Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flow in Tubes
19-58C The number of transfer units NTU is a measure of the heat transfer area and effectiveness of a
heat transfer system. A small value of NTU (NTU < 5) indicates more opportunities for heat transfer
whereas a large NTU value (NTU >5) indicates that heat transfer will not increase no matter how much
we extend the length of the tube.
19-59C The logarithmic mean temperature difference Tln is an exact representation of the average
temperature difference between the fluid and the surface for the entire tube. It truly reflects the
exponential decay of the local temperature difference. The error in using the arithmetic mean temperature
increases to undesirable levels when Te differs from Ti by great amounts. Therefore we should always
use the logarithmic mean temperature.
19-60C The region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the tube center is
called the thermal entry region, and the length of this region is called the thermal entry length. The region
in which the flow is both hydrodynamically (the velocity profile is fully developed and remains
unchanged) and thermally (the dimensionless temperature profile remains unchanged) developed is called
the fully developed region.
19-61C The heat flux will be higher near the inlet because the heat transfer coefficient is highest at the
tube inlet where the thickness of thermal boundary layer is zero, and decreases gradually to the fully
developed value.
19-62C The heat flux will be higher near the inlet because the heat transfer coefficient is highest at the
tube inlet where the thickness of thermal boundary layer is zero, and decreases gradually to the fully
developed value.
19-63C In the fully developed region of flow in a circular tube, the velocity profile will not change in the
flow direction but the temperature profile may.
19-64C The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are given as Lh 0.05 Re D and Lt 0.05 Re Pr D
for laminar flow, and L h Lt 10 D in turbulent flow. Noting that Pr >> 1 for oils, the thermal entry
length is larger than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow. In turbulent, the hydrodynamic and
thermal entry lengths are independent of Re or Pr numbers, and are comparable in magnitude.
19-65C The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are given as Lh 0.05 Re D and Lt 0.05 Re Pr D
for laminar flow, and L h Lt 10 Re in turbulent flow. Noting that Pr << 1 for liquid metals, the
thermal entry length is smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow. In turbulent, the
hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are independent of Re or Pr numbers, and are comparable in
magnitude.
19-66C In fluid flow, it is convenient to work with an average or mean velocity Vm and an average or
mean temperature Tm which remain constant in incompressible flow when the cross-sectional area of the
tube is constant. The Vm and Tm represent the velocity and temperature, respectively, at a cross section if
all the particles were at the same velocity and temperature.
19-67C When the surface temperature of tube is constant, the appropriate temperature difference for use in
the Newton's law of cooling is logarithmic mean temperature difference that can be expressed as
Tln
Te Ti
ln(Te / Ti )
19-68 Air flows inside a duct and it is cooled by water outside. The exit temperature of air and the rate of
heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the duct is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the duct is negligible.
19-55
Te
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4
(1.164 kg/m 3 )
Vm
(0.2 m) 2
(7 m/s) = 0.256 kg/s
4
12 m
5C
Air
50C
7 m/s
