JJ4k/m

7..

FINAL
REPORT
on
CAUSIX
OF
CLEAVA(YF
FRACTURE
INSHIP
PLATd
FLATPLATE
T&STS
ANi)
ADDITIONAL
TdSTS
ONlJRGd
TUEMS
by
HARl!ER
E.DAVIS,
G.E>TROXW,QAjH,
R.PARKER,
A.BOODH3G
ANI)
M.P.O113RIEN
UNJ31ERS1TY
OF
CALIFORNIA
Under
Ilavy
Contract
NObs-31222

,.

COIWCTTEE
ONSHIP
CONSTJUCTIGN
DIVISION
OFENGIINEWHJW
& INDUSTRIAL
R3SEARCH
NATIONAL
MSEARCH
COUNCIL

,%,
.

,>

>.

Advisory
t/O
BUREAU
OFsH~ps, NAVY D~~&T~T]@Jr
ikder
Contract
~lObs-3&231
Serial
No.WC+
Copy
No.

Jamar.y
17, 19+7

,.
..,
,.
.

ADDRESS
PJAVYDEPARTMENT,
BUREAIJ
OF SHIPS,REFERTO
FILENo.

NObs-31222(334)

NAVYDEPARTMENT
BUREAUOFSHIPS
WASHINGTON,
D.C.

JAN31 KM7
Mr.h.M.MacCutcheon
Merchant
Marine
Technical
Oivision
U.S.Coast
Guard
1300E Street,
N.ii.
Washington
252D.C.
Dear
Sir:
SUBJECT:
Final
Report
onfi~auses
ofCleavage
Fracture.
in
Shipplate:
T$XtS
Flatplate
Tests
andAdditional
onmge mbesu,,
(ssc-8),
Contract
liobs-31222?
There
isenclosed
foryourin.formation.
andfile
one
copyofthesubject
report
asfollovm~
No.
Report
serial

SW-%

Qe&
January
17, 1947

Q!2Q?Q
18

L.H,Travis
BYdirection
of
Chief
of13ureau

NATIONAL
RESEARCH
COUNCIL
2101Constitution
Avenue
Washington,
D.C*
January
17,1947

Chief,
Bureau
ofShips
Navy
Department
Wshington
25, DeC.
Dear
Sir:
Attached
isReport
berial
No.SSC-8,
entitled
tfcauses
ofCleavage
Fracture
inShip
Plate:
Flat
Plate
Tests
andAdditional
Tests
onLarge
Tubes!!.
This
report
hasbeensubmitted
bythecontractor
asthefinal
report
ononephase
oftheworkdone
onResearch
Project
SR-92
under
Contract
ldObs-31222
between
theBureau
of~hips,
Navy
Department
andtheUniversity
ofCalifornia.
Thereport
hasbeenreviewed
andacceptance
recommended
byre~resentatives
oftheCommittee
onShip
Construction,
Divj.sion
oftingineering
andIndustrial
hesearch,
NRC,inaccordance
withtine
terms
ofthecontract
between
theBureau
ofbhipsj
Navy
Department
and
theNational
Academy
ofSciences.
Very
truly
yours,
Frederick
M.Feiker,
dhairman
Uivision
ofEngineering
and
Industrial
Research
tinclosure

.-.-
.

...

_....

PREFACE
,..,,,
..
...
,,,
~he.,Navy
Departllent
through
theJureau
ofShips
isdistributing
this
report
tothose
agencies
andindividuals
that.
were
actively
associated
Tnis
report
represents
a partoftheresearch
withthis
research
program.
worlc
contracted
forunder
thesection
oftheNavyls
directive
Wo investigate
thedesign
andconstruction
ofwelded
steel
merchant
vesselsl!.
.,
The distribution
ofthis
report
isasfollows:
.
Bure+u
ofShips,
NavyDepartment
copy
No. 1.-Chiefj
Bronk,
Chairmqn,
.National
Resea~ch.Council
Copy
No.2 - Dr.D.~~.
-,
.,

Committee
onShipConstruction
,+Opy
No.3 - V.H.Schnee,
Chairman
Bates
copy
so.4 - J.L.,
copyxo. 5 - H.C.Boardman
cOpy :?0.
6- Paul
Ffield
Copy
No. 7 - M.A.Grossman
Jr.
copyNo. 8- C,H.Herty,
copy
AJo.
9 - A.B.i<inzel
Gopy
No.10- J.M.Lessens
CopyNo.13.
- ~.P.hlcAllister
Copy
No.12- G.S.Mlkhalapov
Copy
No.13- J.Ormondroyd
GopyNo.
14- H.J.
Pierce
copy
No.15- d.C.Smith
Jonassen,
Research
Coordinator
copy .io. 16 wFinn

..

Liembers
ofProject
Advisory
Committees
JR39,,SR-92,,
andSR-96
.. ,
Chairqan
... ,,
:. ., ,.
~~
COPY
NO.16 - FinnJoqassen,
:Opy
ANO.
7 - k.A.Grossman
Jr.
COpy
iiO.
8 - C.H.Herty,
Lessens
copyNo.10- J.Ni.
copy
No.U - b.P.ivicAllister
copy
No.?
13 - J.Ormondroyd
Pierce
Copy
lJo.
14 - H.ii.
copy
lJo.
15 - L.C.Smith
Jopyi~o.
17 - .,
;.i.,
Jilson
Copy
No.18- A.L..
MacCutcheon,Jr.
U.bCoast
Guard,
Liaison
Bureau
ofShips,
Liaison
Copy
No.19- E.Rassman,
copy
No,20- Comdr.
d.D.Schmidtman,
U.S.Coast
Guard,
Liaison
Copy
No.21- T
A.L.SOO-HOO,
Bureau
ofbhips,
daison ,
Vastaj
U.S.Maritime
Commissionj
Liaison
copy
No.22- John
No. 23 - d.E,Iiiley,
copy
Bureau
ofShips,
Liaison
copj7 No. 24 - J.L.~iilson,
American
Bureau
ofShippingj
Liaison
..

