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Hot water is stored in storage tank from which air is heated through heat
exchanger unit.
There is no provision for entrance of ambient air directly during day time.
A valve is provided to cut the supply when ambient air temperature is slightly
more than the temperature of air coming from heat exchanger.
Above the electric heater, three trays are placed. Approx. 20 kg. of onion is
used for drying in the dryer.
The exit air from the drying chamber will not go into the atmosphere. It is
passed through the bed of silica gel for dehumidification, so that moisture will
be absorbed.
Then the air is recirculated into the drying chamber so that the energy input is
minimized.
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Particulars
No.
1.
Drying chamber
Insulation 0.04 m thick
Length
Width
Height
(m)
(m)
(m)
0.70
0.50
1.00
2.
0.50
0.50
0.50
3.
Copper coil
1.52
0.019 diameter
4.
0.20
0.38
0.34
5.
Tray
0.60
0.45
0.05
6.
0.55
0.55
1.23
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available. Hot water is collected into the tank and through a pipe is fed to the heat
exchanger cum storage tank. Again cold water is return back into the collector.
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Parameters
Specifications
1.
Capacity (kg)
87 % (w.b.)
7 % (w.b.)
5 kg / m2
30 C
60 C
50 %
8h
mi m f
100 m f
Where,
mi = Initial moisture content, (% w.b.)
m f = Final moisture content, (% w.b.)
W = Weight of product, (kg)
2. Total energy required, Q (kJ)
Where,
W = Weight of product, kg
Cp = Specific heat of water, kJ /kg C
Td = Drying temperature, C
Ta = Ambient temperature, C
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Mw
(H e H d ) t
Where
Mw = Mass of water to be removed, kg
Hd = Humidity ratio of drying air, kg of water per kg of dry air
He = Humidity ratio of exist air, kg of water per kg of dry air
t = Drying time, h
4. Volumetric air flow rate, Va (m3/h)
V a M a Vh
Where
Ma= Mass flow rate of drying air, kg/hr.
Vh = Humid Volume (m3/kg) taken from psychometric chart, m3/kg
5. Volume of product to be dried, V (m3)
V
Where
W= weight of product to be dried, kg
Vp
Tdl
Where
AD = Drying area
Tdl = thickness of drying layer, m
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P ( a e ) g H
Where
Fp= Exhaust fan power (W)
Va = Volumetric air flow rate (m3/h)
P = Pressure difference between inlet and exist of dryer, (Pa)
a and e= Density of air at inlet and exit of dryer, (kg/ m3)
g = Acceleration due to gravity, (m/s2)
b = Efficiency of blower (%)
H = Elevation difference between inlet and exit of dryer, (m)
9. Thickness of insulation of dryer cabinet
The amount of heat loss by the dryer surfaces was reduced by providing an
appropriate insulation of high density thermocol. The thickness of insulation was
found out by heat balance as follow
The surface thermal resistance, R DS
1
hDS
t insulation
( C m2W-1)
k insulation
Where,
tinsulation = Thickness of insulation, m
kinsulation = Thermal conductivity of insulating material, W/ m C
The heat flow from dryer surface and the ambient can be expressed as
Heat flow, Watts =
(Td Ta)
(Ts Ta)
(Rin RDS)
RDS
Qreq
HE
req
LMTDconunter
(Tho Tci )
(Tco Tci )
(Thi Tci )
(Thi Tho )
(Tco Tci )
Where,
m = Mass of water to be flow through heat exchanger, kg
p
and surface adherings. The onions bulbs were sliced with slicer and then crushed with
hand to make flakes.
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B) Moisture content
The initial moisture content of raw onion flakes were determined by oven
drying method.
thoroughly washed, dried and pre-weighed moisture boxes. The initial weight of each
sample was recorded. The moisture boxes were put in the oven having temperature of
pre-set at 105 C. Samples were dried for 24 hours. The samples were then taken out
of oven and cooled in the desiccator and weighed using an electronic balance having
capacity 600 g and least count of 0.001 g. Initial and bone dried weights were used to
calculate the initial moisture content. The moisture content 87 per cent is taken for
calculations.
3.6 Performance Evaluation of Solar Collector
The performance of solar collector was evaluated in terms of collector
efficiency. The hourly collector efficiency was calculated by following formula for
each day. Then, the collector efficiency during without exhaust air recirculation tests
and with exhaust air recirculation tests was averaged separately and plotted with
respect to time.
mat C a (Tco Ta )
100
I 0.86 A
Where,
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MC( d.b.)
W DM
DM
Where,
W = Weight of the sample at time , g
DM = dry matter content of the sample, g
Wd % 100 - M i (w.b.)
Wd %
100
B) Drying rate
The moisture content data in each of experiments were analyzed to determine
the moisture lost by sample of onion flakes in a known time interval. The drying rate
was expressed as g water/g dry matter- h. The drying rate can be calculated as DR
WML
Time int erval DM
Where,
WML = Initial weight of sample weight after time, g.
DM = Dry matter
C) Hourly drying efficiency
The drying efficiency was calculated by the following formula
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di
mw
100
I 0.86 A
Where,
mw = mass of water evaporated per hour, kg
= Latent heat of vaporization, kcal / kg
It = Solar insolation, kWh/m2/day
A = Total collector area, m2
D) Heat utilization factor
The performance evaluation of the recirculatory dryer was assessed using the
heat utilization factor (H.U.F) (Das et al., 2001). HUF is the ratio of heat utilized to
heat supplied. The data acquired from experiment was used for determining the heat
utilization factor (H.U.F.). It can be calculated by following formula
HUF
Tdi Tdo
Td i Ta
Where,
Tdi = Dryer inlet temperature, C
Tdo = Dryer outlet temperature, C
Ta = Ambient temperature, C
3.8 Overall Performance of Hybrid Dryer
The overall performance of the system was evaluated in terms of overall
thermal efficiency and daily drying efficiency.
A)
i.
th
ma t C a (Tdo Ta )
I 0.86 A
Where,
th= Thermal collector efficiency, %
mat = mass flow rate, Kg/h
Ca = Specific heat of air, kcal/kg C
Tdo = Dryer outlet temperature, C
Ta = Ambient temperature, C
It = Solar insolation, kWh/m2/day
A = Total area of collector, m2
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ii.
th
m a t C a (Tdo Tm )
I 0.86 A
Where,
th = Thermal collector efficiency, %
mat = mass flow rate, Kg/hr
Ca = Specific heat of air, kcal/kg C
Tdo = Dryer outlet temperature, C
Tm = Mean temperature at collector inlet after mixing recirculated air
with ambient air, C
It = Solar insolation, kWh/m2/day
A = Total area of collector, m2
B) Exhaust air recirculation ratio
The exhaust air recirculation ratio can be determined by the following
equation
R
Vr
Vi Vr
Where,
Vr = volume of air recirculated, m3
Vi = volume of air feed, m3
C) Daily drying efficiency
t 7
dd
mev (t )
t 1
t 7
A 0.86 I (t )
100
t 1
Where,
mev (t)
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NPW =
t =1
Bt - Ct
(1 + i ) t
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IRR =
t =1
Bt - Ct
(1 + i ) t
Moisture Analyser
Digital Solarimeter
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Temperature monitor
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