INTRODUCTION

Environmentalists stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for the adoption of the
best environmental practices in ecological waste management and explicitly excludes
waste incineration as an ecological option. These polluting disposal facilities are major
sources of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming.
Landfills and open dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related
methane emissions to the atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heattrapping power than carbon dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA
9003. Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and
surface water contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread
of disease. Many of the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening
sanitation workers and waste-pickers. Annual waste generation in the Philippines is
expected to grow 40 percent by 2010. Improvements in recycling, collection, and
disposal will become even more critical as garbage production continues to increase with
population growth and economic development. Past efforts to promote waste segregation
at source have minimal impact despite the presence of Republic Act 9003. Most of these
were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances providing for sanctions and penalties for
non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and other different community activities
were implemented with the help of various private groups or NGOs to pursue the
objective of solving the garbage problem.
Most people know that certain types of waste need to be disposed of in specific
ways, in order to keep from contaminating the environment through improper waste
disposal. Taking old paint to the hazardous facility, keeping recyclables out of the trash,
and various other rules of disposal are all designed as a form of protection for the world
around you. However, not everyone realizes the major consequences that can come from
disregarding these rules. Everyone slips at one time or another and disposes of waste in
an irresponsible way, but once youre aware of what improper waste disposal can do

and once you realize the scope of the problem if everyone in the world keeps slipping
once or twice youll probably pay a lot more attention to the issue.
Now days, people are having problem in their environment such as air pollution,
improper waste management and bio-chemicals. Now, here is a cooperative that seeks to
address not only the economic and social, but also the environmental sustainability, in a
living village model. Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Philippines is home to the country's first
Ecovillage. However improper waste management strikes their community. How can
Cabiao manage to put a step to prevent or lessen the risk of improper waste management,
moreover villagers are maintaining the beauty of their environment to prevent this kind of
pollution the villagers should conduct some plans to solve their problems even the
smallest problems. Thus this research will focus on how Cabiao manage to maintain the
cleanliness of the environment in their community.
The problem of the effective solid waste management is very important now a
days and the solution of this problem is necessary not only to the safety of human
environment but to human health as well. At the same time, it is necessary to underline
that often a little attention is paid to this problem and the solid waste are often disposed
improperly. What is more, this problem is considered to be less important than the
problem of proper disposal of other types of waste, such as radioactive. However, the
danger and potential threat of solid waste often remains underestimated.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to maintain the cleanliness in Cabiao and able to get
manage the environmental problems.
Objectives:
1. To maintain the suitable environment in Cabiao.
2. To help the villagers and environment to protect their natural beauty.
3. To make a recommendation and conclusion, how to solve improper waste
management problems in Cabiao.
4. To analyze what are the major and minor cause of improper waste management in
Cabiao.
5. To evaluate the proposal in the operation for maintain the natural environment and
cleancliness in Cabiao.
6. To critically assess bulky waste operations by local authorities, including
volumes/types of materials arising and current disposal/recovery routes.

DISCUSSION
3

WHAT IS WASTE?
Waste means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is
required to discard; includes all items that people no longer have any use for, which they
either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally, wastes are such items
which people are require to discard, for example by lay because of their hazardous
properties. Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage
sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old
televisions, garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give
rise to a large variety of different wastes arising from different sources.
WHAT IS GARBAGE?
Garbage is a waste what you have used. You dont need it anymore, you throw it
away. But you throw it in a right way, not anyhowly. It is something which don t have
any value.
WHAT IS WASTE MANAGEMENT?
Waste management is how you deal with the garbage after using it, you either
throw it or keep the once that might be re-used again in a safe place to use it later and you
also burn the ones which are not needed again. Waste management is the process of
treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that dont belong
to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management
is something that each and every household and business owner in the world needs.
Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in a safe
and efficient manner.
According to Wikipedia, Waste management is the generation, prevention,
characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid
wastes. There are various types of solid waste including municipal (residential,
institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous
4

wastes, sewage sludge).

WHAT IS PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL?

Proper waste disposal is a removal of all potentially contaminated objects (e.g.,
objects soaked with saliva or blood) and placement in a secure site to preventor decrease
the risk of infection.

WHAT IS IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL?

Improper waste disposal is the disposal of waste in a way that has negative
consequences for the environment. Examples include littering, hazardous waste that is
dumped into the ground and not recycling items that should be recycled.
FORMS OF WASTE

Biodegradable
Biodegradable are materials that decompose through bacteria, fungi, and other

living organisms..

