Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Synopsis....................................................................................................................................................................i
The Ways and the Truths .....................................................................................................................................iii
I. The Chapters....................................................................................................................................................... v
1. Einstein and all that .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introducing the reasons for this book ............................................................................................ 1
1.2. Descartes........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Imaginary Time.............................................................................................................................. 4
2. The elements of new geometry .................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Rotations ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Three Dimensions.......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Standard Forms ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.4. More Than Two Dimensions ....................................................................................................... 14
3. A story and a theorem .............................................................................................................................. 19
3.1. A Story. ........................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2. And now for a theorem ................................................................................................................ 20
3.3. The first rope trick ....................................................................................................................... 21
4. Orthogonality ........................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1. The rules of Fleming.................................................................................................................... 23
4.2. Deflection of an electron beam .................................................................................................... 25
4.3. Vectors of light............................................................................................................................. 25
4.4. The vectors of the gyro ................................................................................................................ 26
4.5. Other examples ............................................................................................................................ 30
5. More than geometry ................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1. Studying direction........................................................................................................................ 31
5.2. Growing geometry ....................................................................................................................... 34
6. The development of standard forms (rank one vectors) ........................................................................... 38
6.1. Standard forms............................................................................................................................. 38
6.2. The trigonometric forms .............................................................................................................. 38
6.3. The trigonometric standard forms ............................................................................................... 39
6.4. Applying Euclid over Ostberger .................................................................................................. 42
6.5. Amplitudes................................................................................................................................... 44
6.6. Powers of trigonometric functions............................................................................................... 44
6.7. Half angle tangent relations ......................................................................................................... 45
6.8. Algebraic equations ..................................................................................................................... 47
6.9. Parametric equations.................................................................................................................... 47
6.10. Imaginary geometry................................................................................................................... 47
7. Four dimensions are here ......................................................................................................................... 49
7.1. Four dimensions........................................................................................................................... 49
7.2. Observational platform ................................................................................................................ 52
7.3. Quarter points .............................................................................................................................. 52
7.4. Standing in another place............................................................................................................. 55
8. The development of Law Fields (rank two vectors)................................................................................. 59
8.1. Law Fields ................................................................................................................................... 59
8.2. The Newton Law Field ................................................................................................................ 59
8.3. The origin..................................................................................................................................... 61
8.4. The relations ................................................................................................................................ 61
8.5. The magnetic Law Field .............................................................................................................. 61
8.6. The electric Law Field ................................................................................................................. 62
8.7. The general Law Field ................................................................................................................. 63
iv
vi
List of Tables
8-1. The Work Law Field (firstness) ...................................................................................................................... 69
8-2. The Organisation Field (secondness) ............................................................................................................. 70
8-3. The Reaction Field (thirdness) ....................................................................................................................... 71
9-1. From the notes on social activity .................................................................................................................... 79
G-1. The effects of the rotations (Curls) that take place in the fields .................................................................. 141
G-2. The magnetic, electric and gravitic inverse square laws.............................................................................. 141
G-3. Potential gradents of the three fields............................................................................................................ 142
I-1. Algebraic Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 144
I-2. Comparing Law Fields with Linear Algebra................................................................................................. 144
J-1. Definition of the delta functions.................................................................................................................... 145
J-2. The delta values for q = 1............................................................................................................................. 145
J-3. The delta values for q = 2............................................................................................................................. 145
J-4. The delta values for q = 3............................................................................................................................. 145
J-5. The delta values for q = 4............................................................................................................................. 146
List of Figures
2-1. Cartesian frame of reference............................................................................................................................. 6
2-2. The origin is numerically zero in every direction............................................................................................. 7
2-3. Polar Cartesian.................................................................................................................................................. 7
2-4. The pen stand1................................................................................................................................................... 8
2-5. An example curved geometry........................................................................................................................... 9
2-6. An important basic geometry ........................................................................................................................... 9
2-7. Multiples of trigonometric functions.............................................................................................................. 10
2-8. The first sets of integerp
surds6 ......................................................................................................................... 10
6
2-9. Elements of the form
a(a + 1).................................................................................................................. 11
2-10. Two straight lines meet at right angles ......................................................................................................... 12
2-11. Two curves meet orthogonally...................................................................................................................... 12
2-12. We can apply directions along line elements................................................................................................ 13
2-13. The shortest path between two orthogonal points is a quarter rotation ........................................................ 13
2-14. Different types of orthogonal elements ........................................................................................................ 14
2-15. There are eight possible orthogonal curvatures of the single line element; four cylindrical and four annular
14
2-18. The front page of a note on sine and cosine addition and subtraction8 ........................................................ 16
2-19. A larger curved geometry ............................................................................................................................. 17
3-1. The Wun-mans universe ................................................................................................................................ 19
3-2. A rope around the Earth.................................................................................................................................. 21
3-3. A rope around Jupiter ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3-4. one unit of overlap .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4-1. Left hand rule for the motor ........................................................................................................................... 23
4-2. Right hand rule for the generator.................................................................................................................... 23
4-3. The unidirectional representation ................................................................................................................... 24
4-4. The bidirectional representation ..................................................................................................................... 24
4-5. The orthogonal vectors of light ...................................................................................................................... 25
4-6. Using a bicycle wheel as a gyro ..................................................................................................................... 26
4-7. For the left hand holding the spindle; the magnitudinal part of the spin........................................................ 27
4-8. Gravity pulling down creates a torque............................................................................................................ 27
4-9. For the right hand holding the spindle; the directional part of the vectors..................................................... 28
vii
viii
10-10. The first issue of the three Law Fields of Fluids ........................................................................................ 94
10-11. The first issue of the incomplete Fluidic Law World ................................................................................. 94
11-1. A minimum line element .............................................................................................................................. 98
11-2. Two kinds of particle statistics ..................................................................................................................... 98
11-3. The four fold infinite transformation which births the extravariant World from the intravariant ................ 99
11-4. Assembly of the representations of Fermions and Bosons......................................................................... 100
11-5. The anti-commuting assembly of the intra and extra Grav-electromagnetic Worlds that creates the
representation of atomic elements4............................................................................................................. 102
11-6. The first set of orthogonal anticommuting elements on the intravariant surface........................................ 103
11-7. Counting electrons, the triplet states........................................................................................................... 105
11-8. Counting electrons, the first multiplet state ................................................................................................ 105
11-9. A sketch of a three electron state................................................................................................................ 106
12-1. Finding the new universe............................................................................................................................ 108
12-2. The one unit rope trick................................................................................................................................ 109
12-3. The Planck Trick......................................................................................................................................... 109
12-4. The complete set of Red geometries of the inner product.......................................................................... 110
12-5. The complete set of Blue geometries of the outer product......................................................................... 111
12-7. A magnitude essential to Quantum Mechanics .......................................................................................... 112
12-8. The delta geometry sets are part of the Hydrogen atom solutions (q = 1)14 .............................................. 113
A-1. A rope around the world .............................................................................................................................. 122
A-2. For each meter of circumference ... ............................................................................................................. 122
A-3. A rope around Jupiter .................................................................................................................................. 123
A-4. The largest possible curvature of the rope ................................................................................................... 123
A-5. Curvatures at infinity ................................................................................................................................... 123
A-6. One unit ....................................................................................................................................................... 123
A-7. Half a step to infinity ................................................................................................................................... 124
A-8. One step to infinity....................................................................................................................................... 124
A-9. One extra unit of circumference internally .................................................................................................. 127
A-10. One extra unit of circumference externally ............................................................................................... 127
E-1. Finding the new universe ............................................................................................................................. 135
F-1. A Schwarzchild gravitational field ............................................................................................................... 137
F-2. The satellite operates in the momentum-static plane ................................................................................... 138
F-3. The rocket is an exchange of momentum device ......................................................................................... 139
H-1. Elements of a spheres surface..................................................................................................................... 143
H-2. Elements of a spherical surface ................................................................................................................... 143
K-1. Sketches of the conic sections expressed in Magnitudinal and Directional form ....................................... 147
ix
Synopsis
There is a star situated somewhere in the Milky Way which is the mother of our home, the Earth. It is our Sun.
And ultimately it is the Suns energy falling upon the surface of this tiny satellite we call Earth, that feeds and
enlivens the life that has been created over the millennia. Life which is agenerate, whose entropy is negative and
with which, our tiny minds venture to see out into the universe, trying, desperately, to understand the order both
below us and above us.
The Sun is remarkable because it too is an agenerate part of nature. From Hydrogen it generates Helium in a
frenzy of fusion. It is as if the hydrogen were coming in through some four dimensional hole in the universe to be
fused into the beginnings of agenerate life in the Milky Way. Forming the lesser Hydrogen into the greater Helium
and expending vast amounts of radiative energy in doing so. This Hydrogen is the beginning of this process and
yet Hydrogen is the least of all the elements we know in the universe. It is an atom with a hole in it where the
neutron is supposed to be. It consists of just one electron and one proton and because of its asymmetric form it
likes to live with a partner which is similar to itself as the diatomic molecule H2 .
But hydrogen also lives within us. During the process of digestion the Krebb cycle extracts energy from conversion
of Adeninine-diphosphate into Adeninine-triphosphate and in doing so leaves a Hydrogen atom to be split into its
component parts, the electron and the proton. Without this process, we die. And without the Suns energy, we die.
Both are created out of the least of all elements, the Hydrogen atom.
Then, at the beginning of the twentieth century man formulated theories that began our understanding of the
Universe around us. Riemann, Planck, Einstein, Minkowski, Hilbert, Sommerfeld, Dirac, Heisenberg, Bohr,
Schroedinger, Feynman, Hawkin, Penrose all contributed to the mental pictures of the four dimensional world
we live in. The Hydrogen atom was described and its properties exposed with ever increasing correlation to experimental evidence. Sommerfeld discovered a constant which was as universal to Hydrogen as the speed of light
is to the universe. A constant that is the basic measure of the scale belonging to the Hydrogen atom. A constant
which is so basic to the universe that we can calculate from it, the velocity of light.
And then came Ostberger.
Ostberger has produced a geometry which provides the natural constant which measures the scale of the Hydrogen
atom. The geometry is a universal shape that exists for our understanding. And that is remarkable. For it says,
that this man has produced with a paper and pencil (although now a computer) the Sommerfeld fine-structure
constant which has hitherto been the subject of theoretical calculation and laboratory experiment throughout the
last century.
He has used the processes of geometry to reason. He calls them simply, Directions and says that they can be
studied in just the same way that we do numbers. That an algebra of Directions can be formulated which leads to
even bigger geometries which eventually provides the answers to things like the Hydrogen atom.
He relates all his work to that of the ancient Chinese Taoism as well as to the modern Quantum Mechanics. He
discovers a four dimension geometry and even n-dimensional ones too. He shows that there are at least a pair of
four dimensional geometries for every set that can be created, That one of this pair is stable and the other is not.
And it is all done with pictures.
From the beginnings of Euclid, Ostberger creates a library of geometric solutions which eventually build into a
complete picture of the subjects that we study. He culminates with a model for the chemical elements in a deeply
complex but nonetheless visible geometry from which he calculates the most basic of known physical constant,
the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant for Hydrogen. Its source, he says, comes from asking the geometry a
question, when is your yin equal to your yang? The result is the selection of one number from a table of new
constants he calls the Delta values. This selection yields this Universal Constant to an asymptotically endless
accuracy of decimal places.
This book is one mans attempt to tell the story of the creation of this remarkable theory which took Ostberger
thirty years. It is sometimes difficult to comprehend but the geometries are clearly set down for us all to see. The
Synopsis
whole book is backed by the notebook of Telle Ostberger which it is said gives mathematical detail of all that is
included in the book.
Much of it is so simple that it cannot be denied and yet the rest is so enriched that it cannot be fully understood.
We cannot but be surprised by this mans remarkable discoveries. The world is invaded with directions of all
kinds. We simply have not recognised them as such. But now, the numerical size of an object will take its place
amongst its directional properties. There are many questions and only a few answers but even they are surprising.
The universe is not where we think it is! The stars we see are distributed according to the laws of science and that
includes their respective directions. So when we look at a star we are actually looking around the corner into a
universe which is all curves like Ostbergers geometries. He says goodbye to Descartes
Is homoeopathy the medical of directional phenomena in the body? Is the directional part of atoms what tells
them where their next energy level is? Where are the Directions of money? Can we transport ourselves into an
orthogonal universe?
It may not be an international best seller but then that is not the object of this book. The object is to expose this
mans work to the world so that a new science may be launched which will benefit all mankind.
This book is only about the Ostberger notes which relate to Mathematics and Physics. There are other books to
follow which relate to Finance and Social Order and other more controversial subjects.
The notebook of Telle Ostberger is voluminous. The author and his helpers have only had time and money enough
to present this book and many of the associated notes which support it. We hope you find it as exciting as we do.
Bob Beaumont, for E.T.C.
ii
I stumbled at the bus stop and I intend waiting because I know that the bus stops here.
Ostberger is saying that our lives are pervaded with magnitudes and their directions, the Truths and the Ways. They
are implicit in all studies not just mathematics and physics. This is the yang and the yin of the Eastern wisdom.
His discovery is that we can as easily study the yin or Directional process as we can the yang or Magnitudinal
process. He has begun the study of the yin process and begun to show its relationship to the yang process. The Directions are studied as geometric forms. In particular orthogonal geometric forms. The Magnitudes are studied as
hieroglyphics, particularly mathematical ones in the form of equations. For every directional form there is a corresponding magnitudinal form, if we can find it! They are the left and right hand of the same body of information
that presents itself to us in the natural universe and the social universe that we create amongst ourselves.
iii
I cannot think of a better reason to write a book. I hope you can enjoy its harvest. R.P.B
iv
I. The Chapters
A sketch of a very dense geometry which Ostberger says encapsulates the laws of Physics. Its presented in more
detail in Chapter 10.
This book is about the work of Telle Ostberger who sees the world, not in terms of the magnitudes of things, but
instead in terms of their directions. He has discovered that the directions of space are just as much a reasoning
tool as are the magnitudes. He has cemented his ideas into the language of mathematics and begun to show that
perhaps all mathematics can be approached in this way as well. He argues that it is possible to see the universe
in two ways, not one. We are able to examine the Ways of the universe as well as the Truths4. The ways are
the Directional5 studies that Ostberger has begun and the Truths are the Magnitudinal5 studies that have been the
subject of mathematics since the passing of Euclid.
Ostberger takes the principles of Euclid expands them into a whole new paradigm of mathematical thinking, about
the Directional relationships of things and not just their size.
1.2. Descartes
Ostberger
Space, matter, energy; it is all fully occupied. There are no spaces into which we can insert our notion of Cartesian
coordinates. We may use them to construct our local material environment with vehicles, buildings, possessions and
the like but we may not apply them to nature. She has her own language of curvatures. There are no straight lines and
she does not recognise the concept of distance measured in metres. The curvatures fold over and over transforming
themselves into ever more dense forms of our universe. Only the Laws of nature are straight, as we perceive them, and
In a 3-dimensional world Rene Descartes decided that we should adopt a system of coordinate measurement
consisting of three axes x, y, z at right angles to each other. This became the standard for the next four centuries.
We still teach it in schools to the exclusion of all other possibilities. The human mind has become so entrenched
in its use that change is tantamount to the same heresy that befell Bruno and Galileo.
Every direction in space is occupied by some phenomena which we measure. These phenomena have Directions
which belong to them. They are a part of their make-up and they have relationships as Ostberger shows. When
we observe light we also observe with the Directional aspects which belong to light. It is a curvature as Einstein
showed. Light travels along geodesic curves to our eye. The line of sight from the intergalactic body to Earth is
a curve belonging to the electromagnetic phenomena that we know as light. Its rate of curvature is given by the
Lorentz Transformation.
But change did take place through the work of Bernard Riemann in the middle of the 19th century. He constructed
a mental image of a geometry of four dimensions which he described through the hieroglyphics of mathematics.
His work formed the Tensor Calculus from which Einstein took his Relativity. Mathematicians like Minkowski,
Maxwell, Lorentz and Planck made their name by applying the Riemann work to real living physics. Einstein then
came to his peers and said look I can calculate the motions of the universe from Riemanns work. He produced
from the curvatures of the calculus three effects:
In the first he calculated the fact that mercurys elliptical orbit does not just go around the Sun in a flat plane but
that the plane of the ellipse rotates as well. His calculation fitted precisely the known facts at the time.
In the second he calculated the bending of light from a star, which had its image line of sight in close proximity
to the Sun. When the Sun was eclipsed by the moon the image light could be observed. He predicted that the star
would be seen just a few minutes earlier than the straight line of sight would predict. His calculation fitted the
observation.
Is time real or is it imaginary? That is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind to be a finite player living in
real time or an infinite player7 living in imaginary time is a question which nature will not answer for us. We must
find the answer for ourselves. Or perhaps it needs no answer and we will learn to live as both by alternating from
one to the other as circumstances demand.
What Einstein did was to say that time was real. He placed the real time into an algebraic equation of his time
which represented four dimensions.
The time component (ict) was made imaginary by attaching the imaginary number i as a coefficient. The time
itself was scaled by the magnitude of the velocity of light8. The concept of time was now connected to that of
motion. (Ostberger connects time to Direction). All this made the time component negative.
If we follow this idea we see that if time were imaginary the last component in the equation would become real
and go positive9. Steven Hawkins10 says,
When I tried to unify gravity with Quantum Mechanics, one had to introduce the idea of imaginary time. Imaginary
time is indistinguishable from directions in space.
This is also what Ostberger says. Time, he says, does not exist. It is a Direction in space. It is a figment of our
imagination to help us to relate to each other. It does not relate us to the universe by a number.
