Out of Plane Effects in Seafloor Sound-Speed Characterization

Sensitivity analysis of the image source method (ISM) to
out-of-plane eects
S. Pinson 1 & C.W. Holland 2
1 Laboratrio de Vibrao e Acstica
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Brazil)
samuelpinson@yahoo.fr
2 Applied Research Laboratory
Penn State University

cwh10@psu.edu
Indianapolis, October 2014
Introduction
Introduction
Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

dependent environment by the image source method.
Pinson & Holland (LVA)
ISM: out-of-plane eects
Oct 2014
2 / 47
Introduction
Introduction
Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

dependent environment by the image source method.
Objective: analyze out-of-plane eects (interface slopes and roughnesses).
Oct 2014
2 / 47
Introduction
Outline
Models
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
3 / 47
Models
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Out of plane interface slopes
3D roughness scattering
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
4 / 47
Models
Measurement system
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
5 / 47
Models
Measurement system
Conguration of the measurement system

AUV towing an horizontal array:
9, 6m
25
hydrophones
Array
30m
Source
AUV
20m
Water
z
x
Layers
Basement
Oct 2014
6 / 47
Models
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
7 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
Oct 2014
8 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
Interfaces are parametrized by:

the dip angle,
the strike angle,
the depth at x = 0, y = 0.
Oct 2014
8 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
Layer parameters:
Layer thickness
Water
3m
7m
10 m
Basement
Sound speed (m/s) Density (kg/m3 )

1500
1000
1490
1100
1550
1300
1600
1500
1700
1700
Oct 2014
9 / 47
Models
Simulated signals
The reected signal from the seaoor is modeled using the Born and the
ray approximation:
pn (t) =

(l)
A(l)
s
t
,
n
n
The ray method for arbitrarily orientated interfaces is described by

Langston in:
Charles A. Langston, "The eect of planar structure on source and receiver
responses for constant ray parameter", BSSA, 67, pp 1029-1050, 1977.
Oct 2014
10 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
For each interface reection,
Langston method steps are:
1
2
3
4
5
6
send a ray from the source,

calculate intersection coordinate
on next interface,
calculate transmission coecient
and ray refraction,
iterate 2 and 3 to the last
interface,
calculate reection coecient,
iterate 2 and 3 to the receiver
plane.
Oct 2014
11 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
1
2
3
4
5
6

on next interface,
and ray refraction,
interface,
plane.
Oct 2014
12 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
1
2
3
4
5
6

on next interface,
and ray refraction,
interface,
plane.
Oct 2014
13 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
1
2
3
4
5
6

on next interface,
and ray refraction,
interface,
plane.
Oct 2014
14 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
Geometric divergence is calculated by
sending 2 other rays with a small
change in incidence (0 ) and azimut
(0 ). Then the geometric
divergence is calculated with:

J(1) 1/2

,
D =
J(s)
with:
x

s

J = y
s
z
s
x
0
y
0
z
0
x
0
y
0
z
0
Oct 2014
15 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor
The correct arrival point is found

using the Newton-Raphson method
(one or two iterations needed to reach
the receiver within a 1 cm radius).
Oct 2014
16 / 47
Models
Simulated signals
Simulated signals (emitted signal
centered on 1 kHz with 300 Hz
Bandpass):
Oct 2014
17 / 47
Models
Simulated signals
Simulated signals (emitted signal
centered on 1 kHz with 300 Hz
Bandpass):
Oct 2014
18 / 47
Models
Simulated signals
Simulations performed with a xed dip angle (5 ) of interface n 4 and
various strike angle:
Oct 2014
19 / 47
Models
Simulated signals
For each strike angle, simulations are performed every 5 m over a 60 m
total range:
Oct 2014
20 / 47
Models
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
21 / 47
Models
Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces
Interface roughnesses (Von Karman

spectrums):
w2
+ + 1/L2 )2 /2
with L = 10m and 2 = 3.
W2 (kx , ky ) =
(kx2
ky2
Oct 2014
22 / 47
Models
Approximations:
Born,
transmission through at interfaces,
ray for transmitted waves through interfaces,
small roughness,
roughness curvature radius such that 2kR sin 1
Oct 2014
23 / 47
Models

Recorded signal modeled by:
P (rn , ) =
Ps(l) (rn , ) ,
using the Kirchho (tangent plane) approximation:

