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Summary of

English

MODAL PERFECT
a. Would have V3 = keinginan di waktu lampau tp tidak terlaksana
b. Could have V3 = Kemampuan di waktu lampau tp tidak dilakukan
c. Might have V3 = Kemungkinan di waktu lampau (mungkin telah)
d. Should have V3 = Nasehat yang sia-sia (Seharusnya telah)
e. Must have V3 = Pasti telah
PESENT MODALS FOR PRESENT FACT
a. will = plan
b. can = ability
c. may = possibility perhaps maybe
d. should = ought to advice suggestion
e. must = have / has to conclusion certainty

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (Pengandaian)


1. Type 1 : If S + s/es , S + will +V1
If I have a wife, I will kiss her every morning
Fact : There is a possibility to have a wife
(Ada kemungkinan sekarang / nanti)
2. Type 2 : If S + V2 , S + would + V1 / If hilang = V2 + S, S + would +V1
If I took an English course , I would speak English well
Fact : I dont take an English course now
Berlawanan dengan fakta sekarang
3. Type 3 : If S + had + V3 , S +would have + V3
If hilang = Had + S + V3
If I had seen a live concert of Sheila on 7 last night, I would have mown
its sing
Fact : Berlawanan dengan fakta lampau / V2 = berlawanan
I didnt see the concert
SUBJUNCTIVE / Wish Harapan sia-sia
Ada 2 tipe :
1. S + V2
Fact : V1 (Berlawanan)
2. S + had V3
Fact : V2 (Berlawanan)
If Only = wish = would rather = as if = as though
CAUSATIVE (Meminta orang melakukan sesuatu)
Ada 3 type :
1. get / got
ask / asked
Someone + V1
tell / told
The teacher ask the boys to do the test
2. make / made
have/ had
Someone + V1
let/ let
The teacher have the boys do the test
3. Causative pasif
Have/get + something/benda + V3
The teachers have the test done

PASSIVE To be V3
1. Present ( S + is,am,are + V3 )
Water is drunk by everybody
2. Past ( was,were + V3 )
Her secret in love was told by Sari to him
3. Continous (Was/were/is/am/are + being V3)
A few of dancers in fire are being dreamt by her
4. Modal (must,will,shall,can,may,should,could + be V3)
We are going to be treated by my teacher in caf
4. Perfect (have/has/had been + V3)
Kandung has been visited by his friends

ACTIVE
1. Present ( S + V1 s/es )
Everybody drinks water everyday
2. Past ( S+V2 )
Sari told him about her secret in
love
3. Continous (S + to be + V.Ing)
She is dreaming about a few of
dancers
4. Modal (S + Modals + V1)
My teacher is going to treat us in
caf
4. Perfect (have/has/had +V3)
They have visited Kandung

Note :
a. Need
Want
Require
The air conditioning needs repairing = The air conditioner needs to be repaired
b. to V1 to be V3
I want Hengky to repair the AC I want the AC to be repaired
c. Gerund Pasif = being V3
* I am interested in being Loved by a young girl
* I am interested in loving a young girl
TO INFINITIVE
1. After noun (kata benda)
ex : I have experience to make someone fall in love with me
2. After adjective
Ex : Nice to meet you
3. After question words
Ex : I dont know how to make you understand about me
4. After purpose
Ex : He stop working to pray Jum`atan
5. After Papan PDI itu Mewah
Propose
Promise
Mean
Ask
Decide
Expect
Permit
Instruct
Want = wish
Allow
Intend
Advise
Need
Teach / Try / Tell
Hope

INFINITIVE without to

a. Make
Have
Let

+ V1

I never let you search what you want from me


b. would rather V1
had better V1
lugid better go away from the dangerous place
c. Suggestion its necessary / important / essential + that + s +v1
Expect
hope
Suggest
advice
Demand
suppose
Intent
recommend
Propose
insist
Ask

We insist that Nana send the letter (aktif)


We insist that the letter be sent (pasif)

CONJUNCTION
Tapi : But
However
Nevertheles
Yet
While
Whereas
Still

Dan : And
Sehingga : Consequently
Besides
Accordingly
Also
Hence
Furthermore
So
Moreover
Therefore
In addition
Thus

Karena : Because
As
Since
For
Due to
Because of

WORD ORDER
a. Adjective Noun
Beautifull artist
b. Adverb Verb Adverb
Beautifull acts beautifully
c. Si U Us Ba Wa Na Ba Ti
Sifat Ukuran Usia Bentuk Warna Natinally Bahan Inti
Ex : An expensive huge old brown Japanese style wooden house
d. K T C T W
Keseringan Tingkat Cara Tempat Waktu
Ex : The boys often cry so quietly in their own rooms when they pray
e. Jumlah milik adjective Noun
All your old friends

CONCORD / AGREEMENT
a. Pronoun
Subject

Object

Possessive

Possessive

They (Jamak)
them
their
their
We (and I)
us
our
ours
I
me
my
mine
You
you
your
yours
He
him
his
his
She
her
her
hers
It
it
its
its
Ex : The public transportations in the city should increase their services