Our clocks are a good approximation to the rotation of the Earth, the planetary body that we know the best and one
that we can measure the easiest. What we have done is to take one rotation of the Earth, divide it into 24 bits, then
divide it into 60 smaller bits, then 60 smaller bits for a second time to obtain a unit of measure we call the second.
Notes
1. Systems made by man; the machine, as Carse ([Carse87]) calls it. Historically, so far, these are degenerate.
2. Systems made by nature; the garden, as Carse calls it. These are Agenerate.
3. Ostberger used three new words and they are all in this first chapter. Intravariant, Extravariant and Gravelectromagnetic. See the glossary of terms for full definitions.
4. New testament John Ch. 14 v 6.
5. Ostberger uses the words Direction and Magnitude with a capital letter to talk specifically about magnitudinal
and directional phenomena. Both terms are defined in the glossary.
6. The reader is left to think about this.
7. [Carse87]
8. Our connection to nature is through our senses. One of these is sight which uses the electromagnetic phenomena in a very narrow band of frequencies. This mathematical phenomena scales everything we observe
through the eye, even if it is transformed by other devices, with the large number 3 x 1010 , the velocity of
light in meters per second.
9. In the equation ict becomes ic(it) which is +ict.
10. [Hawkin88], chapter 9.
11. In Ostbergers [note1166] for example, he shows that the Kronecker Delta in Tensor Calculus is no more than
a metric of Direction. It is a quarter of a complete cycle.
The essence of the Cartesian frame of reference is that it is taken to be numerically zero at the origin no matter
which direction we approach it from. The negative direction is a translated axis of x, y, z. There is no reason to
assume that this is right or even useful. We have simply not been given reason to use anything else. But Ostberger
gives us a reason to approach a point in space with values other than zero. After all we are well aware that some
sets of ideas and objects do not contain the number zero. Velocity is one such example. We cannot find a place
in the universe and say this is absolutely stationary. Velocity and reciprocal velocity have the property that they
meet at the number one. A place at which we must identify a normalising number, usually 1. Another example is
temperature and yet another is the set of reciprocal real numbers.
Figure 2-2. The origin is numerically zero in every direction
The scales of the Cartesian frame are generally taken to be equi-spaced and linear. But again we have no reason
to stay with this concept, particularly in the age of computers.
Figure 2-3. Polar Cartesian
What is happening here? The angle 4 is creating a new vector which allows us to rotate the pen with its new
One thing was clear Cartesian-type straight lines had infinities of points in a one to many correspondence when
they were at right angles. There were so many points a quarter of a rotation apart that they represented something
very special indeed. Ostberger eventually concluded that straight lines which were at right angles were so special
that they did not exist! We will look at this in Chapter 4. What did exist were the curvatures which had several
points in one to one correspondence. The circular geometries shown here are particularly tractable and have many
qualities that make them a sensible starting point for the study. These are both geometries in the plane and so
measurement of orthogonality does not present a problem. The Figure 2-5 is very close to the shapes produced
~ is not a straight Cartesian axis and that makes the shape algebraically
by Radical Circles except that the line AA
complicated. However an algebraic description of a shape is very different from using the geometry to represent
a vector. The same shape of a geometry may have many uses in representations (see example in Figure 5-6).
The lower geometry (which Ostberger calls of the first kind) is perhaps the most simple form to use but first
we must rid ourselves of our Cartesian frame of thinking. If there are axes then they will form themselves in the
course of constructing the representation. Lets look at a couple of examples from the Ostberger notebook.
The Figure 2-6 provides a geometry which can have values of the curvatures from some arbitrary small value close
to zero to some arbitrary large value close to infinity. There are no zero curvatures in this geometry. The note in
Appendix A3 says that we cannot have an infinite radial measure or zero curvature. The straight line is proven
not to exist here and it is clear that Ostberger regards the simple theorem of Appendix A as extremely important.
It is, he says, a geometric incompleteness theorem similar to Godels except that it can be seen plainly by the
earliest student. We see here that an infinity can be represented geometrically by a straight line given that proper
attention is paid to the analysis of the curvatures.
Figure 2-7. Multiples of trigonometric functions
Some of the trigonometric functions are shown in the geometry of Figure 2-7. It uses the geometry of the first kind
in Figure 2-6. We see here that the intervals between successive circles is constant with respect to the origin. This
means that any scale between 1 and nearly zero is possible using the sine function here. This can form a basis for
working with vectors. The amplitude of any sine or cosine function is clearly identified as associated with one of
the circles and can be related to a curvature. All amplitudes are possible4. This becomes a library standard form
together with all the other trigonometric functions5. It can be used to construct further geometries because the
space becomes unique if the nomenclature is followed.
10
Figure 2-8 is an example of the mixed use of ordinal and cardinal number. Here the line lengths in the geometry
measure the roots of all integers. If the circles are of a continuous nature then it is apparent6 that all real number
roots lie on the horizontal line at unity. By picking out groups of lines from point to point one may find several
kinds of root functions expressed as the length of a line element. In this case a straight line element as this is in
Euclidean 2-space.
Figure 2-9. Elements of the form6
p
a(a + 1)
11
Figure 2-9 is a brief study of the line elements in this geometry of the first kind which relate to a specific formula.
In this case the study paid off because it is used later in modelling the hydrogen atom spin function. Many of
the studies do not pay off. At least for the present. But we never know when a piece of mathematics, in this case
geometric mathematics, will be useful. So we need to build up a library of Standard forms.
The earliest standard form is an examination of two straight lines meeting at right angles. We can imagine that
each point amongst the infinity of points on the blue line can be measured as being orthogonal to every point on
the red line at right angles to it.With an infinity of points on the blue line there is a square of infinite orthogonal
connections in each quadrant. This representation leaves us with a many to one and a one to many relationship of
points. It simply wont do for a geometry in which we want to use orthogonality as a basis.
Figure 2-11. Two curves meet orthogonally
12
On the other hand two curves can meet orthogonally at a point (Figure 2-11). But we still need to discuss in
what sense they meet orthogonally. Two curves of equal curvature meeting orthogonally will have a whole set of
orthogonal points in one to one correspondence. On the other hand if they are unequal curvature such as Figure
2-5 then the meeting point is special. It may not be unique for there may be a pair of points as in Figure 2-11.
Figure 2-12. We can apply directions along line elements
So we can analyse the mathematics of the points in space. We can go further to ask ourselves in what part of the
space the orthogonality manifests itself (Figure 2-12). We can apply directions along the line elements so that
they become unique in the sense of having an inward or outward relationship.
Figure 2-13. The shortest path between two orthogonal points is a quarter rotation
We can establish rules about the juxtaposition of the lines in space and say, for example, that the shortest path
between two orthogonal points is a quarter of a rotation (Figure 2-13) or that the shortest path between two points
which are three quarters of a rotation apart leave an orthogonal space.
We may draw a simple line on the paper and posit that there are at least two directions in the line. If not then
one of the ends must be at infinity. This is analogous to saying that we cannot form a number system with any
less than two characters. The binary system is the minimum that will allow a complete set of magnitudes to be
13
Two directions in a line element is the minimum. We can have more. But the more we have the greater the density
of the representation as we shall see. If we leave out the directions altogether then we can choose any number of
directions to suit the problem.
Just as we may embed a vector in mathematics into a one, two, three or n-dimensional space so we may embed a
line likewise. But we may also apply a number of dimensions to the vector itself.
Vectors may be curved and they must have width and thickness. We may compose theorems to these principles.
In all cases a line element must have at least two dimension giving four possible curvatures (Figure 2-15) in the x
14
In the existing rules the reversal of the direction indicates a contra- magnitude.
Figure 2-17. The new vector rules
In the new rules the reversal of the direction is an accountable mathematical phenomena and it therefore can
support both a magnitude and its contra-.
But what this means for mathematics is that Ostberger is saying that vectors may have reverse magnitudes. For
example a positive one in the forward direction and a negative one in the reverse direction. Both the Direction and
the Magnitude can be reversed.
What Ostberger has discovered is really quite simple. Directions are just as much a tool of reasoning as are the
magnitudes. Mother nature knows this and makes thorough use of the fact. She does not easily yield up her secrets
but Ostberger has discovered that Magnitudes and Directions are separable entities. He has left us with a legacy
which will serve us well in the next millennium. Our modelling techniques can now include pictures. But they
can be pictures of a very precise and analysable nature.
In the philosophies of the east Yin and Yang compose the Tao just as direction and magnitude compose our vector
spaces. But the Tao is not there if the yin or yang is missing. Neither is it there if they are found because when
they are found and placed together there comes another yin or yang to be found which is inside out to the previous
and so the Tao never is. The student of Ostbergers work will discover this for himself.
The Tao is our attempt to represent and understand the world we have entered. It is how we visualise the world.
Of itself it is not a reality only a model of reality, it is a void sequence of events, a null tensor in space, a vacuum.
We may mark a post, scale a guideline or determine a metric in a tensor with our magnitudes but we are still
missing the Directions that belong to nature.
15
Figure 2-18 defines the attributes of a vector of position like the pen. The length of the vector represents the
magnitude. This has terminals (arrows) that yield its directional aspect.
The Direction also has two aspects. One is the magnitude of the direction which we measure in degrees or radians
but can be other measure such as the delta values in the atomic structure9. The other is the direction of the direction
which we measure with geometry such as Euclid and Ostberger. There are four aspects to the vector of Figure
2-18, not two as our presence mathematics currently presumes. This results in the possibilities shown in Figure
2-17.
The Ostberger work sets out to represent all four aspects. By selecting one of the aspects first we may bring our
reasoning to bear on the problem that we wish to represent. We may select the Magnitudinal aspect first in which
case we delve into our existing hieroglyphic mathematics to seek a magnitude solution. It is likely that we will
travel via the eigenvector theory towards our solution. On the other hand we can select the Ostberger process by
looking at our library of directional standard forms and seek a direction solution.
We need to relate the former process to the latter and vice versa. In practice says Ostberger, We need to follow
the processes which nature herself seems to use. She oscillates between a magnitudinal (yang) process and a
directional (yin) process. First one and then the other. So, when we have come down the mathematical (yang)
path and arrived at impassable terrain we can swap vehicles and continue the journey with our new directional
(yin) vehicle. We can change back again when we find the new terrain which suits our mathematical vehicle. The
process is endless. It seems that our right and left cerebral hemispheres are a gift for this process.
16
Each stage is a slow process and none have been formalised in Ostbergers work. He simply recognises the need
for the stages. The ones that he took to arrive at solutions.
He says, There is a symbiosis between all Directions and all Magnitudes which seems to say that the one set is
mirrored in the other symmetrically. However, I suspect that the mirror is asymmetric just as we find in physics.
Notes
1. The simple mathematics is given in [note103].
2. By using the full 360 degree notation of and the positive and negative values of r we can describe the whole
spherical space in terms of r and .
3. See [note140].
4. Ostberger made notes on imaginary geometries.
5. See Chapter 6 and the [note5xx] series of notes.
17
18
Also, as you can imagine, the habits of their predators was made very easy. All they had to do was to home in on
the straight lines of the wun-men and consume them to extinction. And we know that that is true because there
are no more wun-men in the world today.
But in their struggle to survive they learned a trick or two. They would leave one of their number at home as a
sentry to measure the directions of the fly fish as they went walkabout. If the wun-men did not return then it was
theorised that there was a hole in that direction or that the poor little chap had dropped off the edge. No wunman
would go that way in the future. The sentry was know as the fly fish angler. But alas the angler was to be their
demise for there came a time when no wun-men would venture out for fear of holes and edges.
But, one day a baby wunman was born with a genetic defect. He only had one head. He was rejected by all the
other wun-men. How can he survive with only one head?, they would ask, he will never be able to get back
home, they said. he will always need some-wun with him to show him the way home, they said.
19
20
The rope-maker was overjoyed with his contract. He contrived a machine to make the rope at great speed and
called upon his friend the ship-maker to freight it round the world.
When the rope was finished and the beginning was returned to the rope-makers workshop he butted the two ends
together and celebrated his success. But no sooner had he finished celebrating than he received irate telephone
calls from around the world saying that the rope was far too long.
The rope-maker had a brain wave. He drew the ends of the rope taught and measured the spare rope. It measured
just half a metre. He could not understand how this was possible, so he went to his local university for help in
calculating the problem. Its far too trivial for us, they said, we dont get involved in trivia like that. So the
rope-maker did his own calculations.
What he discovered was quite remarkable. The half metre overlap (Figure 3-4) that laid on his workshop floor
translated into 15 cm of slack in the rope all the way round the Earth! The phone calls were right. There was a lot
of slack in the rope. He could not believe that the half metre of rope that lay on his workshop floor could produce
15 cm of slack everywhere around the world.
The rope-maker was so astounded by his discovery that he contacted his local University again to confirm his
calculations but they just told him to stop bothering them with his trivialities.
The rope-maker wondered if he could make a rope to go round Jupiter. What a contract, he thought. I wonder
if it will have to be as accurate?
21
He did some more calculations. To his surprise he came up with the same answer as for the Earth rope. The
distance that the rope would stand off from the surface of Jupiter would be 15 cm for each 1 metre of error in the
length of the rope. How can that be? he exclaimed. Does this mean that the stand-off height is a constant no
matter how big the planet! Is it always 15 cm per metre?
Figure 3-4. one unit of overlap
The rope-maker considered a rope around the Universe. No matter who puts the extra metre into the rope there
will always be a 15 cm movement at right angles to the rope, he thought. ) But suppose the rope were a part of
nature, then what? We would be part of the rope as if we we standing on it. So we might never see the motion of
the rope.
With nobody to tell about his discovery the rope-maker slipped his notes into the workbench drawer and proceeded
home to bed.
The rope-maker had indeed discovered something quite useful and this is given in Appendix A. You do not have
to be a mathematician to understand the arguments, although you will need some skill to extend the arguments to
cases other than circles. But that is another story.
The first Rope trick is a Directional Theorem, an idea that does not require specific magnitudes to elucidate the
arguments and produce the answers. There is also another rope trick in the appendix and more in the notes.
22
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
In this chapter I want to look at the way in which Ostberger slowly arrives at the idea of orthogonality in physics
and then transcribes that idea to the mathematics.
So there it is. Flemings Left hand Rule for motors. And there it remains. And what is more it will remain for ever
and ever, and ever. It will simply never go away. It is as fixed as the stars or the laws of the heavens that position
the planets to the last decimal part of a millimetre. So Ostberger thought that he had better see if there were any
more of these rules that are fixed, or invariant as the mathematician says.
Fleming also had a Right Hand Rule. This time for generators.
23
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-2. Right hand rule for the generator
What Ostberger did was to say that these properties, represented on different hands, must in someway belong to
each other. After all, a motion is a motion wherever it is. It is part of an idea that we call velocity. If we place
our hands back to back with the first knuckle touching we can align these three properties into the set of axes in
Figure 4-3. His interpretation of this was of three fluxes flowing in an energy field1.
Figure 4-3. The unidirectional representation
Ostberger goes a step further. He uses a bidirectional representation as in Figure 4-4. In this we see that the motor
is represented by a net vector pointing outward in the diagonal of the box shown and the generator is represented
by a net vector pointing inward in the box2. The two processes are:
Inward
Outward
A process of putting motion in to get current out using a magnetic field as a converter is a
generator.
A process of putting current in to get motion out using a magnetic field as a converter is a
motor.
24
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-4. The bidirectional representation
Both processes are degenerate in that they consume energy. So the direction of the energy flow does not, here,
tell us about any process that might generate energy as nature does. This concerned Ostberger and he made notes
which suggest that he despaired that he might not be able to see the agenerate processes of nature in the new
process. But we will see later that he succeeded in showing the remarkable processes which are agenerate in
nature and ourselves.
25
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-5. The orthogonal vectors of light
We can identify three vectors E the Electric intensity (force), B the Magnetic Flux density and v the velocity of
propagation. These are vectors of a magnitude character and we can ascribe a number to them according to the
particular manifestation of the light. They are related precisely by Figure 4-5. The three vectors are orthogonal
in space and we can identify them with a right hand rule just as we do Flemings rules. Again the preciseness
of this relationship is never in question. Our experimental measurements indicate that they remain consistently
orthogonal, in the manner of Figure 4-5 throughout the universe.
Ostberger asked himself, Is this velocity the same kind of velocity that we have seen in the electric motor and
generator? He also asked himself how these vectors could remain orthogonal in a space of curvatures. It took a
journey of many years to find the answers.
It was on this journey that he identified the surface vector of Figure 4-5 as belonging to a group of tensors which
are purely directional in character. He later named them Electric Direction and Magnetic Direction. They were the
Directional component parts of the vectors E and B. These Directional vector components manifest themselves
as Potentials in physics. The connection between the two is by far the most remarkable discovery that Ostberger
made. Two great four dimensional geometries containing the same complete set of vector elements appear to
be inside out to each other. In fact they are orthogonal as we will see in later chapters. Ostberger called them
intravariant and extravariant.
26
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-6. Using a bicycle wheel as a gyro
With the wheel spinning at speed let go of your right fist and allow the spindle to rest on the fingers of your left
hand. The wheel does not fall to the floor. What does it do? It rotates.
Looking down in the Direction of the gravitational acceleration it rotates clockwise. It will rotate clockwise for
everybody in the world. This is called the precession and it follows a very strict set of orthogonal rules.
To work this out you need your best brains in gear. So those readers who have gear box trouble should look at the
pictures and pass on to the next chapter.
Figure 4-7. For the left hand holding the spindle; the magnitudinal part of the spin.