Ps(l) (rn , ) =
1
4
Z
S (l)
RPi (r, )
G(r, rn , ) + G(r, rn , )R Pi (r, )dr
with:
Pi (r, ) = S()A(r0 , r) exp [i (r0 , r)] ,
G(r, rn , ) = A(r, rn ) exp [i (r, rn )] .
Oct 2014
24 / 47
Models
Kirchho approximation can also be

written by:
Ps(l) (rn , )
Z
S()
=
dr
4 S (l)
R(.ui )A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )
Oct 2014
25 / 47
Models

written by:
Ps(l) (rn , )
Z
S()
=
dr
4 S (l)
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )
Ray paths, transmission coecients

and geometric divergence are calculated using Langston's method:
Source
Receiver
Oct 2014
25 / 47
Models

written by:
Ps(l) (rn , )
Z
S()
=
dr
4 S (l)
Geometric divergence value on the 4th

interface obtained from ray tracing:
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]

ik (.ui + .us )

Source
Receiver
Oct 2014
25 / 47
Models

written by:
Ps(l) (rn , )
Z
S()
=
dr
4 S (l)
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
Geometric divergence value on the 4th

interface obtained from ray tracing:
ik (.ui + .us )

Source
Receiver
Oct 2014
25 / 47
Models

written by:
Ps(l) (rn , )
Z
S()
=
dr
4 S (l)
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )

Source
Receiver
The values to be interpolated are:

amplitudes A (Geometric
divergences + transmission
coecients),
travel times to the at
interface,
incidence vectors u on the at
interface.
Oct 2014
25 / 47
Models
Ps(l) (rn , ) =
S()
4
Z
S (l)
dr
R(.ui ) A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )

exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )
Oct 2014
26 / 47
Models
Ps(l) (rn , ) =
S()
4
Z
S (l)
dr
R(.ui ) A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )

exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )
Roughness neglected
Oct 2014
26 / 47
Models
Ps(l) (rn , ) =
S()
4
Z
S (l)
dr
R(.ui ) A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )

exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
ik (.ui + .us )
Roughness neglected
Roughness considered
Oct 2014
26 / 47
Models

Assuming that u u,
u
Ps(l) (rn , ) =
S()
4
Z
S (l)
huz
dr
R(.ui ) A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )

exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]
h(r)
ik (.ui + .us )
Roughness neglected
Oct 2014
26 / 47
Models

Assuming that u u,
u
Ps(l) (rn , ) =
S()
4
Z
S (l)
huz
dr
R(.ui ) A(r0 , r)A(r, rn )
h(r)
exp [i ( (r0 , r) + (r, rn ))]

ik (.ui + .us )
Roughness neglected
travel times are corrected by:
=
huz
c(l)
Oct 2014
26 / 47
Models
Simulations are performed every 5 m over a 60 m total range:
Oct 2014
27 / 47
Models

Simulated signals:
Oct 2014
28 / 47
Models

Simulated signal (1st hydrophone):
Oct 2014
29 / 47
Models

Simulated signal (1st hydrophone):
Oct 2014
30 / 47
Image source method
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
31 / 47
Image source method
Idea of the method
Consider the geological interfaces as acoustical mirrors on which

images of the real source appear
Oct 2014
32 / 47
Image source method
Idea of the method
1
2

Locate image sources in a water sound-speed medium
Oct 2014
32 / 47
Image source method
Idea of the method
1
2
3

Deduce travel time and angle of arrival on the array
Oct 2014
32 / 47
Image source method
Idea of the method
1
2
3
4

Calculate sound-speed prole
Oct 2014
32 / 47
Image source method
Idea of the method
1
2
3
4

Calculate sound-speed prole
Oct 2014
32 / 47
Image source method
Array processing
Image sources located by array processing:
Migration of the recorded signals:

2
N
1 X

Im (r) =
sH
(t
(
r
))

n
n
N

n=1
Oct 2014
33 / 47
Image source method
Array processing
Image sources located by array processing:
Migration of the recorded signals:

2
N
1 X

Im (r) =
sH
(t
(
r
))

n
n
N

n=1
Semblance function:
P
2
1 N

(t
(
r
))
N n=1 sH

n
n
Isemb (r) = 1 PN
2
H
n=1 |sn (tn (r))|
N
Oct 2014
33 / 47
Image source method
Geometry of the problem

Ray diagram in the equivalent
sound-speed medium:
source
rs
sin (l)
h(l)
(l)
eq
interface
(l)
tc
(l)
(l)
c eq
(l)
(l)
eq
r(l)
s
image
source l
h (l) +
receiver
rc
Image source method
Geometry of the problem

sound-speed medium:
source
rs
sin (l)
h(l)
(l)
eq
h (l) +
receiver
rc
interface
(l)
tc
(l)
Given triangle geometric relation, for small (l) and ,

sin((l) + ) 2h(l) / krc rs k,
= 0, using the Snell-Descartes law
and assuming that c(l)
eq varies much
more slowly than t(l)
c , it is possible to
write c(l)
eq as a function of measurable
parameters:
2
(c(l)
eq ) =
(l)
c eq
(l)
(l)
c(0) |xc xs |
(l)
(l)
tc sin 0
(l)
c(0) d(tc )2
4
d
eq
h(l) , z (l) , eq and (l) are then de(l)
r(l)
s
image
source l
duced from geometric relation.
Oct 2014
34 / 47
Image source method
Layer sound-speed