Non-biodegradable
Non-biodegradable are waste materials that do not decompose for so many years

like plastics.

TYPES OF WASTE

Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial)

Municipal waste is generated by households, commercial activities and other
sources whose activities are similar to those of households and commercial enterprises. It
does not include other waste arising e.g., from mining, industrial or construction and
demolition processes. Municipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste,
secondary materials from separate collection (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous
waste, street sweepings and litter collections. It is made up of materials such as paper,
cardboard, metals, textiles, organics (food and garden waste) and wood.

Biodegradable Waste

Biodegradable Waste is waste from households and commercial activities that is

capable of undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden waste, paper and
cardboard are all classified as biodegradable municipal waste. Alternatives to landfill
include composting, mechanical-biological pre-treatment recycling and incineration (with
and without energy recovery).

Agricultural waste

Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of

slurries and farmyard manures, spent mushroom compost, soiled water and silage
effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery, fencing, pesticides, waste oils and
veterinary medicines.
6

Recyclable Waste

Recyclables are items and materials bound for the waste stream that can be
converted into a reusable material. Recyclables in healthcare include the usual suspects
found in commercial buildings such as paper, cardboard, beverage and food containers,
metal and glass.

Liquid Waste

Liquid waste are usually waste waters that contain less that 1 percent solid. Such
waste may contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is the class
of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3-25 percent solid,
while the rest of material is water dissolved materials.

Hazardous waste

Hazardous or harmful wastes are those that potentially threaten public health or
the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily catch fire), reactive (can
easily explode), corrosive (can easily eat through metal) or toxic (poisonous to human
and animals). In many countries, it is required by law to involve the appropriate authority
to supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste. Examples include fire extinguishers,
old propane tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps
(e.g. fluorescent bulbs) and batteries. The effect may be immediate or long term. Toxic
waste may be in the form of solid, liquid and sludge. Examples are lead, and some metals
7

found in computer and technological items. Examples include asbestos, used-up engine
oils, batteries, solvents, farming chemicals, cleaning chemicals and parts of refrigerators
and computers.

Construction and demolition waste

Construction

and

demolition

waste

is

made

up

of

two

individual

components: construction waste and demolition waste. It arises from activities such as the
construction of buildings and civil infrastructure, total or partial demolition of buildings
and civil infrastructure, road planning and maintenance. In some countries even materials
from land leveling are regarded as construction and demolition waste.

It is made up of numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass,

metals, plastic, solvents, asbestos and excavated soil, many of which can be recycled in
one way or another.

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS

When most people thing about solid waste management, the final resting place,
typically the landfill, comes to mind. The very important and final phase of waste
management is systematic treatment and disposal. Waste treatment can also rightfully be
regarded as a preceding phase of waste disposal as waste treatment techniques, reducing
the volume and toxicity, seeks to transform all sorts of waste into more convenient form
for disposal. Normally, waste treatment and disposal methods are selected and used based
on form, composition and quantity of waste materials.

 Recycling

Recycling refers to the removal of items from the waste stream to be used as raw
materials in the manufacture of new products. Thus from this definition recycling occurs
in three phases: first the waste is sorted and recyclables collected, the recyclables are
used to create raw materials. These raw materials are then used in the production of new
products. The sorting of recyclables may be done at the source (i.e. within the household
or office) for selective collection by the municipality or to be dropped off by the waste
producer at a recycling centre. The pre-sorting at the source requires public participation
which may not be forthcoming if there are no benefits to be derived. Also a system of
selective collection by the government can be costly. It would require more frequent
circulation of trucks within a neighborhood or the importation of more vehicles to
facilitate the collection. Another option is to mix the recyclables with the general waste
stream for collection and then sorting and recovery of the recyclable materials can be
performed by the municipality at a suitable site. The sorting by the municipality has the
advantage of eliminating the dependence on the public and ensuring that the recycling
does occur. The disadvantage however, is that the value of the recyclable materials is
reduced since being mixed in and compacted with other garbage can have adverse effects
on the quality of the recyclable material.