Self Pronoun
themselves
ourselves
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself

b. Allways singular / tunggal


1. Uncountable noun
: water
2. Science
: physics
3. Games
: billiards
4. Distance
: Ten miles
5. Money
: Ten billions
6. a/an Noun
: Tunggal : is/was, V1 s/es, has V3
7. Each / every
: Neither
8. Increase
: Either
9. Number
: None
10. Influence
: One
Ex : Either of songs has been popularized by the Blacks
c. Always Plural / Jamak
1. In pairs : glasses
Spectacles
Trousers
2. Tanpa s/es : police, cattle, majority
3. Benda + s/es : Equipments
The companies never agree with their employee`s complaints
Note : menentukan : Tunggal/Jamak
Benda prep yang pertama (dilihat noun di depan preposition yang pertama)
Ex : The use of credits cards in cities is important

AKTIF PARTICIPLE
a. Menerangkan Subjek
The boy loving me so much lives in Probolinggo
The boy who is loving = The boy who loves
b. Menerangkan Objek
The teacher was getting angry with the girl wearing trousers
The girl who was wearing = the girl who wore
c. Ada dua kejadian dalam waktu bersamaan (subjek sama)
Walking around the town, I met someone crazy like Kandung
*When I walked / While I was walking
d. Ada 2 kejadian = Sebab Akibat
e. Knowing her phone number, Kandung calls her (subjek sama)
*Because Kandung knows his phone number
f. Having V3 = After S had V3
Having seen a bad movie, Kandung dreamt about the actrees (subjek sama)
After Kandung had seen a bad movie
PAST PARTICIPLE
a. Menerangkan subjek
The prize given at the competation can make him feel proud
The prize which is given
b. Menerangkan objek
We will try to catch something fought by everyday
Something which is fought
c. Ada dua kejadian subjek sama sebab akibat
Kissed in front of public, she feel very shy
Because she is kissed in front of public
RELATIVE PRONOUN
a. Inti manusia who predicate : verb : go, went, etc
Aux : is, can, have
The chairman in the meeting who leads the school lives in Surabaya
b. Inti manusia whom subject + predicate
The chairman in the meeting whom we appreciate very much lives in Surabaya
c. Inti non manusia which Subject/Predicate
The motorcycle which you ride belongs to my uncle
d. Inti manusia whose Noun (benda)
Johan, whose Father works in a private hospital, is very handsome
Note

Who, when, which = bias diganti that


Whoose = bias diganti dengan of which
Bila ada verb + preposition preposition + relative pronoun

SUB CLAUSE
W + H (Kalimat Tanya) + Subjective + predicate
Would you like to tell me when the world will end
INDIRECT SPEECH / REPORTED SPPECH
a. Tenses berubah
Direct
Indirect
1. V1
1. V2
2. V2
2. Had V2
b. Pernyataan / Statement
He said , I wait you until you get work
He said (that) he waited for me until got work
c.Yes-No Answer
He asked, Did you take me to your party?
He asked if/whether I had taken him to my party.
WH Question
He asked, Why will Lin hate me?
He asked why Lin would hate him.
Command/Prohibition
He told,Save our love.
He told to save our love
He told,Dont sweep my love away.
He told not to sweep his love away
PREFERENCE
a. Prefer Ving to Ving
~ I prefer visiting to resort to going to Bali
b. Like Ving better than Ving ~ I like visiting to resort better than going to Bali
c. Would rather V1 than Ving ~ I would rather visit to resort than go to Bali
d. Had better V1
~ I had better visit to resort
ELIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
a.
Possitive and positive
1. Subject + aux +too
~ Linda loves me and so does Lugy
2. So + aux + subject
b. Negative and negative
1. Subject + aux not + either ~ Linda doesnt Love me and Lugy doesnt either
2. Neither + aux + subject
~ Linda doent Love me and neither does Lugy
c. Negative and Positive
Negative but/while positive ~ Linda doesnt love me but Lugy does

TENSES
a. Present
1. Simple Present ( S + V1(s/es))
* Habbit / kebiasaan
= Shinta always bathes in a river
* General truth / kebenaran umum = Shinta loves Rama forever
2. Present Continous (S + is,am,are + Ving)
* Sedang berlangsung sekarang = we are listening to aur teacher now
3. Present Perfect Continuous ( S + hasve/has + been Ving )
* Dari dulu sampai sekarang sampai nanti = She has been loving me since 1 years ago
4. Present Perfect (has/have + V3)
* Sekarang selesai = Shinta has gone away
* Pengganti have/has been Ving)
b. Past
1. Past Perfect (last/ago/yesterday)
After I had bathed, I wore a new suit = Before I wore a new suit, I had bathed
= Having bathed, I wore a new suit
2. Simple past (selesai berlangsung)
I came when he bathed
3. Past continuous (sedang berlangsung lampau)
I came when he was bathing
4. Past perfect continuous (had been Vingfor)
I came when he had been playing cards for an hour
c. Future
1. Present Future (planning/keinginan sekarang) tomorrow/next
a. Ill be your lover
2. Future Perfect (selesai nanti = will have + V3) by:menjelang
a. I will have passed SNMPTN by July
3. Future Continuous ( will be Ving)
a. Ill be going to Surabaya at 2 o c`clock tomorrow : ada 2 kemungkinan
waktu
QUESTION TAG
a. statement : tags
1. Possitive , negative
2. Negative, positive
Ex : we can treat others well, cant we?
We didnt know the eclips, did we?
Note : I am an actor, arent I?
Lets dance, shall we?
Do the test, will you?
Dont do the test, will you?
There is something in my heart, isnt there?
Indonesia isnt tiny, is it?
Everybody needs water, dont they?