Ship
Structure
Committee
Ellis
Reed-Hill,
USCG,
Chairman
copYivo.25 - RearAdmiral
Copy
No.26- Rear
Admiral
Charles
D.llheelock.
USN.
Bureau
oftihips
CO+jROO
27 - Captain
l,
L.Schumacher,
USN,
k&iti&e
Commission
CopyNo.28- David
Arnott,
American
BweauofShipping
Structure
Sub-Ccxnmittee.
Ship
copy
1;0.
29- Captain
USN,
Bureau
ofShipsj
Chairman
~.V.Honsinger,
R.A.Hinners.
copyNo.30- Captain
USN.
David
Taylor
Lodel
Basin
Copjj
No.20- Comdr.
R.1).
$chmidtmin,
U~CG
American
~ureau
ofQhipping
Ccpy
NO*31- D.P.Brown,
:iO. 18- J.Ii.
Copy
LacCutcheon,
Jr.,
USCG
NO. 32 - d.M.Robertson,
COpY
Office
ofResearch
andInventions,
USN
Copy
iio,
22- John
Vasta,
U.S.karitime
Commission
copy
No.33- X.J.~ianless,
U.S.Maritime
Commission .
American
Bureau
ofShipping ,
COPY
Iio.
24- J.L.dilson,
copy ,~00 16 - Finn
Jonassen,
Liaison
Representative,
NRC
copy
iJoe
34 - ;ln.
Spraragen,
Liaison
Representative,
WRC
Navy
Department
Copy
No.35- Comdr.
Ii.
H.Lambert,
USN,
BweauofShips
i!O. 36 - Jomdr.
~Opy
R.S...andelkorn,
USN2
tiureau
ofbhips
Bureau
ofShips
copy
l~o.
37 - A.G.Bissell,
~Opy~iO,
38- J./J,
Jenkins,
Bureau
ofbhips
..,,,
Jopy
No.39- Noah
Kahn,
NewYork
Javal
Shipyard
copy
lie.
40- .4.
R.Osgood,
David
Taylor
Lodel
BasinI
.
Copy
No.41- N.ESPromisel,
Bureau
ofj~eronautics
COpY
No.23- R.A.:~iley,
Bureau
ofShips
No. 42 - L,D.l[illi~s,
COPY
3ureau.
ofbhips
Academy,post
Graduate
~chool
QopyNo.43 -~]~v~l
GopyNo.44 - :Javal
Resear&~
~boratory
.~aval
Shipyard
Zopy
No.45 - Philadelphia
COPY
JO. 46 - U.S.Uaval
engineering
Experiment
Station
Copies
47 and 48- Publications
Board,
Navy
Department
viaBureau
of
...
Ships,
Code
330c
Copies
49 and50- Technical
Library,
dureau
ofShips,
Code
337-L

,..
.,
U.S.Coast
Guard
..
...-.
.
copy
Noe51 - Captain
R.B.Lank,
Jr.,
USCG
;?0. 52- Japtain
Copy
G.A.Tyler,
USCG,.
U.S.Maritime
Commission.
CopyIJo.
53 - d.M.Martinsky
,.
iiepresentatives
of<Unerican
Iron
andbteel
Institute
Committee
onManufacturing
Problems
copy
No.54 - 2.M.Parker,
Secretary,
General
Technical
Committee
American
Iron
andbteel
Institute

.,

CopyNo.55 - L.C.Bibber,
Carnegie-Illinois
Steel
Corporation
copyNo< 8 - C.H.Herty;
3ethlehem
Steel
Company
Jr.,
Copy
No.15- E.C.Smith,
Republic
Steel
Corporation
Jeldi.ng
Research
Council
copyNo,56 Copy
No.57 Copy
No.58 copy
No.34 -

C.A.Adams
Everett
Chapman
Lahlotte
Grover
llm.
Spraragen

F.M.Feiker,
Chairman,
Division
ofEngineering
and
Copy
No.59- Dean
Industrial
Research,
NRC
copyNo,60- Dr.Clyde
i;illiams,
Chairman,
Committee
onengineering
Materials
Copy
No.3 - V.H.Schnee,
Chairman,
Committee
onShip
Construction
Jonassen,
Research
Coordinator,
Committee
onShip
Construction
COpy
NO.16- Finn
Copy
No.61- M.P.OIBrien,
Technical
Representativej
Research
Project
SR-92
COpY
NO.62- Harmer
N.Davis,
Investigator,
Research
Project
sR-92
copy No, 63 - G.E.Troxell,
investigator,
Research
Project
SR-92
copyNO,64 - E.R.Parker,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-92
Copy
No.65 - A.Boodberg,
Investigator,
.Lesearch
Project
SR-92
copy
No.66 - E.Paul
DeGarmo,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-92
copyi~O. 67 - V.H.Bruckner,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-93
copy
No.68 - k.Genssmer,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-96
copy~o.
69- R.A.Hechtman,
Investigator,
Research
Project
sR-93
Copy
No.70- b.C.Hollister,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-89
investigator,
Research
Project
&-97
CQpyNoe
71- C.H.Iorig,
COpYNOo
72- Albert
lwller,
Investigator,
Research
Project
Qj&25
Copy
No.73- C.E.Sins,
Investigator,
Research
Project
SR-&
copy
No.17- U.M.Wilson,
Investigator,
Research
Project
&R-93
Copy
No.74- d.T.Barron,
Carnegie-Illinois
Steel
Corporation
COPY
NO.75- R.E.Lorentz,
Jr,,
Combustion
Engineering
Company
copyNo,76 - FileCopy,
Committee
onShipConstruction
Copies
77 thru
81-,Library
ofCongress
viaBureau
ofShips,
Code
330c
copy
No.82- NACA.
Committee
onMaterials
Research
Coordination
copyNo.83
copyNo. 84 copyNO.85 Copy
No.86 copy No. 87 copyNo.88 Copy
No,89Copy
No.90Copy
No.91 COPY
NO.92 Copy
No.93 copy
IJo.
94 copy
No.95 Copy
No.96 copy
No.97 copy]to, 98Copy
No.99 Copy
No.1OO
(Copies
No.83 thru
100-Bureau
of~hips)
Total
}Jumber
ofCopies
- 100

