyplace through
the next generation of mobile devices.
Mobile phones with MP3 built-in from Samsung and with add on MP3
modules from Ericsson have already been demonstrated in late 1999 and
are expected to be commercially available during the year 2000. These
devices are shown in the next section below.
The era of downloading multimedia content from the Internet over fixed
telecommunications and cable links to PCs is only just beginning and is
dependent upon bandwidth to a large degree- with quality of image and
availability of service inversely proportionate to the amount of available
bandwidth.
42
STILL IMAGES
43
the slow data transmission speeds that were available prior to the
introduction of mobile packet data.
Once captured, images can then be sent directly to Internet sites,
allowing near real-time desktop publishing. The size of the file for a picture
depends on the resolution and type of compression. Typically each
picture is between 50K and 100K in the JPEG format. This can be
transmitted quickly using mobile packet data.
Still image transmission is a much touted application for lower packet
data services such as GPRS and beyond. Many people see still images as
a killer compelling application for GPRS.
Whilst a picture paints a thousand words, and this amount of text can
easily be handled by GPRS, we expect the single image to be used
instead!
44
MOVING IMAGES
45
ELECTRONIC AGENTS
Electronic agents are a technology that Mobile Lifestreams believes will
pay an important role for mobile working in the future- as agents are
dispatched to carry out searches and tasks on the Internet and report
back to their owners. This is an efficient way to get things done on the
move.
Electronic agents are defined as "mobile programs that go to places in
the network to carry out their owners' instructions. They can be thought of
as extensions of the people who dispatch them." Agents are "selfcontained programs that roam communications networks delivering and
receiving messages or looking for information or services."
46
Certainly, 3G terminals will give their owners much more control over their
lives than todays mobile phones. They will be e Assistants, e Secretaries, e
Advisors and e Administrators. This kind of control is what Home
Automation applications anticipate. Indeed Orange in the UK has a vision
expects that within ten years, our mobiles will be waking us up, reading
out our emails, ordering our groceries, telling us the best route to work,
reminding us and translating our conference calls. The key question is the
extent to which these processes are human initiated or computer
generated and controlled and the extent to which devices can learn
individual preferences and act accordingly.
In
the
twenty-first
century,
software will increasingly be
downloaded electronically from
the Internet rather than purchased as boxed product in stores. This is a like
file transfer applications that involve downloading the software itself. You
might for example need WinZip or Abode Acrobat to read a file- and can
download that over the 3G network to your 3G terminal.
DOWNLOADING SOFTWARE
Download Times
Download times vary depending on the speed of your modem and the
size of the application. Typical download times vary from 10 minutes to
two hours.
Here are download times for a 5 Megabyte (MB) application:
Connection Speed
Very fast corporate type connection (e.g. T1)
Corporate type connection (e.g. ISBN)
Download Time
30 seconds
12 minutes
47
104 minutes
By
designing
application
s to minimize the effects of the limitations of existing mobile services- such
as the length of a short message or the speed of a Circuit Switched Data
call- existing nonvoice mobile services can often be successfully used for
mobile working. However, many nonvoice applications are graphics
intensive and the new faster data services such as 3G will allow BETTER
VERSIONS of todays existing nonvoice applications.
It is often assumed that early adopters will be corporate customers for 3G,
but Mobile Lifestreams expects that since consumer electronics devices as
their name suggests appeal to consumer markets and will have 3G built
in. Mobile multimedia- games, entertainment and the like are much more
consumer oriented that the buttoned down sober suited business people.
Mobile Lifestreams expects 3G to be a consumer revolution and not a
corporate one.
The most ideal bearer for each application- 3G, GPRS or the Short
Message Service (SMS).- is an important question we will consider next.
The optimal bearer for each type of application will be:
Application
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Moving Images
File Transfer
Preferred Bearer
3G
3G
3G
48
Downloading Software
Virtual Home Environment
Web Browsing
Document Sharing/ Collaborative Working
Audio
Home Automation
Remote LAN Access
Electronic Agents
Dynamic Authoring
Job Dispatch
Still Images
Information Services- Qualitative
Unified Messaging
Internet Email
Chat
Remote Monitoring
Instant Messaging
Mobile banking
Corporate email
Information Services- Quantitative
Affinity programs
Simple Person to Person Messaging
Voice and fax mail notifications
Prepayment
Ringtones
Electronic commerce
Customer Service
Vehicle Positioning
Over The Air
People Location
Remote Point of Sale
3G
3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS/ HSCSD/ 3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS/ 3G
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS/ GPRS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
SMS
Circuit Switched Data
49
8. Initial 3G Traffic
Rankin
g
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Application
Bearer
50
51
The most popular form factor that has been shown in the 3G concept
devices is the video palm- a device form factor that can be held in
one hand and supports video applications with varying small, medium
or large screen sizes.
