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Abstract
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), which is installed between the supply and a critical load, can restore the load voltage to the pre-fault
voltage during voltage sag. To restore load voltage, DVR should inject the equivalent of dropped voltage, which represents the voltage
difference between pre-fault and fault voltage through series connected transformer. Voltage restoration of DVR needs to inject active power
and energy from DVR to distribution system. However, the capability of energy storage that usually consists of capacitors in DVR is limited.
Therefore, it must be considered how the injection energy can be minimized and the load voltage can be made close to the pre-fault voltage.
This paper describes conventional restoration techniques like pre-sag compensation, in-phase compensation, and phase advance method. In
addition, this paper proposes a new concept of restoration technique to inject minimum energy during DVR compensation. The proposed
method is based on the definition of voltage tolerance of the load. In the proposed method, some particular disturbances can be corrected with
less amount of energy discharge than those of conventional methods.
q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Power quality; Voltage sag; Custom power; Dynamic voltage restorer; Series compensation; Energy optimization
1. Introduction
Due to the development of industry, power quality has a
significant influence on high-technology equipments related
to communication, advanced control, automation, precise
manufacturing technique and on-line service. For example,
voltage sag can have a bad influence on the products of
semiconductor fabrication with considerable financial
losses. Power quality problems include transients, sags,
interruptions and other distortions to the sinusoidal waveform [1]. One of the most important power quality issues is
voltage sag that is a sudden short duration reduction in
voltage magnitude between 10 and 90% compared to
nominal voltage.
Recently, new technologies like custom power devices
based on power electronic concepts have been developed to
provide protection against power quality problems. Generally, custom power devices are divided by three categories
such as series-connected compensator like dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), shunt-connected compensator like distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), and series- and
shunt-connected compensator like Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC). The series-connected compensator
can restore the distorted load voltage directly by injecting
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 82-2-886-3101; fax: 82-2-886-3102.
E-mail address: iryop@powerlab.snu.ac.kr (I.-Y. Chung).
0142-0615/03/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0142-0615(02)00179-5
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1
2
I.-Y. Chung et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 25 (2003) 525531
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Pin
VSj I cosf 2 a dj
;j
Pout
;j
VSj I cosf 2 a dj
;j
12 0
VSj cosdj A @
;j
12 31=2
VSj sindj A 5 $ 3VL cosf
;j
8
then
0
B
C
3VL cosf
B
C
C
aopt f b 2 arccosB r
@ P
2
2A
P
VSj cos dj VSj sin dj
Fig. 5. Vector diagram of phase advance method.
528
I.-Y. Chung et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 25 (2003) 525531
else
aopt f b
10
P
where b arctan
;j VSj sindj =
;j VSj cosdj :
Inequality (8) means the level of voltage sag, deep sag or
shallow sag. Optimum a can be obtained by Eq. (9) during
shallow sag that can satisfy inequality (8) and by Eq. (10)
during deep sag that cannot satisfy inequality (8).
P
4. Proposed method
As stated above, in order to minimize PDVR ; phase
advance method controls only the phase angle of the load
voltage. However, this method cannot make PDVR zero
during deep sag. This paper proposes the energy minimizing
method, named voltage tolerance method that controls not
only the phase angle but also the magnitude of the load
voltage based on voltage tolerance area of the load.
The load can tolerate small voltage drop and some phase
angle jump, so that it operates normally in the voltage
tolerance area. It is not strictly necessary that the load
voltage should remain exactly at its pre-fault value.
Therefore, DVR should not compensate exactly the same
load voltage as pre-fault voltage and, on the other hand,
there are magnitude and phase angle margins in the voltage
tolerance area. The possible voltage tolerance area of DVR
compensation can be obtained as shown in Fig. 6 [7]. Since
load voltage can be located at any point in the voltage
tolerance area without trip of the load, the operating point
that makes injection active power optimized can be obtained
in the tolerance area.