Final
Report
Navy
BuShips
Contract
NObs-31222
Project
bR-92

CAUSES
FRACTURE
IN SHIPPLATE
OF CIJ3AVAGE
.
...
FLATPLATETLSTSAIUl
ADDITIONAL
T&STSON LAi?.GE
TUBES
August
1946

From:University
ofCaliforniaj
Berkeley,
California
Ii.
P.QIBrien,
Technical
Representative

Report
prepared
by:
Harmer
E,Davis
G.d.Troxell
darl
R.Parker
A.Boodberg

)
)
)
)

~ngineering
Laterials
Laboratory
University
ofCalifornia

Page
Abstract
....................................~ii
ListofTables
............................... iv
ListofFigures
.............................. v
~ntroduction
.*.~
............,.....0
.........4 1
3
ixperimentalliork
.......0......0.
..,.......~~
5
Test
Results
*6 * , . . * . ,...0
6
*O** ......... *
Discussion
ofResults
.
u
Concluslonse
............*
...2......00.
.,OOOOO

.0

**O*

900

aoa

17
Organization
00**.
e.0. .....0. . .*. ..r,eo
Bibliography.
............. ................... 18

Strains
inFractured
... 19
Appendix
A - Residual
Plates
Appe,tilx
B - Summation
ofResults
ofTests
... 20
ofLarge
Tubular
Specimens
Tension
Tests
atLow.,.27
Appendix
C - Standard
Temperatures
29
onGeometrically
Similar.
Appendix
D - Studies
bpecimens

ii
.,.
,:

ABSTRACT
..,.~.

....

.. .

;.
test
results
onwideflat
plates
todate
Tiis
report
sumarizes
the
. .
oftermination
ofU,S.Havy
Btihipk
contract
NObs-31222,
August
31,1946.
..
Thematerials
used
inthis
investigation
werethree
lots
ofsemi.,
killed
hull.
quality
steels,
one10bof&ckelalloy,
onelotoffully-killed,
,,

.,

,,

.,.,.

andonelotoffully-killed
quenched
fiddrawn
steel.
Thespecimens
used
intheprincipal
program
Were
3/4~nch
thick
,,
,,
platescontaining
a narrow
transverse
slot
kaving
alength
equal
toonefourth
ofthespecimen
width.
These
weretested
intension
inwidths
ranging
from
,,

,.

,..,

i2inches
to108inches.
Tests
were
&de ateach
ofa fiumber
oft~peratures
,,,,
.:
inorder
todetermine
-the
ternperature
atwhich
themodeoffailure
changed
..!,
fromshear
tocleavage
type.
,,.
...
Inthetests,
observations
were
madeofthefollowing:
themaximum
load,
load
atdevelopment
ofcracks,
fracture
load,
energy
absorbedto
maximum
!.
Ioadj
modeoffracture,
strain
distribution
over
thefaces
ofplates
and
,,.
,.
,.,.
thickness
reductions
near
thelinesof
fracture.
Results
from
tests
ofwide
flat
notci,ed
that
transplates
indicated
. .
ition
temperatures
of
semi-killed
steels
mayvaryfrom
freezing
towellabove
. .

..

:.:.

room
temperature.
Tests
oftwolots
of
steel
ofessentially
thesame
chemical
composition,
except
fornitrogen
content,
revealed
that
thesteel
with
tb~
,,
higher
nitrogen
content
hada considerably
higher
transition
temperature.
The
..
microstructure
ofthesteel
withthehigher
transition
temperature
wasalso
considerably
coarser.
Noappreciable
difference
intransition
temperatures
wasfound
whenonelotofsteel
wastested
intheIas-rolledrt
andinthe
..

. .,. .

normalized
conditions.
.
.

iii
Improved
metallurgical
structure
ofanother
lotofsteel,
accomplished
byrequenching
andredrawing
ata lower
temperature,
resulted
;,>
,,. ;,
inlowering
ofthetransition
;temperature
andanincrease
intheability
to
.,.,
. . !,
absorb
energy.
The3+percent
nickel
steel
wasfound
tobefar
tothe
,, superior
,..,
mildsteel,
having
a muchlower
transition
temperature
energy
,.anda higher
absorption.
,,
,..,
tension
Itwasfound
that
theCharpy
~:e.i~ie-notch
impact
tests,
.,
tests
of3 inch
wida:
edge-notched
specimens
andtension
tests
ofcentr~&. ,..
notched
12--inch
and72-inch
wideflat
plates
areall.
useful
forrating
the
Howeverj
thetransition
stee~s
inorder
oftheir
relative
brittleness.
temperature
foranyparticular
steel,
asdetermined
bythevarious
tests,
withthelarger
testspecimens
giving
nigher
anibetter
differ
considerably,
,.,,
,,
defined
transition
temperatures.
,.
,
.,,.
Thenominal
strength
ofplates
wasfound
todecrease
slightly
as
,,-,;,.,
this
tendency
being
moreprothewidth
ofthetestspecimen
wasincreased,
..,,,.
nounced
forspecir,ens
failing
inshear.
Transition
temperatures
werefound
todecrease
asthespecinen
thickness
was
decreased,
~~
effect
introduced
bygeometry
andtheadditional
!,-..
rolling.
,,
A ntiber
ofsupplemental
studies
were
madetoprovide
additional
..,,

