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k 0.02724 W/m.C
Air
V = 50 km/h
1.784 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7232
T = 7C
Re
6.228 10 4
5
2
1.784 10 m /s
Re
282
,
000
4/5
5/8
6.228 10 4
0.62(6.228 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7232)1 / 3
0.3
1
2 / 3 1/ 4
282,000
1 0.4 / 0.7232
4/5
5/8
159.1
The heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate become
k
0.02724 W/m.C
Nu
(159.1) 54.17 W/m 2 .C
D
0.08 m
Q
conv hAs (T s T ) (54.17 W/m .C)(0.2513 m )(90 - 7)C = 1130 W (per m length)
19-26
1.608 10 -5 m 2 /s
1.872 10
kg/m.s
kg/m.s
s , @ 300 C 2.934 10
Air
V = 6 m/s
D = 15 cm
Ts = 350C
T = 30C
D
Pr 0.7282
Re
V D
(6 m/s)(0.15 m)
5.597 10 4
1.57 10 5 m 2 /s
Nu
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
4 0.5
2 0.4(5.597 10 )
1/ 4
0.06(5.597 10 )
2/3
(0.7282)
0.4
1.872 10 5
2.934 10 5
1/ 4
k
0.02588 W/m.C
Nu
(145.6) 25.12W/m2 .C
D
0.15 m
The average rate of heat transfer can be determined from Newton's law of cooling by using average
surface temperature of the ball
As D 2 (0.15 m) 2 = 0.07069 m 2
2
2
Q
ave hAs (T s T ) ( 25.12 W/m .C)(0.07069 m )(300 - 30)C = 479.5 W
Assuming the ball temperature to be nearly uniform , the total heat transferred from the ball during the
cooling from 350 C to 250 C can be determined from
Qtotal mC p (T1 T2 )
where
m V
(0.15 m) 3
D 3
(8055 kg/m 3 )
14.23 kg
6
6
Q
683,249 J
1425 s 23.75min
479.5 J/s
Q
19-27
145.6
h [W/m2.C]
9.204
11.5
13.5
15.29
16.95
18.49
19.94
21.32
22.64
23.9
25.12
26.3
27.44
28.55
29.63
30.69
31.71
32.72
33.7
time [min]
64.83
51.86
44.2
39.01
35.21
32.27
29.92
27.99
26.36
24.96
23.75
22.69
21.74
20.9
20.14
19.44
18.81
18.24
17.7
19-28
35
70
30
60
50
20
40
15
30
time
10
5
1
20
Vel [m/s]
19-29
10
10
time [min]
h [W/m -C]
25
Air
V = 20 mph
T = 54F
0.1643 10 -3 ft 2 /s
Pr 0.7306
Re
4.463 10 4
3
2
0.1643 10 ft /s
Arm
D = 3 in
Ts = 86F
0.4
1
Pr
Re
282,000
4/5
5/8
4.463 10 4
0.62( 4.463 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7306)1 / 3
0.3
1
1/ 4
282,000
2/3
0.4
0.7306
4/5
5/8
129.6
Then the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate from the arm becomes
k
0.01457 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(129.6) 7.557 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(3 / 12) ft
Q
conv hAs (T s T ) (7.557 Btu/h.ft .F)(1.571 ft )(86 - 54)F = 379.8 Btu/h
19-30
Q conv [Btu/h]
790.2
729.4
668.7
608.2
547.9
487.7
427.7
367.9
308.2
248.6
189.2
129.9
70.77
Vel [mph]
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
Q conv [Btu/h]
250.6
278.9
305.7
331.3
356
379.8
403
425.6
447.7
469.3
490.5
511.4
532
552.2
572.2
591.9
19-31
Qconv [Btu/h]
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
T [F]
600
550
Qconv [Btu/h]
500
450
400
350
300
250
10
15
20
25
30
Vel [mph]
19-32
35
40
1.426 10 -5 m 2 /s
Air
V = 35 km/h
1.778 10 5 kg/m.s
s , @ 15C 1.802 10 5 kg/m.s
T = 10C
Pr 0.7336
D = 0.3 m
Re
Head
Q = 21 W
2.045 10 5
5
2
1.426 10 m /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
hD
Nu
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.778 10 5
5
1.802 10
k
0.02439 W/m.C
Nu
(344.7) 28.02 W/m 2 .C
D
0. 3 m
As D 2 (0.3 m) 2 = 0.2827 m 2
Q hAs (T s T )
T s T
Q
(84/4) W
10 C +
12.7 C
hAs
(28.02 W/m 2 .C)(0.2827 m 2 )
19-33
1/ 4
344.7
Q 1 hAs (Ts T )
k
Nu As (Ts T )
D
k
Re n As (Ts T )
D
n
k V D
As (Ts T )
D
V n
k D
As (Ts T )
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the heat transfer rate becomes
k D
Q 2 ( 2V ) n
A(T s T )
Air
V 2V
Q 2 ( 2V ) n