The voltage tolerance area is load-dependent. Some
loads like ac motor drives are sensitive to voltage magnitude
variation and the others like power supplies are sensitive to
phase shift. Therefore, the researches of voltage tolerance
area have been done. Generally, the voltage variation that
does not make loads trip is 90 110% of voltage magnitude
in comparison with nominal-state voltage magnitude.
Fig. 9. Active power form DVR vs. two control parameters, load voltage
magnitude and phase angle.
I.-Y. Chung et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 25 (2003) 525531
529
Vmin # VL # Vmax
12
amin # a # amax
To obtain unique solution from Eq. (11) within constraints
(12), the objective function like (13) is needed. The
minimization of this function means to minimize the
variation of restored load voltage magnitude with respect
to pre-fault voltage magnitude.
J Vprefault 2 VL 2
13
5. Case study
To verify the efficiency of above-mentioned control
methods, the test system shown in Fig. 10 is modeled with
EMTDC/PSCAD package that is usually used for power
system dynamic simulations. DVR is located in one feeder
and line-to-ground fault is adjusted in another feeder. The
voltage magnitude of the feeder on that DVR is located can
be controlled by fault distance.
As mentioned before, lots of loads have voltage tolerance
for magnitude and angle jump. In this paper, two hypothetic
cases are considered. One has relatively strict boundary of
restored voltage variation and the other has relatively
relaxed boundary.
At first, in the relatively strict case, the boundary of
voltage magnitude tolerance is from 0.98 to 1.02 p.u. and
the boundary of phase angle jump is from 2 30 to 308. This
range can be regarded as strict compared that the definition
of voltage sag in IEEE 1159 is a sudden reduction between
10 and 90%.
In this case, two faults, deep sag and shallow sag, are
executed. Table 1 shows the parameters of the source
Table 2
The results of control method for 41.3% voltage sag
Table 1
Voltages and currents at 41.3% voltage sag in phase a
VLprefault 18:38 kV
VSa 10:79 kV
VSb 17:82 kV
VSc 22:02 kV
Power angle 23.518
I 0:01076 kA
da 215:2708
db 211:7008
dc 2:6008
Pre-sag compensation
Phase advance method
Proposed method
a (deg)
VL (p.u.)
PDVR (kW)
0
17.2641
17.2460
1.0
1.0
0.994
14.4
2.2
0.568
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I.-Y. Chung et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 25 (2003) 525531
Table 3
Voltages and currents at 15.83% voltage sag in phase a
VLprefault 18:38 kV
VSa 15:47 kV
VSb 18:79 kV
VSc 19:98 kV
Power angle 23:518
I 0:01076 kA
da 210:7808
db 25:8538
dc 3:3108
Table 4
The results of control method for 15.83% voltage sag
Pre-sag compensation
Phase advance method
Proposed method
a (deg)
VL (p.u.)
PDVR (kW)
0
1.03
1.03
1.0
1.0
1.0
21.400
0.388
0.388
I 0:01076 kA
da 21:4708
db 214:6308
dc 20:7048
Table 6
The results of control method for 59.74% voltage sag
Pre-sag compensation
Phase advance method
Proposed method
a (deg)
VL (p.u.)
PDVR (kW)
0.0
17.8669
17.8763
1.0
1.0
0.925
32.8
20.7
0.312
6. Conclusion
Generally almost all loads in distribution system have
voltage tolerance although their tolerance ranges are
different. On the other hand, DVR has the limit of capability
of injecting active power. The phase advance method to
optimizing injection active power uses only phase angle of
load voltage as a control parameter. But when deep voltage
sag happens, phase advance method has limits to optimizing
injected active power. The main idea of this paper is to use
not only phase angle but also magnitude of load voltage in
the voltage tolerance area in order to optimize injection
active power of DVR. This paper also proposed objective
function, equality constraints, and inequality constraints in
order to obtain control parameter. Under several cases, the
proposed method has a merit to optimizing injected active
power compared with conventional method especially
during deep sag.
References
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Sang-Young Park received his BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Electrical
Engineering at the Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1989,
1991, and 2001, respectively. He currently works for EO Technics.