.+ ;:

,,.

information
oncertain
questions
raised
bytheprincipal
tests.
Results
of
1~2while
a study
some
ofthese
studies
were
reported
inprevious
reports,
,. ,..
,
ofgeometrically
similar
specimens
tocheck
thevalidity
ofmodel
laws,
,,
.. .
andresults
oftests
oftension
barsatlowtemperature
aregiven
inappencjices
ofthis
report.
1,2 SeeBibliography

IV
ListofTables
Table
No.

Page
No,
31

Description
oftheSteels
Used
andthe
Program
ofTests

Properties
ofSteels
Used
intheInvestigation
32
Chemical.
Analyses
ofIndividual
Plates
33

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Results
ofStandard
Tenfiion
andHardness
Tests 34-36
Sumnary
ofResults
forHidePiate
Tests
37-38
Summary
ofThickness
Reductions
Along
39-V!J
Fracture
Lines
Sumnary
ofResults
for3-in.
Hide
Plate
Tests 42-44
Comparison
ofTransition
Temperature
Ranges
as 45
Determined
byVarious
Types
ofSpecimens
Reduction
inThickness
of?l.ate
- %mples
of
46
Fractured
Plates
fromShips
t},at
Failed
inService
Load
atDevelopment
ofCracks

47
B-1 Summary
ofTest
Results
for20--In.
Diameter 48
Tubes
ofResults
ofTests
onGeometrically
D-1 Summary
49
Similar
Specifnens

v
LISTOFFIGURES
,,

Page
Title
-
Fig.No.
read;
fortesting
at32F . 50
1 Viewof108inchspecimen
..
,~
51
of
Charpy
Impact
T~sts
- Steel
A
2. Results
Results
ofCharpy
Impact
Tests
- Steel
B,as-rolled 52
ofGharpy
.lnBact
Tests.
- Steel
B,normalized 53
L Results
.,
ofCharpy
Impact
Tests
+ Steel
C
5.4
5 Results
ofCharpy
Impact
Tests
- Steel
Ii
6 Results
55
56
ofresults
ofCharpy
Impact-Tests
for
7 Comparison
,.
Steels
A,B>C,H$N
and
Q
,.
withtemperature
ofenergy
tomaximtup
load
8 Variation
57
..
for72-inch
specimens
58
witki
temperature
ofei~ergyto
maximum
load
9 Variation
for12-inch
specimens,
spmi-.,killed
s%K!.s
,.
for 59
temperature
ofenergy
tomaximum
load
10 Variationwith
12-inch
specimens,
special
steels ,
..
60
temperatures,
72-inch
specimms
11 Transition
3

12

Transition
temperatures?
12-inch
speciri%s

61

temperatures~
3-inch
edge
notchedspecimens62
13 Transition
L!+ Transition
temperatures,,
3-inch
edge
notched
specimens63
cutfromplates
ofvarious
tkiiCk~SSeS
ofC steel,
Transition
temperatures,
3-inch
edge
notched
specimens64
ofC steel~machiried.
to-various
thicknesses
froi
1 1/8
.. ,..,
inch
thick
plate
16

65
Transition
temperatures,,
proportional
edge
notched
specimens
ofC steel,
cutfromplates
ofvarious
thicknesses

17

Transition
temperatures
~yariclus
types
of3..hdl S.pectiens
66

innominal
stress
with
widthof.p
late;tests ;7
18a V&iation
atroom
temperature
, ,
innominal
stress
with
widthof
plate;,,tests
18b Variation
67
at50~
innominal
stress
with
width
ofplate;
tests 67
18c Variation
at320F

viLIST
OFFIGURES
- Conttd
. .. ... .

Fig.
No,
19

Title
Variation
inmaximum
nominal
stress
with
width
of
plate;
tests
resulting
incleavage
andshear
type
fractlures

20

Variation
innominal.
stress
withtemperature
forflat 69
tests
of12-inch
and72-inch
specimens
plate
specimens;

21

Elongation
atmaximum
load,
illustrating
influence
of
plate
width
onductility
atmaximum
load

22

Residual
elongation
after
rupture,
illustrating
influence
71
ofplate
width
onductility
atfailure

6$

70

23

3-inch
widespecimens
showing
thefourtypes
oftension72
barsused
intheinvestigation
.,
,.
intheplate
specimens
ofportions
offractures
73
21i Locations
..
shown
inFig.
25
25A
25B
25C
25D
25E
25F
26

Specimen
H-$D,
viewoffracture
atnotch
(5x)
74
Specimen
H--1OD,
viewoffracture
atnotch
(5x)
Specimen
H-82XD,
viewoffracture
atnotch
(5x]. .
75
Specimen
H-8D,
cutacross
thickness
ofspecimen
(50x) &
Specimen
H-1OD,
cutacross
tkickness
ofspecimen
(50x)
Specimen
H-82XD,
cutacross
thickness
ofspecimen
(50x) 76
,.:,,
Photomicrographs
ofspecimens
fromsteel
Q
77
,.
78
Photomicrographs
ofthevarious
steels
?9
80

