Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phonetics/Phonology
Wintersemester
2003-2004
Potsdam
04.11.2003 1
Course Topics
• I Articulatory Phonetics
• II Segments, Features, Feature Geometry
• III The Syllable and Other Prosodic
Constituents
• IV Segmental Alternations
•V Phonological Theories
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General Issues
• Assignments (to be corrected two weeks later
in class)
• Final exam
• Slides are on my homepage
(http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~fery/)
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Part I
Articulatory Phonetics
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Production of a Sound
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Components of Articulation
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Components of Articulation
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Components of Articulation
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English Noun Adjective Latin Noun
Glottis glottal glottis
Larynx laryngeal larynx
Pharynx pharyngeal pharynx
Epiglottis epiglottal epiglottis
Tongue back/dorsum dorsal dorsum
Corona coronal corona
Tongue tip/apex apical apex
Tongue blade/lamina laminal lamina
Alveolar ridge alveolar alveolae
Hard palate palatal palatum
Soft palate/velum velar velum
Uvula uvular uvula
Lungs pulmonal pulmo
Teeth dental dentes
Lips labial labia
Nasal cavity nasal cavum nasi
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Articulators
! • labial [b, p, f, m…] (cover term for bilabial and
labiodental): At least one lip is involved in the
articulation.
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Places of Articulation
• bilabial [p, b, m]: Complete closure by both lips.
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Places of Articulation
• dental [t, d] : The front part of the tongue forms
a constriction with the upper teeth.
• alveolar [t, d, l, n, s, z]: A constriction is formed
at the alveolar ridge with the tip or blade of the
tongue; the articulation is then apical (when the
tongue tip forms the constriction) or laminal
(the tongue blade is involved).
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Places of Articulation
• Retroflex: The tongue tip is bent back and up
behind the alveolar ridge.
• palatoalveolar (or postalveolar) [∫,Z]: The tongue
blade forms a constriction behind the alveolar
ridge and/or at the hard palate.
• palatal [ç, j]: The back of the tongue forms a
constriction or a closure with the hard palate.
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Places of Articulation
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Places of Articulation
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Place of Articulator Sound
Articulation (movable organ) (German)
bilabial upper lip lower lip p, b, m
labiodental upper teeth lower lip f, v
alveolar alveolar tongue t, d,
ridge blade s, z, l, n
palatoalveolar palate tongue blade ∫, Z
palatal palate back of tongue ç, j
velar palate back of tongue k, g, x, N
uvular uvula back of tongue ë, X
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Manners of Articulation
Manner of the narrowing or constriction
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Manners of Articulation
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Plosive (also stop or occlusive)
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Plosives
[t, d]: articulated by the tongue tip or blade. Fr.
tout doux: ‘soft’. In German d and t are
alveolar.
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Voice Onset Timing (VOT)
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Fricatives
[ƒ,]: Bilabial voiceless or voiced fricatives.
Japanese: Fujiyama. In some African
languages such as Ewe these sounds are
phonemic (éƒá ‘ he polished’ vs. éfá ‘ he
froze’).
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Fricatives
[†, d]: There are two different articulations of
this pair of sounds. In English [†] thigh and
[d] thy are two phonemes.
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Fricatives
[ç]: Palatal fricative (ich-sound)
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Fricatives
[X, Ë]:[X] is a fricative which is formed at the
uvula; auditorily it differs little from [x]; in
Swiss German, e.g., they are variants of the
same sound, as in Küchenkasten [XuXiXat\].
The [Ë] is a variant of/r/.
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Fricatives
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Affricates
An affricate is a plosive followed by a
homorganic, i.e., articulated with the same
articulators, fricative. Examples are [ts], [t∫]
and [pf].
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Nasals
With the nasal sounds (consonants, vowels, pre- or
postnasalized sounds) the velum is lowered, and
the majority of the air flows out through the nose.
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Nasals
[m]: The bilabial nasal is very common.
[n]: The coronal nasal occurs in almost every
language.
