Assignment 1

Assignment Subject:
Energy Engineering
Assignment Title:
Terms & Definitions related to
fuel

Assigned by:
Sir Asim Umer
Prepared by:
Junaid Ahmad
Submission Date:

16th March 2015

Mohammad Nawaz Shareef
University of Engineering &
Technology Multan.
Properties of Petroleum Products:
1. Aniline Point:
IS 1448-3 The minimum equilibrium temperature at which equal volume of aniline & any
petroleum product is miscible is known as aniline point.
Can be measured by
1. Thin film apparatus
2.
3. Flash Point:
The lowest temperature at which momentarily petroleum product ignite is known as flash
point..
Determined by
1. Pensky Martense Method IS 1448-21
2. Abel Method IS 1448-20
3. Fire Point:
Temperature at which continuous burning of liquid product starts is known as fire point.
4. Smoke Point:
The maximum flame height at which volatile liquid fuel will burn without smoking 1,
5. Cloud Point:
The temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystal appears at the bottom of the test jar when
oil is cooled is known as cloud point. IS 1448 - 10
6. Pour Point:
The lowest temperature at which oil is observed to flow when cooled.IS 1448 - 10
7. Freezing Point:
IS 1448-11 The temperature at which solid hydrocarbon crystal are formed on cooling and
disappears when temperature of the test sample is allowed to rise.
8. Viscosity:
The flow ability or fluidity of a liquid is generally cited as an absolute

Viscosity are expressed in poise (P) or centipoise (cP)

9. Vapour Pressure:
Pressure exerted by vapors of a substance when substance and its vapors are in equilibrium. At
that pressure the rate of vaporization is equal to rate of condensation.
10. API:
the measure of the density or gravity of liquid petroleum products in the United States; derived
from relative density in accordance with the following equation
API Gravity, degrees = (141.5/ Relative Density 60/600F) - 131.5
Hydrometer test (IS1448-16)is adopted measurement of density, relative density & specific
gravity.
11. Acid Value / Acid Number:
IS 1448-1-1
12. Octane Number:

13. Calorific Value:

The quantity of heat produced by unit mass of a substance is known as Calorific value.
Higher the calorific value the water of the combustion is entirely condensed & that heat
Using Calorimeter heating value can be estimated.
Similarly Dry Btu & wet Btu is standard for the estimation of heating value of which is dry &
fully saturated in water respectively.
14. Specific Gravity:
The ratio of the density of gas or liquid to the density of reference substance (Air in case of
gasses & water in case of liquid) at same temperature and pressure.
specific gravity as measured by the Baume scale. Two arbitrary scales are employed: one for
liquids lighter than water and the other for liquids heavier than water.
a. Densimeter is used to measure specific & relative density.
b. Gravitometer is also used to measure the specific gravity of a gas and liquid passing a point
of measurement
High specific gravity substances are used to increase the density of drilling fluids or cement
slurries.
.
1. Emulsion:
The process of mixing two or more than two liquids which results in heterogeneous system,
consisting of at least one miscible liquid intimately dispersed in another in the form of droplet is
known as Emulsion & the process of making it is known as Emulsification.
Petroleum Products:
1. Natural Gas:
Natural gas is combination of methane and other small weight hydrocarbons. Majorly consists of
methane, approximately 95% by weight.
The properties of Natural gas is confined to densities,specific heats,and related parameters,and socalled"gas hydrates
It is highly compressible. Highly expansible mixture of hydrocarbons with low specific gravity

and occurring naturally in a gaseous form. Besides hydrocarbon gases, natural gas may contain
appreciable quantities of nitrogen. helium. Carbon dioxide. hydrogen sulfide. and water vapour.
Although gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures, the gases making up the mixture that is
natural gas are variable in form and may be found either as gases or as liquids under suitable
conditions
of temperature and pressure
2. Liquid Petroleum Gas:
A mixture of heavier, gaseous, paraffinic hydrocarbons, principally butane and propane. These
gases, easily liquefied at moderate pressure, may be transported as liquids and converted to gases
on release of the pressure. Thus, liquefied petroleum gas is a portable source of thermal energy
that finds wide application in areas where it is impractical to distribute natural gas. It is also used
as a fuel for internal-combustion engines and has many industrial and domestic uses. Principal
sources are natural and refinery gas, from which the liquefied petroleum gases are separated by
fractionation.
3. Gasoline:
volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon refined from crude oils and used universally as a fuel for
internal combustion, spark-ignition engines.
MTBE & ETBE, lead free compounds are added to gasoline to reduce antiknock character.TEL is
anti knocking agent used in motor oil.Lead emitted has serious environmental effects. According
to antiknock character gasoline is classified. Higher the octane number, higher is knock character.
Octane number can be improved by cracking(Thermal cracking, Caalytic cracking.
a.

Charcoal test is used to determine the gasoline content in natural gas approved by American
Gas Association (101-43, joint AGA & GPA publication)
b. Engler distillation is test used to determine the volatility of gasoline.
4. Naphtha:
It is the volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon distilled from petroleum and used as a solvent or a
fuel.Mixed naphtha is combination of cracked and straight run naphtha. By reforming low octane
naphtha can be converted in to high octane naphtha.
5. Kerosene Oil:
6. Diesel Fuel:
Lighter hydrocarbon mixture of diesel engine similar to furnace fuel oil; It has a boiling range just
above that of kerosene. Intrnal combustion engine used to power drilling rig and are fueled by
diesel fuel.
7. Fuel Oil:
Heavy fuel oil are used to power the vessel.light fuel oils distilled during the refining process and
used primarily for space heating, on- and off highway diesel engine fuel, and electric power
generation. Fuel il include diesl fuel and heavier liquid hydrocarbon such as bunker oil, used to
fuel turbine on a ship.
8. Lubricating Oil:
9. Asphalt & Tar:
Hard black and brown material compound principally of hydrocarbon. It is insoluble in water and

soluble in gasoline. It can be obtained by heating some petroleum, lignite tar & coal tar. It is used
for roofing, paving and painting. Asphalt based enamle are used to paint the pipe that is to be
buried so as to prevent corrosion. Also known as bitumastic material.
10. Petroleum Coke:
References:
IS 1447-31
Petroleum Extension service by University of taxes A dictionary for the petroleum Industry