27
28
29
A-68
81
to Percent
elongations
ongrids
offractured
specimens to
A-153
166
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4

ViewoftubeIO!!
after
.fracture
,,
ViewoftubeIILII
after
fracture
1.
,,
Strain
distribution
htube11011
after
rupture
,,
Strain
distribution
intube~!L1l
after
rupture

167
16E?
169
170

B-5

Effective-stress
vs.effective-strain
fortubes
tested 171
at-40% ,

B-6

Effective-stress
vs.effective-strain
fortubes
tested 172
atTOT

vii
LISTOFFIGURES
- Cont?d
Title
Fig.
No.
.
oftubellOlt
atvarious
loads
R-7 &tension
B-8

Ibctension
oftubeILI1
atvarious
loads

B-.9 Effective-stress
vs.effective-strain
forsmall
tubes
tested
onNDRC
Project
NRC-77
B-lo
B-n
c-l

Page
No.
173
174
175

Truestress
vs.natural
strain
forcoupons
cutfrom
tubelIJI1
176
177
Photograph
ofdefect
inplate
near
origin
ofbreak
in
tubel!Llt
178
dffect
oftemperature
ontensile
properties
ofsteel
A

C-.2 Effect
oftemperature
ontensile
properties
ofsteel
B

179

c-3

180

Effect
oftemperature
ontensile
properties
ofsteel
C

ofcold
working
atvarious
temperatures
oncleavage181
C-L+ Effect
fracture
strength
at-3000F
D-1
D-2
D-3
D-4
D-5

Dimensions
ofgeometrically
similar
size
effect
specimens182
~~o~al
stress-strain
curves
forlongitudinal
elements
at 182
baseofnotch
for3,6,and12-inch
specimens
distance
from
trans- 183
Variation
oflongitudinal
strain
with
verse
axik
of3-5nch
spe+.men
distance 183
Variation
oflongitudinal
strain
withtransverse
from
notch
fora 3-inch
specimen
effect
specimen184
Apparatus
formeasuring
photogrids
onsize

..,

FINAL
REPORT
Na~
BuShips
Contract
NObs-31222

,,

Project
~SR-92
CLEAVAGE
FRACTURE
OFSHIP
PLATd
ASINFLUENCED
BYDESIGN
i.ND
METALLURGICAL
FACTORS

.,..

.,.,

FlatPlate
andTube:
Tests
August,
1946

R.%ril
: University
ofCalifornia,
BerkeleyJ
,California
M.P.0113rien,
Technical
representative
,... ,.
Report
Prepared
by:
..,.
...}
,.. ,
Haimer;:d.
Davis )
,
,
.G..d.
Troxell )
Engineering
M&terials
Laboratory
EarlR-parker )
University
ofCalifornia
.,:
Alexander
Boodberg
)
,.
,..,

INTRODUCTION
Theworkcovered
bythis
report
ispartoftheresearch
prQgram
originated
bytheOffice
ofScientific
Research
andDevelopment,
tadetermine
..,.
.,,!
thecausesof
cleavage
type
failure
ofship
plate.
Theworkconducted
by
theUniversityof
California
was,
divided
into
twoparts:
Part
1 consisted
.!
.,

oftests
conducted
principally
oncentrally
notched
large
plates,
and
. flat
.!
inPart
2 tgstswere
conducted
onbuilt
upsections
simulating
a hatch
coiner-structure.
This
report
isconcerned
primarily
withtheworkon
notchedflat
plates
toAugust
31,1946,t,he
ofthe
.. dateofthetermination
contract.
Also
reported
herein
aretheresults
oftests
on twolarge
tubular
specimens
fabricated
fromship
plate,
which
tests
were
madeto
supplement
theinformation
obtained
ina previous
investigation,
NRC-75.
TheworkonProject
NRC-.92
startedin
November,,19~,
andwas
conducted
under
theauspices
oftheOffice
ofScientific
Research
and

2
Development
until
August
31,1945,
dndwasstipervised
bytheVarNietallurgy
Comittee.
After
that
date
theprogram
-;~as
continued
under
United
States
Thechief
phase
ofthe
investigation
wasthe
XavyContract
Nobs-31222e
,:
determination
ofthetemperature
atwhich
occurred
thetransition
from
ductilej
cleavage
type
failures
forseveral
tiypes
of
shear
typefailures
tobrittle,
Thework
wasconfined
primarily
to
steel
andforvarious
widths
ofplates.
3/4-inch
thick
plates
that
hadtransverse
notches
atthemid-secticns.
Six
different
lots
ofsteel
wereinvestigated
inthis
manner,
thespecimdn
widths
A program
ofsupplementary
tests
was
ranging
from
3 inches
to108inches.
standard
tension
tests,
tension
also
undertallen
that
included
thefollowing:
tests,
chemical
tests
onfullthickness
coupons,
Charpy
impact
tests,
hardness
analyses,
metallographi.c
examinations,
andhardness
surveys
ofthefractured
plates.
Twoprevious
reports1~2
coveredthe
progress
oftheinvestigation
oftheworkto~ugustj1946,
indetail
toApril
30,1946.Thecontinuation
andthefinal
results
aredescribed
inthis
report.
Test
results
andthework
done
inconnection
withtwolarge
tubes
tests
complete
theworkstarted
onNDRC
aregiven
inAppendix
B. These
Project
NW-753,

Appendix
A ofthis
andtheproiious
reportl
contain
,. drawings
thepercent
elongations
andpathsof
fracture
foralltheplates
showing
Appendix
theresults
o.
P standard
tension
tests
were
tested.
...
., C gives
,, that
,.

conducted
atlowtemperatures,
andAppendix
D gives
theresults
ofstudies
ongeometrically
similar
,specimens,
,,
.