It is easiest to look at the spin of the wheel first. Hold your right hand out with your orthogonal indicating digits
in position. Point your forefinger along the spindle of the wheel and follow the rotation of the spin with a right
handed screw motion. Construct an axial vector with a ring around it in the direction of the screw motion (Figure
4-7). This is the spin component with its velocity around the ring.
27
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-8. Gravity pulling down creates a torque
Next we find the torque component with its force around the ring. Look at the wheel end on (Figure 4-8). With
only one fist holding the wheel the acceleration due to gravity is trying to turn the wheel downward. Use your
right hand to work out which way gravity is trying to turn the wheel. If your hand is the same as mine you will
find Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-9 to be correct.
Figure 4-9. For the right hand holding the spindle; the directional part of the vectors.
Finally we use our right hand to determine the rotation of the precession. To get the same answer as me you will
have to point your forefinger up in the air. The right handed screw turns the way of the procession as we have
observed (Figure 4-9).
28
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
Figure 4-10. The orthogonal surface vectors of the gyro
We can now assemble these findings on to a single surface, the Figure 4-10. Here we can identify three axial
vectors in the representation each with its orthogonal phenomena connected thus,
1. The axis of the Precession with its associated surface Direction.
2. The Spin with its associated surface Velocity.
3. The Torque with its associated surface Force.
This is a second stage diagram of the type mentioned at the end of Chapter 2. There are no magnitudes and so
further work must take place to make a stage 3 representation. But the directions will remain in their relative
juxtaposition. In fact, we will see later that the three surface vectors form what Ostberger called a Law field
(Figure 4-10). The reason why this is special will be discussed in Chapter 8.
All these vectors are well known. But, perhaps it is not so well understood that the Precession produces a Direction
surface vector. What kind of phenomena is this and to what group of phenomena does it belong?
Figure 4-11. The gyro surface produces a Law Field
29
Chapter 4. Orthogonality
The Law Field helps us to group the phenomena as we will see in Chapter 8. Thus all forces of a Newtonian kind
can be aggregated on to the Law Field by mappings. So they are a group of phenomena. So also are the group
of Newtonian velocities4. The third group is a group of Potentials which is here associated with the direction
component of the whole field. It is called Direction as a general term because, as we shall see, there are many of
these. It is a class with the term flux perhaps.
The precession is associated with this Gravitic Potential. What Ostberger showed was that this Potential belongs
to the group of Newtonian Potentials. And that is the reason the bicycle wheel did not fall off our finger.
That the gyro produces its own Direction field is a strange concept at first. But we can soon become accustomed
to the idea as we work out our misconceptions in terms of these directional phenomena.
Notes
1. In Chapter 10 these three fluxes will appear on the surface of a World geometry.
2. Now we see the relationship to the clip on the pen in Figure 2-4.
3. This is an example of intra- and extravariance.
4. See Figure 8-2.
30
How many dimensions must a line have for us to be able to see it? Lets look at a one dimensional line A in Figure
5-1. It is not there because we need to have another dimension to see it. The line must have a small part of a
second dimension if we are to see it at all. So Figure 5-1 B is a 2-dimensional line displayed for us to discuss
one of the dimensions. If we now curve the line we are producing effects in 2-dimensions. This is the minimum
display that we may expect nature to show us. If we take away one of the dimensions we cannot observe anything.
We need two dimensions to see one.
The line element is the basis of string theory. Indeed Ostberger makes notes about string theory and comments
thus, If string theory were to take account of both of the two most important theorems in Quantum Mechanics it
would accord with my own discoveries precisely. String theory has ignored the orthogonality theorem.
31
Look at Figure 5-3. It is a world geometry with co- and contravariant regions. They are identified by the nomenclature of tensor calculus2. Visualise the geometry as a pair of balloons with a hole interfacing the pair. There is a
32
Note that b and c are vectorial rotations. A Euclidean rotation would retain the same colours at b and c.
Imagine that we have selected a metric (scale) for the space by determining the size of the hole forming the
interface3. The two balloons are identified as the covariant and contravariant components in the space. Firstly,
imagine that the covariant balloon is fixed in size and the contravariant balloon can expand into the contravariant
space whilst keeping the ij junctions and all the others orthogonal. That is one possibility. Now suppose we have
a whole set of the j circles spreading over the covariant surface. (See Ostbergers sketch in the bottom left hand
corner of Figure 5-2). That is another possibility. Each of the circles can range over the surface as did the first one.
Now suppose we change the metric to a new hole size. The whole process can be repeated. Now suppose we
reverse all the permutation of the process and range the covariant circles over the contravariant ones.
We can further repeat the whole again game whilst keeping one of the ij junctions stationary and then the other.
Then we can include the direction k as part of the geometry or we can leave it off. The permutations are enormous
since every element can range from unity to near infinity in each of the directions.
Then there are the permutations that derive from rotating the whole system and forming the metric in the i and j
directions in turn (the small pictures in Figure 5-3).
The picture gets bigger because we can hang all three permutations in the Figure 5-3 on to a single World geometry. A sketched example is shown in Figure 5-4.
And the picture gets bigger still because we can use each of the orthogonal states of this geometry to represent
a group of phenomena. This is what Ostberger did with his process of Law Fields which we will look at in
subsequent chapters. The result was geometric representations so large that it becomes difficult to handle the
solutions they contain, in much the same way as in the Schrodinger equation.
33
But the picture did not stop there. An even bigger picture was obtained by Ostberger. He looked into the geometry
of Figure 5-4 and imagined that he could stand inside the covariant components which encircled him, the ones
that are outside the World. He imagined that all the surface components of the World (and there are two further
sets that I have not mentioned here) were expanded to infinity and collapsed around him. The result was a new
World geometry containing the same complete set of phenomenological elements.
One can only see this when all the line elements are occupied on the World geometry. This is in Chapter 10.
The new World is clearly different. The first he called intravariant and the second he called extravariant. The
former addressed the problems of classical physics and the latter those of Quantum Mechanics. The extravariant
World was of discontinuous character and the intravariant World of continuous character. They required different
mathematical treatment. We will look at this later.
34
Now apply this to some geometries which are constructed in Figure 5-6. These geometries are also Euclidian. They
are not even bidirectional, yet to describe them with algebra would require a considerable degree of mathematical
skill for there are many circles in them arranged in a special displaced order. So, algebra is not the first choice for
this process. Lets look at the geometry.
Figure 5-6. The magnitude powers of p
The two sets of circles are to show how different magnitudes are obtained from exactly the same geometric form
simply by changing the choice of scalar in each set.
How did he arrive at these magnitudes? Consider the Euclids theorem of Figure 5-5, the internal chord theorem.
It simply says that the opposing product of two crossing chords inside a circle are equal. If two of the chords are
equal then the square root of the other chord product results in one of the equal chords.
By applying that to the sets of circles you will see that the magnitudes are as shown. But, what is interesting is the
effect obtained by exchanging the values of p and unity. Each value of pn in the geometry of Figure 5-6s right
hand side is measured from the centre line and clearly p0 is unity. Comparing the two geometries, one is for the
values of p less than one and the other side for values of p greater than one. The same shape suffices for both.
That is the demonstration.
Note that these line lengths cannot be summed without separating them because the lengths are superimposed.
This is a geometry of the second stage as mentioned at the end of Chapter 2.
35
There is another kind of geometry which is well known, the field an electric dipole (Figure 5-7). This time the
geometry is of a vector character. The dotted lines are equipotential lines and the others are the strength of the
electric field. the former is the direction component of some kind of vector which represents the electric field.
(What kind of vector is this?) If the dashed lines are interchanged with the plain lines we have another vector of
this kind representing the field of a pair of parallel wires with currents flowing (Figure 5-8). This is the kind of
geometry that has its Directions orthogonal to its Magnitudes. Not forgetting that the Magnitudes have directions
(here a set of circles with constant angular arcs) and the Directions have magnitudes (here a set of circular shapes
with the pole at the limit point).
Figure 5-8. The field of a pair of parallel wires
There is another kind of geometry in which the magnitudes are elements that oppose the directions. In Quantum
Mechanical language they anti-commute. But there are no examples of these that can easily be given here. Suffice
36
to include a further group, the group of all Interpretations. The Interpretive group is over the Transformation group
and the Transformation group is over the Definition or Formative group
Exchanged planes and straight lines for curves and curved surfaces making the former a very special case of the
latter.
Notes
1. [Note1254]
2. [Note1250]
3. For the mathematical these are g ij , gij and gji and their inverses.
4. See Chapter 9 and [note220].
5. See Appendix B.
37
To begin let us take one example and expose it as far as space and simplicity will allow.
the amplitude
the frequency
the power
the angle
We need to be able to add, subtract, multiple and divide all these aspects of the representations.
Now, the set of Ostberger notes that describe all of these2 occupies a space about the size of this book. Yet I
am going to try to describe part of all these in a few pages. When I have finished there will be the cry. Well,
thats obvious. That doesnt take much doing, and that is the point of the whole process. It contracts our learning
methods into simple forms. Yet the time spent discovering these simple forms is immense and will only be
understood by the student when he tries for himself.
Building up the library of standard forms in Directional Study is the left-handed process which mirrors the process
of establishing formula and theorems in mathematics today. The Directional process has the advantage that it
38
We may also establish these same ideas in a Magnitudinal form. Consider Figure 6-2. Here a triangle is bound
by a circle of unit diameter. The angle at the circumference is always a right angle and the sine and cosine are
always as shown. All the principle values of these two elementary functions are contained in the motion of the
first half circumference. (But note that the angle has only rotated a quarter of a cycle.) Here I will only show the
first quadrant of the functions but in the notes are the complete set together with a computer animation of all the
functions3.
Figure 6-2. The magnitudinal form; the functions arise as line length
These two representations are yin and yang. Neither can claim exclusivity. They are compliments of each other and
serve useful purpose for different applications. The fact seems to be that this property of pairing Directional forms
with Magnitudinal ones continues indefinitely. It has to be researched on every occasion. When a representation
is discovered there will be the yin or yang counterpart somewhere. It is not always obvious or easy to find.
39
In Figure 6-3 the tangent functions are added. In Figure 6-4 the secant is added. The line lengths shown are always
the magnitude of these two function when measuring the angle as shown.
Figure 6-4. The magnitude form of secant
We may continue in this way until we have produced the combined geometry shown in Figure 6-5. Here a rotating
half vector is to be seen carrying with it all the elements in the picture as the point P traverses through the first
half circumference. The angle traverses 90 degrees.
Figure 6-5. Magnitudes of circular functions of the outer angle
40
What is to be understood here is that each line element representing a function is accurately the correct length.
The limitation is the accuracy of the process used to construct the representation. The Direction of the function is
also correct with respect to the angle at O1 in Figure 6-5 or O0 in Figure 6-6. The nomenclature must be followed
with precision.
Figure 6-6. Magnitudes of circular functions of the the inner angle
What is the difference between the Figure 6-5 and Figure 6-6? At first sight there seems little difference except
that the angle of measurement has been changed from 0 at O0 to 1 at O1 (see Figure 6-7). What the student
will find, upon careful study, is that the Figure 6-5 is a discontinuous geometry whilst Figure 6-6 is a continuous
geometry. They can be assembled together in many different ways.
Figure 6-7. Directions of the magnitudes for the outer angle in the first quadrant
Figure 6-6 is mathematically wrong. It is not easy to spot, but it is. It is wrong to the extent that one might change
the xs for ys in an algebraic equation and expect to see the same graphical shape and solutions. This is an
example of the preciseness with which we must view this process. It cannot be assumed that a geometry can exist
41
42
We have:
Figure 6-8a.
Figure 6-8b.
Figure 6-8c.
An amplitude A applied to the TSF of the outer angle. The student would see that this has the
effect of scaling all functions relating to the initial scalar. This represents a big mathematical
move. Were the amplitude applied to the TSF of the inner angle then this is simply a variable
amplitude in a geometry of continuity. It is the fact the the outer angle TSF is a discontinuous
geometry that makes A have such a big effect. In Figure 2-7 of Chapter 2, for example, A
would have the effect of changing every amplitude in the set. It is like the difference between
a multiplier and an operator in mathematics.
Pythagoras theorem applied gives a well known relation. Compare with Figure 6-8e where
the external chord theorem is applied to give another relation.
Applying Pythagoras yields this common relationship which can be seen to be satisfied for
all angles including those greater than giving the negative magnitudes in Figure 6-8d.
Simply reversing the triangle in Figure 6-8c does not satisfy the conditions set. It would have
the effect of changing the convention used. That is unacceptable. The formula at Figure 6-8d
is currently considered to be trivial. Here it is shown to impart different directions to the
representation. It belongs to a different region of the circle.
Figure 6-9. A proof of the reciprocal relationship between tangent and cotangent
The interior Euclidean chord theorem shows that, cot t. tan t = 12 , which proves the reciprocal relationship
between them.
Two more examples before leaving this chapter. In Figure 6-9 I have assembled two copies of the unit TSF, one
above the other. The cot function belongs to the upper one and the tan function the lower one for a given angle.
Because the large triangle containing sec and cosec is a right triangle the tan and cotan functions are contained by
the large circle. We may apply the internal chord theorem to yield the fact that there is a reciprocity between tan
and cot. An obvious fact in a new context.
43
Figure 6-10. A simple proof of the reciprocal relationship between cosine and secant
The Euclidean chord theorem shows that, a cos t.a sec t = a2 , which says that there is a reciprocal relationship
12
between cosine and secant, cos t = sec
t , which provides a simple proof of a well known relationship from earlier
study of Euclid.
In Figure 6-10 the external chord theorem is used to find a similar relationship between cos and sec. Here we can
apply the external chord theorem twice, once in each of the circles.
These examples are mentioned here because some geometry requires a representation in which the forward and
backward directions are the reciprocal of each other. Here are two reciprocal representations which may be useful
in the future.
It is currently common practice in mathematics to assume that the forward direction is positive and the backward
is negative and that they do not overlap. This was Descartes creation. I now see that this has, unwittingly, been a
great hindrance to mathematics. In this chapter I have seeded the idea that other possibilities exist, not the least is
the idea that positive and negative may be represented as opposing and overlapping.
6.5. Amplitudes
It should be quite evident that combining Figure 2-7 with the TSF of the outer angle will provide representations
of all discrete increases in amplitude. The same with the inner angle will provide all the continuous increases in
amplitude5.
The geometric standard forms for frequency6 and multiple angles7 are particularly interesting because the geometry creates a unit circle rolling through the space of the multiple angle. Its meaning is elusive.
44
By extending the process of discovery here to the outside region of the bounding circle we find the secant and
cosecant powers in Figure 6-128.
Figure 6-12. The outside powers of circular functions belonging to the inner angle
45
46
47
Because the square of the imaginary quantity 1 produces a negative magnitude we need to examine just
how geometries with imaginary values actually work. The Pythagorean hypotenuse is not necessarily the longest
length. Ostberger has made a study of these13. They are essential to the study of hydrogen.
Next we need to look at the much bigger ideas which lead Ostberger to use reasoning as the basis for constructing
pictures which are mathematical representations. Eventually we will arrive at two demonstrations of the process
and theory. One is the calculation of the Sommerfeld fine-structure constant and an associated set of constants.
The other is the modelling of the hydrogen atom14.
Notes
1. We need to bear in mind that this book has been created because there has been no way of expressing Ostbergers work through the conventional journals. Geometric operating is not acceptable in these journals.
Indeed it would not even be possible to get the pictures published because they are not conventional mathematics. The resistance to new work is prevalent in all professions during the twentieth century and no mechanism has been set up to allow new work to entry the wisdom of mankind. Such wisdom is still the domain
and privilege of the high priests.
2. The trigonometric notes are found in notes 110-120, 501-540 and 1200-1221.
3. This animation is interesting because the vectors cover the region enclosed by the circle twice, yet the angle
theta is covered only once through 360 degrees. It is a Riemann two-sheet.
4. See Appendix B.
5. [Note504]
6. [Note112].
7. See [note512], [note513] and [note514].
8. These two geometries are the culmination of five months work.
9. See [note1206], [note1207] and [note1210].
10. See [note98].
11. See [note96].
12. Ostberger predicted that all polynomial solutions lie in a single bidirectional plane although there is no evidence that he proved this.
13. [Note1230]
14. The Hydrogen atom is presented in a separate book. It examines the process of arriving at the model through
the Schroedinger equation and compares an almost identical model arrived at through Diracs equations of
vectors.
48
The line elements in this sketch have no thickness and so cannot easily be said to be orthogonal. To describe this
surface we will need three coordinate numbers. It cannot be done with two as can a spherical surface.
The sphere as a volumetric object can be described with three coordinate numbers.
The Figure 7-1 needs four coordinate numbers to describe, uniquely all the possible points. The question is are
they orthogonal coordinates?.
49
Look more closely at the junction of the line elements, Figure 7-2. The three coloured elements meet at a point2
on the surface. If they are cylindrical elements they look like Figure 7-2. If they are annular elements they look
like Figure 7-3. In each case there are two small sets of orthogonal coordinates formed by the meeting. One set is
formed by the normals to the elements and the other by the bi-normals.
Figure 7-3. Annular elements
If we were to remove the elements with their thicknesses we would not be able to identify the difference between
the annular and cylindrical sets. But with the coloured elements present we can see that in Figure 7-2 the thickness
of the elements are in the direction of the bi-normal whereas in Figure 7-3 it is in the direction of the normal.
50
Let us take a trip over the surface with an orthogonal indicator, Figure 7-4. A little practice and the student soon
discovers that the surface is rather strange. for one might expect that the indicator would rotate about its own axis
as it is cast around the surface. In fact, what happens is that the red, green and blue directions of the indicator
remain in the same direction all the time. Wherever we go over the surface the indicator faces the same way. Try
it and see.