 Composting

Composting is created from the decomposition of landscape and food wastes. In a

finished product, it is a dark, crumbly and earthy smelling material that appears similar to
soil. It is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria,
convert degradable organic waste into humus like substance. This finished product, which
looks like soil, is high in carbon and nitrogen and is an excellent medium for growing
plants.
The process of composting ensures the waste that is produced in the kitchens is
not carelessly thrown and left to rot. It recycles the nutrients and returns them to the soil
as nutrients. Apart from being clean, cheap, and safe, composting can significantly reduce
the amount of disposable garbage.
The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better
specially when used for vegetables. It increases the soils ability to hold water and makes
the soil easier to cultivate. It helped the soil retain more of the plant nutrients.
Vermi-composting has become very popular in the last few years. In this method,
worms are added to the compost. These help to break the waste and the added excreta of
the worms makes the compost very rich in nutrients.

10

To make a compost pit, you have to select a cool, shaded corner of the garden or
the school compound and dig a pit, which ideally should be 3 feet deep. This depth is
convenient for aerobic composting as the compost has to be turned at regular intervals in
this process. Preferably the pit should be lined with granite or brick to prevent nitrite
pollution of the subsoil water, which is known to be highly toxic. Each time organic
matter is added to the pit it should be covered with a layer of dried leaves or a thin layer
of soil which allows air to enter the pit thereby preventing bad odour. At the end of 45
days, the rich pure organic matter is ready to be used.
Composting some benefits:
Compost allows the soil to retain more plant nutrients over a longer period.
It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants.
It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity, or the
excessive use of chemical fertilizer.
It makes soil easier to cultivate.
It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter.
It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered.
It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden.
Using compost on site can save the grounds department money by reducing their
need to buy mulch, fertilizer, and pesticides, since compost improves soils water
retention, aeration, and adds lost nutrients.

11

 Sanitary Land Filling

In a sanitary landfill, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted and covered
with clay or plastic foam. In the modern landfills the bottom is covered with an
impermeable liner, usually several layers of clay, thick plastic and sand. The liner protects
the ground water from being contaminated due to percolation of leachate.
Leachate from bottom is pumped and sent for treatment. When landfill is full it is
covered with clay, sand, gravel and top soil to prevent seepage of water. Several wells are
drilled near the landfill site to monitor if any leakage is contaminating ground water.
Methane produced by anaerobic decomposition is collected and burnt to produce
electricity or heat. Sanitary Landfills Site Selection:

Should be above the water table, to minimize interaction with groundwater.

Preferably located in clay or silt.

Do not want to place in a rock quarry, as water can leech through the cracks
inherent in rocks into a water fracture system.

Do not want to locate in sand or gravel pits, as these have high leeching.
12

Unfortunately, most of Long Island is sand or gravel, and many landfills are
located in gravel pits, after they were no longer being used.

Do not want to locate in a flood plain. Most garbage tends to be less dense than
water, so if the area of the landfill floods, the garbage will float to the top and
wash away downstream.

A large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts
can vary:

Fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles).

Infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy

vehicles).

Pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of

groundwater

and/or

aquifers

by

leakage

and

residual

soil

contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure).

Off gassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes

(methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon
dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area).

Harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from

improperly operated landfills.

The Landfill is the most popularly used method of waste disposal used today. This
process of waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land. Landfills are
found in all areas. There is a process used that eliminates the odors and dangers of waste
before it is placed into the ground. While it is true this is the most popular form of waste
disposal it is certainly far from the only procedure and one that may also bring with it an
assortment of space.
This method is becoming less these days although, thanks to the lack of space
13

available and the strong presence of methane and other landfill gases, both of which can
cause numerous contamination problems. Many areas are reconsidering the use of
landfills.

Incineration/Combustion

Incineration is one of the most common waste treatments. The term incinerates
means to burn something until nothing is left but ashes. An incinerator is constructed of
heavy, well-insulated materials, so that it does not give off extreme amounts of external
heat. This involves combustion of waste material in the presence of oxygen. The
incineration process converts wastes into ash, flue, gas, water vapor and carbon dioxide.
This thermal treatment method is commonly used as a means of recovering energy to be
used in the supply of electricity or heating. This method has a number of advantages such
as it quickly reduces waste volume, lessens transportation costs and decreases harmful
greenhouse gas emission it is a type disposal method in which municipal solid wastes are
burned at high temperatures so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. The
biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce the volume of solid waste to
20 to 30 percent of the original volume, decreases the space they take up and reduce the
stress on landfills. This process is also known as thermal treatment where solid waste
materials are converted by Incinerators into heat, gas, steam and ash. Incineration and
other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as thermal
treatment.