2n
n
Q 1
V
19-34
Pipe
D
Ts
1.426 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7336
Wind
V = 40 km/h
T = 10C
Re
4674
1.426 10 5 m 2 /s
Transmission
wire, Ts
D = 0.6 cm
0.3
Re
282
,
000
1 0.4 / 0.7336
2 / 3 1/ 4
5/8 4/5
4674
1
282
,000
4/5
5/8
36.0
k
0.02439 W/m.C
Nu
(36.0) 146.3 W/m 2 .C
D
0.006 m
The rate of heat generated in the electrical transmission lines per meter length is
W Q I 2 R (50 A) 2 (0.002 Ohm) = 5.0 W
The entire heat generated in electrical transmission line has to be transferred to the ambient air. The
surface temperature of the wire then becomes
T s T
Q
5W
10C +
11.8C
2
hAs
(146.3 W/m .C)(0.01885 m 2 )
19-35
Vel [km/h]
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Ts [C]
13.72
13.02
12.61
12.32
12.11
11.95
11.81
11.7
11.61
11.53
11.46
11.4
11.34
11.29
11.25
19-36
14
13.5
Ts [C]
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
10
20
30
40
50
Vel [km/h]
19-37
60
70
80
1.106 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7422
Note that the atmospheric pressure will only affect the kinematic viscosity. The
atmospheric pressure in atm unit is
P (18.8 kPa)
18.8 kPa
V = 900 km/h
T = -55.4C
1 atm
01855
.
atm
101.325 kPa
Re
1.258 10 6
5
2
5.961 10 m /s
The Nusselt number relation for a cylinder of elliptical cross-section is limited to Re < 15,000, and the
relation below is not really applicable in this case. However, this relation is all we have for elliptical
shapes, and we will use it with the understanding that the results may not be accurate.
Nu
hD
0.248 Re 0.612 Pr 1 / 3 0.248(1.258 10 6 ) 0.612 (0.724)1 / 3 1204
k
k
0.02152 W/m.C
Nu
(1204) 86.39 W/m 2 .C
D
0 .3 m
Then the average rate of heat transfer per unit surface area becomes
19-38
3.455 10 -5 m 2 /s
370C
Pr 0.6974
Aluminum wire
Re
V D
(6 m/s)(0.003 m)
521.0
3.455 10 5 m 2 /s
V = 6 m/s
T = 30C
0.3
Re
282
,
000
1 0.4 / 0.6974
2 / 3 1/ 4
5/8 4/5
521.0
1
282,000
4/5
5/8
11 .48
Then the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate from the wire per meter length become
D = 3 mm
k
0.03779 W/m.C
Nu
(11.48) 144.6 W/m 2 .C
D
0.003 m
Q
conv hAs (T s T ) (144.6 W/m .C)(0.009425 m )(370 - 30)C = 463.4 W
19-39
0.1809 10
-3
Person, Ts
300 Btu/h
V = 6 ft/s
ft /s
T = 85F
Pr 0.7260
D = 1 ft
V D
(6 ft/s)(1 ft)
Re
3.317 10 4
0.1809 10 3 ft 2 /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
Re
1
282,000
4/5
5/8
3.317 10 4
0.62(3.317 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7260)1 / 3
0.3
1
1/ 4
282,000
1 (0.4 / 0.7260) 2 / 3
4/5
5/8
107.84
k
0.01529 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(107.84) 1.649 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(1 ft)
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
h
300 Btu/h
hA (T T ) T T Q 85F +
Q
95.1F
s
s
hAs
(1.649 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(18 ft 2 )
If the air velocity were doubled, the Reynolds number would be
Re
V D
(12 ft/s)(1 ft)
6.633 10 4
3
2
0.1809 10 ft /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
Re
1
282
,
000
4/5
5/8
6.633 10 4
0.62(6.633 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7260)1 / 3
0.3
1
1
/
4
282,000
1 (0.4 / 0.7260) 2 / 3
4/5
5/8
165.95
k
0.01529 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.95) 2.537 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(1 ft)
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
Q
300 Btu/h
Q hAs (Ts T ) Ts T
85F +
91.6F
hAs
(2.537 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(18 ft 2 )
h
19-40
1.562 10 -5 m 2 /s