Nearly all of the devices are in form factors that are familiar to us
today- we may use the phone for different things and in different ways,
but it will probably look similar to todays mobile phones
52
Shown below are a couple of the 3G Concept devices from NTT DoCoMo,
a Japanese mobile network operator. On the left is a video phone built
into a walking stick and on the right is a Visor Phone that you wear like
glasses and watch like television!
53
9. 3G Contracts Awarded
Country
Australia
Australia
Network Operator
Telstra
(WCMA)
One.Tel
Canada
Canada
France
Date announced
23MAY99
3G Supplier
Lucent
23NOV99
Lucent
NA
Ericsson
NA
Nortel
Alcatel and
Ericsson switches,
Alcatel and Nortel
base stations
Nortel
France
Germany
Cegetel
(WCDMA)
Mannesmann D2
01JUL98
Ericsson
Germany
T-Mobil D1
01JUL98
Ericsson
Hong Kong
Smart one
(WCDMA)
Hong Kong
NA
Ericsson
Italy
Japan
Nortel
Nokia
Nokia
Motorola
Motorola
Siemens
Nortel
54
Japan
NTT DoCoMo
28APR99
Ericsson
Japan
NT DoCoMo
(WCDMA)
Korea
26APR99
Lucent
Sweden
Telia
USA
AT&T Wireless
(UWC 136)
Bell Atlantic
(cdma2000)
Sprint PCS
(cdma2000)
Vodafone
(WCDMA)
Vodafone
(WCDMA)
Orange
(WCDMA)
UK
USA
USA
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
Vodafone
USA
USA
USA
USA
Venezuela
SK Telecom
(WCDMA)
NA
NA
Nokia
Ericsson
NA
Lucent
NA
Lucent
NA
Lucent
23FEB99
Motorola
15OCT98
Lucent
10FEB99
Lucent
Vodafone
(WCDMA)
BT
(WCDMA)
22APR99
Ericsson
Nortel
Ericsson
Nortel
Sprint PCS
(cdma2000)
Sprint PCS
(cdma2000)
NA
NA
AirTouch
(cdma2000)
Movilnet (TDMA)
13DEC99
Ericsson
Motorola
NA
Nortel
Ericsson
NA
Nortel
Ericsson
55
CUST
DATA
AIRLINKS
ACQ
PARTNER
S
GPRS
Alcatel
LOW
LOW
LOW
MED
HIGH
LOW
Ericsson
HIGH
MED
HIGH
LOW
LOW
MED
Lucent
HIGH
MED
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
Motorola
MED
MED
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
Nokia
MED
HIGH
MED
LOW
LOW
MED
Nortel
HIGH
LOW
MED
HIGH
MED
LOW
Siemens
LOW
LOW
LOW
MED
MED
LOW
CUSTOMERS
It is interesting that Nortel and Lucent who have made large IP related
acquisitions (Bay Networks and Ascend respectively) have done well with
3G whilst making little inroads into the GPRS market.
56
DATA
57
AIR LINKS
(AIRLINKS). Denotes the extent to which the vendor supports multiple
airline standards. Alcatel, Nokia and Siemens are primarily GSM vendors.
Motorola supports multiple air links such as GSM, TACS, AMPS, DAMPS, PHS,
CDMA, but not TDMA. Ericsson, Lucent and Nortel are all worldwide
vendors of all kinds of air link systems. Ericsson has not traditionally
delivered CDMA technology, but its recent acquisition of Qualcomm
infrastructure division has changed this situation.
ACQUISTIONS
PARTNE
For 3G, Alcatel has partnered with Motorola and Cisco
Systems. Ericsson has not partnered with anyone to implement its IP plans.
Neither has Lucent. Motorola partners with Cisco Systems, Fujitsu, Alcatel
and Pioneer. Nokia partners with InterDigital. Nortel partners with
Matsushita/ Panasonic and Samsung. Siemens is working with NEC and
Casio.
We can see that many of these partnerships are between Japanese and
European companies. We expect to see more such partnerships such as
between mobile phone manufacturers and consumer electronics
manufacturers in the not too distant future.
GPRS
Lucent, Nortel, Siemens and Alcatel only have a few GPRS contracts
between them- Lucent are yet to announce their first customer for
PacketGSM.
Again we see varying levels of commitment to and success in GPRS and
3G, hence successful momentum in one area does not necessarily
translate to a successful start in another.
59
11. Summary
The
Third
Generation
of
mobile
communications will bring with it mobile multimedia with high data
bandwidths and sophisticated mobile terminals and new services and
applications.
This guide is a cut down version of a book called Data on 3G which is
300 pages long and contains very detailed information on all aspects of
the Third Generation. To find out more about 3G and the book and to
order your copy for just 250 US dollars, visit www.mobile3G.com or contact
the author by any of the methods listed below:
Simon Buckingham
Mobile Life streams Limited
Internet site:
Email:
Telephone:
http://www.mobile3G.com
simonB@mobilelifestreams.com
Postal Address:
9 the Broadway
Newbury
Berkshire
RG14 1AS
ENGLAND
60