So what are we measuring and how do we know where we are on the surface?
Lets go back to the pen stand note of Chapter 2. There we saw that there were four possible spaces in the one
quadrant. Each plane was defined by a 90 degree orientation of the pen until the pen was back home after twelve
moves through twelve planes. But actually there are 24 moves because the pen can have an opposite direction i.e.
the clip could be pointing in or out. So there are eight 3-dimensional spaces in the quadrant, four inward and four
outward. These spaces are the quadrants of the world. There are eight quadrants on the world which correspond to
the eight spaces of the pen stand. The permutation of the directions is 4 x 3 x 2 = 24 which is 3 ways on each of
8 quadrants. The three ways are toward each pole of the world from the W0 point. The W0 point is that one which
subtends equi-angular measure from each of the great circle planes i.e. in the centroid of the forward quadrant.
But how do we know that we have moved around the world surface? Our coordinate indicator hasnt moved at
all. It still lies in a fixed position as if constrained in a field like a compass3. The answer lies in supplying the
surface elements of the world with some directional information. This will then produce a result that resembles
the parametric representation of Figure 6-14 but in three lots of two dimensions known as the Hessian form4. The
way of identifying each of the eight quadrants is by rotating the world surface and observing the indicator change
its spacial orientation. The juxtaposition of the three colours red, blue and green are different in each quadrant
when the rotation is made (for example Figure 7-5). These eight quadrants correspond to the eight quadrants of
the pen stand. Four with the outward pointing pen and four with the inward pointing pen.
51
There are several ways of defining the magnitudes and directions belonging to the world surface. Each has its uses
but some are special5.
The curvatures here are described by the Gaussian curvatures6. The three coloured elements have curvature which
are tangible and which would have centres of radius somewhere along the straight line pole elements. However,
according to the rope-maker, we are not allowed straight lines in the geometry, so the pole elements must be
curved. These will turn out to represent the geodesic nulls of tensor calculus and the null identities associated
with vectors7.
But, where is the fourth dimension?
The surface of the world includes the representation of the fourth component which appeared in the pen stand, the
rotation of the pen. In the world surface we can also see a magnitudinal component of the fourth element. Look at
the Figure 7-4. Consider the motion of the world as it enlarges; and there is only one, non trivial, transformation
of this geometry, enlargement. As the enlargement takes place the orthogonal indicator at the W0 point would
remain in the same juxtaposition if the pole elements were straight (inset in Figure 7-4). However they are not.
They are curved. The orthogonal indicator rotates with the curvature of these polar elements. It is an internal
rotation of the orthogonal indicator at the W0 point.
There is another rotation taking place as the enlargement proceeds. This is to be seen in the Ostberger sketch in
the lower left of Figure 5-2. As the world expands the tangent and the normal to the surface rotates albeit that
the plane of rotation is a geodesic plane8 and not one of the planes of the coloured elements. This is an external
rotation.
So what is the total rotation of the world geometry in this fourth dimension? Ostberger says that in proceeding
from the first (unit) circular element to the last curved element before infinity the rotation is almost /2. It consists
of almost /4 for the internal rotation and almost /4 for the external rotation. Is it orthogonal?
52
53
The new interpretation says that he does not; his physicality does not change. What does change is the measurement
of our observation. We record correctly that we see a contraction of the parallel length because we see through our
eyeball into our head that he is moving out of our local observational region where everything is measured equally in all
directions.
What the journeying human being is doing is to join in with one of natures laws, the law of velocities11, for velocity is a
part of nature. We have no copyright on it. It belongs to nature. If we join in with her we must accept her rules and travel
on a curve into space. Her rules say that the traveller appears to contract. That is only an observation not a reality. It is
54
55
We need to study carefully how the directions of the world behave. Look at the surface in Figure 7-7. As we move
over the surface in a counter clockwise direction (a) at the N-pole becomes a clockwise direction (b) at the back-N
pole. On the other hand a rotation of the world radians leaves the directions counter clockwise (c). Identifying
the types of rotations is important. All these rotations have no affect upon the World. The N and back-N identifiers
determine the direction of the surface and not the Cartesian rotation that we have done.
Figure 7-8. Curves in the planes of straight nulls
To understand the transformation that takes us from intravariant to extravariant (which we will see again later in
the Law Worlds) we need to stand at a position somewhere outside the world surface. What we see is the external
elements which are orthogonal to the surface extending out into the space around the World (Figure 7-8). But
do these curves belong to a common surface? If they are the curves belonging to Figure 7-9 then they are not
in common because they are parallel to the sames planes from which they eminate. However, if they are curves
belonging to Figure 7-10 they are part of a common surface because they are orthogonal to the planes from which
they eminate. The circles in the illustrations attempt to show this. These curves come from a geometry in which
the pole elements are curved. The three external curved elements now rotate as the World enlarges (see Figure 5-2
showing a section through the enlarging World.)
56
It was this new surface that surprised Ostberger. He notes, I must be standing in a new world. A world in which
all of the imaginary region that envelopes the outside of the one I am looking at15 will pass over my head as the
world enlarges. If I can find a way to stand on the outside of this new world I will see a world with an imaginary
region inside which is enveloped by a real region outside.16
He did not work out that these two world were orthogonal for many years. He simply thought that they were inside
out to each other.
It is difficult to show this transformation on a single piece of paper. There are six pages in the notes.
Notes
1. [Note1120], [note1121] and [note1122], amongst others, contain the mathematics of the geometry.
2. With the discovery of the extravariant geometry that assembles back on to its counterpart the intravariant
geometry (in Chapter 10) the need for points in a curvature space completely disappears.
57
58
It is difficult to know how to introduce a subject which is as new as this one. I have decided to present the Law
Fields just as Ostberger constructed them and then show how they work.
There are two ways of seeing the process. One is the up-view, which is to show by mathematical reasoning that
the Law Field diagram works and the other is the down-view, which is to show that the results produced are
successful. In the sensible space available I will do some of both.
Lets look at two Law Fields. The first the Newton Law Field (LF) in Figure 8-2. The second the general case in
Figure 8-1 which will serve as the pattern for further examples.
Figure 8-1. The generalised Law Field
You need to recall that straight lines were extremely special. They are so special that they do not exist in the
representation of magnitudes. Only the directional component of a vector can be represented by the straight line1.
Even then, the straight line is so special that it represents the exception to the rule. It turns out that the exception
is the rule!
59
It remains useful to refer to this law element as either the Direction belonging to the Newton or gravitational Field,
or the Potential of it.
The next element has the property of reciprocity or Inversion. It took Ostberger many years to realise that reciprocal velocity was an admissible idea. He admits that he included it in the first instance because all the other Law
Fields contained the same pattern and not because he deduced it. But later he was able to show that it is the correct
deduction.
We must bear in mind that there seems to be two kinds of velocity. One belonging to the World of Fluidics and
this one. Here the velocity creates a thing we call momentum and that gives us the clue to the reciprocal nature of
velocity. In the World of Fluidics the velocity is internal and may have a different property5 to this one. This one
implies that, to every momentum there is a contra-momentum6.
This is really a re-statement of the law of conservation. In this case a conservation of momentum.
The real evidence for a reciprocal velocity lies in the depths of the atomic structure where it begins to appear as a
contra for the energy in the Neutron. If engineers and designers really understood this law we would not have the
wasteful engine designs of today7.
60
61
This Field is on a different level to the gravitic one. It is a field of firstness9. The Newton Field is one of thirdness.
62
This is a field of action. We cannot grasp the secondness fields. They are the operators; the players in the game.
The transformers, relators, movers, actors; they are the doers in the set. The magnetic LF is the script of the play,
the formulation or specification, that sets the scenes and derives the plots within which the drama will take place.
The Newton field is like the audience who interpret the play and upon whom the judgement of the performance
will rest.
Like all the other fields they have rates of change and enlargements which are not shown in the LF diagram but
can be worked in the form of the Law World where the curvatures become evident.
We will assemble these Law Fields into Law Worlds in Chapter 10. In the meantime lets look at the general Law
Field of Figure 8-5.
63
The origin of the LF has six magnitudes depending upon the direction of approach. Along the Absorption11 axis
the origin is approached in 0+ or 0- (Figure 8-5c). Along the Reciprocity or Inversion axis the origin is approached
in 1 or 1/1 (=1) and along the Conversion or Real/Imaginary axis the origin is approached in a real or imaginary
singular point12.
I will explain these in Chapter 9. It is to be understood that these axis principles are very much the starters, the
prologue to the drama. We must find a more exact basis on which to tease out a solution to a problem or to make
a representation. Thus in Quantum Mechanics we find the Unitary transformations 13 which fit the LF and which
can then form a basis for a geometric representation. But we still have a long way to go, even from there.
The Nomenclature X, Y, Z in Figure 8-5a is not to be confused with the Cartesian representation which does not
64
8.9. Matrices
With the discovery and use of the Absorbing matrices Ostberger puts the remaining kinds of matrix into the LF
form.
In mathematics the most commonly used matrix is the reciprocal or inversion kind. These are used for solving
multiples of linear equations, for example. The absorbing matrices are new and are explained in Chapter 9 and
[note100]. The Conversion matrices are few; they contain both real and imaginary elements in the same matrix.
On Condensation Matrices Ostberger writes, I cannot see how these will work particularly as we are not at ease
with the singularities of mathematics. However I am hopeful that the geometry will help.
Let us look at a few more Law Fields.
65
1. Integer number are wholesome. They cannot be broken down into parts. In a binary system there are only
two. Integers have no reciprocals.
2. The rational number set has a pair of zero at its origin. One belonging to the positive rationals and the other
to the negative rationals.
3. The point at the origin is no point at all. It turns out to be a world of number.
4. The set of irrational numbers is special because there is a contra set which are reciprocal. They are continuous in their nature. Our decimal point expresses the nature of this reciprocity.
5. Imaginary numbers are all prefixed with the square root of minus unity. Although they are imaginary they
are none the less essential in solving real problems.
Cardinal numbers describe the possibility of a face turning up on a dice (1 in 6 or 1/6th) or of picking a spade
from a pack of cards (13/52nds). They label the cars on a race track and specify their winning order but they say
nothing about their size. These cardinal numbers belong to the extravariant number World17.
I am not going to describe these here. The notes give a description and definition of the fields. No doubt they will
cause discussion and maybe dissension but that is what Ostberger is about; causing debate and discourse. What
we have here are the sets of number that are well recorded in the literature.
66
If this Law Field is correct then the sets Z, N and S have no zero and a singularity is a form of Identity.
The LF of secondness is about the operations that we can do with numbers. Although it has the same isomorphic
patterns as the first Field it is very different in so far as it cannot be contained, just like the Electric Law Field.
Figure 8-7. The number operations Law Field (secondness)
In one of his early notes Ostberger exposes his concern at educating children into believing that all operations
commute, that AxB = B xA except in higher mathematics; when in fact the case is completely the reverse. Only
when we are using pure numbers does the commutative law work. In all other cases AxB is not the same as
B xA. Thus 3 bags of four apples is not 4 bags of three apples. The bags may be as important as the apples. Yet
we are teaching children to think solely of the magnitudes and launching them into a yang world without a yin
perspective. There will come a generation that will despise their parents foe hiding such facts.
The fact is that the purity of number is so special that it is common to all homosapiens on the planet.
67
The third LF is Figure 8-8. This is the field with which we interpret number. Thus we lay them out in indicial
order using the addition operator in a base of 10, 2,345 is 2x103 + 3x102 + 4x101 + 5x100 .
We could use any base. For computing we us a binary system with base 2. At school we learn about bases, number
rings and clock numbers. These appear on the Law World which we will see in Chapter 10.
The Imaginary halves of these three Law Fields are worth mentioning. In the first field there is a whole region
of the complex numbers. In the second field the imaginary region belongs to the operators which are themselves
imaginary such as is used in the study of electric currents where j is the usual symbol. In the third Field there is a
question mark. What are the imaginary bases of number?
68
The absorption principle for volumes I explained earlier in this book. Volumes do not move discretely; they
move in a differential manner. These are sometimes referred to as internal and external volumes.
I do not understand the three kinds of temperature. They appear on the Law World as fluxes belonging to three
different generations.
Dalton talked of pressure probabilities. The react to the real pressures in a statistical way.
Absorption
Pressures
Conversion
Temperature 1
Inversion
69
Absorption
Internal energy
Conversion
Inversion
70
Absorption
Chemical Potential
Conversion
Temperature
Inversion
TAO
There were several aspects of the World that surprised me and it therefore took several years for me to settle on the facts
as I had found them. Not the least was the fact that there were three different temperatures on three generic levels. They
are each orthogonal and have a reciprocal which accords with Onsagers Reciprocity Theorem. The pressure element
accords with Daltons principles of probability pressures in so far as there is seemingly always a real pressure which
reacts with an imaginary one in any containing volume.
What I find interesting is that we may be able to refer to temperature as Thermodynamic Direction and pressure as the
potential to work.
There are many questions to ask about these Law Fields and that is Ostbergers intention; that question should
be asked and the subjects discussed. He saw his work as a foundation for discussion in the search for order, not
as a fete a compli. The ultimate test is the application of the process. For that reason he chose to represent the
Hydrogen atom. But even in that he says, ... this is not proof that the Law Worlds are all in order. Only time and
more applications will cement the foundations of this building.
Here in the Fields of Thermodynamics we see that the elements which possess the property of Conversion are
perhaps all of the character of potentials. That is if we regard Pressure and Internal Energy as a potential. This
suggests that the World of Fluidics may have elements of a potential character as possessing the property of
Inversion; since in the GEM World potential had the property of Absorption.
Here we see three elements of temperature which are Directional in character and possess the property of Inver-
71
Notes
1. See Appendix A.
2. There are no straight lines in space because there are always forces.
3. We understand Potential in terms of the effect it has on the Newton Force. The gradient of the gravitational
potential is the gravitation force (see Appendix F).
4. The measurement of this element is not simply through its single curvature as a law line. The law line appears
to us in all three dimensions. The proper measure is vector function and Gaussian curvature by the vector
gradient (see Appendix F).
5. The notes relating to the World of Fluidics are not well developed, but it is clear that a velocity associated with
fluids exists and that it has an independent nature to the gravitational kind. The former is internal whilst the
latter is external. That is to say that the velocity that we associate with gravity makes the whole mass move
and thereby imparts momentum, but the fluid velocity makes the particles move, or perhaps interchange,
and thereby imparts no additional momentum to the mass as a whole. In a flowing river both velocities are
evident. (Could it be that we can account for the slowing of e-m radiation by the existence of these two kinds
of velocity?)
6. There are copious notes about the application of this Law. The engineering designer will think very differently when this Law is borne in mind. It makes the current reciprocating engine into an antique device. It
also makes the current rail transportation seem primitive. In the [note9xx] series notes several Carnot cycle
engines and Sterling engines are suggested which use this principle. The Sterling engines also make use the
Thermodynamic lasing principle which appear in the theory.
7. The [note9xx] series notes describe designs which make use of the contra-momentum principle.
8. [Note1702]
9. Other than the Taoists I found only one philosopher whose work accords with these concepts. Charles Saunders Pierce (1939-1914) was a mathematician. He wrote an essay entitled The Architecture of Theories.
72
73
9.1. Opposites
There were certain geometries which Ostberger studied that disappeared when assembled. They could disappear
by virtue of having opposing directions or by there opposite magnitudes, but the fact remained that they mathematically disappeared. This was primarily due to the fact that the representations had both positive and negative
attributes in the same space. They overlapped in opposite directions. A conventional Cartesian graphical representation would not disappear.
So what does one do with a geometry that has disappeared? Or, at least parts of it?
I have not the space here to demonstrate this process geometrically1 but it can be understood from what follows.
It gives us a special insight in the the workings of nature. We wonder how it is that we can take some energy out
of space and leave even more behind. Well, that is exactly what the geometry does. When a part is taken away the
part that was previously absorbed re-appears.
I doubt that there is a philosopher who has not made good use of the concept of opposites; sages and prophets too. There
are so many examples and so many philosophers, sages and prophets that I would scarcely have the pages to write them.
In Taoism opposites merge to form the Tao. In Buddhism too the Koans are given to the students by the masters to
help them understand the two opposing concepts thoroughly. The more the student uses his experience to merge the two
concepts the more he understands a world in which opposites play a common part. Opposite ideas can be merged into
nothing forming the structure of nothingness.
This is my experience too. Not only does the physics of nothingness (the void or vacuum) have a structure
which is not yet revealed but the reverse process applies to our social activities and we can form structure out
of nothingness. A simple example is the rise of Local Exchange Trading Systems2 in which money is created
from nothing. Before the system begins there are no Brights in Brighton or Trugs in Lewes. But a year later there
are thousands of monetary units being used by the people.
9.2. Absorption
What Ostberger did was to incorporate the principle of opposites into the geometry. But first he expressed it in the
form of new matrices3. He called these Absorption matrices and the spaces absorption spaces. It was these spaces
that he found were disappearing.
Let us look briefly at these matrices.
74
Figure 9-1 is a simple absorption matrix. It has the property that every line horizontally and vertically aggregates
to zero. It is a zero matrix. Its Identity is zero. We do not have to add or subtract the numbers, we merely have to
take them as a complete set which is empty. These could be entries in an account. So that the top line could read,
Debit 4
Debit 6
Debit 2
Credit 12
to insurance account
to stock account
to freight charges account
supplier suspense account
which is precisely the accounting process. If accountants were to use these matrices they would have to handle
ones with hundreds or thousands of rows and columns. But that does not make the process any the less understandable.
