Important Terms:

Acetyl CoA formed when the two-carbon fragment called acetyl becomes attached to carrier
molecule called coenzyme A (CoA), therefore resulting to acetyl CoA.
Aerobic Respiration The type of respiration in which oxygen is required as an electron
acceptor.
Citric acid cycle metabolic pathway in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide as
reduced electron carriers are generated.
Cyanide-resistant respiration the respiration in which electron transport is uncoupled from
ATP synthesis, so heat is generated. Synonym for Thermogenic respiration
Cytochrome Oxidase - The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, is a large
transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion. It is is one of a
superfamily of proteins which act as the terminal enzymes of respiratory chains
Embden-Meyerhoff pathway the metabolic pathway by which glucose is broken down to
pyruvic acid. Synonym for glycolysis
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) formed in plants and fungi when pyruvate is converted to
acetaldehyde and then NADH reacts with it.
Facultivately aerobic Is an organism that can use oxygen if present or survive without it.
Fermentation Respiration without oxygen. Synonym for anaerobic respiration
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - A coenzyme, C27H33N9O15P2, that is a derivative of
riboflavin and functions in certain oxidation-reduction reactions in the body.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) - is a prosthetic group of some flavoproteins. It is similar in
structure to FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide), but lacking the adenine.
Glycolysis the metabolic pathway by which glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid.
Hemiparasites a parasite that draws water, minerals, and perhaps some organic material
from its host but also carries out photosynthesis.
Holoparasites a parasite that draws water, minerals, and perhaps some organic material from
its host and is unable to carry out photosynthesis.
Krebs Cycle metabolic pathway in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide as reduced
electron carriers are generated. Synonym for citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle
Lactate (lactic acid) formed in animal tissues when pyruvate reacts with NADH forming
lactate; the anion of lactic acid.
Obligate aerobes an organism that must have oxygen to survive.

Pentose phosphate pathway Is a type of respiration in which glucose is converted either to

ribose or erythrose.
Respiration the breakdown of molecules such that part of their energy is used to make ATP. If
oxygen is required as an electron acceptor, the process is aerobic respiration, if not, it is
anaerobic respiration.
Respiratory quotient (RQ) Is an indicator of the type of substrate being respired.
Strict aerobes Is an organism that must have oxygen to survive. Synonym for obligate
aerobes.
Thermogenic Respiration the respiration in which electron transport is uncoupled from ATP
synthesis, so heat is generated. Synonym for cyanide-resistant respiration
Tricarboxylic acid cycle - metabolic pathway in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide
as reduced electron carriers are generated. Synonym for citric acid cycle and Krebs cycle

Review Questions
1.Most plants store excess energy from photosynthesis. Name some times when recovery of
stored energy may occur. Does energy recovery always occur in the same sites where
photosynthetic capture occurred?
Recovery of stored energy may occur when photosynthesis is impossible such as
night or winter when the plant is leafless. Also it may occur at a different site from
photosynthetic capture (Glucose may be converted to sucrose, transported to to apical
meristem, vascular cambia or any other heterotrophic tissue and broken down to
recovery energy ). No, Recovery may also occur in the site where photosynthetic capture
did not occur.

2.When a storage organ becomes active after the dormancy and mobilizes its reserves, the
starch is usually converted to sucrose for transport. Why isnt starch transported?
Starch needs to be converted into sucrose because starch itself is water insoluble
and cannot be transported.
3.The oxidation of NADH to NAD+ requires transferring electrons from it onto something else.
What are characteristics the ideal recipient would have? What is the recipient actually used?
What does it turn into as the electrons are added to it?
The characteristics of the ideal recipient are abundant (usually), cheap and
nontoxic product. Oxygen is the recipient. As the electrons are added, protons are
attracted and incorporated, converting oxygen to water.

4. Cellular respiration falls into two categories. When is each one used?
Cellular respiration fall into two categories: Aerobic and Anaerobic. Aerobic
respiration requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration is
used when oxygen is not available and an alternative electron acceptor must be used.

5.Define obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, and facultative aerobe. Name some type of
organism that is an example of each.
Obligate Aerobes are those organisms who need oxygen for respiration. Plants
and Animals are examples of obligate aerobes. Obligate Anaerobes carry anaerobic
respiration exclusively. Such bacteria are examples of Obligate Anaerobes. Facultative
Aerobes are those organisms who carry out aerobic respiration when oxygen is present
but when oxygen is absent or insufficient they switch into anaerobic respiration. Many
fungi are example of facultative aerobe.

6.Under what conditions does plant tissue experience lack of oxygen? How is ATP generated
from glucose without oxygen
During night time, oxygen is not produced since the chlorophyllous tissues and
organs of plants are not active, also during and after rain, where soil air is displaced by
water. And roots either have lesser amounts of oxygen (hypoxia) or none (anoxia).
ATP can be generated by anaerobic glycolysis. Four molecules of ATP are synthesized,
while either one or two ATPs must be used to initiate the process, depending on whether
glucose or glucose-6-6 phosphate is the initial substrate. The NADH + H+ generated
cannot be used for energy so the netresult is two molecules of ATP for every molecule of
glucose fermented.