Lamp
100 W
= 0.9
Air
V = 2 m/s
1.849 10 5 kg/m.s
T = 25C
Re
V D
(2 m/s)(0.1 m)
1.280 10 4
5
2
1.562 10 m /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
hD
Nu
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.849 10 5
5
2.181 10
1/ 4
k
0.02551 W/m.C
Nu
(68.06 ) 17.36 W/m 2 .C
D
0.1 m
As D 2 (0.1 m ) 2 0.0314 m 2
19-41
68.06
Wind
V = 10 km/h
k 0.02662 W/m.C
1.702 10
-5
T = 5C
m /s
Steam pipe
Ts = 75C
D = 10 cm
Pr 0.7255
= 0.8
5
2
1.702 10 m /s
Re
1
282
,000
4/5
5/8
1.632 10 4
0.62(1.632 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7255)1 / 3
0.3
1
1
/
4
282,000
1 (0.4 / 0.7255) 2 / 3
4/5
5/8
71.19
k
0.02662 W/m.C
Nu
(71.19) 18.95 W/m 2 .C
D
0.1 m
Q total Q
conv Qrad 5001 1558 6559 W
The amount of heat loss from the steam during a 10-hour work day is
5
QQ
total t (6.559 kJ/s )(10 h/day 3600 s/h ) 2.361 10 kJ/day
The total amount of heat loss from the steam per year is
5
7
Qtotal Q
day ( no. of days) ( 2.361 10 kJ/day)(365 days/yr) 8.619 10 kJ/yr
Noting that the steam generator has an efficiency of 80%, the amount of gas used is
Qtotal
8.619 10 7 kJ/yr 1 therm
Insulation reduces this amount by 90 %. The amount of energy and money saved becomes
Q gas
19-42
Wind
V = 10 km/h
k 0.02662 W/m.C
T = 5C
1.702 10 -5 m 2 /s
Steam pipe
Ts = 75C
D = 10 cm
Pr 0.7255
= 0.8
1.702 10 5 m 2 /s
Re
1
282,000
4/5
5/8
1.632 10 4
0.62(1.632 10 4 ) 0.5 (0.7255)1 / 3
0.3
1
282,000
2 / 3 1/ 4
1 (0.4 / 0.7255)
4/5
5/8
71.19
k
0.02662 W/m.C
Nu
(71.19) 18.95 W/m 2 .C
D
0.1 m
Q total Q
conv Qrad 5001 1588 6559 W
If the average surrounding temperature is 20 C , the rate of heat loss by radiation and the total rate of
heat loss become
Q
total Qconv Qrad 5001 1807 6808 W
which is 6808 - 6559 = 249 W more than the value for a surrounding temperature of 0 C. This
corresponds to
%change
Q difference
249 W
100
100 3.8% (increase)
6559 W
Qtotal,0C
If the average surrounding temperature is 25C, the rate of heat loss by radiation and the total rate of heat
loss become
19-43
which is 6559 - 6160 = 399 W less than the value for a surrounding temperature of 0 C. This corresponds
to
%change
Q
399 W
difference
100
100 6.1% (decrease)
6559 W
Qtotal,0C
Therefore, the effect of the temperature variations of the surrounding surfaces on the total heat transfer is
less than 6%.
19-44
Air
V = 20 ft/s
T = 85F
0.2406 10 -3 ft 2 /s
Pr 0.7124
Resistance wire
D = 0.1 in
Re
V D
(20 ft/s)(0.1/12 ft)
692.8
0.2406 10 3 ft 2 /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
0.3
Re
282,000
1 (0.4 / 0.7124)
2 / 3 1/ 4
4/5
5/8
692.8
1
282,000
4/5
5/8
13.34
k
0.01761 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(13.34) 28.19 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
D
(0.1 / 12 ft)
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the wire becomes
T s T
Q
(1500 3.41214) Btu/h
85F +
662.9F
hA
(28.19 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(0.3142 ft 2 )
Discussion Repeating the calculations at the new film temperature of (85+662.9)/2=374 F gives
Ts=668.3F.
19-45
k 0.02717 W/m.C
1.774 10 -5 m 2 /s
65C
Pr 0.7235
Air
30C
200 m/min
Re
V D (200/60) m/s(0.2 m)
3.758 10 4
1.774 10 5 m 2 /s
Using the relation for a square duct from Table 19-1, the Nusselt number is determined to be
Nu
hD
0.102 Re 0.675 Pr 1 / 3 0.102(3.758 10 4 ) 0.675 (0.7235)1 / 3 112 .2
k
k
0.02717 W/m.C
Nu
(112 .2) 15.24 W/m 2 .C
D
0 .2 m
19-46
1.774 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7235
101.325
5
5
2
(1.774 10 ) 2.915 10 m /s
61
.