14

 Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials

by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at
operating temperatures above 430 C (800 F).
In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere.
Because some oxygen is present in any pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation
occurs. If volatile or semi-volatile materials are present in the waste, thermal desorption
will also occur.
Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a
solid residue containing carbon and ash. The off-gases may also be treated in a secondary
thermal oxidation unit. Particulate removal equipment is also required. Several types of
pyrolysis units are available, including the rotary kiln, rotary hearth furnace, and
fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to incinerators except that they operate at
lower temperatures and with less air supply.
Limitations and Concerns:
15

o The technology requires drying of soil prior to treatment.

o Limited performance data are available for systems treating hazardous wastes
containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and other organics. There
is concern that systems that destroy chlorinated organic molecules by heat have
the potential to create products of incomplete combustion, including dioxins and
furans. These compounds are extremely toxic in the parts per trillion ranges. The
molten salt is usually recycled in the reactor chamber. However, depending on the
waste treated (especially in-organics) and the amount of ash, spent molten salt
may be hazardous and require special care in disposal.
o Pyrolysis is not effective in either destroying or physically separating in organics
from the contaminated medium. Volatile metals may be removed as a result of the
higher temperatures associated with the process, but they are not destroyed. Byproducts containing heavy metals may require stabilization before final disposal.
o When the off-gases are cooled, liquids condense, producing an oil/tar residue and
contaminated water. These oils and tars may be hazardous wastes, requiring
proper treatment, storage, and disposal.

CAUSES OF IMPROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT

One of these critical issues is with regard to the mismanagement of garbage and
waste which causes other types of environmental disasters such as flooding, erosion,
landslides and other dangers on landfills and dumpsites that include health concerns
among the people living nearby. Unfortunately, one of the highest number of solid waste
generated in the world yet, still has no sustainable and effective waste disposal facility.
What is even more alarming is the fact that the rate of increase in the amount of garbage
or waste produced on a daily basis significantly increases. Apparently, most landfills and
16

garbage dumpsites filled up very fast. As such, there is a great danger that may run out of
proper dumpsites and waste facilities that will ultimately lead to further environmental
and human hazards.
Some causes of Improper Waste management:

Lack of dumping sites where to deposit the solid waste. This is because the issue
of waste management is new in the country. It wasn't considered to be a problem
before.

Ignorance of the masses about the need to dispose of these wastes well and how to
dispose of them (the wastes) off. There is lack of enough literacy program on
Waste management which leaves most of the people backward on waste
management. This is because of poor or no sensitization of the masses by the
government and other organizations.

Inefficient collection methods which is mainly due to lack of funds to provide the
necessary machinery. Machinery like the trucks that carry the waste from the
various areas have poor covering systems such that even the waste goes on
leaking on the road while being transported, and even there are few places with
proper garbage containers or at times the containers are over flooded when there
are rain showers.

Poor government attitude towards waste management. From a citizen's point of

view, it is realize that very little money from the government is directed towards
waste management, with most of it going towards industrialization. This leads to
poor purchase of collecting equipment.

Another cause is the poverty. This undoubtedly leads to masses buying cheap non
bio-degradable containers which are not easy to dispose off, and also substitutes
like paper bags are not easily available to the rural poor areas.

Also the low expense of these solid wastes especially polythene bags which are
17

very cheap as compared to other containers makes them very common, which
makes their proper disposal very difficult.
Lack of trained manpower/personnel to deal with garbage collecting machinery

and to ensure the proper disposal of the solid waste for example door to door
collectors in most advanced countries.
Lack of recycling facilitates in most parts of the country for instance most of the

polythene bags used are not recycled by the manufacturing industries.

There is no voluntary work. People don't work together as a community for the

betterment of the environment. Voluntary organizations such as scouts put little

emphasis in such activities.
EFFECTS OF IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

Due to the poor management of waste from households, the following are some of
the effects on the population and the environment;

Soil contamination
Soil Contamination is a result of dumping garbage, waste, and other toxins

making the land contaminated or polluted. The source of soil contamination comes from
the human element such as littering, and waste that is washed ashore from boats, oil rigs,
and sewage outlets. Soil contamination can be seen as a problem at several levels. The
contaminants can end up in plants which are growing in the soil; the groundwater which
interacts with and goes underneath the soil can become contaminated as a result of soil
contamination; animals that eat the vegetation growing in the soil can absorb
contaminants as well. Similarly, when humans eat plants grown in these soils, they can
absorb contaminants which were present in the soil, and then in the plants.