7. Glycolysis can proceed only if ________ is available. If it cannot be regenerated from NADH,
the organism will starve, despite having glucose available.
Glycolysis stops due to the lack of NAD+, which is necessary to keep glycolysis
running, and is regenerated by NADH. This further produces ATP, and without glycolysis
and ATP formed, it would result to the death of the organism.
8. The reduction of NAD+ to NADH during glycolysis is a problem. Why is this less of a problem
if roots absorb nitrates and sulfates or if the plant is synthesizing fatty acids?
The reduction of NAD+ to NADH during glycolysis is less of a problem if roots
absorb nitrates and sulfates or if the plant is synthesizing fatty acids because during this
process, large amounts of reducing power is needed and most should be carried out with
this extra NADH. However, a cell usually does not need as much reducing power as is
produced during respiratory ATP production; consequently, NADH accumulates; all the
NAD+ is consumed, and glycolysis stops for lack of NAD.
9. Anaerobic and aerobic forms of respiration differ in the ultimate electron acceptors for each
process. What is the electron acceptor in each? What are the advantages and disadvantages of
each?
In animal tissues under anaerobic conditions, the electron acceptor is pyruvate. In
plants and fungi, under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is first converted to acetaldehyde,
and then NADH reacts with that, forming ethanol or ethyl alcohol.
Ethanol and lactate are not especially good solutions to the problem of NADH
accumulation. The pyruvate consumed is always present in adequate amounts, of
course, because glycolysis itself produces it, but it is not really cheap because many
of its bonding orbitals have high energy electrons. Furthermore, pyruvate could be used
as a monomer for many types of synthesis. A lack of oxygen forces a cell to use a very
valuable molecule as an electron dumping ground. Even worse, the products, either

lactate or ethanol, are toxic. If they accumulate in the tissues or environment, they
damage or even kill the cells producing them.
10. With oxygen present, not only can NAD+ be regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue,
but even more __________ is formed in the regeneration process.
When oxygen is present, the problems using pyruvate or acetaldehyde are eliminated;
oxygen is absorbed and acts as the terminal electron acceptor. Oxygen is inexpensive
because it is absorbed and distributed by molecular diffusion, which neither requires
active transport nor ATP consumption and more ATP is formed in the regeneration
process.
11. During anaerobic respiration in animals, the electron acceptor is pyruvate. What is the acid
(or the anion of which acid) that is formed? During hard, fast exercise, your own muscles
probably synthesize this acid. What is the sensation you feel?
The acid formed is lactic acid; the anion of it is lactate which is the result of the reaction
of NADH with pyruvate.
During hard, fast exercise, lactate accumulation causes a stinging sensation in the
muscles or also known as cramps and muscle pain.

12. Plants do not make the acid mentioned in Question 11. What do plants make instead during
anaerobic respiration?
Pyruvate is converted to _________, and then NADH reacts with that, forming _____________.
Plants make Ethanol during anaerobic respiration.
Acetaldehyde ; Ethanol

13.Considering the negative aspects of anaerobic respiration, how could natural selection have
produced something to inefficient?
At the time life arose and respiratory pathways were evolving, Earth's atmosphere
contained reduced, hydrogen-rich compounds but no oxygen. Consequently, pyruvate
and acetaldehyde had to used as electron acceptors. Millions of years later,
photosynthesis based on chlorophyll a evolved, and oxygen was released to the
environment as a result of the water-splitting involved. After free oxygen became
relatively abundant the mutations leading to aerobic respiration began to be selectively
advantageous.

14.What are the three basic parts of aerobic respiration ? Which steps occur in mitochondria
and which in cytosol?
Three basic parts of aerobic respiration are Glycolysis, the Citric acid cycle and
Oxidative phosphorylation in an electron transport chain.
Oxidative phosphorylation in an electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria
while glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. Citric acid cycle in prokaryotic cells occurs in the
cytosol and in eukaryotic cells it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

15. Are the initial steps of aerobic and anaerobic respiration similar or dissimilar?
The initial steps of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are similar, which is the
glycolysis by the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to pyruvate.

16. For the citric acid cycle to occur, pyruvate must be transported from __________ where
glycolysis occurs, across the _____________ to the ______________. It is transported as a
two-carbon fragment called acetyl. What is the name of the carrier molecule that transports it?
> Cytosol ; mitochondrial membranes ; mitochondrial matrix

17. The text mentions that the benefit in the citric acid cycle is the generation of more ATP, yet
only one step is ATP produced. How is the citric acid cycle involved in more ATP production than
just that (Hint: what is the fate of NADH and FADH2)?
Within the citric acid cycle, each original molecule of glucose yields two molecules of
ATP, six of NAHD, and two of FADH2; the total is 24 ATPs.

