Professional Documents
Culture Documents
No tree will be known by its external appeal, but by its fruits, by use, by production. Not only by
its pleasant figure, but equally by its living utility. Not only flowers but also fruits.
The tree, when going through thinning, lost vast reserves and gets dilacerated, however, in short
time, from its rectified branches sprout flowers and delicious fruits.The correction is always rude,
unpleasant, bitter, but resulting of blessed fruits of experience, knowledge, comprehension and justice on
those which accept its light.
When the improved wood showed its shine at the palace, all exclaimed on high voice Blessed
be the blade which so cruelly chopped me, preparing my beautifulness.
If you asked the wood about sawmilling it would inform us that it identifies in it the every moment
tormentor to hack it guts; however under the framework of its supposed headsman, it is made a useful
delicacy to serve in always nobler activities.
the most noble ideal, without the work that brings it to reality on the benefit of all will be a
forever unproductive and pride scenery.We sustain absolute hope on development of wood log supply
work, but if we do not make ourselves available to use the sawmill and smoother, for certain its material
will remain undefined towards the road to disintegration.
We see numerous people accusing the earth as incapable of any production but denying to the
piece trusted them the blessing of a water drop and the help of fertilizer.
Along the passing of time all forested area in the planet has suffered
modification by its interaction with men, besides the natural ones. History is a
Research & Development work originated from investigating previously
occurred events and process. From where we came, where are we and to
where are we going this is the field of history. From the ancient Greek ,
the technique involves research or investigation turned to known man behavior
and its adventure through time and space. There are thinking currents on
history science which refers to God`s will Providence; to the reality created by
ideas Idealist; to economy Materialist and; to society Psychology-social.
Pre-history looks into past based on various types of evidence (tradition, tells,
physical register etc) when there are no documentation, but elements guiding a
general comprehension. History deals with documents and registers, official and
extra-official. Today history is divided in terms of Ages: Ancient, Middle, Modern
and Contemporary. Forests has been following men history since before its
appearance and played different roles along global community evolution.
Pre-history includes emergence of the first tree 245 million years ago,
glaciation and inter-glaciation and natural deforestation as well as the process
of integration between men and forests, with the practice of hunting & collecting
and fire manipulation a half million years in the past. Silvicultural systems of
selective collection and natural regeneration were adjusted to this society living
with the concept of infinite forest resources, taking what it demands without any
consideration regarding reposition rhythm. Selective collection and natural
regeneration were used when what today is just a romantic view of global
society was in place, fit for a situation of over 27,000 trees available for each
citizen. Forests pre-history occurred similarly in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania
and America related to planetary climate evolution. The study of this forest
behavior at different continents directed related to its evolution and historic
climate change determines the main forest-society co-evolution mechanism with
natural phenomena at the center. Forests also hold resemblance with human
spirituality or people`s souls, by that influencing the mythical way people still
consider some forested areas today. The Lord of the Rings piece with its
walking and talking trees picture forests to general public is a similar way it sees
witches of German Black Forest, abominable snow creatures drafting in Alaska
and Siberia, dinosaurs hiding within African jungles and lost Eldorados on
Brazilian Amazon.
Herodotus and Thucydides were two Greeks who started to question the
myth, legend and fiction attached to historical facts with their narrative of Medic
and Peloponnesus wars.
One lives pre-history and enter into Ancient Age, which goes from
invention of writing (between 4,000 and 3,500 BC) until the fall of Occidental
Roman Empire (476 AD). In America the Ancient Age is considered when the
Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were flourishing. In China it ends around 200 BC,
with the emergence of Chin Dynasty, while in Japan it is only after the end of
Heian period, in 1185 AD. In India, a 5,000 year civilization, are the ancient
forest science registers including prescription over reforestation and tree
cultivation along water bodies, as described at Vedas. Religions hold registers
of forest events like the Olive tree of Jesus Christ, the Budas Fig tree and datepalm from Quran. At this Ancient time men exploited forests using stone axes
and afterwards metal saws, with replacement of areas for agriculture and
farming advancing at the same pace as population growth, still relatively small
to generated significant modifications at rural scenery where the most of world
lived. During all the period forests were always seen as infinite and therefore
selective cutting and natural regeneration was the usual forest management
practice, adjusted to availability of circa of 27,000 trees per inhabitant. At
Brazilian Amazon strong evidence suggest extensive deforestation for
agriculture and farming and residential use, which were still present when the
European colonization begun.
The Middle Age goes from the Roman Empire fall until the fall of
Constantinople Oriental Roman Empire, in 1453 AD (or another event of
historical relevance on a close date Ceuta conquest, arriving to America). At
Middle Age, also known as Dark Age, forests represented danger. The woods
were included within areas denominated as uncultivated, because they didn`t
have human land cultivation activities, being used for hunting and extraction of
minerals and vegetation. Rural man worked forests as infinite, without any
regard to its effective cultivation. During the High Middle Age, between V and XI
centuries, wood was the society mostly used raw material present at every
sector and having an important function at medieval people economic life.