Figure 9-2. An associative matrix with missing elements is still completable
What is interesting is the fact that a large number of the elements (numbers) of the matrix can be left out without
destroying its structure. Figure 9-2 is the matrix of Figure 9-1 yet it can be determined completely. Notice also
that the magnitude in each quadrant is the determinant in the corner, 38. This is true of any absorption matrix.
Even if the elements of the matrix are mixed signs and the two lines are drawn orthogonally at any point, the four
quadrant magnitudes are equal. Figure 9-3 is an example in which the quadrant magnitude or determinant is 10.
But the elements of the matrix are the same. The commercial applications of this are explained elsewhere4.
75
These seemingly trivial matrices are extremely useful. An academic person who has not lived in the world of
commerce would have missed the point of them entirely. Indeed because they are empty sets they do not appear
on the mathematical scene at all. Ostberger called these Matrices of the first kind. The matrices of the second
kind are the reciprocal matrices5 which we use to solve groups of simultaneous equations.
The Absorption matrix could also be used to express Archimedian volumes in which the first line of Figure 9-1
means could express the bathing of babies,
4 volumes
6 volumes
2 volumes
12 volumes
We may have thrown the baby out with the bath water.
Figure 9-4. The absorption bottle5
The Archimedian principle is quite fundamental to our learning process yet we are stumbling over this truth and
passing on. The displacement of water in a jar (Figure 9-4) is the exact counterpart of double entry accounting. If
the air is treated as credits and the water as debits then the movement of the surface gives the balance. For each
volume of air that is changed so the same volume of water is changed in reverse. Except for compression (which
is the next level system up) the air and water contra-exchange. We cannot get water in without taking air out.
There is nothing more mystical to double entry accounting than this.
It is my deepest concern that we should teach our children the truth as we find it and to explain to them that it is as we
find it and no more. If, however, we find a truth and do not teach it then woe will betide that generation.
76
The identity for the absorption matrix is given in Figure 9-5. It is understandable that we have not found it before.
It simply isnt there. What is there is the realisation that there are two zeros, not one. Zero plus and zero minus
are very real entities. They appear in directional studies quite frequently. They also appear in computer systems
and accounting. What happens is this. As a magnitude dies to 0+ its Direction changes from plus to minus and
the magnitude is born again at 0 . The pole or zero point of a magnitude is an indication that the direction is
changing abruptly. Zero plus and zero minus are oppositely directed.
Absorption is a very special property and occurs in many different guises. One interesting guise is Entropy. Entropy appears in the World of thermodynamics in Chapter 10. It is the state if disorganisation of the thermodynamic
system. Its counterpart is negative Entropy, Si , which is the state of organisation of the system. It is clear that
in any organisable system the boundary between organisation and disorganisation moves in an absorptive way. A
change towards organisation is the same change away from disorganisation, it double enters. But it does so in a
differential manner and so such a matrix needs to be expressed as dSe+ with dSi .
Another guise is the volume V , with which we measure space in thermodynamics. We may divide any thermodynamic system into two parts. The Volume Occupied and the Volume Remaining. These are absorptive and are
expressed in terms of dV + with dV .
In physics the Ostberger Worlds show three kinds of Direction; Magnetic Direction, Electric Direction and Gravitational Direction. All possess the property of absorption, yet they are all of a different character because they are
on different levels. It turns out that they are the potentials of our mathematics.
In accounting the two zeros that occur in the system are of paramount importance. In Appendix C is an actual
experience in which the outcome of a discordant exchange between two companies over a tool that was missing
was finally resolved by the signs of the zeros in the accounts.
In Taoism opposite concepts merge to form one of the states of Tao. In Buddhism the Koans are given by the
masters to help the student understand the two concepts that are born out of nothing. Listen to the sound of one
hand clapping, says the Master, Feel the space in the pool when the foot is withdrawn. These are the teachings
of wisdom. Teaching the student to see two sides to every event, just as the accountant must and, in the future, the
physicist must too.
Absorption does not just apply to the nuts and bolts of a system, it also applies to the operators as well. It
applies to our actions, our organisation, the transformations in geometry, the operators in Quantum Mechanics,
the transactions in accounting, the operations in number theory; it applies to all operations of secondness.
77
9.3. Reciprocity
The second Direction of the Law Field is divided into two parts by the number one. In fields of greater complexity
this can be divided again by the process of renormalisation.
In primary school I learned about the two ways of using numbers. I could not possibly understand such a philosophically deep idea as I had no experience on which to hang my understanding. There are cardinal numbers and
ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers label things. They provide a means of putting things into a state of order. This
leads to the ideas of probability, chance and statistics.
78
Ordinal numbers, on the other hand are those that give magnitude or size to things. These two aspects of number
are not to be found in a single World of number. The cardinal numbers belong to an extravariant World whereas
the ordinal numbers belong to an intravariant World. Such a big idea could not possibly be conceived by my
inexperienced mind at primary school. Yet it is not long before we can appreciate the difference of these ideas and
use them from the Law Worlds.
In mathematics a single cardinal number is used to identify a group; the identity of the group. to find this identity
we say that it must have a reciprocal. Even more than this we say that every element of the group must have the
same identity. Thus the rational numbers ab such as 32 , 34 , 45 and 67 have reciprocals such as 32 , 43 , 54 and 76 and the
identity to the group is the number 1.
What we probably fail to observe is that the number 1, in this instance, is not an ordinal number but a cardinal
number. The cardinal number 1 identifies the group and allows it to be almost infinite in both the number of
members and their magnitude, both of which are ordinal numbers. This is explained by the application of a World
geometry of the second kind6 to Number theory.
A group of people also must have an identity. It is part of our nature to seek identity. People do not join the ranks of
the aimless. We are all different and we all seek different identities. We are members of the golf club, the physics
Institute, the liberal party or Greenpeace. And each of these has aims and objectives and vector themselves toward
them. It is these aims, which are incorporated into the constitution of the group, that determines the eigenvector
of society7. Thats where we are going.
Table 9-1. From the notes on social activity
Every agreement requires two persons.
The exception is that a person may choose to make an agreement with his god, or not.
One of the fields of human activity that uses the reciprocal relation is that of Agreements. Every day of our life we
make these things we call Agreements, but do we stop to think objectively about them? What are they? How do
they occur? Do the different types of agreements fall into any kind of pattern? The more we ask, the more there is
to know.
The law deals with agreements and breaks them down into their natural groups. It deals with the making and
breaking of agreements. It deals with how they should operate and how they should be interpreted. What we allow
and what we forbid is a part of the eigen-vectored journey of the human race8.
The principle of Reciprocity litters the technical literature. There is Onsagers reciprocity which describes the
temperature process in Thermodynamics. In the Law Fields this is interpreted as the special property that we can
attach to Thermodynamic Direction which we call Temperature. There are three different types of temperature at
three generic levels9.
79
9.4. Conversion
Without imagination neither we nor any other part of nature would exist. Even the smallest part of nature that
we understand, the hydrogen atom, has its imaginary parts and the mathematics of Quantum Mechanics which
describes it is itself imaginary. Indeed, in mathematics there is probably as many theorems about the imaginary
as there are about the real.
There are many amongst we humans for whom the idea of something imaginary has no meaning and does not
form a part of life. Yet again there are more for whom the imaginary is a God outside of themselves and cannot
be reached except in death. But there are a rising few who have a god inside of their being which forms an equal
part of their lives in reality. They are the converted.
There is, perhaps, nothing more real in life than a person who gather up his wares and travels to market. It is an
activity that has gone on for thousands of years and looks set to continue for another thousand. Such people are
the salt of the earth. Yet these people must live a part of their lives in the imaginary world of planning. They must
plan what they will take to market. The greengrocer must assess what he thinks he can sell according to what the
weather might be or what the people might want or what the telly might advertise. What is going on in his mind
is a planning operation that is imaginary. There is nothing real until his stall is laid out and his sales begin.
A larger company does the same planning operation. It is the annual Sales forecast and budget operation. The
whole company is involved in planning the future. Everybody is guessing what might happen next year. It is all
pie in the sky.
Every business spends a great deal of money preparing for the future and when it is all done the accountant
will translate it into a Sales and Profit Forecast10. The accountant will not call the forecast money imaginary;
instead he will call it notional money and as the year passes he will offer a tracking system that compares the
notional forecast with the actual performance in his variance accounting. But it is all imaginary and the process
is conversion.
We have seen that one of the best known examples of conversion is in the third law of Newton, to every force
there is an equal and opposite reaction. The force is real and the reaction imaginary.
Another example of conversion occurs in the field of Investment. The decision to invest in a new venture is
accompanied by risk. Risk is purely notional yet it is considered essential to spend considerable amounts of real
money assessing the risk of a project. Risk analysis is a very serious study and demands a person of considerable
experience, education and acumen. It is a part of our social fabric.
On the Law Field risk is represented by a single line. This does not imply that the subject is simple but rather that
the geometry is complex. The element of Risk is the eigen-line which draws together all the resultant risk vectors
that could be assembled into the space which is the whole of the imaginary half of the diagram.
Notes
1. Ostberger considered that nature contracted herself by this process. In the World of the second kind this is
exactly what happens.
2. LET-Systems, new money. Michael Linton and Angus Soutar realised that money could exchange hands without the use of banks. Individuals trade their skills by writing their own personal cheques in a local currency
80
81
82
We have not actually expressed a Direction to the velocity. When we do, we automatically relate it to the other
Directions of the Universe which are part of the natural Law. It becomes a part of the physics around us. Its effects
on other phenomena, such as the generation of a De Brogli wavelength, becomes evident.
83
10.6. Curvatures
Nature is as much about shape and form as it is about number and size. This is particularly evident in biology
where function and form are often visually separable. She does not produce a single tree that is so big that it over
shadows all the other plants. She knows that her diversity would be compromised in this way. She allows the
84
TAO
It became evident from the laws which associate electricity and magnetism that these Fields would assemble in some
way. My early attempts were centred around a block-like construction that was Cartesian (see Figure 10-2). But I later
realised that the elements of these constructions should be curved.
85
Notes:
1. Lenzs law says that the flux change opposes the electro-motive force.
2. Neumans law says that the magnitude of the flux change is proportional to B. The constant k is the product
of the number of turns in the circuit and its area.
3. The static terms E.D and H.D are zero. Energy is dynamic.
In Figure 10-3 the key feature was that a changing magnetic flux B produced an electromotive force e which
always opposed it. So, in some way the element E of electric force would oppose the flux B. But E had to be
an operator on B because E is in the secondness field. Which it is. This seemed to work and gave a space for
the Poynting vector H xD and a volume for the energy d. But the block-like construction did not measure every
point in space of the pen stand.
86
In the intravariant World the whole of the exterior region is imaginary which is indicated by the use of broken
lines throught the notes. The interior region is wholly real.
The directions of the elements are crutial to the correct relationship of all the elements.
This diagram is illustrative only. The external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal orientation.
87
Magnetic Laws
Electric Laws
Gravitic Laws
and that is the general pattern for every Law Field and Law World. There is a fourth field in each of the spaces
which, in general, follows the pattern of Condensation.
The intravariant World is a World of continuity and therefore the line elements pass over the surfaces in the
manner of spirals.
The shape of the worlds may be of at least two types. In one type the scales change the shape of the surfaces; a
yin process. In the other type the scales produce rings in the surface which belie the scale that is applied, the yang
process. The two types seem to interplay.
The exterior region is imaginary. This endows the World with instability. It is divergent and would, if left alone,
expand into oblivion. But it seems that nature provides a stabilising influence on this World through the properties
of the extravariant World.
If all the elements of the intravariant world are transformed through an infinity (a singularity) the result is the
extravariant World. The two worlds contain the same elements precisely. Compare Figure 10-4 and Figure 10-5.
88
This diagram is illustrative only because the external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal orientation.
How much of a rotation in space is required to make this transformation? The answer is almost /2 of all the
elements5, which is rather remarkable since the imaginary region has swapped from being external to being internal which we would normally consider to be a transformation. Yet, looking at the two worlds we see that the
surface elements of the intravariant World (Figure 10-4) have become the external elements of the extravariant
one (Figure 10-5).
What is important is that all the elements are in exactly the same juxtaposition with respect to each other.
89
90
1. In the intravariant World the whole of the exterior region is imaginary which is indicated by the use of
broken lines throughout the notes. The interior region is wholly real.
2. The directions of the elements are crucial to the correct relationship of all the elements. Looking into a
different octant produces a different directional relationship.
3. This diagram is illustrative only because the external elements are not shown in their correct orthogonal
orientation.
The really interesting comparison is between this and our own social activities. We set to work on a project or
a business, we organise the business and then we react with others who have done the same. This forms bigger
work groups which need organisational effort and then a bigger interaction takes place. The process goes on until
we have large conglomerates that are irredeemably inefficient. That is the unstable way of the intravariant World.
91
In nature, however there is an extravariant process taking place. This is the World of Figure 10-7. Like the other
extra-worlds it is a recipe for stability and when combined into a geometry of the second kind 8 it acts as natures
stabiliser. Eventually the whole structure of thermodynamics becomes stable by virtue of it dominating the Laws.
There are several interesting predictions in the field of Sterling engines and conductance which are extracted from
the thermodynamic World.9 But this is not the place for them.
TAO
There were several aspects of this World that surprised me and it therefore took several years for me to settle on the
facts as I had found them. Not the least was the idea that there were three different generic levels of temperature; or
temperature-like phenomena. They are each orthogonal to each other and have a reciprocity in accord with Onsagers
Reciprocity Theorem. I cannot predict what this infers in reality but that is what the theory says! The pressure element
accords with Daltons principle of probability pressure in so far as there is seemingly always a real pressure which reacts
with an imaginary one in any contained volume.
92
There are no notes about the development of the world of number into a geometry of the second kind.
Figure 10-9. A copy of a page of the notebook showing a sketch of the World of intravariant Number
93
The Fluidic World is incomplete, but is important because it completes the set of three Worlds of physics which
are depicted as a sketch in Figure 10-12.
Figure 10-10. The first issue of the three Law Fields of Fluids
Although much of the fictional discussion about our physical universe is centred around the Grav-electromagnetic
Worlds we see here that the other two Worlds are of equal stature in the Universe. The Fluidic World of the second
kind, which stands in the place of thirdness in the physics Universe, which is shown at the top of this sketch gives
rise to the three states of matter. It represents them in the microscopic form. The size is absent.
Amongst this Fluidic World is Mohrs Circles and its three dimensional extension. In those are the formula for
the bending moments and shear stresses of physically loaded structures. The Mohr circle occupies just one of the
eighteen planes in the Fluidic sketch.
94
Yes, there is a great deal more work to do in the detail structure of these geometries. But just how much work can
one man do in one lifetime and still survive on the planet? I believe Ostberger has given us a very big leap forward
and it is something to grasp and apply to our life on this planet. The fact that he has been able to show that our
financial dealings have an isomorphic pattern to the world of GEM is of great value to the whole of humanity.
TAO
I did not set out to discover the laws of physics. They arrived at my door like with the messenger. I had no reason not to
receive them and display the process as I discovered it. The messenger was not announced, he did not say I have come
from God or I have brought you the keys to the kingdom. Nor did he say that he knew the contents of what he was
carrying. He didnt know and neither did I. There was, however something interior to my being that gave me impetus
and caused me to believe that this was a job that I had to do. I was later to discover what that something was. I had no
idea that it would take so long and cost so much. Yet I felt quite comfortable doing work which, maybe, no one else was
doing or even would understand.
95
Each of the three worlds in the sketch are what Ostberger called of the second kind. Each of these contains six
worlds of the first kind. Each world of the first kind contains six law fields. Each Law Field has seven degrees of
freedom; the last of which is half in the next. Additional degrees of freedom appear as the geometries grow. A
World of the first kind has twenty two degrees of freedom, the last two of which have one half of their freedom
in the next world. In all, one World of the second kind has more than sixty degrees of freedom. This sketch
would have more than one hundred and eighty degrees of freedom. Every degree of freedom is orthogonal to
every other. A degree of freedom is one dimension of the Magnitudinal kind. Every group of line elements, Law
Fields, World and 2nd World is in four dimensions of the Directional kind.
The Worlds of the Second kind are assembled twice in different orders. The ones in the sketch, here, are extravariant worlds mounted on to intravariant backgrounds. They can equally be assembled in reverse. One of the notes
suggests that the intravariant world when mounted on the extravariant world is representative of the macroscopic
Universe. The one that we find invitingly curious.
Notes
1. Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909), the Russian born Swiss-German number theorist, algebraist, analyst and
geometer who developed the thory of four-dimensional space-time that laid the mathematical foundation for
relativity theory.
2. See [Dirac70].
3. The half quantum of Direction is /4. It would seem that, as with the Magnitude half quantum, it has a
96
97
The real difficulty lies in the fact that journals and publications of most kinds are not accustomed to printing the
geometric forms that this process demands. Mathematical journals simply dont do it. They certainly could not
conceive of depicting the geometry to be the leading part of an article that contained a mathematical text. The text
would be regarded as the leading part. Also, the line elements should show their thicknesses in each of two planes
so that their orthogonality can be ascertained but it is unrealistic to believe that such a picture could be read from
the page. Such detail must be left in the text of the notes. But a computer can display such a picture. I hope that
there is sufficient here to convince the reader of the usefulness of the process and that one, at least, will want to
examine the Hydrogen atom mathematics and its geometry.
98
We may think that such a small consideration does not bear relevance to the kind of systems that the statistics
describe, that the first particle is so small that it does not warrant our attention. This is not the case.
In human systems we see the effects of inclusive rules and exclusive rules. When certain members of society
are excluded from the consequences of their actions by virtue of their wealth or their legal standing or their club
membership then the whole society becomes unstable. Just as it does in the physics systems of Bose Einstein. The
Bosonic particles are unstable when not in the presence of the Fermi particles.