66
20 cm
@ 61.66 kPa
Air
30C
200 m/min
4
Re
2.287 10
2.915 10 5 m 2 /s
Using the relation for a square duct from Table 19-1, the Nusselt number is determined to be
Nu
hD
0.102 Re 0.675 Pr 1 / 3 0.102(2.287) 0.675 (0.7235)1 / 3 80.21
k
k
0.02717 W/m.C
Nu
(80.21) 10.90 W/m 2 .C
D
0.2 m
19-47
65C
1.798 10
-5
m /s
Air
V = 150 m/min
T = 40C
Resistor
0.4 W
D = 0.3 cm
Pr 0.7228
Re
V D (150/60 m/s)(0.003 m)
417.1
1.798 10 5 m 2 /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
hD
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
Nu
0.3
1/ 4
k
1 (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3
0.3
Re
1
282
,
000
1 (0.4 / 0.7228)
2 / 3 1/ 4
4/5
5/8
417.1
1
282
,000
4/5
5/8
10.43
k
0.02735 W/m.C
Nu
(10.43) 95.09 W/m 2 .C
D
0.003 m
T s T
Q
0.4 W
40 C +
64.8C
2
hA
(95.09 W/m .C)(0.0001696 m 2 )
19-48
971.8 kg/m 3
C p 4197 J/kg.C
The properties of air at 1 atm and at the anticipated film temperature of 50C are (Table A-22)
k 0.02735 W/m.C
Water tank
D =50 cm
L = 95 cm
1.798 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr 0.7228
40 1000
m/s (0.50 m)
V D
3600
Re
309,015
1.798 10 m 2 /s
Air
V =40 km/h
0.3
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
1 0.4 / Pr
2 / 3 1/ 4
Re
1
282,000
5/8
1 0.4 / 0.7228
2 / 3 1/ 4
T = 18C
4/5
309,015
1
282,000
4/5
5/8
484.9
k
0.02735 W/m.C
Nu
(484.9) 26.53 W/m 2 .C
D
0.50 m
As DL 2
D2
(0.5)(0.95) 2 (0.5) 2 / 4 1.885 m 2
4
80 T2
(Eq. 1)
where T2 is the final temperature of water so that (80+T2)/2 gives the average temperature of water during
the cooling process. The mass of water in the tank is
D2
L (971.8 kg/m 3 ) (0.50 m) 2 (0.95 m)/4 181.27 kg
4
The amount of heat transfer from the water is determined from
m V
t
45 60 s
Setting Eq. 1 to be equal to Eq. 2 we obtain the final temperature of water
19-49
(Eq. 2)
T2 69.9C
19-50
Tw2 [C]
73.06
69.86
66.83
63.96
61.23
58.63
56.16
53.8
51.54
49.39
47.33
45.36
43.47
41.65
39.91
38.24
36.63
35.09
33.6
19-51
75
70
65
Tw2 [C]
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
0
50
100
150
200
time [min]
19-52
250
300
Air
V = 7 m/s
1.562 10 -5 m 2 /s
1.849 10 5 kg/m.s
s , @ 0C 1.729 10
Iced water
0C
T =25C
kg/m.s
D = 1.8 m
Pr 0.7296
Re
V D
(7 m/s)(1.8 m)
806,658
1.562 10 5 m 2 /s
The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
Nu
hD
2 0.4 Re 0.5 0.06 Re 2 / 3 Pr 0.4
k
s
1/ 4
1.849 10 5
5
1.729 10
1/ 4
790.1
k
0.02551 W/m.C
Nu
(790.1) 11.20 W/m 2 .C
D
1.8 m
As D 2 (1.8 m) 2 = 10.18 m 2
hA (T T ) (11.20 W/m 2 .C)(10.18 m 2 )(25 0)C 2850 W
Q
s
s
(333.7 kJ/kg)
2.850 kW = m
19-53
999.8 kg/m 3
C p 4200 J/kg.C
The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of (Ts + T)/2 = (7+27)/2 = 17C are (Table A-22)
k 0.02491 W/m.C
1.489 10 -5 m 2 /s
Air
V
Pr 0.7317
T = 27C
D2
L (999.8 kg/m 3 ) (0.10 m) 2 (0.30 m)/4 2.356 kg
4
Then the amount of heat transfer to the water is
m V
Q
79,162 J
Q
29.32 W
t
45 60 s
The heat transfer coefficient is
Nu
hD
(15.55 W/m 2 .C)(0.10 m)
62.42
k
0.02491 W/m.C
Reynolds number can be obtained from the Nusselt number relation for a flow over the cylinder
Nu 0.3
62.42 0.3
0.62 Re 0.5 Pr 1 / 3
1 0.4 / Pr
2 / 3 1/ 4
Re
1
282,000
1 0.4 / 0.7317
2 / 3 1/ 4
4/5
5/8
Re
1
282
,000
4/5
5/8
Re 12,856
Then using the Reynolds number relation we determine the wind velocity
Re
V D
V (0.10 m)
12,856
V 1.91 m/s
1.489 10 5 m 2 /s
19-54
Bottle
D =10 cm
L = 30 cm