1,2,3 SeeBibliography

,,,

EXPERIMENTAL
dORK
Test
Program,.. .
The~,incipal
phase
ofthe
program
involved
tests
of
wide,
., tension
,.,
.... ..+.
.
3/4-inch
thick
flat
plate
specimens
ofthevarious
atseveral
temper.:..steels,
. ,}
,
.,
atwesinorder
todetermime
thetemperature
range
atwhich
themodeof
,..
werenotched
atthe
failure
changed
fromshear
tocleavage
type.Theplates

mid-secti~]
witha transverse
slot
having
a length
equai
toonequarter
of
Formostofthesteels,
plates
12-,
24-,
48-,
and
thewidth
oftheplate.
Two108-inch
werealso
tested,
72-inches
.inM@dth
were
tested.
,. widespecimens
.,.
onemadeo,f
steel
B intheas-rolled
condition
ofsteel
C. The
,, andonemade
....,..,
m~imum
loadt
theload
atdevelopment
ofcracks,
theloadatfailure,
the
>
modeoffracture,
theamount
ofenergy
absorbed
tothemaximum
load,
there,.
,,
.:,,..
.,
ducti.on
inthickness
near
thebreak>
andthestrati
distribution
ontheface
oftheplate
weredetermined
foreach
ofthespecimens
tested.
program,
tension
tests
under
controlled
conditions
:, Asanauxiliary
w{ere
conducted
on~-inch
widespecimens
todetermine
thetransition
ranges
!,,,
,,,,
forthevarious
,steels.
Three
3-inch
specimens
wereeasily
andcheaply
prepared;
the,f,our
types
used
intheinvestigation
areshown
inFig.
23.

.,
!,,

Thedescription
ofthe
steels
used
andtheprogram
oftests
are
,..
given
in,
Table
1. Thesummary
ofphysical
properties
andchemical
analyses
,,.,
,.
ofthe
steels
are,
inTable
2.
,,
,,given
,.
Test
Procedure
,...,
A,.
detailed
description
ofthetesting
andgaging
methods
isgiven
.,
.

. .

intheprevious
report.
s a testset-up
inthe3-million
pound
1Fig.1 sliow
testing
machine
fora 108-inch
widespecimen;
theplywood
boxserved
asa
.,,
.
temperature
control
chamber.
Numerous
SR-4
electric
strain
gages
and
,,.
resistance-wire
extensometers
wereused
onthefaces
ofeach
specimen
,..

1 SeeBibliography

Residual
strains
were
measured
measure
theelastic
andplastic
strains.
.,..
mcans
ofd special
mechanical;
gage
used
on
a system
ofgrids
that
were
marked
ononefaceofeachspecimen
tested.
Theresults
of
these
grid
.,,
measurements
aregiven
inAppendix
A.
Q1

specimens
were
loaded
until
fracture
occurred
andreadings
were
taken
cmstrain
gages
atinteAals
sot}iat
atotai
ofatleast
10strain
readings
werebbt+ained
From
the
readings
ofallreuptoa m&chum
load.
sistance-wir~
6xtensometers
having
alength
equelto
three-fourths
ofthe
specimen
width,
an
average
elongation
forthespecimen
wascomputed
and
plotted;
andbyfitegratioh
oftheresulting
load-strain
datatheenergy
.
...
absorbed
uptoa max&um
load
wasdetermined.
,.
,.
: Specimens
were
maintained
atthe
desired
temperature
throughout
thetest
bycirculating
heated
orcooled
airthiough
a plywood
boxthatenclosed
the
specimen.
A window
wasprovidedin
tliis
boxin
order
that
the
forhtion
oftiracks
andthepropagation
ofthefractur~
could
beobserved.
.,,,... Since
theearlier
results
ofwide
plate
tests
indicated
that
there
wasatendency:for
thenominal
strengtfiof
theplate
todecrease
asthe
width
oftheplate
increased,
iti~as-decided
totesta few10&inch
wide
,.. , .:
..
plates
toverify
this.Asno10&inch
wide
piates
werebediately
available,
two7Zby120-inch
plates
were
welded
together
along
thelong
edge
andthen.
..
trimmed
tothe108-inch
width
sothat
thewelded
joint
wasalong
the
longi,,-.
tudinal
axh ofthespectien.
In
ordtir
totike
sure
that
theseam
hadno
effect
onthestrain
distribution,
severai
tests
were
conducted
on23-,
48-,
,,
,.-.
and72-inch
wide
plates
that
~~ere
madeupoftwonarrower
plates
witha
longitudinal
unionmelt
sea&.These
wereequipped
with
numerous
strain
gages
tocheck-the
strain
distri%utioni
Noappreciable
difference
wasfound
. ,
..

5
between
thestrain
distribution
j.n
s~~cimens
madeofwhole
plate
andthose
.,
.,. ,,,
madeupwitha center
seam.
.. ..
,

.,,

,.

,.,..