18. Examine Figure 11-13. Where are the electron carriers of the mitochondrial electron
transport chain located--- in the matrix, the membrane, or in the crista lumen? As they carry
electrons, some of them also deposit protons (H+). Are the protons deposited in the matrix or in
the crista lumen?
a.) Membrane
b.) Matrix
19. What is a chemiosmotic potential in mitochondria?
Chemiosmotic potential occurs across the intermitochondrial membrane where the
mitochondria use the potential energy created to synthesize ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation.

20.The flow of protons from the crista lumen to the mitochondrial matrix can be used to
synthesize ATP. Describe how this occurs.
As in chloroplasts, ATP synthetase channels in the membrane use the flow of protons to
force a phosphate group on to ADP, creating ATP. This is a chemiosmotic
phosphorylation, and because of it, the NADH is an excellent if indirect source of ATP
rather than a problem. The electrons that each molecule of NADH contributes to the
mitochondrial electron transport chain provide enough power to create 3 ATPs.

21. During glycolysis, is all of the energy of glucose converted to energy in ATP? Why do
compost piles become warm?
During glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the mitochondrial electron transport, small
amounts of energy are lost in each step even though a great deal of energy is converted
by the synthesis of ATP. The total chemical energy of all products (ATP, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen) is less than that of all the reactants (glucose-6-pgosphate and oxygen); the
difference is lost as heat and increased entropy. Compost piles become warm because
of the heat loss during the respiration of the fungi and bacteria that decompose the
compost.
22. Some plants generate large amounts of heat. Name two examples. How is the generation of
heat beneficial to each of these plants? What is the name of heat generating respiration?
a.) Voodoo Lily (Sauromatum guttatum) and Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus).
b.) For Voodoo lily, generation of heat is beneficial because it causes chemicals to
vaporize and diffuse away as chemical attractants for pollinators. For Skunk cabbage,
which grows in cold climate, generation of heat is beneficial because it melts the snow
covering the cabbage so its flowers are exposed.
c.) Cyanide resistant respiration or Thermogenic Respiration.

23. The intermediates of all respiratory pathways can be used in _______ _________ to make
various compounds. It is not ________ that they will be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide
and water.
a.) Other pathways
b.) Inevitable

24. The pentose phosphate pathway has some intermediates that are pentoses. What is a
pentose? Name the one that is shunted into nucleic acid metabolism.

a.) A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms per molecule including ribose
and several other sugars.
b.) Ribose-5-phosphate
25. The four-carbon sugar erythrose-4-phosphate is the starting material in the synthesis of may
compounds. Name two important examples.
Lignin and anthocyanin pigments
26. Consider a meristematic cell preparing for mitosis and a young xylem cell differentiating into
a fiber or a tracheary element; each uses the pentose phosphate pathway, but for different
products. explain why
The pentose phosphate pathway is a process that generates NADPH and pentose.There
are 2 distinct phase in the pathway. The first is the oxidation phase, in which NADPH is
generated , and the second is the non-oxidation synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. This
pathway is an alternate to glycolysis. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its
primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic
27. In most tissues, if the temperature is increased by 10C how much is the rate of respiration
increased?
The respiration rate is doubled
28. The total energy yield of respiration relates the number of ATP molecules synthesized per
glucose molecule respired. What is the yield for anaerobic respiration? For aerobic respiration?
For Heat-generating respiration?
During anaerobic glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are synthesized, whereas either one
or two ATPs must be used to initiate the process, depending on whether glucose or
glucose-6-phosphate is the initial substrate. The NADH + H is generated cannot be used
for energy, and thus, the net result is two molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose
fermented.
During aerobic respiration, glycolysis again yields two ATPS directly; in addition, the
two NADHs can be transported to mitochondria, where their electrons power the
formation of two or three more ATPS. The conversation of each pyruvate to acetyl CoA
yields another NADH. Because two pyruvates are produced from each initial glucose, six
more ATP per glucose are produced. Within the Citric Acid cycle, each original molecule
of glucose yields two molecules of ATP, six of NADH, and two of FADH; the total is 24
ATPs. Aerobic respiration can produce as many as 38 molecules of ATP, making it
significantly more efficient than anaerobic respiration.
Thermogenic respiration and photorespiration prodeuce no ATP.
29. What is RQ?

Respiratory Quotient- An action spectrum is a valuable tool for studying light-mediated

phenomena such as photosynthesis. For respiration, a similar type of information is
useful. A theoretical calculation can be made of the amount of oxygen consumed by each
type of respiratory substrate. An indicator of the type of substrate being respired.
The complete aerobic respiration of glucose consumes six molecules of oxygen and
produces six carbon dioxides. What is the RQ for this process?
- The ratio of carbon dioxide liberated to oxygen consumed is known as the respiratory
quotient.