Forest management was executed based on selective cutting and natural
regeneration and already driven forest stocks exhaustion and lower yields
quantities and qualities. At the same time population growth accelerated and
replacement of areas for agriculture, farming, residence, commerce and other
non-forest uses increased. Wars occurring during this period also contributed to
decimate large forested areas. At this time period the number of trees for
inhabitant lowered to 25,000 and the replacement of wood by other materials
started.
Modern Age surges after Oriental Roman Empire fall and goes until the
end of French Revolution, in 1789. Wood continue to be the main raw material
for every economy sector. Up to the beginning of the XVIII century European
forest exploitation by selective cutting and natural regeneration resulted on an
average stock of 100 m3 / ha and yields of 1 m3 / ha / year at the region. Long
range navigation occurred during this period and with them replacement of
forestland by agriculture, farming, residence and commerce arrived at tropical
countries coasts. In North America the territory was won while natural forests
gave place to cultivation of various types. In Brazil we moved from colony to
empire, with forests always under the crown rules and exploitation going inland, helping to define our country limits. Brazilians coast Pau-brasil harvesting
almost drive the specie to extinction. In Germany at 1713 the first forestry
school of the planet was born, initiating a period of silculture systems
development, focusing on selection of best individuals, seed collection, nursery
production, and interest uses genetic improvements, planned reforestation,
fertilization and irrigation, with enhanced productivity and larger standing stocks
as a result of interventions. At this time the number of trees per inhabitant in the
planet decreased to less than 4,000. Man remains rural, but growth rates
generated concerns over effective forest cultivation for wood and other products
harvesting to supply this increasing urban population.
Contemporary Age is the period initiating at the French Revolution and
which happens together with the arriving of a global industrial era. Demographic
explosion was accompanied by exponential growth of the forestland
replacement by other land uses rhythm. New agriculture cultivation and
domestic animals farming, more residences, commerce and industrial areas
and sites for waste deposition and treatment were incorporated, a planetary
urbanization became reality. Today over 50% of the world inhabitants live in
cities; in Brazil this number is close to 90%. Contemporary silviculture reaches
productivity levels never imagined and forest products present a fantastic
diversity remaining as raw material for all economy sectors. Forest products
markets has favored the growth of plantations with high performance and the
development of a high technologically advanced industry. Urban man thinks
forestry as a financial asset and looks into the largest possible profitability of its
investment while the rural man does not hold any decision power, which is
centered on citys citizens. At Brazil Amazon forest silvicultural practices of
selective cutting and natural regeneration remains, even when it has been
abandoned by the world still at the Modern Age. Today the world holds circa of
370 trees / inhabitant, demonstrating the necessity of making each of them
useful and valuable for society.
Historical studies facilitate identification of social influences and their
size, and the natural influences over forestry as well as their joint capacity of
changing forest general characteristics. Forest history is divided in two main
categories: forest science history and forest history. The first studies
relationships between society and forests and technological developments
occurring over time. The second focus on relationships between forests and the
planet, notoriously climate and its modifications through time.
Within science forest field Developed Countries put emphasis on the
significant role of wood consumption as basis for forest sustainability. Socialeconomic-environmental patterns of Developed Countries is built over a
hegemonic dominance of multi-billionaire forest products market, presenting
high consumption and productivity, highly technological advanced industry and
legislation supporting and incentivize appliance of wood as a material that
strengths the fight against climate change resulting from human activities.
Integration amongst environmental, social and economic dimensions is done
surrounding the theme of industrial wood production and consumption, which is
a result from high precision silviculture adapted to a growing society. Close to
100% of annual yields are used and social and economic contribution of forest
activities is well known and recognized.
At Countries In Development CID there is an apparent contradiction
between the high level of contemporary industrial silvicultural and technological
development which coexists with natural forests managed according with Prehistoric Age practices. Under the use of selective cutting and natural
regeneration the result is that natural forests - like Brazilian Amazon, have a
negligible economic contribution combined with social exclusion associated to
high transaction and regulatory costs. Native forest industry competitiveness
can only be sustained when employing advanced silvicultural systems.
Increased tropical timber consumption will boost high productivity contemporary
silvicultural treatments adoption which by they turn will make native species
timber get back their societal relevance.