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
5 (5 50)e
( 9.09 )( 7.54 )
( 0.256 )(1007 )
8.74 C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat transfe r are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
T
i
s
ln
8.74 50
16.59C
5 8.74
ln
5 50
19-56
Steam, 30C
Analysis The mass flow rate of water and the surface area are
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
Water
10C
4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
(4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
(998.7 kg/m 3 )
24C
D = 1.2 cm
L=5m
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.4518 kg/s )(4184.5 J/kg.C )(24 10C) 26,468 W
Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
24 10
11.63C
30 24
ln
30 10
Q hAs Tln h
Q
26,468 W
1 kW 12.1 kW/m 2 .C
2
As Tln
(0.1885 m )(11.63C) 1000 W
Q
364,650 W
N tube total
13.8
26,468 W
Q
19-57
Steam, 30C
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
Water
10C
4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
(4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
(998.7 kg/m 3 )
24C
D = 1.2 cm
L=5m
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.4518 kg/s )(4184.5 J/kg.C )(24 10C) 26,468 W
Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
24 10
11.63C
30 24
ln
30 10
Q hAs Tln
Q
26,468 W
1 kW 12.1 kW/m 2 .C
2
As Tln
(0.1885 m )(11.63C ) 1000 W
Q
1,458,600 W
N tube total
55.1
26,468 W
Q
19-58
Ts=110C
P
115 kPa
0.7662 kg/m 3
RT
(0.287 kJ/kg.K)( 250 273 K)
150C
Exh. gases
250C
5 m/s
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
(0.03 m) 2
(5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer is
(0.7662 kg/m 3 )
D =3 cm
m
C p (Ti Te ) (0.002708 kg/s )(1023 J/kg.C )(250 150C ) 276.9 W
Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q hAs Tln
150 250
79.82C
110 150
ln
110 250
As
Q
276.9 W
0.02891 m 2
hTln
(120 W/m 2 .C)(79.82C)
As DL L
As
0.02891 m 2
0.3067 m 30.7 cm
D
(0.03 m)
19-59
Ts =110C
P
115 kPa
0.7662 kg/m 3
RT
(0.287 kJ/kg.K)( 250 273 K)
150C
Exh. gases
250C
5 m/s
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
(0.03 m) 2
(5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer is
(0.7662 kg/m 3 )
D =3 cm
m
C p (Ti Te ) (0.002708 kg/s )(1023 J/kg.C )(250 150C ) 276.9 W
Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q hAs Tln
150 250
79.82C
110 150
ln
110 250
As
Q
276.9 W
0.05782 m 2
hTln
(60 W/m 2 .C)(79.82C)
As DL L
As
0.05782 m 2
0.6135 m 61.4 cm
D
(0.03 m)
19-60
(Resistance heater)
Water
10C
3 m/s
k 0.637 W/m.C
/ 0.602 10 -6 m 2 /s
C p 4180 J/kg.C
D = 2 cm
80C
L
Pr 3.91
0.4244 m / s
Ac
(0.02 m) 2 / 4
Vm
Re
Vm D h
(0.4244 m/s)(0.02 m)
14,101
0.602 10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.02 m) 0.20 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD h
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(14,101) 0.8 (3.91) 0.4 82.79
k
k
0.637 W/m.C
Nu
(82.79) 2637 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.02 m
Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes
hA (T
Q
T )
s
s ,e
19-61
0.9994 kg/m 3
k 0.02953 W/m.C
Te
2.097 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1008 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7154
10 m
70C
4 Ac 4a 2
a 015
. m
P
4a
Vm
Re
Air
85C
0.1 m3/min
V
0.10 m 3 /s
4.444 m/s
Ac
(0.15 m) 2
Vm D h (4.444 m/s)(0.15 m)
31,791
2.097 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 40000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.15 m) 1.5 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(31,791)0.8 (0.7154)0.3 83.16
k
k
0.02953 W/m.C
Nu
(83.16) 16.37 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.15 m
As 4 aL 4(0.15 m)(10 m) = 6 m 2
V (0.9994 kg/m 3 )(0.10 m 3 /s) = 0.09994 kg/s
m
Te T s (T s Ti )e
Cp )
hA /( m
70 (70 85)e
(16.37 )(6 )
( 0.09994 )(1008)
75.7C
Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air becomes
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
75.7 85
9.58C
70 75.7
ln
70 85
19-62
19-63
Te [C]
74.89
75
75.09
75.18
75.26
75.34
75.41
75.48
75.54
75.6
75.66
75.71
75.76
75.81
75.86
75.9
75.94
75.98
76.02
76.06
76.1
Q [W]
509
554.1
598.6
642.7
686.3
729.5
772.4
814.8
857
898.9
940.4
981.7
1023
1063
1104
1144
1184
1224
1264
1303
1343
76.2
1400
1300
75.9
1200
Te
Te [C]
75.7
1000
900
75.3
800
700
75.1
600
74.8
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
3
V [m /s]
19-64
0.12
0.14
500
0.16
Q [W]
1100
C p 1007 J/kg.C
1.146kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
Pr 0.7268
1.655 10 -5 m 2 /s
Glass
cover
20C
Ac (1 m)(0.03 m) 0.03 m 2
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.03 m 2 )
0.05825 m
P
2(1 m 0.03 m)
V
0.15 m 3 / s
Vm
5 m/s
Ac
0.03 m 2
Re
Air
30C
0.15 m3/min
60C
Collector plate
(insulated)
V m D h (5 m/s)(0.05825 m)
17,606
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh Lt 10 Dh 10(0.05825 m) 0.5825 m
which are much shorter than the total length of the collector. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire collector, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
and
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(17,606 )0.8 (0.7268)0.4 50.45
k
k
0.02625 W/m.C
Nu
(50.45) 22.73 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.05825 m
The exit temperature of air can be calculated using the average surface temperature as
As 2(5 m)(1 m) 10 m 2
Ts,ave
60 20
40 C
2
hAs
Te T s ,ave (Ts ,ave Ti ) exp
m
Cp
0.1718 1007
Tln, glass
Te Ti
37.31 30
13.32C
T s Te
20 37.31
ln
ln
20 30
Ts Ti
2
2
Q
glass hAs Tln (22.73 W/m .C)(5 m )(13.32C) = 1514 W
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the heat gain of the absorber are
19-65
Tln,absorber
Te Ti
37.31 30
26.17C
T s Te
60 37.31
ln
ln
60 30
Ts Ti
Q
net 2975 1514 1461 W
19-66
k 0.146 W/m.COil
10C
2591 10 -6 m 2 /s
0.5 m/s
Pr 28750
D = 0.4 m
Te
L = 300 m
V D
(0.5 m/s)(0.4 m)
Re m h
77.19
2591 10 6 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length is roughly
Nu
hD
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
3.66
3.66
k
1 0.04 ( D / L) Re Pr 2 / 3
and
0 .4 m
0.065
(77.19)(28,750)
300 m
0 .4 m
1 0.04
(77.19)(28,750)
300 m
k
0.146 W/m.C
Nu
(24.47) 8.930 W/m 2 .C
D
0.4 m
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
0 (0 10)e
(8.930 )( 377 )
( 56.14 )(1838 )
9.68 C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
9.68 10
9.84C
0 9.68
ln
0 10
19-67
2/3
24.47
L Vm 2 64 L Vm 2
64 L Vm 2
L
32 Vm 2
D 2
Re D 2
Vm D D 2
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
P2 f
L (2 Vm ) 2 64 L 4 Vm 2
64 L 4 Vm 2
L
64 Vm 2
D
2
Re D 2
2 Vm D D 2
D
L
Their ratio is
P2 64
2
P1 32
Laminar flow
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
k
k
Q 1 hAs Tln
NuAs Tln
2.98 As Tln
D
D
When the effect of the change in Tln on the rate of heat transfer is disregarded, the rate of heat transfer
remains the same. Therefore,
Q 2
1
Q
1
Therefore, doubling the velocity will double the pressure drop but it will not effect the heat transfer rate.
19-68
P1 f
L Vm 2
L Vm 2
V 0.2 D 0.2 L Vm 2
0.184 Re 0.2
0.184 m 0.2
D 2
D 2
D 2
0 .2
0.092Vm1.8
L
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
P2 f
L (2Vm ) 2
L 4Vm 2
(2Vm ) 0.2 D 0.2 L 4Vm 2
0.184 Re 0.2
0.184
D
2
D
2
D
2
0.2
D
0.2
L
D
Their ratio is
Turbulent flow
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
0.023Vm 0.8
k
Pr1 / 3 ATln
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the heat transfer rate becomes
0.023( 2V )0.8 D
Q
2
m
0.8
k
Pr1 / 3 ATln
D
Their ratio is
Q 2 (2 Vm ) 0.8
2 0.8 1.74
Q 1
Vm 0.8
Therefore, doubling the velocity will increase the pressure drop 3.8 times but it will increase the heat
transfer rate by only 74%.