Test
Results
..: ,

...
Theresults
of.,
analyses
ofsamples
from
individual
plates
. chemi,cal
.
..
ofthevarious
steels
aregiven
in,
Table
3,andtheres~ts
ofthe
standard
tension
andhardness
tests
aretabulated
inTable
40
Table
.5gives
thes~aryofresults
forthenotched
wide-plate
.:
tests,
andTable
6 summarizes
thethickness
reductions
along
fracture
lines
.,.,
forthesame
plates.
Tine
complete
results
ofthe3-inch
wide
plate
tests
.,
aresummarized
inTable
7. Residual
strains
aregiven
intheAppendix
A of
this
andtheprevious
report.~
Results
oft~le
Charpy
keyhole-notch
impact
tests
for.the
..various
steels
aregiven
inFigs.
2 to7 inclusive.
Hotches
were
machined
perpendicular
totheplane
oftheplate
forallCharpy
specimens.
Table
8 gives
a comparison
ofthetransition
temperatures
forthe
various
types
ofspecimens
tested.
Table
9 summarizes
the
reduct~ohs
inthickness
ofplate
obtained
fromsamples
offractured
plattis
ofships
that
faiied
inservice.
,.

Data
onthenominalstress
inth$large
flatspecimens
atwhich
,,
.,,
crack
star{ed
aregiven
inTab~e
10.
Transition
temperatties
asdefined
byttx.energy
absorbed
to
...,,
maximum
load
arerepresented
inFigs.
8;~,and
10forthe72and12:-inch
,,
wide
ofthevarious
steels.
..
,, specimens
Figs.
11~i2and13 present
thetransition
ranges,as
defined
by
thepercent
offracture
inthe
shear
mode,
for72-,
12+;and3-inch
wide
.

specimens
forthest;els
used
intheinvestigation>
~e

Bibliography

,.

6
Figs.
14, 15, 16and..l7
show
temperatwe.transition
ranges
for
thevarious
types
of3-inch
widespecimens.
Figs.
18and19show
thevariation
ofnominal
stress
ofa specimen
with
width,
while
Fig.20shows
thevariation
ofthenominal
skress
with
,.
,:
t~}]erature
forthe12-and72-inch
widespecimens.
1,
Figs;
21and22shhthe
influence
ofspecimen
width
onductility
atmaximum
loadandatfailure.
,,
Fig.23shows
thefour
types
of3-inch
widespecimens
used.
fin
the
,.,

investigation.
.,
27 to29 inclusive
show
typical
photom.ocl~gre,~>ljs
forMe
Figs.
various
steels.
Discussion
ofResults.
....-

:.,
Theflat
pla-be
tests.
provodco~clusively
thati?,
waspossiile
to
Uures
identic.a.;.
wit$~
ttilose
produce
inthelaboratory
brittle
c].cava.go
frac-k
Theth~cknas.s
:cedu~tici?~
forthe
found
onsections
offractured
steel
~liips.

maybecompared
withsimilar
flat
plates
arelisted
iJI Table
6; these
~~ei+e
madeonportions
offractured
plateS
measurements
listed
inTao].e:9,,@-jich
cutfrom.ships.
Twotypes
offractures
occurred
intl-le.laboratory
tests,
(l),the
normal
ductile
shea??-type
fracture
and(2)thecleavage-type
fracture,
which
mayoccur
without
appreciable
dvc~ility.but
which
mayalso.be
preceded
byagreat
deal
ofplastic
flow~:,
Athigh
temperatures,
shear,fractures
invariably
occ.~red.and
atsufficiently
lowtemperatures
thesteels
failed
bycleavage.
Atanintermediate
temperature,
which
iscalled
thetransition
temperature,
thefracture
occurred-either
byshear
orcleavage
orbya
ofbrittleness
mixtqre
ofboth.Steels
mayberated.
ina relative
order
bycomparing
thetransition
temperatures
ofthematenials
andbycomparing
.
....

7
theenergies
absorbed
bythematerials
atboth
high
andlowtemperatures.
!,
transition
temperatures
were
determined
by
Intheflat
plate
investigation,
,,
means
ofCharpy
keyhole-notch
impact
tests
andbytension
tests
on3-,12-,
24-,
48-,
and72-inch
widecentrally-notched
specimens.
Oneofthemostsignificant
results,
oftheinvestigation
isthat
allofthe
used
fordetermining
therelative
brittleness
of.
steels
,,tests
rate
thesteels
inapproximately
thesame
order.
Formoststeels,
thelarge
specimens
gave
d.,.
efinite
transition
temperatures,
This,
however,
wasnot
found
tobe,true
spectiensj
which
inmanycases
showed
a wide
,, ,,. fortheCharpy
range
oftemperature
over
which
thetransition
fromshear
to,,cleavage
occurred.
:, ,,
Figs.
2 to7 clearly
illustrate
this
effect.
temperatures
,, The<transitio~
fortheCharpy
tests,
listed
inTable
8 areconsequently
notdefinitely
defined
anditisnecessary
toconsider
theenergy
absorptions.
for,the
various
steels
inorder
tohave
a clear
picture
ofthemerits
oftheCharpy
test
in
deter@ning
therelative
brittleness
ofsteels.
TheCharpy
test
results
reported
herein
wereincluded
primarily
toshow
thevariation
which
canbe
,,.
,,
expected
fromplate
toplate
ina single
steel.
A morecomplete,investigation
ofthesteels
byuseoftheCharpy
t~s$
hasbeenincluded
inthe
program
ofworkofProject
NObs-3121~
conducted
atPemsylvania
State
College.
:.
,..

Thewider
specimens
showed
higher
transition
temperatures.
,..usually
4:
,.-Thedifferences
between
thetransition
temperatures
ofthe12-andthe72-inch
wide
plates
foraparticular
steel
range
from
L to40%. The,transition
.f. ~~
temperature
ofsteel
Cwasthehighest
ofallthesteels
testedand
was
,..
essentially
thesame
forallplate
widths.
Ho~:ever,
thetransition
temperatures
,.
.,!
ofthesteels
withlower
transition
ranges
wereinvariably
lower
forthe
12-inch
specimens
thanforthe72-inch
specimens.
Because
ofthegreater

8
.