18

EFFECTS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION

Some of the effects that soil contamination leaves behind are obvious ones, such
as unsightly piles of garbage, landfills and loss of environments surrounding new
construction. Many of the worst effects are actually less obvious to the eye.

Chemical Effects on Life

One of the biggest threats to the eco-system caused by is chemical

contamination. Plastics, toxins in wastes like anti-freeze and other chemicals
seep into the ground where they remain. Many modern day chemicals and
materials either do not biodegrade or break down, or if they do, then break
down into smaller chemical particles. These particles poison the ground
itself. Plants growing in the ground, animals that eat the plants and even
humans are all affected by these chemicals. This can lead to the loss of some
types of plant and animal life as well as create long-term health problems
such as cancer in humans.

Damaging Effects to the Land

When soil contamination is bad enough, it damages the soil. This means
that plants may fail to grow there, robbing the eco-system of a food source
for animals. Eco-systems may also be upset by pollution when the soil fails
to sustain native plants, but can still support other vegetation. Invasive
weeds that choke off the remaining sources of native vegetation can spring
up in areas that have been weakened by pollution.

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 Air pollution
The open burning of waste causes air pollution or greenhouse effect, for example
burning of rubber and plastic.
Landfill gas (which is produced by the decomposition of wastes) which can be
explosive and may harm people around on it if it is allowed to accumulate in confined
spaces (such as the cellars of buildings).
Methane gas (one of the main components of landfill gas) is much more effective
than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, leading to climate change that may effect of
destruction of atmosphere of the earth or abnormality of weather condition.
Fires on disposal sites can cause major air pollution, causing illness like cancer
and reducing visibility or may lead in eye irritating thus making disposal sites
dangerously unstable may cause explosions of cans, and possibly spreading to adjacent
properties.
Air pollution across much of the globe is significantly underestimated because no
one is tracking open-fire burning of trash. The uncontrolled burning of trash is a major
source of pollutants, and its one that should receive more attention. Quantifying the
extent of burning trash may change how policy makers track emissions, as well as how
scientists incorporate air pollution into computer models used to study the atmosphere.

Water Surface Contamination

Liquid wasted like domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water ponds, manufacturing
industries, hospital waste, agricultural waste, nuclear waste and other resources. Solid
wastes thrown in streets, highways, and waterways can cause pollution when they are
20

carried off by rainwater run-offs or by flood water to the main streams or drainage, as
they contaminating residues will reach larger bodies of water.
Wastes that end up in water bodies negatively change the chemical composition of
the

water.

Technically,

this

is

called

water

pollution.

This

will

affect

all ecosystems existing in the water. It can also cause harm to animals that drink from
such polluted water.

Toxin release
Improper waste removal of plastics, batteries and electronic waste allows toxin to
be release on the environment. Hazardous chemicals poured on the ground can be
absorbed by plants and eaten by animals.

Loss of resources
Improper waste removal prevents resources from being reused. This means
heavier reliance on virgin materials which require more energy to manufacture.

Release of greenhouse gases

Improperly disposed waste releases greenhouses gases into the environment. Heat
trapping on earth causes abnormality of weather condition like more storm or typhoon
coming per year

Eyesore
Waste is not only ugly and waste buildup can devalue the land around it, which
impacts the businesses and tourism around the area. And put the residents health at stake.