19-69
ft /s
Water
55F
4 lbm/s
Pr 3.368
D = 1.25 in
200F
Q
2.086 10 4 Btu/h
L total
5960 ft
350 Btu/h.ft
Q
The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are
Vm
Re
Ac
4 lbm/s
(1.25 / 12 ft ) 2
(61.59 lbm/m )
4
7.621 ft/s
Vm D h
(7.621 m/s)(1.25/12 ft)
1.397 10 5
5
2
0.5683 10 ft /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire tube,
and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(1.397 104 )0.8 (3.368)0.4 488.4
k
k
0.374 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
( 488.4) 1754 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
1.25 / 12 ft
Q
2.086 10 4 Btu/h
1070 Btu/h.ft 2
As
(1.25 / 12 ft )(5960 ft )
q h(Ts Te )
Ts Te
q
1070 Btu/h.ft 2
200F +
200.6F
h
1754 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
19-70
1.184 kg/m 3
k 0.02551 W/m.C
1.562 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Air
15C
4 m/s
Pr 0.7296
Te
L = 20 cm
Air channel
0.2 cm 14 cm
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.00028 m 2 )
0.003944 m
P
2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Re
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
1010
1.562 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
k
0.02551 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24 ) 53.30 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.003944 m
Also,
C p (Te Ti )
hAs (T s Te ) m
(53.30 W/m 2 .C)(0.028 m 2 )(50C Te ) (0.001326 kg/s )(1007 J/kg.C)(Te 15C)
Te 33.5C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
19-71
0.1635 kg/m 3
k 0.1565 W/m.C
Te
1.233 10 - 4 m 2 /s
C p 5193 J/kg.C
He
15C
4 m/s
Pr 0.669
L = 20 cm
Air channel
0.2 cm 14 cm
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.00028 m 2 )
0.003944 m
P
2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Re
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
127.9
1.233 10 4 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
k
0.1565 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 327.0 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.003944 m
Also,
C p (Te Ti ) hAs (T s Te )
m
(0.0001831 kg/s )(5193 J/kg.C)(Te 15C) (327.0 W/m 2 .C)(0.0568 m 2 )(50C Te )
Te 46.7C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
19-72
19-73
Q [W]
9.453
16.09
20.96
24.67
27.57
29.91
31.82
33.41
34.76
35.92
Ts [C]
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Q [W]
10.59
14.12
17.64
21.15
24.67
28.18
31.68
35.18
38.68
42.17
45.65
49.13
52.6
19-74
40
35
Q [W]
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
10
Vel [m/s]
55
50
45
Q [W]
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
30
40
50
60
Ts [C]
19-75
70
80
90
-5
Pr 0.7255
Ts = 10C
m /s
Analysis (a) The hydraulic diameter, the mean velocity of air, and
the Reynolds number are
4 Ac
4(015
. m)(0.20 m)
Dh
01714
.
