Contents

Chapter - 01

Cell Structure and Functions

1.1

What is a cell?

01

1.2

Plasma membrane

02

1.2.1

Transport across plasma membrane

1.2.2

Membrane potential

1.2.3

Transport of macromolecules across plasma membrane

15

1.3

Ribosome

1.4

Endoplasmic reticulum

1.5

Golgi complex

1.6

Lysosome

1.7

Mitochondria

1.8

Plastid

1.9

Peroxisome

1.10

Cytoskeleton

1.11

Cell junction

1.12

Cell adhesion molecules

1.13

Plant cell wall

1.14

Nucleus

1.15

Cell cycle

1.16

Mechanics of cell division

1.17

General features of prokaryotes

1.18

Structure of bacterial cell

22
24

34

38
41

44
45
46
55
58

59

60
64
70
84

85

Chapter - 02

Biomolecules and Metabolism

2.1

10

Amino acid and proteins 97

2.1.1

Peptide and polypeptide

105

2.1.2

Peptide bond

2.1.3

Protein structure

2.1.4

Fibrous and globular proteins

2.1.5

Protein folding

106
108
123
i

113

17

2.2

2.3

2.4

Nucleic acids

125

2.2.1

Structure of dsDNA

2.2.2

Thermal denaturation

2.2.3

Quantification of nucleic acid

2.2.4

Supercoil forms of DNA

2.2.5

DNA : A genetic material

2.2.6

RNA

133
134

135
137

139

Carbohydrates

143

2.3.1

Monosaccharide

2.3.2

Derivatives of monosaccharide

2.3.3

Disaccharide and glycosidic bond

2.3.4

Polysaccharide

2.3.5

Glycoprotein

2.3.6

Reducing and non-reducing sugar

143
147
148

150
151

Lipids

152

2.4.1

Fatty acid

2.4.2

Triacylglycerol and wax

2.4.3

Phospholipid

2.4.4

Glycolipid

2.4.5

Steroid

152

153
154

155
156

157

2.5

Vitamin

2.6

Antioxidant

2.7

Animal hormone

2.8

Metabolism

173

2.9

Respiration

174

2.10

129

158
165
165

2.9.1

Aerobic respiration

2.9.2

Glycolysis

2.9.3

Anaplerotic reaction

2.9.4

Oxidative phosphorylation

2.9.5

Shuttle system

2.9.6

Fermentation

2.9.7

Respiratory quotient

2.9.8

Glyoxylate cycle

2.9.9

Pentose phosphate pathway

Photosynthesis

174

175
184
185

194
197
199

200
200

202

2.10.1

Photosynthetic pigment

203

2.10.2

Concept of photosynthetic unit

2.10.3

Hill reaction

2.10.4

Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis

209

209

2.10.5

Concept of pigment system

2.10.6

Stages of photosynthesis

2.10.7

Photorespiration

2.10.8

C4 cycle

222

223
ii

210
212

209

2.11

Carbohydrate metabolism

225
225

2.11.1

Gluconeogenesis

2.11.2

Glycogen metabolism

2.11.3

Starch and sucrose synthesis

229
233

Chapter - 03

Enzymology
3.1

General features

237

3.1.1

Naming and classification of enzyme

3.1.2

What enzyme does?

3.1.3

How enzymes operate?

238

240
240

3.1.4

Enzyme kinetics

3.1.5

Enzyme inhibition

242

3.1.6

Regulatory enzyme

3.1.7

Isozyme

3.1.8

Zymogen

253

3.1.9

Ribozyme

254

3.1.10

Examples of enzymatic reactions

3.1.11

Enzyme activity

3.1.12

Enzyme purification

248
251

253

3.2

Protein engineering

3.3

Enzyme immobilization

254

257
258

259
260

Chapter - 04

Molecular Genetics
4.1

Genome organization

265

4.2

Eukaryotic chromatin and chromosome

4.3

Bacterial genome : Bacterial chromosome and plasmid

4.4

DNA replication

4.5

Recombination

4.6

DNA repair

4.7

Transcription

4.8

Regulation of gene transcription

4.9

Genetic code

4.10

Protein synthesis

4.11

Mutation

4.12

Site-directed mutagenesis

4.13

Horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination in bacteria

278
287

290
303

309
314
341

361
365

379
391

iii

392

Chapter - 05

Molecular Biology Techniques

5.1

DNA and RNA purification

409

5.2

Nucleic acid hybridization

411

5.3

Isotopic and non-isotopic labeling of nucleic acids

5.4

Blotting

5.5

DNA library

5.6

Polymerase chain reaction

5.7

DNA sequencing

5.8

Chromatography

5.9

Electrophoresis

5.10

Centrifugation

5.11

Spectroscopy

5.12

Mass spectroscopy

5.13

Immunological techniques

414
415
419

424
429
433
437
440
445
446

Chapter - 06

Genetic Engineering
6.1

DNA cloning

455

6.2

Enzymes for DNA manipulation

6.3

Vectors

6.4

Selection of transformed cells

6.5

Recombinant screening

6.6

Introduction of DNA into the host cells

6.7

Expression vector

6.8

Transcript analysis

6.9

DNA microarray technology

6.10

Transgenic plant

6.11

Antisense technology

6.12

Genetic manipulation of animal cell

6.13

Nuclear transfer technology

6.14

Genetic marker

6.15

Genome mapping

6.16

DNA profiling

6.17

Genomics

457

462
473

474
475

478
482
483

485
490

495

496
500

502
503

iv

492

412

Chapter - 07

Tissue Culture
7.1

Plant tissue culture

507

Cellular totipotency

507

Tissue culture media

Types of cultures

508

510

Somatic embryogenesis
Organogenesis

513

514

7.2

Somaclonal and gametoclonal variation

514

7.3

Somatic hybridization and cybridization

515

7.4

Applications of cell and tissue culture

Clonal propagation

516

Production of virus free plants

516

Plant germplasm conservation

517

Artificial seeds

517

Chapter - 08

Plant Molecular Biology

8.1

Plant hormone
Auxin

520

520

Gibberellin

525

Cytokinin

526

Abscisic acid
Ethylene

527
529

Brassinosteroids

529

Hormones signaling pathway

8.2

Phytochrome

8.3

Biological nitrogen fixation

530

535

Answers of self test

540

545

Index

516