Towards forest science history many acronyms aroused, like Food and
Agriculture Organization of United Nations FAO from 1945, Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - CITES
from 1973, the International Tropical Timber Organization - ITTO from 1986, the
Convention on Biological Diversity - CDB from 1993, the United Nations Forum
on Forests UNFF from 2000, the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change from 1988 and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Services - IPBES from 2012. In Brazil the Federal University of
Parana UFPR (from Portuguese: Universidade Federal do Paran) with its
forestry course from 1964, the National Forest Research Center from the
Brazilian Enterprise for Agriculture Research CNPF/Embrapa (from
Portuguese: Centro Nacional de Pesquisas Florestais da Empresa Brasileira de
pesquisa Agropecuaria) from 1974 and the Brazilian Forest Service SFB (from
Portuguese: Servio Florestal Brasileiro) from 2006 (recreated) are marks from
public forest administration. All these institutions and organizations are just a
small sample of wood role and relevance for forest history and forest science.
The future holds an Eldorado for developing countries forest sector. With
their natural forest productivity potential remaining latent and the science forest
highly advanced it has all necessary tools to incorporate innovations to its
industrial silviculture over the next years. Just as it improves the economic and
social conditions, man power to build new realities from its work will also bring
the positive environmental impacts of forest science to native sites. This power
of changing reality should gain momentum to boost a new natural forests
integrated cultivation at developing countries, capable of facing challenges
attached to territorial expansion and planetary equilibrium. The increase of
developing countries natural forests use will join biodiversity conservation
efforts when and as much as demand for native forest products is incentivized.
It is this increase on consumption levels that will generate better forest
management conditions boosting developing countries natural forest silvicultural
practices update to cope with contemporary climate and society situation.
Native forests role on fighting global climate change, biodiversity lost and
generating other ecosystem services has been increasingly valorized, a new
reality that starts to be considered under legislation and regulations all over the
world. Silvicultural technology allowing optimization of forest sites productivity
levels can receive money from ecosystem services to supply carbon, water
quality and quantity, biodiversity, pollinators, habitat, scenic beauty, education
and a series of others grouped as: supply, support, regulatory and cultural.
High productivity is an important function of forest ecosystems which can be
allied to a number of other ecosystem services within a regional strategy (Green
Infrastructure).
In traditional economy the use of production factors (knowledge, capital,
natural and human resources) to their optimum results on the best possible
profiting. Within Green Economy sustainability integrating development of
environmental, social and economic factors signalize the best investment
opportunity. Forests work as GreenHouse Gases (GHG) mitigation machines
and serve as pillars for global climate change adaptation. Green Economy
brings competitive advantages favoring cultivation and use of forest products,
with significant comparative advantages for wood from developing countries
tropical forest - as Brazilian Amazon - essences, flavors, colors and qualities
diversity. Integrating consumption and cultivation of native forest species will
relay upon contemporary society adequate silvicultural techniques. It is easy to
observe forest biological reaction to silvicultural treatments determining
productivity increase on both short and long terms. Replacement of natural
regeneration by forest plantation is key to improve productivity. Summed up the
effects of contemporary silviculture elevate harvesting volumes. Forest
extensive and intensive use towards science based sustainable forest
management increase the average commercial species standing stocks volume
and annual increments. In the world circa of of forest plantation are from
countries native species. Nations with significant natural forests reserves, such
as Canada and Russia, coordinate species occurrence micro regions actions,
the Ecological Zones of Occurrence or simply Ecoregions. In North America
proportion of cultivated introduced species is less than 5%, while in South
America less than 5% of cultivated species is native. Only in Oceania there is a
proportion of a little more than 20% of native species occurring in plantations,
while in Africa this is 60%, in Asia 70% and in Europe 90% of cultivated forest
species are native from the region. Cultivation of native species forests is
directly related to their consumption levels, and a logistic and commercial
channel to put different tropical species into global markets needs to be
developed, both for local and international markets. Facing fiercely competition
from highly qualified introduced species forest plantations, agriculture, farming
and urbanization, native species forest management need to found optimum
market conditions for their products. Forest Warehouse is a proposal for
establishing a native species forest cultivation and trade support network, a
mechanism for integrating natural sites to contemporary society demands,
strengthen a specialized high quality tropical timbers market.
History shows that forest area permanence within society is related to
wood consumption. Recently biodiversity and ecosystem services values
associated to forest environmental quality renovation has gain relevance and
can be incorporated at forest management contemporary adaptation. Forest
history chair supply technical subsidies to forestry professional for analyzing
forest administration and its modification through time, giving a general idea of
how adaptation was perceived, understood and worked out. Today increasing of
atmosphere carbon dioxide composition is bringing a new element to
incorporate at forest science debate. The understanding of how climate change
affected forestlands in the past is as much relevant as learning about forest
management adaptations developed and applied to cope with it. Relationships
between each individual and the overall society and forests have always been,
and the level of dependence seems stronger in the past.