m
P
2 (015
. m) + (0.20 m)
V D
(7 m/s)(0.1714 m)
Re m h
70,525
1.702 10 5 m 2 /s
Air duct
15 cm 20 cm
Air
50C
7 m/s
L=7m
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.1714 m) 1.714 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(70,525)0.8 (0.7255)0.3 158.0
k
k
0.02662 W/m.C
Nu
(158.0) 24.53 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.1714 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air
h
Cp )
hAs /( m
10 (10 50)e
( 24.53)( 4.9 )
( 0.2367 )(1007 )
34.2C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
34.2 50
31.42C
10 34.2
ln
10 50
19-76
19-77
Te [C]
29.01
30.14
30.92
31.51
31.99
32.39
32.73
33.03
33.29
33.53
33.75
33.94
34.12
34.29
34.44
34.59
34.72
34.85
34.97
Q [W]
715.6
1014
1297
1570
1833
2090
2341
2587
2829
3066
3300
3531
3759
3984
4207
4427
4646
4862
5076
19-78
Wpump [W]
0.02012
0.06255
0.1399
0.2611
0.4348
0.6692
0.9722
1.352
1.815
2.369
3.022
3.781
4.652
5.642
6.759
8.008
9.397
10.93
12.62
35
6000
34
5000
Te
4000
32
3000
31
2000
30
1000
29
1
0
10
Q [W]
Te [C]
33
Vel [m/s]
14
12
Wpump [W]
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
Vel [m/s]
19-79
10
k 0.02735 W/m.C
1.797 10 -5 m 2 /s;
Air duct
20 cm 20 cm
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7228
Analysis The surface area and the Reynolds number are
a 0.2 m
p
4a
T = 10C
Air
60C
4 m/s
L = 12 m
= 0.3
Vm Dh
(4 m/s)(0.20 m)
44,509
1.797 10 5 m 2 /s
Re
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.2 m) 2.0 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow for the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(44,509)0.8 (0.7228)0.3 109.2
k
and
k
0.02735 W/m.C
Nu
(109.2) 14.93 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.2 m
conv+rad,out
hot air
Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of Ts , the quantities above can be expressed as
Q
:
conv,in
Te Ti
Q hi As Tln hi As
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q conv+rad,out :
Te 60
Ts Te
Ts 60
ln
m
(0.1748 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)(60 T )C
C p (Te Ti ) Q
Q
e
Therefore, the hot air will lose heat at a rate of 2622 W and exit the duct at 45.1C.
19-80
19-81
Te [C]
33.85
39.43
42.78
45.1
46.83
48.17
49.25
50.14
50.89
51.53
Q [W]
1150
1810
2273
2622
2898
3122
3310
3469
3606
3726
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Te [C]
45.82
45.45
45.1
44.77
44.46
44.16
43.88
43.61
43.36
43.12
Q [W]
2495
2560
2622
2680
2735
2787
2836
2883
2928
2970
52.5
4000
3500
Te
48.5
Te [C]
Q
2500
40.5
2000
36.5
32.5
1
1500
Vel [m/s]
19-82
1000
10
Q [W]
3000
44.5
46
3000
45.5
2900
2800
44.5
2700
Te
44
2600
43.5
43
0.1
2500
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
19-83
0.7
0.8
0.9
2400
1
Q [W]
Te [C]
45
1.146 kg/m 3
Air duct
16 cm 16 cm
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.654 10 -5 m 2 /s
90 W
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit
temperature are determined from
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
L=1m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
32C +
38.1C
Cp
m
(0.01241 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.65 m/min
0.16 m
P
4(0.16 m)
Vm
Then
Re
V m D h (0.4232 m/s)(0.16 m)
4093
1.654 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023( 4093)0.8 (0.7268)0.4 15.70
k
and
k
0.02625 W/m.C
Nu
(15.70) 2.576 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.16 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform surface
heat flux, its value is determined from
Q / As
(0.85)(90 W)/ 4(0.16 m)(1 m)
Q / As h(Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
38.1C +
84.5C
h
(2.576 W/m 2 .C)
19-84
1143
.
kg / m3
k 0.0268 W / m. C
-5
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
167
. 10 m / s
C p 1006 J / kg. C
Pr 0.710
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
D = 15 cm
L=1m
m V (1143
.