Figure 11-3. The four fold infinite transformation which births the extravariant World from the intravariant
On the other hand if all members of a society are included and bear the consequences of their actions, both legally
and financially, then the society soon becomes stable. These are the Fermi people.
The reality of life is that both Boson people and Fermi people1 do exist. However if one understands the way in
which Fermi particles coalesce in physics we may be able to stabilise society in the same way that nature does in
the atomic structure. But that is another story. For now it is sufficient to understand that there are Boson particles
which have whole number spins such as 1, 2, 3 and there are Fermi particles which have half number spins such as
1 3
5
2 , 2 and 2 . These correlate precisely with the two Worlds geometries (Figure 11-3). The intravariant is boson-like
and the extravariant is Fermi-like.
The transformation that takes the Boson World to the Fermi World is shown in Figure 11-4 for the case of Gravelectromagnetic World. Or, at least the results are shown. The transformation itself is virtually impossible to show
99
100
Ostberger found this transformation in the seventies. It was many years before he realised that the two Worlds
could assemble together under certain conditions. He had already worked on some geometry which, because
of its absorptive properties, disappeared when assembled. He attempted several combinations of assembly that
culminated in the World geometry of the second kind. Figure 11-4 shows how he conceived the assembly. The
extra-World was reduced to its minimum state and then assembled on to the intra-World so that the corresponding
elements (of the same colour) were in opposition to each other. The external elements of the extra-World met
the surface elements of the intra-World in opposing directions. This opposition or anti-commutation led to the
reciprocal elements producing a unity at the surface2. Unlike the absorptive opposition of elements that produced
annihilation. The result was Figure 11-5, the Grav-electromagnetic World of the second kind. There are six ways
to assemble the two Worlds. These are labelled E, P and N with their contras back-E, back-P and back-N3.
This diagram is the last of a series of developments in the notes. As time passed and more work was done so the
101
102
103
A vector model of the Hydrogen atom which complies with the directions of this geometry is the subject of another
book on the subject (available from the Ostberger website). The magnitudes which are extracted are consistent
with current theory.
It may be possible to remove certain anomalies from current theory with the realisation that the vectors in the
intravariant space are infinitely separated from those in the extravariant space.
The Sommerfeld fine-structure constant has been derived and calculated from this vector model in Chapter 12.
The table of Delta values in the Appendix J not only holds the key to the fine-structure constant but also seems to
have important scales which can be applied to other atoms. There is much work to do.
It will be difficult for the reader to grasp the idea that atomic phenomena can be represented in this way. After
all, it is a far cry from the Bohr model of electrons whizzing round in orbits. Yet that model worked. At least
sufficiently to get the results that we have arrive at today.
What the picture says is this. The atoms have strict orthogonal relationships. These relationships are directional
in character and they can be displayed in a geometry; the World geometry of the second kind. But this is not the
end of the story. This is not the final solution. This is like a Schroedinger equation except that this equation is a
directional one. It gives the general picture and provides the essential relationships but it needs a more detailed
solution for each of the atoms.
The solutions are not easy to find. The rules of operating must be followed rigorously. Yet sometimes new rules
are found which may be sown into the fabric of the theory just as with any other theory. The essential attributes
must be that the theory is consistent throughout; from beginning to end. Consistent that is in its formulation,
operation and interpretation, which the reader will remember is the basis of the theory in the first place.
104
To illustrate how the process works look at Figure 11-7. This is the representation of the triplet state for two up
spin electrons. The two could equally well occur at the back-E location and be two down spin electrons. This is a
two electron state if the circumferential measure is a single Planck h of energy. The two electrons are in parallel
and form a surface. The 4-D surface area is minimised, representing the net lowest energy both magnetic and
electric in the structure. The result is that the two electrons can be assembled on the surface such that the greatest
diameter (a great circle) is not more thanthe next quantum size up, in this case 2h. In fact, in this case (Figure
11-7), the diameter of the blue element is 2h or 1.414h. When we have a surface which measures 2h across (the
great circle) then we have a potential for four electrons (two spin up and two spin down) as well as all the lesser
permutations.
One must remember that the scales in one orthogonal plane are not the same as in another. Neither are the units
of measure. So the blue (magnetic) plane scalar is different from the green (gravitic) plane scalar.
105
Now look at Figure 11-8. This is the singlet solution. One spin up and one spin down electron. They are still
in parallel but in separated locations. Which is one spin up and which one is spin down would not easily be
recognised.
What is more, since nature does not understand metre distance as a property, these two electrons could be any
distance apart. And that seems to lead to Bells theorem.
Figure 11-9. A sketch of a three electron state
Figure 11-9 is a sketch of a possible surface with perhaps three electrons on it. If such is possible and complies to
the interval rules then this may be one state of Lithium.
The theory says that there must be two separate ionic bond groups. One belonging to the E location and the other
belonging to the back-E location. In the formation of simple diatomic molecules such as H2 and N2 the theory
requires that the two atoms be back-to-back with each other thus forming a kind of pseudo antiparallel electron
pair. The two electrons in the diatomic pair are of the same type. Either E electrons (spin up) or back-E electrons
(spin down) but not mixed.
106
Notes
1. The Fermi people are the infinite players of Prof. Carses Finite and Infinite Games ([Carse87]).
2. Equivalent to saying that the metric gij = gji = gij = 1.
3. The term used to express the reversing of the character in the pairing location of the geometry. It makes it
easier to print in the absence of the new character.
4. See [note1748].
5. [Note820] (Spin Eigenfunctions for Helium).
107
108
At the outset, it seems that Ostberger had very few clues as to the way in which geometry could serve the purpose
of representing the atomic structure. One of the clues that is marked in the margin of the notes forms a relationship
between the Rope-makers first trick and Plancks constant. Figure 12-2 is the case of the rope trick in which
one unit of rope is added around a body of zero size2. This is compared with Plancks ~ in Figure 12-3 which is
identical in geometric form. There is a scribble in the margin. It says, The Planck trick... there can be only one
shape that connects h with ~ and this is it. The next sketch shows a shaded circle with the word energy inside
and the words Joules per cycle per second are scribbled, with the emphasis.
Figure 12-2. The one unit rope trick
The message is that a Joule-sec is actually a Joule per cycle per second if the cycles are ignored. But in the
geometry the cycle is a line element, and this line element is the element of Gravitational Direction, the Direction
that we call Potential in the intravariant case. In the extravariant case the same Direction is the one in which the
frequency of light rotates. The area of the circle would be a representative of the energy if the circumference were
a representative of the frequency. So Ostberger, relating the trignometric frequency to circumferential measure3
had a starting point.
109
The first breakthrough for Ostberger seems to have come out of one of the many library Standard Forms that he
had collected. In a series of notes4 he had found a set of geometries that seemed to allow the squaring of the circle.
They did not really, but it seemed so at the start. In essence these geometries are very simple in so far as they are
well known shapes. They appear in algebra5 as Radical circles. They appear in system dynamics as M-circles 6
which relate open and closed loop responses. They appear in magnetic and electric fields and many other places
in mathematics and physics, but here they appear in a new guise because these red geometries are quantised.
XXXX below we say that the blue geometry is quantised. and above we say that the red geometry is quantised.
??? XXX
Figure 12-4. The complete set of Red geometries of the inner product
110
Now, suppose we assemble these two geometries orthogonally, as in Figure 12-6. A well known shape is produced,
except that it is quantised. The whole space is littered with quantised values and quantised (orthogonal) points.
111
p
p(p + 1)
Ostberger studied this assembly and produced the table of constants in Appendix J. These constants come from
inserting quantum values into the formula in Figure 12-7 for pq and + pq . These are his delta values.
112
113
114
Somerfelds fine structure constant is calculated from the first value in the first table of delta values15.
The fundamental scalar of Hydrogen is derived from the fact that some natural length of magnitude exists, 11 , which is
spacially rotated through an angle whose magnitude may also be measured as 11 . The direction 11 and the magnitude
1
1 are orthogonal.
Figure 12-9. The calculation of Sommerfelds fine-structure from the delta geometry
1
The Figure 12-9 shows the final stage of the calculation.
pThe value of 1 which is shown in Figure 12-8 becomes
1
the sine of the tilt angle. It follows that the cosine is 1 1 . This sine-cosine product is a chord (like C in
Figure 5-5) and the fine-structure constant is an orthogonal chord (like A in Figure 5-5)16.
One has to study the geometry very carefully to see how the two parts, the red and the blue, fit the world model.
The atom seems to be partly in two states. They appear to be in two half states and so the construction of the
115
It is because we need to learn how to find solutions with these Directions and at the same time seek to apply
them to known physical results that could lead us into blind alleys. Thus, making assumptions about the way in
which these processes work is essential to its development. However it will add nothing to our understanding or
the future application of the process if we cannot claim consistency or reflect upon the accuracy. In 1930 P.A.M.
Dirac wrote in his book on quantum mechanics17 the following:
In answer to the first criticism (the idea that a photon can be partly in each of the two states of polarisation) it may
be remarked that the main objective of physical science is not the provision of pictures, but is the formulation of laws
governing phenomena and the application of these laws to the discovery of new phenomena. If a picture exists, so much
the better, but whether a picture exists or not is only of secondary importance. In the case of atomic phenomena no picture
can be expected to exist in the usual sense of the word picture, by which is meant a model functioning essentially on
classical lines. One may, however, extend the word picture to include any way of looking at the fundamental laws
which makes their self consistently obvious.
The geometries of Ostberger are certainly not along classical lines. They are an extension of the word picture
which includes the measurement of vector curvatures. They are a consistent way of looking at the fundamental
laws which exposes the truth of their nature. It is the truth that we seek in order that we may understand the path
that leads us on to the next discovery. Without the truth, in whatever form, we are wandering in the wilderness.
To avoid the mathematics entirely in this introductory book would be impossible. There are other writings from
Ostberger which may ease the burden of understanding mathematics for those who are not conversant with its
idiosyncratic language.
I have minimised the mathematics by leaving a trail of references to the notes.
Notes
1. The geometries used are given in the [note18xx] note series. In particular the notes 1870-90 give the detailed
mathematics and associated geometric constructions. This is being issued as a separate booklet of some 60
XXX pages.
2. See Appendix A.
3. [Note112]
4. [Note6xx] series.
5. The algebraic versions are graphical shapes. It is useful and necessary to know the relationship between the
Ostberger geometry and the graphs because the equations are expressed in the algebra. In algebra we describe
the shape but we can be easily blinded to the linear relationships of the shapes such as are shown here.
6. See the notes on M-circles.
7. All Euclidean Theorems can be applied to a true vector geometry to produce a true result.
8. [note610]
116
117
118
This principle is clear. If there are two eigenstates of an eigenvector and they belong to different values then they
are orthogonal. This means that if there are two states for which a measurement of the vector is certain to give
two different results then those two states are orthogonal.
The insight to this is that each different state is orthogonal. Thus Orthogonality is as important as the number that
we can attach to the eigenvalue of the state. In this theory the Orthogonality of the state is the first objective of the
study and the numerical value the second. This is not the case in String Theory where the reverse process takes
place.
The second part is the fundamental equation and the fundamental conditions which are on page 87 of Diracs
book3 and are shown below. These are the primary objective in String Theory.
This equation also expresses one aspect of the Law Field. For example a rate of change with respect to the first
element (Direction) produces the second element (velocity). Providing both Magnitudinal and Directional effects
are considered separately.
Eddington, back in 1928 foresaw that the fundamental quantum conditions were of greater significance than
simply a formula. He predicted that we would be able to base some of our understandings on something other
than number. He virtually predicted the Ostberger discovery. I have placed Ostbergers scribbled notes along side
the two key equations of Quantum Mechanics on the page below. He notes also that there will be two directional
compliments to these. One is clearly the orthogonality conditions which comes from the Orthogonality Theorem
of Quantum Mechanics4. The other, I do not know what he meant.
119
Sir Arthur Eddington5 wrote in his The Nature of the Physical World the following passage in 1928, page 209.
It virtually predicts the the contents of my Ostbergers notes.
I venture to think that there is an idea implied in Diracs treatment of [the above equation] which may have great
philosophical significance independently of any success of this particular application. The idea is that in digging deeper
and deeper in to that which lies at the base of physical phenomena we must be prepared to come to entities which, like
many things in our conscious experience, are not measurable by numbers in any way; and further it suggests how exact
science, that is to say the science of phenomena correlated to measure numbers, can be founded on such a basis.
Notes
1. [Carse87]
2. See [Penrose] page 271.
3. [Dirac70]
4. Two eigenvectors of a real dynamical variable belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. [Dirac70]
page 32. It is difficult to believe that every eigenvalue is going to be orthogonal to the next because that would
mean that there are vast numbers of orthogonalities in the space. But Ostberger shows that such large numbers
of orthogonalities can described and depicted for study.
5. A Friend.
120
Let the diameter of the original circle (the Earth) be d1 and the diameter of the next up integer circle be d2 .
Likewise the circumferences are c1 and c2 . Then,
c2 = c1 + 1
(1)
The distance that the c2 circle stands away from the Earth h, is given by:
d2 d1 = 2h
(2)
(3)
(4)
So we have the fact that if a rope were put around the Earth so that it just fitted snugly and we then stretch the
rope by one metre it will stand away from the surface a distance of nearly 160mm all the way round! This is not
our normal comprehension. There is something wrong with the proportions of our thinking and that is why the
student must play with string and pencil to acquaint himself with the reality of an otherwise difficult magnitudinal
concept.
Figure A-2. For each meter of circumference ...
122
Given that the rope is 40 million metres in length and that we have added only 1 metre to its length our sensibilities
tells us that the stand-off is likely to be of the order of 1/40, 000, 000th It is not. It is 1/2 times the distance
added in.
Figure A-3. A rope around Jupiter
But it is important to note that the one metre added is a length of arc whereas the distance of the stand-off h is a
linear measure.
Consider now a rope around Jupiter that is some 446 million metres round. Stretching the rope by one metre
makes the stand-off 160mm. Again! The reason is because the same simple mathematics applies.
Figure A-4. The largest possible curvature of the rope
Consider now a rope around the Universe (Figure A-4). We have established that for each unit of arc added into
the circumference of a circle there is a 1/2 displacement radially (and therefore orthogonally) to the circle. So
that, if we were standing on the curvature that fits around the universe and someone adds a unit of length into the
arc of that curvature at a point that we cannot easily observe then we will motion with that curvature a distance
of 1/2 orthogonally to the curve. Providing, that is, there is continuity in the curve. Without any other line of
reference we could not detect the displacement because we are moving in conjunction with an infinity.
Now consider a rope at infinity. The infinite element is the straight line in Figure A-5. Whether this is by definition
or by reason does not affect the argument. When the curvature is zero the radius is infinite; both are extremities.
Figure A-5. Curvatures at infinity
Consider the curvature that is last before the infinite element; the one in Figure A-5 that has its centre of curvature
somewhere below the infinite element. A unit of arc added into this will cause a displacement 1/2 upward. Next
consider the first curvature after the infinite element. A unit of arc added in to this will cause a displacement 1/2
downward. Where in the space are these displacements? Either the two curvatures are 1/2 apart or they are twice
1/2 apart. Which is it?
123
To answer this consider the smallest possible circular path in which d1 is zero. That is we put the rope around
nothing (Figure A-6. We cannot have a smaller circle since there is only one unit around its circumference. To
divide this unit into smaller parts is to divide the arc unit into the same smaller parts and we are doing no more
than scaling the whole sheet of paper including the infinity. Whichever rod we use to measure the cs we use the
same rod to measure the ds. We cannot pretend to change the unit of measure of the smallest arc without changing
the largest arc likewise. It would be cheating on the continuity principle of the circles.
Figure A-7. Half a step to infinity
So what happens to the maximum curvatures in Figure A-5? Do the displacements cross over in the distance
h making the space between them bi-directional as in Figure A-7? Or is it like Figure A-8 in which the space
remains uni-directional but the distance between the two maximum curvatures is 2h?
124
If the Figure A-8 is admissible then the infinite element exists and the two curvatures each have a step of one unit
to infinity. If the Figure A-7 is admissible then the two curvatures have a step of one unit of ~1 to each other and
the infinite element does not exist.
125
126
This had the effect of taking up all the slack and bringing the rope into perfect contact with the Earth all the way
round.
Figure A-10. One extra unit of circumference externally
He wondered what the relationship was between the areas of the rope with a twist and the one without. He had
another surprise for he found that area produced by un-twisting the unit of rope was proportional to the original
radius of curvature and that he thought was impossible since it is known that the area is proportional to the square
of the radius. Something funny was going on. Somehow a two dimensional area had got mixed up with a one
dimensional radius. But when he spoke to his friend, who was an engineer, he was told about something called
Greens Theorems which do just that. They relate an n dimensional domain to an n 1 dimensional domain5.
The rope-maker remembered in his first rope trick the constant 1/4 was a multiplicative constant. He was curious
to find that the constant 1/4 had become an additive constant in this rope trick.
127
Notes
1. I have deliberately labelled the distance h/2 as ~. In Quantum Mechanics the Dirac ~ is used solely for
the quantum of energy per cycle 1.055 x 1034 joules per cycle per second. But there is no reason why this
principle should not be generalised so long as its special nature is preserved. It is special for at least the
following reasons:
2. Notes 4 and 124 and Note 2014 et.seq. These become axioms of the process.
3. One example of this problem is the teaching of multiplication. We tell the children the AxB = B xA and they
are left with the impression that this is the rule. In fact we know that the truth is completely the reverse. AxB
is never B xA except in the one special case; where B and A are pure numbers. I fear for the future if we do
not teach our children the truths we already know.