Threat to animals and marine life

Liquid waste dumped into bodies of water can threaten marine life and animals
21

who come in contact with the water. When waste forms a cluster or algal bloom like red
tide, the area can suffocate and contaminate sea bottom habitats such as coral and fish
reducing their numbers. Contamination not only destroys marine habitat but they also
affect human consumption as fish and shellfish feast off of contaminated areas.
Sickness and diseases
There are multiple ways improper waste removal can result in the spread of
sickness and diseases. Waste matter carries bacteria and viruses that are high risk causes
of disease like hepatitis, HIV, tuberculosis and more. Waste can also act as a food source
or breeding ground for pathogens via rats, birds and insects and can infect larger
population.
DESEASES CAUSED BY IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
There are multiple ways that improper disposal can result in the spread of disease.
The first of these is by introducing pathogens into the environment. This is when bacteria
or viruses are transported in the waste and introduced to new areas. There is a chance that
perhaps a human may be exposed to the waste. More likely, though, is that another
animal, such as a rat or bird, may be exposed to the pathogen and then return to a larger
population infected. This can create diseased populations that can spread the disease,
possibly to other species. The other way that improper disposal of some wastes can result
in the spread of disease is from waste acting as a food source or breeding ground for
pathogens that might not have reached such high population otherwise. This creates a
very specific risk when the waste is human biological material or other bio-waste.
Bacteria and viruses are high-risk causes of disease that are found in some waste. Of
particular concern are viruses that cause hepatitis and HIV and bacteria that cause
tuberculosis. These are more commonly found in medical environments but may exist in
common waste and can grow in bio-waste from any source.
Harmful Effects of Improper Disposal of Waste

22

1.

Improper ways of disposing of waste can be harmful to the environment.

2.

It can cause pollution to the environment.

3.

Open burning of rubbish and agricultural waste can cause haze.

4.

Smoke released from factories and motor vehicles can pollute the air.

5.

Chemical substances and other toxic materials released from factories and

agricultural activities can pollute the rivers.

6.

Improper disposal of waste will make the environment dirty and untidy.

7.

A dirty environment is unhealthy to live in.

8. Improper disposal of waste can cause:

air pollution

water pollution

sickness and diseases

acid rain

flash floods

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR SOLID WASTE

Waste Reduction: Stop Throwing Things Out

A simple and obvious choice is to cut back on the amount of waste by using and
throwing out less in the first place. Some states have adopted regulatory strategies to
discourage dependence on landfills.

Waste Reduction: Use Less Packaging

Packaging is one of the major sources of waste paper and plasticsPackaging
should be minimal. Its production should be environmentally clean and it should be made
up of materials that can be reused or recycled repeatedly. Some packaging is purposely
elaborate to make the contents more attractive--cosmetics are notorious for this. Smart
23

buyers can support the use of environmentally friendly packaging by purchasing products
with minimal packaging or with packaging made of recycled or recyclable materials.

Recycling: Turning Waste Material into Raw Material

Recycling works and it does so in several ways. It reduces the monetary and
environmental costs of landfilling and incineration. It substitutes used materials for virgin
materials, thereby reducing the demand for natural resources. It conserves energy. And it
creates jobs in the community.

24

PROBLEM: IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE

MUNICIPALITY OF CABIAO

The primary purpose of this study is to analyze and manage a plan how to
maintain the Cabiaos cleanliness. And able to help the villagers on how they can prevent
or lessen the waste disposal problems and other types of environmental problems. The
improper management of waste causes serious environmental problems in terms of air,
water and land pollution. This study will be focused on improper waste disposal in
Cabiao and its possible health effects.

BACKGROUND
Cabiao is a first class partially urban municipality in the province of Nueva
Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 72,081. Cabiao is
located at the southwestern part of Nueva Ecija being the last town going to Pampanga. It
borders the municipalities of San Isidro in the province of Nueva Ecija.
Cabiao is politically subdivided into 23 barangays.

Bagong Buhay/Lote

Bagong Sikat

Bagong Silang

Concepcion/Asyenda

25

Entablado

Maligaya (urban)0

Natividad North (urban)

Natividad South (urban)

Palasinan (suburban)

San Antonio/Pantalan

San Fernando Norte

San Fernando Sur (suburban)

San Gregorio (suburban)

San Juan North (urban)

San Juan South (urban)

San Roque (suburban)

San Vicente

Santa Rita

Sinipit

Polilio (Libis)

San Carlos

Santa Isabel

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Santa Ines
The Municipality of Cabiao that unfortunately has a number of important

environmental issues which need to be deal with. One of these issues is with regard to the
mismanagement of garbage and wastes which can causes other types of environmental
disasters such as flooding, erosion, and other dangers on landfills and dumpsites that
include health concerns among the people living nearby. Unfortunately, Cabiao, still has
no sustainable and effective waste disposal facility. Given the perennial garbage problems
in the Cabiao which harm the environment, waste management is indeed a necessary step
to resolve and minimize all garbage-related problems in Cabiao.