kg / m 3 )(0.65 m 3 / min) = 0.74295 kg / min = 0.0124 kg / s
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q mC
32 C +
38.1 C
p
mC
(0.0124 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity is
V
0.65 m / min
Vm
Vm Dh (0.612 m / s)(0.15 m)
5497
167
. 10 5 m 2 / s
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(5497) 0.8 (0.710) 0.4 19.7
k
and
h
k
0.0268 W / m. C
Nu
(19.7) 352
. W / m2 . C
Dh
015
. m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
its value is determined from
q h(Ts,highest Te ) Ts,highest Te
19-85
Te
1.145 kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.655 10
-5
Electronic components,
20 W
m /s
Te
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
b 1.895 10 5 kg/m.s
s ,@ 60C 2.008 10 5 kg/m.s
L = 15 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
V (1.145 kg/m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 /s) = 9.160 10 -4 kg/s
m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
20 W
32 C +
53.7C
Cp
m
(9.16 10 4 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 /s
2.667 m/s
Ac
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac
4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
0.00490 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Vm
Then,
Re
V m D h (2.667 m/s)(0.0049 m)
790
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
hD h
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
and
1/ 3
0.14
(790)(0.7268)(0.0049)
1.86
0.15
1/ 3
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q
hA (T
Q
s
s , highest Te ) T s , highest Te
hAs
20 W
53.7C +
74.4C
2
(26.3 W/m .C) 2(0.12 0.15 + 0.0025 0.15)m 2
19-86
2.008 10 5
k
0.02625 W/m.C
h
Nu
(4.90) 26.3 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.0049 m
0.14
1.895 10 5
4.90
1.145 kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.655 10
-5
Electronic components,
35 W
m /s
Te
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
b 1.895 10 5 kg/m.s
s ,@ 60C 2.008 10 5 kg/m.s
L = 15 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
V (1.145 kg/m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 /s) = 9.160 10 -4 kg/s
m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
35 W
32 C +
69.9C
4
mC p
(9.16 10
kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 /s
2.667 m/s
Ac
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac
4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
0.00490 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Vm
Then,
Re
V m D h (2.667 m/s)(0.0049 m)
790
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
hD h
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
and
1/ 3
0.14
(790)(0.7268)(0.0049)
1.86
0.15
1/ 3
0.14
1.895 10 5
2.008 10 5
k
0.02625 W/m.C
h
Nu
(4.90) 26.3 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q
Q hAs (Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
hAs
35 W
69.9C +
106C
2
(26.3 W/m .C) 2(0.12 0.15 + 0.0025 0.15)m 2
19-92E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the copper tube that
needs to be used is to be determined.
19-87
4.90
62.0 lbm/ft 3
250F
k 0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
0.738 10 -5 ft 2 /s
Water
60F
0.7 lbm/s
C p 0.999 Btu/lbm.F
Pr 4.54
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are
m
0.7 lbm/s
Ac V m V m
m
3.68 ft/s
3
Ac
(62 lbm/ft )[ (0.75/12 ft) 2 /4]
Re
D = 0.75 in
140F
L
Vm Dh
(3.68 ft/s)(0.75/12 ft)
31,165
0.738 10 5 ft 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will
determine. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the
entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(31,165)0.8 ( 4.54)0.4 165.8
k
and
k
0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.8) 963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
(0.75 / 12) ft
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft length of the tube are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
140 60
146.4F
250 140
ln
250 60
Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
201,400 Btu/h
Length
7.3 ft
27,680 Btu/h.ft
19-88
b 1.85 10 5 kg/m.s
k 0.0261 W/m.C
1.57 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1005 J/kg.C
Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the mass
flow rate of air is
W
Q
(8 10 25) W
elect, fan
m
C p (Te Ti ) m
Q
0.01045 kg/s
C p (Te Ti )
(1005 J/kg.C)(10C)
(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat generated
by the fan and its motor is
Q
25 W
m
C p T T
Q
2.38C
Cp
m
(0.01045 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.C)
2.38C
0.238 23.8%
Cooling
10C
air
(c) The mean velocity of air is
(0.01045 / 8) kg/s
m
AcV m V m
m
3.08 m/s
Ac
(1.177 kg/m 3 ) (0.003 m)(0.12 m)
and,
4 Ac
4(0.003 m)(0.12 m)
Dh
0.00585 m
P
2(0.003 m 0.12 m)
Therefore,
f =
Re
Vm Dh
(3.08 m/s)(0.00585 m)
1148
1.57 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully developed flow, the Nusselt
number from is determined from Table 19-4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
k
0.0261 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 36.8 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.00585 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
the air temperature at the exit is determined from
q
[(80 25) W]/[8 2(0.12 0.18 + 0.003 0.18) m 2 ]
70C
61.9C
h
36.8 W/m 2 .C
19-89