sound-speed medium:
source
rs
sin (l)
h(l)
(l)
eq
h (l) +
receiver
rc
interface
(l)
tc
(l)
Finally, layer sound-speeds are obtained by the Dix formula:

c(l)
v
u (l)
(l1)
u crms z (l) c(l1)
rms z
=t
(l)
(l1)
z (l) /crms z (l1) /crms
(l)
c eq
(l)
(l)
eq
r(l)
s
image
source l
Oct 2014
35 / 47
Image source method
Layer sound-speed

sound-speed medium:
source
rs
sin (l)
h(l)
(l)
eq
h (l) +
receiver
rc
interface
(l)
tc
(l)
Finally, layer sound-speeds are obtained by the Dix formula:

c(l)
v
u (l)
(l1)
u crms z (l) c(l1)
rms z
=t
(l)
(l1)
z (l) /crms z (l1) /crms
(l)
c eq
(l)
(l)
eq
r(l)
s
image
source l
More details on ISM with dipped interfaces in "Pinson & Holland, JASA
136 2014".
Oct 2014
35 / 47
Results
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
36 / 47
Results
Results with out-of-plane interface slope
Simulation done using Langston's method (4th interface dip angle of 5 ):
Oct 2014
37 / 47
Results
Results with rough interfaces
Rough interface simulation (no dip angle):
Oct 2014
38 / 47
Results
Results with rough interfaces
Rough interface simulation (no dip angle):
Oct 2014
39 / 47
Conclusion
Outline
1
Models
Measurement system
Image source method
Results
Conclusion
Oct 2014
40 / 47
Conclusion
Conclusion
Out-of-plane eects on the image source method:

out-of-plane interface slopes weak inuence (?)
Oct 2014
41 / 47
Conclusion
Conclusion

out-of-plane backscattering from roughness strong inuence
Oct 2014
41 / 47
Conclusion
Conclusion

out-of-plane backscattering from roughness strong inuence
Perspectives:
Find theoretical sound-speed uncertainty from roughness parameters
Oct 2014
41 / 47
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the CAPES (Coordenao de Aperfeioamento

de Pessoal de Nvel Superior from Brazil) through the young talent funding
and partially funded by Wavetech company.
Oct 2014
42 / 47
Conclusion
Thanks for attention\
Oct 2014
43 / 47
Conclusion
Validation of the models

.
To validate Langston's model, a
simulation is performed with null
slopes and is compared with the
result obtain by a numerical
evaluation of the Sommerfeld integral
(reection of a spherical wave using
plane wave decomposition).
Oct 2014
44 / 47
Conclusion
Validation of the models

.
To validate Kirchho-Langston's
model (KLM), a simulation is
performed with null roughnesses and
is compared with the result obtain by
a numerical evaluation of the
Sommerfeld integral (reection of a
spherical wave using plane wave
decomposition).
Oct 2014
45 / 47
Conclusion
Squared travel time variation measurement

Picture of image source squared
travel times:
Oct 2014
46 / 47
Conclusion

Parameter of interest:
travel times:
dt2c
= tan( /2)
d
Oct 2014
46 / 47
Conclusion

Parameter of interest:
travel times:
dt2c
= tan( /2)
d
Radon Transform:
t2c
Ip (, t2c )
d
Oct 2014
46 / 47
Conclusion

travel times:
Radon transform:
Oct 2014
47 / 47

Out of Plane Effects in Seafloor Sound-Speed Characterization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Out of Plane Effects in Seafloor Sound-Speed Characterization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sensitivity analysis of the image source method (ISM) to

Penn State University

Indianapolis, October 2014

Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Image source method

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Image source method

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Image source method

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Conguration of the measurement system

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Image source method

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Interfaces are parametrized by:

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Sound speed (m/s) Density (kg/m3 )

Out of plane interface slopes

The ray method for arbitrarily orientated interfaces is described by

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

send a ray from the source,

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

send a ray from the source,

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

send a ray from the source,

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

send a ray from the source,

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Out of plane interface slopes

The correct arrival point is found

Pinson & Holland (LVA)

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Context: measure sediment sound-speed prole in arbitrary range

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Conguration of the measurement system

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

using the Kirchho (tangent plane) approximation:

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

Kirchho approximation can also be

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

Kirchho approximation can also be

Ray paths, transmission coecients

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

Kirchho approximation can also be

Ray paths, transmission coecients

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

Kirchho approximation can also be

Ray paths, transmission coecients

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

Kirchho approximation can also be

Ray paths, transmission coecients

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces

ISM: out-of-plane eects

Simulated seaoor with rough interfaces