PARALLELISM / Kesetaraan
a. Neithernor(negative)
b. Eitheror(positive)
c. Not onlybut also
a. Not only growing the plants but also preserving the water
d. Bothand
e. and
a. The company always cares for
f. as well as
DERIVATIVE
Noun : happiness, possibility, movement, education, babyhood, dofference, package,
actor, leader
Adjective : beautifull, funny, economical, foolish, spectacular, weekly, acceptable
Verb : enjoy, sharpen, economize
Adverbs : beautifully, hard, aloud, late
A. NOUN
1. Setelah kata sifat : ex : Pretty woman
2. Setelah kata milik : ex : My Beauty
3. Sebagai subjek : ex : Beauty must be kept
4. Sebagai objek : ex : a beautiful lady must care the beauty
5. Setelah artikel : ex : a, an, many, much, some
B. ADJECTIVE
1. Setelah to be sebgai predicate
ex : you are good
2. Sebelum kata benda
ex : good movement
3. Setelah more(yg menerangkan noun) ex : you become more economical
C. ADVERB
Menerangkan kata kerja (verb). Ex: Its beautifully designed
D. VERB
1. bg predikat. Ex : You move to other country
2. After modals. Ex : You will move

TENSE
1. .since/for
a. have/has been Ving ~ Ani started living in Surabaya in 1990, now, Shes still living in
Surabaya
b. have/has V3
~ Ani has been living in Surabay since 1990
2. Since
Mahmud has been living in Madiun since he got a brother
3. a. have/has been Ving
FOR
Present/now this time
b. had been Ving
FOR
past/V2
c. will have been Ving
FOR
future/by the time
Example :
a. She will have been working in the factory for two years by the time I pass the test
b. She had been working in the factory for two years
c. She has been working in factory for two years now
3. a. has/were Ving (sedang)
WHEN V2 (PAST)
b. had V3
c. had been Ving for
example :
a. When they came, the man was praying
b. When they came, the man had prayed so he could open the door for them
c. When they came, the man had been praying for 5 minutes
4. a. After S + had V3 , S + V2
b. Having + V3 , S + V2
c. Before + S + V2, S + had + V3
d. Sebab akibat (past) : S + had + V3 , S + V2
4. will + have + V3 + by (menjelang)
By next June you will have graduated from High School
When you get a certificate, you will have graduated from high school
5. Will + V1 : rencana/keinginan
You will continue your study
6. Will be Ving
We will be going to Surabaya at 9 tomorrow
7. V1/V1 s/es : habbit
You lives in Winongo
8. Have/has V3 : sesuatu yang telah selesai sekarang
We have just gone to Malang
1. Begitu : So (adj)that ~The scenery so beautifull that everybody says
Such(adj)(noun)that ~We never see such a beautiful
scenery that we always dream to repeat
2. Setara : asas ~ You look as young as ten years age
Soas
3. Lebih : er + Than
More+Than
4. Paling : theest
The most

Neither of
Either of
Benda Jamak
None of
One of
One of the cases is about a murder
Neithernor
Eitheror
Neither the goods nor the new product has been shipped
Assifatas untuk benda
Asketeranganas untuk kerja
You are walking as slowly as possible
You are not as slow as I think
Preposition : kata depan
At : time
On : date/day
In : month/year
Next to : near : close : by
Among : diantara lebih dari dua
Between : diantara dua
Everybody / one
Nobody / none : predicate

at 5
on July 5 / on Sunday
in June / in 2003

kata ganti : they,them, their, theirs


tunggal : is/was, V1 s/es, has V3

The boy reading ~ The boy who is reading


The boy is reading ~ continuous ~ sentence (sedang)
The boy given ~ The boy who is given
The boy is given ~ passive sentence (laki-laki diberi)

Noun + s/es ~ Tunggal


Mathematics
News
5 dollars
5 miles
Billiards

Noun tanpa s/es ~ Jamak


* people
* police
* crew
* crowd

SUGESTION / SARAN
Its important/essential/necessary
Expect
Suggest
Demand
Intend
Propose
Ask
Hope
Advice
Suppose
Recommend/Request
Insist : mendesak
Verbs + to V1
Propose
Ask
Permit
Allow
Need
Promise
Decide
Intend
Instruct
Teach/Tell/Try
Urge
Mean
Expect
Want
Advice
Verbs + Ving
Risk
Enjoy
Mind
Avoid
Finish
Delay
Admit
Deny
Appreciate
Keep on : go on
Understand
Anticipate
Consider
Hate
Fancy

that S + V1/ not V1

+ V1

+ to V1

+ Ving

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