1.

dis&nguish terminal and respiratory bronchioles by their

histological features.
2. describe the func&on of Clara cells.
3. name the cell types that form a respiratory alveolus.
4. describe the components and the func&ons of the
alveolar septum.
5. explain the func&ons of type II pneumocytes.
6. discuss the signicance of alveolar macrophages.

Large
Segmental Subsegmental
Bronchus
Bronchi

Small
Subsegmental
Bronchi

Terminal
Bronchiole

Bronchioles

epithelium
goblet cells
ciliated cells
glands
car3lage
smooth muscle
elas3c bers

Respiratory
Bronchiole

CO2

O2
Pulmonary Vein

CO2

Trachea

O2

Pulmonary Artery
Lung

Bronchioles

Alveoli
Diaphragm

visceral layer
parietal layer

Pleura (mesothelium)

Large
Segmental Subsegmental
Bronchus
Bronchi

Small
Subsegmental
Bronchi

Terminal
Bronchiole

Bronchioles

epithelium
goblet cells
ciliated cells
glands
car3lage
smooth muscle
elas3c bers

Respiratory
Bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole
Elas3c bers
Smooth muscle

Alveoli

Pores of Kohn

Surfactant-like
proteins and lipids

Basal Lamina

Clara Cell

Proteases

Ciliated Cell

Terminal bronchioles contain Clara Cells that produce surfactant-like substances

Terminal bronchiole
Elas3c bers
Smooth muscle

Alveoli

Pores of Kohn

Alveoli budding from

respiratory bronchiole

Alveoli

Clara Cell
Alveoli

Clara Cell

Terminal bronchiole
Elas3c bers
Smooth muscle

Alveoli

Pores of Kohn

Pore of Kohn
Atrium
Alveolar Sac

Atrium
Alveol
ar duc
t

Terminal/Respiratory
Bronchiole
Alveolar Duct

Alveolus

Alveolus
Capillary

Dust cell
Alveolar Macrophage

Alveolus
Alveolus

Alveolus
Alveolus

Alveolar Septum:

epithelial cells and

endothelial cells form
air-blood barrier

Alveolus

Type II Alveolar Cell

Endothelial Cell

Alveolus

Type I Pneumocyte
(cytoplasmic extension)
Type I Pneumocyte
(nucleus)
Lumen of
Alveolar Capillary

Alveolus

Alveolus

The Air-Blood Barrier

Alveolus

Surfactant

Type I Pneumocyte

RBC

2X Basement Membrane
Endothelial Cell

Capillary

Surfactant:
protein-lipid complex
Lamellar Body
containing Surfactant

Endothelial Cell

Basement Membrane

Surfactant

Lamellar Body

Alveolar Macrophages phagocytose inhaled par3cles and an3gens trapped in

mucus or surfactant.

Many of these dust cells constantly pass up the bronchial tree in the mucus
transported by ciliary ac3on, and are eliminated by swallowing or expectora3on.