[˜]: Often a position-dependent variant of [n]
before [k, g]. In English and German [g]
has often even disappeared, so that only
[˜] remains: lang, long (cf. lungo in
Italian).
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Nasals
[ñ]: The labiodental nasal is commonly only
an articulation-dependent variant of m.
[µ]: The palatal nasal is rarer. It occurs, e.g.,
in French (agneau ‘lamb’, gagner ‘to win’)
and in Spanish (cañon).
[N]: The uvular nasal is articulated even
further back in the mouth than the velar
nasal [˜].
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Nasals
Consonants can also be partially nasalized, like the
prenasalized plosives (md, nd, ˜g).
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Laterals
For [l] the tip of the tongue is placed at the alveolar
ridge and impedes the airstream in the middle of
the mouth. On the sides the tongue is not placed
against the molars, as with [t], but is lower, so that
the air can escape at the sides.
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Laterals
[l]: Clear and dark l in Russian differ in the form
of the tongue. With clear l the surface is fairly flat,
slightly concave and the contact is apical; with
dark l, in contrast, the tongue is further in front
and the blade of the tongue is raised towards the
velum. The contact is laminal. This produces an u-
color. In German and French the l is light; in
English it varies depending on the environment:
cf. little
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Laterals
[˚, ]: In Welsh there is a voiceless fricative
lateral, [˚] or also sometimes [l≤], written ll
(Lloyd). The voiced counterpart is transcribed
[].
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r-Sounds (Vibrants, Trills,
Rhotics)
[B]: Bilabial vibrant.
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r-Sounds
[®]: Front fricative or approximant, as in
English after t and d.
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r-Sounds
[Ë]: Back Engelaut or approximant, as in
German and in French. The air passes around
the uvula on the sides. Very similar to [≈],
which is the voiceless variant.
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Flaps and Taps
Flaps (sudden short closure plus glide) or Taps
(sudden short closure) are plosives of very short
duration produced with a single muscle
contraction.
English: marry or very, in
American: instead of an intervocalic [t] matter, pity.
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Approximants (Glides)
[w]: The approximants are always voiced. [w]
or [˘] is a bilabial sound.
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Approximants (Glides)
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Retroflexes
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Retroflexes
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Secondary Articulation
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Secondary Articulation
Labialization in Kwakw’ala
kasa ‘beat soft’ kwesa ‘splashing’
gisgas ‘incest’ gwesu ‘pig’
Labialization in Arrernte
pwape ‘whirlwind’
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Secondary Articulation
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Secondary Articulation
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Secondary Articulation
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Vowels
1) Height or vertical tongue movement
3) Lip rounding
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Cardinal Vowels
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Vowels
IPA Lips Example
1 [i] unrounded Fr. si, Eng. beat
2 [e] unrounded Ger. See, Fr. chez
3 [´] unrounded Ger. Bett, Eng. bet
[æ] unrounded Eng. cat
4 [a] unrounded Ger. kann, Fr. la
5 [å] unrounded Dt. dam
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Vowels
IPA Lips Examples
6 [ø] rounded Fr. sotte, Eng. hawk
7 [o] rounded Ger. Stroh, Fr. beau
8 [u] rounded Ger. gut, Fr. cou
9 [y] rounded Ger. Tür, Fr. bu
10 [ø] rounded Ger. Goethe, Fr. eux
11 [œ] rounded Ger. Götter, Fr. beurre
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Vowels
IPA Lips Examples
12 [Œ] rounded Ger. Hölle
13 [Å] rounded Eng. hock, Dt. dom
14 [] unrounded Eng. but, luck
15 [{] unrounded Vietnamese ó
16 [}] unrounded Japanese u
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Vowels
IPA Lips Example
[\] unrounded Ger.: be-,Fr. le
[á] unrounded Ger.: ver-
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Vokale
i u i u
e o
´ ø e o
a a
Italian Spanish
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German Vowels
i u high
ˆ
y u
Á
e \ o mid
´ ø
ø
œ á
a å low
front central back
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Vowels
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German v owels
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Diphthongs
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