4. In mathematics we have not passed the stage where we believe that a vector can have its directions separate
from its magnitudes. We teach only vectors whose magnitudes are parallel to their directions e.g. a car velocity. But in my notes I have shown otherwise. Vectors can be found that have their direction orthogonal and
antiparallel to their associated magnitudes. Indeed the vectors come in sets of four. I refer to those which have
their magnitude and directions separated by 0, /2, and 3/2.
5. The basis of Integration by parts.
128
B.2. Generation
1. Absorption.
2. Reciprocity or inversion.
3. Real/Imaginary conversion.
4. Intravariant to extravariant condensation.
B.3. Orthogonality
Representations having their Magnitudes and associated Directions:
1. 0 radians apart.
2. /2 radians apart.
3. radians apart.
4. 3/2 radians apart
129
B.4. Density
1. No directions in the line. (e.g. plain geometry, position vectors.)
2. One direction in the line. (e.g. ordinary vectors.)
3. two directions in the line. (e.g. the tensors of rank 2 in the Law Fields.)
4. Multiple directions of greater density. (e.g. the Ricci and Weyl Tensors and the geometric Worlds of the first
and second Kind.)
130
Inward Supp.
Suspense.
4th Aug
0 Cr
0 Dr
and the reverse entry in the accounts of the heat treatment contractor showing quite clearly that the tools had been
sent to, and had arrived at, the company. Compensation was settled out of court.
The total value attached to these zeros was very large indeed.
131
2. Dimension of a drawing.
The ordinary length measurement which scales the various attributes of a drawing. Particularly an engineering
drawing but also in geometry.
132
Notes
1. Points do not exist in the curved spaces of the Worlds, only new worlds. But what other language shall I use?
The points of two orthogonal lines from a new world or quasi-world which we recognise as a new particle in
physics. Hence the Eight Fold Way.
133
In the Grav-electromagnetic World the Lorenzian effects are a part of both the intra and extra Worlds. The Lorentz
transformations apply equally to the Quantum Mechanical view as they do to the classical. In notes 1110
and 1111 the geometry of the Lorentz transformation shows the connection between the relative velocity of two
observers. The geometry shows the well known changes in the measurements of mass, length and time. As the
speed of light is approached the mass is observed to increase to infinity, the length to contract and the time dilate.
But do they really?
The Ostberger work shows two aspects to the Lorentz transformation. When the World geometry expands there
is a directional effect as well as a magnitudinal one. The Magnitudinal one is the formulae for calculating the
observational effects and the directional is ignored.
It is the directional effect that will come into its own when we travel into deep space. Then we will need to know
which curvature we are on in order to return home. Just as the intrepid explorers of the mid-millennium needed to
know that the world was spherical in order to sail their way around the latitudes.
The idea that directions must be taken into account is not new. Nevertheless many minds will have difficulty
embracing such a concept. Some will not. That is the bigger picture to which human beings must succumb.
Lets take a journey into space.
Our craft is large, very large, We have a family of people who are well versed in the ways of the extravariant and
others who are intravariant by nature. Our energy source is from matter and we have a constant force motor some
20 kilometres behind us. It produces an acceleration of 10 metres per second every second. Just in excess of 1g.
We have a department for steering and a mass repulsing shield forward of the control deck. We seek gravitational
fields that will directionally accelerate us without our motors. We are observing the Lorentz effects of the matter
around us and plotting its curvatures. We are calculating the geodesics along which we need to travel. There are
departments for all other aspects of sustaining life.
We are all walking about in as if we were in a gravitational field our heads pointing in the direction of the crafts
motion. The question is, What happens when we reach the speed of light? The speed of light is about 300,000
kilometres per second. Let us stand on the control deck and calculate how long it will take us to reach the speed
of light.
134
We are now disconnected from the folks back on Earth just as was Columbus. There is no grav-electromagnetic
energy connection and we really are worlds apart. The Lorentz connection no longer applies because we cannot
observe each other by electromagnetic means. We are macroscopically disconnected. We have become part of the
fabric of the universe. We are like being in a fluid4.
The new explorers will not be back for many years and may even colonise new territory. They must be self
sustaining or perish. Like Columbus they have to be a self sustaining system or find landings which are hospitable.
They also need to know how to get back. For that they need to know how to plot their position in the universe,
not only with four coordinates but also with double entry. The absorption matrices will be required to position
the craft in both the forward and the backward directions of all its curvatures of travel. The accountant and the
physicist must talk at the same table.
Back here on Earth we have now realised that the stars are not where they seem to be. The light from the stars
arrives on curves. The curves come from different Directions. Each curve is part of a 4-dimensional set belonging
to the Laws of the universe. We have to sort them out in just the same way that we sort out the directions of the
atomic structure.
TAO
To construct a map of the universe as if every line of sight of every telescope around the Earth is straight out into space
forever is as arrogant as constructing a map of the Earth as if it were flat. It is a part of our present-day arrogance that
believes that we have some kind of power over nature.
135
Notes
1. See Chapter 12
2. See Appendix J.
3. One day is 60 x 60 x 24 x 365.3 seconds = 31,561,920 seconds. The speed is 31,561,920 x 10 ms2
4. Ostberger makes notes on the possible effects of being in a fluid of the universe. The Laws of fluidics apply
and so communication may be possible through those laws. Because we have traversed a geodesic bend and
are now orthogonal to our kith and kin there seems to be some peculiar possibilities that we may have to face.
For the present however they are best left in the closet.
136
137
The mass is constrained to move in a curved path. It is the rate of change of the Direction that creates the force. In
this case a centrifugal force. In the case of a bob on a string it is a centripetal acceleration down the string which
constrains the motion.
138
The motion of the craft is exchanged for the energy of the particles. To lift the craft vertically the rate of change
of momentum must be greater than the acceleration due to gravity.
We may express the laws of 3 and 4 here by an alteration of the common expression for the second of Newtons
laws. We may say that, The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force. When the change
in the motion is directional the force acts at right angles and when the change in the motion is magnitudinal the
force acts parallel.
This leads to the invention of a best trajectory take off for momentum exchange devices to clear the Earths
escape velocity. By combining both of these laws together a launching device can be proposed which maximises
the benefits of the momentum laws (note No 930).
139
Notes
1. The gyro represents a quite general case. A torque applied to rotate a body with a second moment of inertia
possesses a rotational inertia. Associated with this are all the attributes of the gyro even if the resulting effects
are small or resisted naturally.
2. The original British Rail high speed train, the HS 150, was intended to give the passengers a comfortable ride
by defying the laws of the gyro on the bends. It failed! The braking system, on the same train, consisted of
external shoes mounted around a rotating drum. It also failed because it ignored the laws of frictional forces.
On the outside of a drum the forces are exponential juke like the tope around a capstan. Only at very slow
speeds can such forces be arrested. At higher speeds the mathematics tells us that any approaching object
having a frictional effect will be thrown off abruptly. The brake shoes would judder uncontrollably.
140
Magnetic
Integral notation
Vector notation
Curl H = J +
Hs ds = I +
Electric
Es ds =
Gravitic
a
d
dt
d
dt
Fs ds = 0 or k
Curl E =
D
dt
B
dt
Curl F = 0 or k
Notes:
a. 0 in a Schwarzchild field, k in a non-uniform field. Note no 1782.
There is a discussion that centres around what kind of rotation these represent. Thus we need to ask what happens
in a curved gravitational field, that is, one in which the force bends round an arc. These say that we cannot have
such a force as it would imply that an acceleration could take place in the path of the arc which would lead to a
singularity of infinite velocity.
What these formula are about is the rotation of the forces as the World enlarges. The Curls are the internal rotations
which produce an effect in the field.
There are three fluxes involved V , B and D, the velocity (density)1, the Electric flux density and the Magnetic
flux density. The click caused D/dt by is what would come from a circuit when it is suddenly switched off. It
is the radio signal part of the equation.
Table G-2. The magnetic, electric and gravitic inverse square laws
Magnetic
Fm =
1 p1 p2
4 r2
Electric
Fe =
1 q1 q2
40 r2
Gravitic
Fg =
1 m1 m2
4 r2
The inverse square laws are shown in Table G-2. They too tell us that there is a relationship between these fields.
In this case they relate to those vectors which have their directions orthogonal to their magnitudes. (See Appendix
F and notes).
141
H = gradVm
E = gradVe
Fg = gradVg
Notes:
a. The steepest slope on a hill-side shown as contours on a map (gradV = iV /x + jV /y + kV /z).
We see here that the potentials, which are a part of the Direction belonging to the Newton Law field are related
to the forces that exist with with them in a simple way. The steeper the gradient of the potential (Direction) the
greater the force. These three fields are hill sides in the space, albeit a three dimensional hill. What the Law field
expresses is that the surface of the hill can be represented by the the isoclinic contour lines and their orthogonal
risers which describe the rate of incline. What we have done is to describe the shape of the hill. We might easily
be lead to believe that we have more.
The negative signs may be taken to be valleys. Ostberger sees this as a difference in the standpoint of our measurement. The Magnetic and Electric fields are viewed from the outside looking in whereas the gravitational field
is viewed from the inside looking out. To relate all three, two must be of opposite sign. Another way of expressing
this is to realise that the negative sign means that the first two are asymmetric and will combine with separate
fields in a symmetric way whereas the gravitic field is symmetric and combines asymmetrical.
Notes
1. We live at a particular velocity. Our actual motion consist of the components of rotation of the Earth, around
the Sun, around the galaxy, etc. So, all velocities are relative and we may see this as the relative density of
the velocity at which we live. As we increase in velocity this density changes and we become aware of new
observations. Velocity is the flux of the gravitational field.
142
The difference between a sphere and a spherical surface is shown in Figure H-1 and Figure H-2. The line elements
that can be described over the surface of a sphere make an angle at the surface which is the same as the angle
expressing latitude. This is not so in the case of a spherical surface where the angle at the surface can be any which
is self consistent with a representation. In the case of the Law World the angle at the surface is always orthogonal
to the line element.
143
The Absorptive element of the Law field forms a ring under the definition of an
algebraic ring R. If a world surface is formed in which the ring is the great circle
then the small circles are the sub-rings.
The Field
A ring with a unit element is called a field if every non-zero element of R has a
multiplicative inverse. The reciprocity element of the Law field forms a field. A
field is necessarily an integral domain.
The Group
The table below shows the relationship the first Law Fields and the various classes of complex numbers and
operators.
Table I-2. Comparing Law Fields with Linear Algebra
Class of
Behaviour Class of operators in a
Behaviour
Law Field
Law
complex
under
finite dimensional
under the
element
numbers
inner product space
adjoint map
conjugation
Unit circle
Reciprocal upper
field
(
mod
iz
= 1)
element
of the:
lower
(mod z = 1)
field
upper
The
field
Real/Imaginary
element
lower
of the: field
Real axis
z = 1/z
T* = T1
Inversion
T* = T
Conversion
T* = T
Absorption
Symmetric operators,
complex
Symmetric operators, real
z = z
144
+ q
p
= p + q/2 +
p
p(p + q)
q
p
= p + q/2
p
p(p + q)
p + q/2
+ q
p
q
p
1/+ pq
1/ pq
0.5
0.000000000
0.500000000
0.500000000
2.000000000
2.000000000
0.5
0.866025404
1.866025404
0.133974596
0.535898385
7.464101615
1.5
1.414213562
2.914213562
0.085786438
0.343145751
11.65685425
2.5
2.449489743
4.949489743
0.050510257
0.202041029
19.79795897
3.5
3.464101615
6.964101615
0.035898385
0.143593539
27.85640646
4.5
4.472135955
8.972135955
0.027864045
0.111456180
35.88854382
5.5
5.477225575
10.97722558
0.022774425
0.091097700
43.90890230
6.5
6.480740698
12.98074070
0.019259302
0.077037206
51.92296279
7.5
7.483314774
14.98331477
0.016685226
0.066740906
59.93325909
8.5
8.485281374
16.98528137
0.014718626
0.058874503
67.94112550
9.5
9.486832981
18.98683298
0.013167019
0.052668078
75.94733192
10
10.5
10.48808848
20.98808848
0.011911518
0.047646073
83.95235393
11
11.5
11.48912529
22.98912529
0.010874707
0.043498828
91.95650117
12
12.5
12.48999600
24.98999600
0.010004003
0.040016013
99.95998399
13
13.5
13.49073756
26.99073756
0.009262437
0.037049747
107.96295025
14
14.5
14.49137675
28.99137675
0.008623254
0.034493015
115.96550698
15
15.5
15.49193338
30.99193338
0.008066615
0.032266461
123.96773354
p(p + q)
p + q/2
+ q
p
q
p
1/+ pq
1/ pq
0.000000000
1.000000000
1.000000000
1.000000000
1.000000000
0.5
1.5
1.118033989
2.618033989
0.381966011
0.381966011
2.618033989
1.732050808
3.732050808
0.267949192
0.267949192
3.732050808
2.828427125
5.828427125
0.171572875
0.171572875
5.828427125
3.872983346
7.872983346
0.127016654
0.127016654
7.872983346
4.898979486
9.898979486
0.101020514
0.101020514
9.898979486
5.916079783
11.91607978
0.083920217
0.083920217
11.91607978
p(p + q)
145
p + q/2
+ q
p
q
p
1/+ pq
1/ pq
1.5
0.000000000
1.500000000
1.500000000
0.666666667
0.666666667
0.5
1.322875656
3.322875656
0.677124344
0.300944153
1.476833625
2.5
2.000000000
4.500000000
0.500000000
0.222222222
2.000000000
3.5
3.162277660
6.662277660
0.337722340
0.150098818
2.961012293
4.5
4.242640687
8.742640687
0.257359313
0.114381917
3.885618083
5.5
5.291502622
10.79150262
0.208497378
0.092665501
4.796223388
6.5
6.324555320
12.82455532
0.175444680
0.077975413
5.699802365
p(p + q)
p + q/2
+ q
p
q
p
1/+ pq
1/ pq
0.000000000
2.000000000
2.000000000
0.500000000
0.500000000
0.5
2.5
1.500000000
4.000000000
1.000000000
0.250000000
1.000000000
2.236067977
5.236067977
0.763932023
0.190983006
1.309016994
3.464101615
7.464101615
0.535898385
0.133974596
1.866025404
4.582575695
9.582575695
0.417424305
0.104356076
2.395643924
5.656854249
11.65685425
0.343145751
0.085786438
2.914213562
6.708203932
13.70820393
0.291796068
0.072949017
3.427050983
p(p + q)
146
147
Notes
1. [Fano59]
2. [Goodstein99]
148
Bibliography
[Carse87] Finite and Infinite Games (http://www.randomhouse.com/BB/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=0345341848),
James P Carse, Ballantine Books, First edition, September 1987, ISBN 0-345-34184-8.
[Dirac70] The principles of Quantum Mechanics , Pauli A M Dirac, Oxford Press, Fourth edition, 1970.
[Fano59] Basic Physics of Atoms and Molecules, Ugo Fano and L Fano, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1959.
[Goodstein99] Feynmans Lost Lecture, David L Goodstein and Judith R Goodstein, W. W. Norton & Company,
Norton paperback, 1999, ISBN 0-393-31995-4.
[Hawkin88] A brief history of time (from the big bang to black holes) (http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553175211/qid=
2/ref=sr_2_3_2/202-6797302-3220642) , Steven W Hawkin, Bantam Press, 1988, ISBN 0-593-01518-5.
[Penrose] The Emperors New Mind, Roger Penrose, Vintage Books.
Ostberger notes
[Note90] Algebraic Normal form x cos + y sin = p, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note96] Algebraic quadratics, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note98] Algebraic cubics, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note100] Absorption mathematics, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note103] The pen stand, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note112] Graphing a rotating pair of sin and cosine, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note117] Sine and cosine addition and subtraction, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note124] Air and water bottle measuring absorption, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note140] The rope maker part 1, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note220] The Interpretive group and Kleins geometry, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note250] General properties of the World of the first kind, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note257] The Field of label numbers (cardinal), Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note258] The probability Law Field, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note409] The Hesse normal form (3d), Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note5xx] Series 5xx : Notes on trignometric functions, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note504] Integer amplitudes of circular functions, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note512] The multiple angle 2, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note513] The multiple angle 3, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note514] The multiple angle 4, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1210] Extending the half angle geometry to all values, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1230] Geometry of imaginary character, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1250] Introduction to tensor calculus, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1254] The Einstein tensor, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1466] Draft Code of conduct for Universities and places of learning which are servants of the tax-paying
public, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1702] Biosavart and Lenzs laws, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1713] Law Worlds, intravariant, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1714] Law Worlds, extravariant, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1715] Combined intra and extra Worlds, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1716] Some collected predictions, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1748] Gravelectomagetic World of the second kinds (extravariant), Telle A Ostberger, The Educational
Trust Company.
[Note1750] Fluidics, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note18xx] Series 18xx : Notes on the Hydrogen atom, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1823] Rotation from spin up to spin down = 2, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note1850] XXX, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note20xx] Series 20xx : Notes on social order, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note23xx] Series 23xx : Notes on finance, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
[Note2333] The stable universe of commercial operations, Telle A Ostberger, The Educational Trust Company.
Glossary
A
Absorption
The process in which a quantity or a vector direction disappear by virtue of have equal and opposite properties
of exactly the same character by definition. Positive and negative rational numbers of the same magnitude
absorb. Irrational numbers, ones that have not cut-off or ending cannot be said to absorb.
151
Glossary
Absorption matrix
A two dimensional array of numbers or quantities in which the row and column vectors absorb. The determinant of such matrices is always zero.
