MATE 207-208

Basically, there are two types of bonds:

a) Primary bonds
1) Ionic Bonding: Bonding taking place with transfer of
electrons. It occurs between the elements that are situated at the
horizontal extremities of the periodic table.
e.g. NaCl, MgO
2) Covalent Bonding: Bonding taking place with sharing of
electrons.
e.g. CH4, HNO3, HF
3) Metallic Bonding: Bonding seen in metals and their alloys.
Free electrons or electron cloud acts as a glue to hold the ion
cores together.
e.g. Hg, W, Al, Fe
b) Secondary bonds
1) van der Waals Bonding: Weak bonds appearing between the
molecules due to dipole forces.
e.g. HCl, Cl2, H2
2) Hydrogen Bonding: It is a special type of secondary bonding,
is found to exist between some molecules that have hydrogen as
one of the constituents.
e.g. H2O, NH3

3.7

Iron has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.124 nm, and an atomic weight of 55.85
g/mol. Compute and compare its theoretical density with the experimental value found in the
front section of the book.
Solution
This problem calls for a computation of the density of iron. According to Equation 3.5

nA Fe
VC NA

For BCC, n = 2 atoms/unit cell, and

4R
VC =

Thus,

nA Fe
3

4 R

NA
3

(2 atoms/unit cell)(55.85 g/mol)

(4) (0.124 10

cm) / 3 /(unit cell) (6.022 1023 atoms/mol)

= 7.90 g/cm3
The value given inside the front cover is 7.87 g/cm3.

3.30

Within a cubic unit cell, sketch the following directions:

(a)

[110] ,

(e) [1 11] ,

(b)

[121] ,

(f) [122] ,

(c)

[0 12] ,

(g) [123] ,

(d)

[133] ,

(h) [1 03] .

Solution
The directions asked for are indicated in the cubic unit cells shown below.

3.40

Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:

(a) (0 1 1) ,

(e) (11 1) ,

(b) (112) ,

(f) (122) ,

(c) (102) ,

(g) (123) ,

(d) (131) ,

(h) (0 13)

Solution

The planes called for are plotted in the cubic unit cells shown below.

3.41

Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cell:

Solution
For plane A we will leave the origin at the unit cell as shown; this is a (403) plane, as
summarized below.

Intercepts
Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c

2c

2
1
2

Reciprocals of intercepts

Reduction

Enclosure

3
2
3
3

(403)

For plane B we will move the origin of the unit cell one unit cell distance to the right along
the y axis, and one unit cell distance parallel to the x axis; thus, this is a (1 1 2) plane, as summarized
below.
x

Intercepts

Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c

Reciprocals of intercepts

Reduction

(not necessary)

Enclosure

(1 1 2)

1
2

3.61 The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (220) set of
planes occurs at 69.20 (first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a
wavelength of 0.154 nm is used, compute (a) the interplanar spacing for this set of planes, and
(b) the atomic radius for an iridium atom.
Solution
(a) From the data given in the problem, and realizing that 69.20 = 2, the interplanar spacing for the
(220) set of planes for iridium may be computed using Equation 3.13 as

d 220 =

(1)(0.154 nm)
n
=
= 0.1356 nm
69.20
2sin

(2) sin

(b) In order to compute the atomic radius we must first determine the lattice parameter, a,
using Equation 3.14, and then R from Equation 3.1 since Ir has an FCC crystal structure. Therefore,
a = d 220 (2) 2 + (2) 2 + (0) 2 = (0.1356 nm) ( 8 ) = 0.3835 nm

And, from Equation 3.1

R=

a
2 2

0.3835 nm
2 2

= 0.1355 nm

4.7

What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 30 wt% Zn and 70 wt%
Cu?
Solution
In order to compute composition, in atom percent, of a 30 wt% Zn70 wt% Cu alloy, we

employ Equation 4.6 as

CZn
=

CZn ACu
100
CZn ACu + CCu AZn

(30)(63.55 g / mol)
100
(30)(63.55 g / mol) + (70)(65.41 g / mol)

= 29.4 at%

CCu
=

CCu AZn
100
CZn ACu + CCu AZn

(70)(65.41 g / mol)
100
(30)(63.55 g / mol) + (70)(65.41 g / mol)

= 70.6 at%