In Brazil the countrys name is related to a native tree species portraying
a little of our forest history while formal documents indicate that governmental
intervention marks legislative practice history. Brazilian forests pre-history start
at Pangaea, Guyanas Shield formation and volcanism of fertile soils and
biodiversity refugees from glaciation and inter-glaciation ages until man
emergence 60,000 years ago. Brazilian Amazon holds signs of extensive and
intensive agriculture activity 12,000 years back and largest biodiversity is found
at previously cultivated areas. It is essential to put native forest species
cultivation linked to contemporary societys wood consumption as a way to
conserve biodiversity. MDF, HDF, OSB and other panels, timber, pallets,
briquettes and a large variety of timber forest products and co-products can be
produced from another large variety of tropical forest native essences. It is the
conscious and scientific cultivation of native tree species for production and
consumption of industrial wood that will make the difference to conserve tropical
forest biodiversity to a 12 billion people world that should arise with the arriving
of the XXII century. With the same amount we have today this would represent
215 trees / inhabitant, which need to be recognized as useful to secure their
survival. Each tree counts!
rvore alguma ser conhecida ou amada pelas aparncias exteriores, mas sim pelos frutos, pela
utilidade, pela produo. No s aspecto agradvel, mas igualmente utilidade viva. No apenas flores,
mas tambm frutos.
A rvore, em regime de poda, perde vastas reservas e dilacera-se, no entanto, a breve tempo, de
suas leiras retificadas brotam flores e frutos deliciosos...A corrigenda sempre rude, desagradvel,
amargurosa; mas, naqueles que lhe aceitam a Luz, resulta sempre em frutos abenoados de experincia,
conhecimento, compreenso e justia.
Quando a madeira aprimorada passou a brilhar no palcio, exclamava sem voz: - Bendita seja a
lmina que me cortou cruelmente, preparando-me a beleza.
Se indagssemos da madeira, com respeito ao serrote, informaria que nele identifica o algoz de
todos os momentos, a dilacerar-lhe as entranhas; todavia, sob o patrocnio do suposto verdugo, faz-se
delicada e til para servir em atividades sempre mais nobres.
...o ideal mais nobre, sem trabalho que o materialize, em benefcio de todos, ser sempre uma
soberba paisagem improdutiva....Sustentaremos absoluta esperana nas obras que a tora de madeira nos
fornecer, mas se no nos dispomos a usar o serrote e a plaina, certo a matria-prima repousar,
indefinidamente, a caminho da desintegrao.
Vemos numerosos acusando a terra como incapaz de qualquer produo, mas negando a gleba
que lhes foi confiada a beno da gota dgua e o socorro do adubo.
tm relao com a
os
eldorados
perdidos
da
Amaznia
Brasileira.
Na Amrica, pode-se
considerar como Idade Antiga a poca dos astecas, maias e incas. Na China a
Idade Antiga termina por volta de 200 a. C., com o surgimento da Dinastia Chin,
enquanto que no Japo apenas a partir do fim do perodo Heian, em 1185 d.
C.. Na ndia, uma civilizao de mais de 5 mil anos, esto os registros mais
antigos da cincia florestal, que incluem prescries sobre reflorestamento e o
cultivo de rvores nas margens de corpos dgua descritos nos Vedas. Nas
religies esto registros de eventos florestais, como a Oliveira de Jesus Cristo,
a Figueira do Buda e as Tamareiras do Alcoro. Neste tempo os homens
exploravam as florestas utilizando machados de pedra e depois serrotes de
metal, com a substituio de reas para uso agropecurio e residencial
avanando no mesmo ritmo do crescimento populacional, ainda bastante
pequenos para ter impactos significativos na modificao dos cenrios rurais,
aonde vivia praticamente toda a populao mundial. Durante todo o perodo as
florestas sempre foram vistas como infinitas, por isso o corte seletivo e
regenerao natural era a prtica usal de manejo das reas floretais, ajustado
para a disponibilidade de cerca de 27 mil rvores por habitante. Na Amaznia
brasileira
fortes
evidncias
de
extenso
desmatamento
para
uso
Os
qualquer preocupao com seu cultivo efetivo. Durante a Alta Idade Mdia,
entre os sculos V e XI, a madeira A madeira foi a matria-prima mais utilizada
pela sociedade em todos os setores e exerceu uma importante funo
na produo material da vida dos homens medievais. O manejo florestal era
executado com base no corte seletivo e regenerao natural, e levava a
exausto e baixa quantidade dos estoques florestais, ao mesmo tempo em que
avanava
crescimento
populacional
substituio
de
reas
para
da
Biodiversidade
Servios
Ecossistmicos
mitigao dos Gases de Efeito Estufa GEE e como pilares para adaptao s
mudanas climticas
globais. A Economia
Verde
traz
condies de
de
tcnicas
silviculturais
adequadas
para
sociedade
incorporado
como
forma
de
adaptar
gesto
florestal