Improper disposal of waste as pertains in Cabiao is of much concern for several

reasons. Garbage is found littered on streets and other open spaces in the community.
Residents do not take the pains to dump their garbage into the wrong place. Some of
those who take garbage to plastic bags simply discard on the ground rather than into the
proper way. The study was aimed primarily at unearthing the underlying factors
accounting for the poor waste management situation within the Cabiao as well as
suggesting practical and reliable solutions, based on the outcome of the study regarding
what was found to be most plausible factors contributing to the problem.
In the longer perspective we need to draw the attention of concerned authorities to
appropriate policies, which can be implemented and what actions can be taken to achieve
safe and sustainable waste management systems. The ever-increasing population and
rapid urbanization in the region cause the proliferation of waste. At the same time the
complex relationship between waste generation, sustainable development, sustainable
livelihood and environmental protection calls for an integrated approach that takes all
aspects into consideration. We have since long passed the stage where waste can only be
seen as an environmental problem, says Mayor Gloria Crespo Congco. There are
economic and social factors as well, that need to be integrated in the approach to waste
management in any modern society. It is our call to assist Governments in the region to
seek long-term solutions to this matter.
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The figure below shows the indiscriminate waste disposal in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.

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Most Kabyawenyos know that certain types of waste need to be disposed in

specific ways, in order to keep from contaminating the environment through improper
waste disposal. But they are still throwing their garbage along the road side and even in
the open spaces/vacant lot.

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The residents of Cabiao are throwing their Garbage on the Drainage and
Irrigations. When garbage are dumped in the drainage channels and gutters, they block
the flow of the sewerage. This may cause flooding. At the same time, solid wastes also
affect soil drainage which hinders the growing of crops.

Trash burning on the dumpsite in Conception Cabiao Nueva Ecija may cause Air
Pollution that can affect human health. Uncontrolled damping of solid waste can lead to

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wastage of land where we find lots of land being used as damping sites for wastes. These
same pieces of land are later on neglected by the inhabitants of the area.
Furthermore, under the impact of natural factors and in the result of improper
disposal practices, solid waste may have negative impact on environment and human
health causing various types of health problems. Naturally, this risk decreases if solid
waste is disposed properly since the conditions of its disposal prevent the waste from
emissions of some dangerous gases or other products as well as from other dangerous
reactions that may occur under the impact of external factors or simply under the impact
of time when solid waste simply start to change or partially decay causing a profound
impact on the surrounding nature and people living in the area.

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CONCLUSION
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that solid
waste need to be disposed properly in order to minimize its negative impact on human
health and environme0nt.
Often, municipal government is considered to be responsible for the
environmental situation in the area and, especially for the waste disposal problem.
Naturally, due to such a view on the power of municipal government it is often believed
that it can solve the problem of the waste disposal problems effectively. However, it is
not always so and, in actuality, it is necessary to remember that municipal government is
not community itself, it only governs but it cannot fully control all actions of local
people.
In fact, speaking about the possible effectiveness of municipal government in the
solution of the problem of the household hazardous waste, it is necessary to underline
that it can really undertake steps and establish a larger control over the household
hazardous waste. Nevertheless, the efforts of municipal government, whatever effective
they are, cannot resolve this problem totally. What is mean here is the fact that, in order
to solve this problem effectively, it is necessary to primarily eliminate the cause of the
problem. In the case of the household hazardous waste, the cause is the local population
or, to put it more precisely, those people or households that are not responsible enough to

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assist to the effective recycling and processing of wastes. In such a situation, it is

necessary to underline that enforcement may work only to a certain level to the extent
that people simply want to avoid some material punishment for the household hazardous
waste, for instance. However, it will not fully solve the problem. In this respect, it is
possible to recommend the use of educational programs, involving children and
informing them about the negative consequences of the household hazardous waste as
well as it is necessary to conduct a public campaign against such waste simply informing
people about its dangerous effects. In other words, it is necessary to make people more
conscious of the consequences of their actions and effects of the household hazardous
waste that will solve this problem more effectively than any restrictive measures.