Accounting
Painting a picture of trading goods, money or services with numbers.
ADP
Adeninine diphosphate. The half way stage between Adeninine phosphate and Adeninine Triphosphate in
the Krebb cycle of the digestive system, the process by which we extract energy from food. During the stages
the Hydrogen atom is split into its proton and electron for recombination.
Agenerate
The concept of building up a process or system towards its state of Condensation, condensing it and repeating
the process again at its next level ad infinitum. This is a negative entropic process. The complementary
process is degeneracy, which is entropic in nature.
Algebraic forms
The use of alpha-numeric characters to describe the shape of a mathematical concept in a Cartesian space.
Anti-parallel
Being directionally radians apart indefinitely. This applies to lines, surfaces and volumes.
Asymmetric
A form that cannot be divided by a mirror.
Atomic element
One of those in the periodic table.
Atomic representation
The geometry consisting of an intravariant World superposed by an extravariant World in six positions labelled E, P, N and back-E, back-P and back-N.
152
Glossary
ATP
Adeninine Tri-phosphate. See ADP.
B
Back-E
The location of the spin down electron in the atomic representation.
Back-Location
A convenient way of writing a reversed character which appears on the geometry. It avoids using a reversed
character font.
Back-N
The location of the spin down neutron in the atomic representation.
Back-P
The location of the reverse spin proton in the atomic representation.
Blue geometry
A colloquial label given to one of the 600 series geometries that is a suitable candidate for representing the
directions in the hydrogen atom.
Bohr, Neils
Creator of the electron orbit model of the atom.
Bosons
Particles that occur in physics which have whole number spin.
C
Circel
A term used by Ostberger to describe a complete set of circles in a geometry. There must be a known
connective linkage between the circles.
153
Glossary
Colour nomenclature
The nomenclature adopted by Ostberger that uses blue for the vectors of formative or firstness character, red
for the vectors of operator or secondness character and green for the interpretive or thirdness character.
Condensation
Contracting a complete set of a system, in general in groups of four, into a single component of the Definition
(or firstness field). This begins a next-level-up system.
Connectedness
A mathematical term defined in the subject of complex variables. It does not imply continuity necessarily
for a set of layers or Riemann surfaces can be stepwise connected.
Continuity
Without break. Mathematicians have their definition.
Contra direction
The direction of a line element which is in the same place as, but opposite to its co-direction.
Contra force
The force, represented by a line element, which meets in opposition to its reaction to produce no effect upon
its surrounding.
Contra momentum
Any momentum which gyrates about some centre which its co momentum into equilibrium. Our body motions by the contra momentum action of two flexible parts.
Contravariant
A complete set of tensors (vectors of ran 2 or more) which vie with their covariant neighbours.
Conversion
The process of transforming from the real to the imaginary.
154
Glossary
Covariant
A complete set of tensors (vectors of ran 2 or more) which vie with their covariant neighbours.
Credit
The contra posting or entry in a book of accounts. It is negative by convention and often shown red. Liabilities
are primarily credit numbers as are Sales.
Curl
Another term for Rotation in vector analysis. It used to be called Rot. The term includes any kind of rotation
and is mathematically well defined.
Curvature
Measure by the reciprocal of the radius at the point of curvature. Ostberger regards nature as a process of
winding up the curvatures.
Curved vectors
Why not? Satellites have elliptical ones.
D
Debit
The posting or entry in a book of accounts. It is positive by convention and often shown black or blue. Assets
are primarily debit numbers, as are inventories.
Delta geometry
The special geometry which Ostberger used to represent the energy changes in atomic phenomena.
Delta values
The greek letter was used by Ostberger to define his table of constants which lead to the discovery of the
Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, a natural number.
Descartes, Rene
Rene was the man who set us on the path of analysing the wrong kind of spaces.
155
Glossary
Dirac, Paul A M
The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics who, like Steven Hawkin, could see through the curtain of the
undiscovered. He gave us a new vector mathematics with Bra and kets which led him to the vector solution
to the Hydrogen atom.
Direction
Any phenomena can have a directional aspect. The term is used by Ostberger with an upper case D to relate
to a phenomena of nature having a directional character.
Directional character
In the nature of yin.
Div
A vector term which is well defined in mathematics to identify the components of an the expansion or
enlargement of a spacial surface.
Double entry
I trade with you. You give me one guinea. You are one guinea less AND I am one guinea more. (Unless we
cheat!) There is only one coin.
E
Einstein, Albert
Evidently did not understand double entry but did a sterling job. Thanks.
Einsteinian dimension
Any of the Four Directions that coincide at one point orthogonally. See Appendix D.
Electrics
The observable effects of all phenomena of Physics which have electrical characteristics. These include
electric force, electric intensity, charge, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, ion exchange, dielectric
properties, potentials, discharges, voltages, XXX.
156
Glossary
Electron
The half unit spin particle which is the sole cause of all chemical study. Its Fermi particle.
Element line
A general term for looking at the lines in a space.
Entropy
The state of dis-organisation of a thermodynamic system.
Euclid
Did a great job starting us all on the road to the Ostberger studies. We cant do without him.
Extravariant
A new term used by Ostberger to describe a space in which the imaginary regions are wholly contained by a
four dimensional set of elements.
F
Fermions
Spin half particles and multiples thereof.
Firstness
A term used by the mathematician and philosopher Charles Saunders Pierce to describe his philosophical
thinking. Ostberger used it in his honour.
157
Glossary
Fluidic
Of the nature of materials whether solid, liquid or gaseous.
Force
The phenomena that has the potential to cause a flux to act. There is an electric one, magnetic one and a
gravitic one.
Four dimensions
Of two kinds. One magnitudinal in character and the other directional in character. In the former there are
n-dimensions in a group but in the latter there are only four in each group. See Appendix D.
Frequency
Cycles per second or Hertz. Ostberger measures them as circular functions in a circle.
G
Grad
The vector definition for the slope in a region of 3-dimensional space.
Grav-electromagnetic
The combined World of Magnetics, Electrics and Gravitics and their combinations. This includes magnetoelectric effects (real), electro-magnetic effects (imaginary), electro-gravitics and gravito-electrics (see XXX
Eisen), Gravito-magnetics and magneto-gravitics (see note XXX).
158
Glossary
Gravitic
The term used by Ostberger to refer to the physics of gravitational phenomena. These include velocity (the
property of transferring mass from one coordinate set to another), gravitic direction (gravitational potential),
Newton force, torque, precession, spin, rotation, XXX.
Great circle
The circle on the surface of a sphere whose plane passes through the centre of the sphere. The Ostberger
geometry of curvatures has no centre and therefore no great circles. Instead they are called geodesics.
Groups
The Law field meets the mathematical definition of a Group.
Gyro
See Chapter 4. Any mass that has a second moment of inertia and rotates follows the laws of the gyro.
H
h-bar
A special character first used by Dirac to linearise Plancks constant. See Chapter 11.
Hawkin, Steven
The Author of A brief History of Time who is the Lucasian professor of Mathematics. His foresight predicted Ostbergers work.
Heisenberg
The creator of matrix mechanics which will be even more useful in the future.
Helium
The second element of the Periodic Table. It has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons. It is almost
symmetric. Its nucleus is the alpha particle.
159
Glossary
Hilbert space
The space of a symmetric World geometry without the phenomena.
Hydrogen
The first element of the Periodic Table. It has one electron, one proton and no neutron. It is happy in pairs as
a diatomic molecule.
I
Imaginary
A general term. Different terms are used in other subjects to the same concept. Notional in accounts. Spiritual
in human activity. Complex in mathematics for both real and imaginary. The square root of -1 is the basis of
all mathematics that uses imaginary numbers. Imaginary things are quite tractable. If this were not so nature
would not survive.
Imaginary geometry
Not yet studied by mathematicians in the form of directions in space. Ostberger examines some imaginary
geometries and how they work.
Imaginary time
As Steven Hawkin says, if imaginary time is used in place of real time we can join classical physics with
quantum physics because the fourth dimension becomes a Direction. Ostberger suggests that some people
are genetically predisposed to thinking in terms of imaginary time and others in terms of real time. This
accords with Professors Carses book [Carse87].
Integers
Whole numbers. They have no decimal parts or fractions.
Intravariant
The contra World to extravariant. In systems, physics and mathematics this is the unstable set of laws. They
are continuous in character and pass over the World surface as spirals.
Inversion
Of a reciprocal nature. The property of turning upside down.
160
Glossary
Irrational number
Number that dont have endings. Better defined mathematically.
K
Kind
Expresses an entire generic development of a geometry. Also used in tensor calculus to describe the higher
sets of vectors in place of the word rank.
L
Law field
See Also: Law fields.
Law fields
See Chapter 8. A generic set of three infinite elements (straight lines) which meet the origin at the values
1, 0 and singularity (or infinity) orthogonally. The elements have the property of absorption, inversion and
conversion.
Linear
Contained by a regular matrix of scales.
Lorentz
The physicist who identified mathematically the transformations that take place in objects that motion towards the speed of light. The Fitzgerald contraction in the direction of motion, and the time dilation. Ostberger says that the direction of the motion has been ignored and that the traveller takes a curved path
and does not dilate or contract. However the observational information is correct and is a measure of the
travellers velocity. However, he will return. See Appendix E.
M
Macroscopic disconnection
After 348 days of travel under 1g acceleration we reach the speed of light. We become electromagnetically
disconnected from Earth. We can no longer see our home. Like Columbus going over the horizon.
161
Glossary
Magnetics
The observable effects of all phenomena of Physics which have magnetic characteristics. These include
magnetic force, intensity, direction, potential, field, strength, pole, flux, hysteresis, XXX.
Magnitude
The result of reasoning with numbers. Ostberger uses the term more generally than in mathematics, and
reserves the term modulus for an unsigned number. Used with an upper case M it relates to a phenomena of
nature having a magnitudinal character.
Magnitudinal character
Yang-like. The character of a geometry which makes it tend to be controlled by numbers rather than direction.
Matrices
Arrays of numbers, algebraic formula, vectors, differential quantities etc.
Minkowski
The mathematician who conceived of a World but not in geometric form.
N
Necessary conditions
The conditions that are essential for a solution or formula to exist. It also applies to geometries.
Ness
See Pierce, Charles Saunders.
Neutron
The Fermi particle in the atomic structure which conveys mass and magnetic spin properties to the atom.
New rules
A vector was considered to have a magnitude and two possible, opposite directions. Ostberger says that we
must double the number of possibilities to included negative magnitudes.
162
Glossary
Newton Law Field
The Law Field that describes Newtons laws of motion.
next-level-up
In planning an engineering product a structure is created which breaks down into generations or families each
level of de-construction of the product. The reverse process of constructing the product requires reference to
the next-level-up generation.
Notebook
Telle Ostberger kept a notebook. It is voluminous. See the Summary Notebook index.
Notional
Used in accounting for money that is forecast. Also Risk money and potential emoluments.
O
Occupied
See Fully occupied states.
Operator
A mathematical symbol that says a whole process of operations must be applied to the formula or characters
which follow.
Orthogonal
The property of being one quarter of a rotation apart. Mathematically it can be measured in the plane by the
sine of the angle being zero. If the plane is not flat another process is required.
Ostberger
Telle.
Ownership
The living process in which humans retain their omnipotence over assets assigned to them eternally. A change
only takes place when and if ever the owner relinquishes his omnipotence of their own volition and in their
own time. All monetary gains from the use of transaction of the assets are added assets of the owner.
163
Glossary
P
Parallel
Being directionally zero radians apart indefinitely. This applies to lines, surfaces and volumes.
Parallel principle
All vectors having the same direction and magnitude which are parallel are the same vectors.
Parametric equations
A particular method of expressing algebraic forms. See Figure 6-14.
Penrose, Roger
Wrote The Emperors New Clothes which contains useful directional hints.
Planck, Max
The mathematician who formulated the ideas of his time into a quantum of energy. Ostberger identifies
Plancks constant as the circumference of the smallest circle whose area is the energy per unit frequency.
Polar
In Cartesian thinking, a set of ordinates which uses a radial vector and an angle to define the space from a
central point. The Pen Stand Note shows it to be under subscribed in coordinates.
Precession
The peculiar and interesting property found in a gyro which makes it rotate under natural laws. Ostberger
identifies this with the Directional property of Newtons Laws.
Proton
The Fermi particle that conveys positive electric charge and mass to the atomic elements.
164
Glossary
Q
QM
Quantum Mechanics.
R
Rational number
Numbers that end.
Real
Tangible things and ideas that can be directly seen or measured.
Reason
Jesus said, It will be said that they killed me without Reason. Reason is the tool of our survival. If we do
not reason with one another we we become extinct.
Reciprocity
The property of turning upside down, exchanging by inversion. For every up concept in a set there is another
set with a corresponding down concept.
Red geometry
The colloquial name given to a particular 600 series geometry which is useful for the representation of
magnitudes in the atomic structure.
Red Shift
The relativistic effect on the frequency of light arriving from distant objects which is thought to be a measure
the velocity of the object away from the Earth. It is interpreted by using the idea of the Doppler effect.
Ostberger says that this is not a measure of the velocity of the objects but rather a measure of the amount of
rotation of the light from its object along the geodesic.
Representation
A model in any stage of development.
165
Glossary
Riemann, George Bernhardt
The Father of the mathematics of Relativity, tensor calculus and 4-dimensional geometry in the algebraic
form.
Riemannian Dimension
See Appendix D. The many magnitudinal dimensions in a space. Riemannian dimensions are separated by
orthogonality.
Rope-maker
A character used by Ostberger to set the scene of theorems which were directional in character.
Rope tricks
Ostbergers way of depicting line theorems.
Rotation
The motion in space about a place outside the line element is an external rotation. If the place is in or on the
line it counts as an internal rotation.
S
Scalar
A number scale seemingly having no directional characteristic.
Schroedinger, Edwin
Creator of the differential calculus approach to the atomic structure particularly the hydrogen atom.
Secondness
A term used by Charles Saunders Pierce together with firstness and thirdness. Adopted by Ostberger to
indicate the generic levels of the World constructions. Secondness is Operation.
Sommerfeld
Discovered the natural number that scales the Hydrogen atom known as Sommerfelds fine-structure constant. Ostberger identifies this as coming from a geometry which he describes and calculates.
166
Glossary
Spin
The attribute of particles represented by a vector that identifies its particular gravitic characteristic that appears to be a rotation. Similar axial vectors are used by Ostberger to identify charge and magneton spin.
Spiritual
The directional side of human beings!
Stages of development
See Appendix B.
Standard forms
Geometric representations can be categorised. They may be representing a unique set of conditions or a
special space. They may be something less of a more general character. But first they have to be discovered.
They can be placed in a library with a date and Author and updated by the next Author as they are improved
or perfected. This process is the library of Standard forms.
Sufficient conditions
No other conditions are required. A term used mathematically.
Surds
Unending numbers.
Symmetric
Capable of description using a mirror.
T
Tensor
A vector of rank higher than one. Because there are an infinite number of vectors in a line element there
are various geometric representations. They divide into series and parallel groups. They possess magnitude
and direction. The electromagnetic tensor, for example, describes the complete range of frequencies of all
electromagnetic phenomena that we observe.
167
Glossary
Theorems directional
Mathematical deductions that can be made without representing numerical values, but instead, relying only
on the geometric form.
Theorems magnitudinal
The usual mathematical theorem.
Thermodynamic
Belonging to that World.
Thirdness
A term used by Charles Saunders Pierce together with firstness and secondness. Adopted by Ostberger to
indicate the generic levels of the World constructions. Thirdness is Interpretation.
Torque
A rotational force. Force applied about a lever. One of the two characteristics of the output of a heat engine
used for mechanical drives. The other is speed or frequency.
Trigonometric
About the measure and mathematics of triangular forms, usually in a plane.
U
Usership
The living process in which humans retain their omnipotence over assets assigned to them for a period of
time determined by their use of them. A change takes place according to usage (see Ostberger notes 2000).
All monetary gains are part of a usage measurment of the user.
V
Vector
The representation of the magnitude and direction of a phenomena using a line element. The most common
style is to let the length represent the magnitude. Other methods are used by Ostberger.
168
Glossary
Velocity
A vector quantity giving the speed and direction of a mass. Ostbergers definition is that phenomena which
transforms gravitic energy from this set of coordinates to another.
W
White hole in hydrogen
Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table without a neutron. It is the first element in the table. Perhaps
the hole is a white one? In which case the Sun is a white hole energy source.
Wunman
A one dimensional fictitious character that lives in a two dimensional world.
Y
Yang
From Chinese Taoism. The male, magnitudinal, often positive, left thinking characteristic half of an idea or
representation. That part of the Tao that combines with the Yin to create the structure of nothingness from
which all things are derived.
Yin
From Chinese Taoism. The female, directional. often negative, right thinking characteristic half of an idea or
representation. That part of the Tao that combines with the Yang to create the structure of nothingness from
which all things are derived.
169
Colophon
Prior to this book the contents were previously copyrighted in 1971 and again in 1991 with the object of proving
its existence in the face of a total lack of communication from any quarter. Ostberger sent out hundreds of communications to universities and potentially interested parties. He never received a single reply in thirty years. He
visited universities and received a welcome that he describes as worse than a hunter greeting an animal. He
says, I greet my business competitor, he who wishes that I was not there, with a magnanimity which is a thousand
times greater than these supposed intelligentsia, with whom I have no competition and to whom, I had come to
give a gift. I am astonished at their inhumanity.
He requests the following: I request that Universities draw up a code of conduct which ensures that all persons
who are members of the tax-paying public approaching them in humility are treated with humanity and respect
and I have laid the foundation of such a code in my [Note1466].
170