Recycling and processing of wastes is really important, especially nowadays,

when the environment pollution is growing creating a serious threat to human health. It
should be pointed out that landfill expansion traditionally provokes a strong opposition
from the part of the community since it increases the risk of being affected by the wastes.
On the other hand, often there is practically no other choice but to expand landfills
because many communities grow, industry progresses and the quantity of wastes is
constantly increasing. In such a situation, there are few alternatives to landfills expansion.
This is why the primary task of the operators of such facilities is to make them really safe
to the health of people living nearby
Also, it should be said that the improper disposal of wastes also increases the
costs of environment protection to the local community, while proper disposal of waste
can make the use of funds more effective and improve the ecological situation. In fact,
the ignorance of the problem of improper disposal of waste leads to the gradual
deterioration of the ecological situation negatively influencing both human health and
environment.
Naturally, it is impossible to ignore this problem and, therefore, it is necessary to
develop really effective technologies and methodology of the disposal of solid waste in
order to minimize their negative effects on health and environment. Otherwise, the
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problem will be growing more and more serious to the extent that it may even lead to an
environmental catastrophe if the proper disposal of waste is ignored.
The health effects connected to improper waste disposal are many and habitants
living close to illegal dumpsites, open burning or illegally dumped waste are easily
affected. Since the groups interviewed in this study were all very aware of the waste
situation in their surroundings and the risks for several different health effects I conclude
the situation is in immediately need for a plan of action.

This is something really scary because I dont know what would happen to the
Philippines in the future. With simple things like cleaning up garbage cant be done, what
more for bigger things.

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RECOMMENDATION
Certain household products become hazardous when used, stored or disposed off
incorrectly. If disposed of with regular household waste, they end up in landfills where
they can seep into the soil and contaminate the groundwater. Flushing these types of
materials down a toilet or drain can interfere with waste treatment processes, contaminate
the effluent that runs into the ocean and affect the bio-solids used as fertilizer. Waste left
in the street typically enters storm drains and washes out near water ways.We do have
some sustainable recommended solutions, options that let us meet our current needs and
provide for future generations as well. Here are some recommendations to lessen the
waste disposal problems in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.

Instead of simply throwing everything away in trash, get in the habit of recycling
what can be reused or remade. Metal, paper products, certain plastics, motor oil,
electronics, appliances, mattresses, wood, rubber, glass and other things can all be
recycled. In some cases you have to pay to have it hauled away. Other things
people will gladly remove from your recycling pile on the street. If everything
that could be recycled was recycled across the board, the aggregate trash amount
would be drastically reduced every year.

Having a home garbage disposal reduces landfill waste by pulverizing food waste
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and washing it down the drain. The food waste does not become liquid, but it is
altered enough not to ruin sewer pipes. A garbage disposal is a step in the right
direction, but it solves less than half of the problem. Plenty of waste gets thrown
away even with a disposal. Not only that, but also the materials that can be put
down a garbage disposal would be better used in a compost pile.

Taking all of your organic food scraps including coffee grounds and eggshells
(excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and throwing it in layers on compost pile
eventually breaks it down and becomes nutrient-rich fertilizer. You must keep the
amounts in proportion and add grass clippings and other yard debris as well, but
when done right you are helping to complete the cycle of life. This is one of the
best ways to dispose of (food) waste.

We suggest that the Cabiao Local Government Unit should strictly implement the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act particularly the provision on segregation
at source. Separating the biodegradables from the non-biodegradables already
takes care of 50% of the waste. Further segregation of recyclables is likely to take
care of another 40% or more, leaving only 10% or less that needs to be managed
and lasting solution found and also train and invest on waste-pickers to educate
them on how to properly handle waste. This will not only uplift their morale, but
will also ensure their health and safety.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Suid, A. Learn to Recycle! Activities and Patterns for an Ecology Unit. CA:
Monday
Morning Books, 1993.

Closing the Loop: Exploring Integrated Waste Management and Resource

Conservation. California Integrated Waste Management Board. California
Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, CA, 2001.

What a Waste! A Teachers Resource for Integrating the Solid Waste Crisis into
the Classroom.

Norwalk, CT: Southwest Connecticut Regional Recycling Operating Committee,

1992.

Super Saver Investigators. Institute for Environmental Education, OH: Chagrin

Falls, 1991.

Garbage and Other Pollution. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1993.

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The Garbage Primer. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford, 1993.

The Recyclers Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Earth Works Press, 1990.

The Solid Waste Mess: What Should We Do With the Garbage? Washington, D.C.
North American Association for Environmental Education, 1994.

http://imagineechoprojectswaste.blogspot.com/

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-management-and-waste-disposalmethods.php

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/waste-management/solid-waste-managementtypes-sources-effects-and-methods-of-solid-waste-management/9949/

http://www.recyclingsydney.com.au/effects-improper-waste-removal/

http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/effects-land-pollution

http://www.livestrong.com/article/124375-effects-improper-garbage-disposal/

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