. .

spread
between
transition
temperatures
ofthedifferent
steels,
the12-inch
. ,;i,;.,
widespecimen
seems
tobemoreSuits-blc
than
thewider
specimens
forrating
tie
steel
inorder
oftheir
relative
brittleness;
From
theoretical
considerations,
itis
reasonable
toexpect
that
thewider
notched
plates
would
have
higher
transition
temperatures
than
tli.~
narrower
ones.Itissomewhat
surprising,
howeicr,t
hatinseveral
cases
there
waslittle
effect
ofplate
width
onthbtransition
temperature
while
withother
steels
large differences
intransition
temperature
were
found,

seems
tobenosimple
explanation
forth{~sc
results,
Thetransition
. .There
temperature
very
likely
isa function
oftheamount
ofplastic
flow
which
.,
.
has.occurred
prior
totheonset
offracture.
It:is
possitile
thata more
,.
detailed
study
oftheconditions
oflocal
plastic
flow
around
thvnotches
oftheindividual
plates
would
disclose
thereasons
forthedifferences
in
behavior
ofthevarious
steels.
From
thetheoretical
considerations
developed
inthesection
andGrowth
ofCracks
inNotched
Platesr~
ofNDRC
Report,
...fStudies
., ofFormation
OSRD6452);2
itfollows,
thatfora notch
ofagiv&
shaipness,
t~le
transition
temperature
should
increase
withincreasing
plate
thic.~ess
uptoa
certain
thickness
after
which
increasing
theplate
thickness
still
further
should
cause
nochange
intransition
temperature.
Apparently
thisistrue
.,because
thetransverse
stress
developed
byrestraint
issmall
inthin
plates
but,
wi,th
increasing
thickness,
itgradually
increases
toa maximum
value
,
which
would
probatdly
re.nain
constant
withfurther
increase
inplate
thickness.Toobtain
anestimate
oftheeffect
ofplate
thickness,
some
special
tests
wereconducted.
Theresults
ofthese
tests
areshown
inFigs.
14 and
15. Plate
thicknesses
ranging
from$-to1 l/8-inch
weretestedin
theform
..
of3-inch
wideedge-notches
b~.~~
todetermine
thetransition
temp&atures
.
.-
2,~eeBibliography

9
,.
,,
TWOseries were tested:
(1)plates
from
the
ofeach
thici:ness
ofplate.
,.
same
heatrolled
toeach
ofthevarious
thicknesses
and(2)plates
from
the
thickest
rolled
plate
machined
toeachofthevarious:
thicknesses.
The
first
series
(results
shown
inFig.
14)involved
differen~es
in~etallurgical.
structure
brought
about
b~thedifferences
inro3&&proce$hres
aswell
The
second
series:(results
shown
in
asdifferences
inspecimen
thickness.
,.
Fig.
15)involved
only
differences
inspecimen,thickness
because
allspecimens
were
machined
from
thesame
plate.
Theeffect
ofplate
thickness
upon
the
transition
temperature
isver~~
evident
inFig,L4; Theresults
indicate
that
whentheplate
thickness
exceeds
oneinch,
thetransition
temperature
is
apparently
independent
ofplate
thickness.
This
conclug,ion
isnotdefinitej
however,
andadditional
tests
onthicker
plates
andon.other
steels
should
,,
bemade.Itispossible
that
thethickness
effect
differs
forvarious
steels.
Theeffect
ofadditional
rolling;
assl!own
bycomparing
Fig.15
andId+,
istoraisethe
transition
temperature
ofthesteel.
,Tilis
effect
is
inagreement
withtheknown
effects
ofrolling-upon
theother
mechanical
properties
ofsteei.

..

,,.,

Comparison
ofFig.
14
and16indicate
that
thewidth.
anddepth
of
notch
andminor
variations
inwidtti
ofthespecimen
have
little
effect
on
,,.thetransition
temperature
ranges
ofedge
notched
narrow
specimen::,
Fromexamination
ofresults
forsteel
C in,Fig.
17,which
gives
a
comparison
ofthetransition
ranges
forvarious.
typ@of3-inch
wide
,.
specimens,
itappears
thatshe~red
edges
ofthe.platas
asreceived
from
the
millhadundergone
strain
aging
andcontained
small,cr.acks
which
acted
as
moresevere
stress
raisers
than
notches
made
with
haoksaws
eith~;r
atthe
,.,
,,,, ,,
edges
orinthecenter
ofthespecimen.
....
..:,.. .,.

-LO
Thetestresults
forthe3-inch
wideplates
indicates
that
the
..$1
steels
canbearranged
inapproximately
,the
sane
order
bymeans
ofthese
,.

.,

tests
asbytension
test
ofwidenotched
plates,
although
theactual
transition
temperatures
maydiffer
forthetwotypes-of
tests.
Tests
of108-inch
widespecimens
failed
toindicate
that
there
isa definite
drop
innominal
stre,ngth
ast:h,e
testspeci,men
width
isincreased
beyond
72inches.
fixamination
18and19show
that
there
,, ofFigs.
,isa considerable
drop
innominal
s,trength
,of
notched
testspecimens,
as
thewidth
isincreased
to24inches.
Further
increases
inspecimen
width
,.,
,.
,..
have
little
effect
onthestrength.
,
The
reduction
innominal
strength
issomewhat
more
pronounced
forspeciinen$
failing
inshear
than
forthose
that
break
bycleavage.
Variation
ofnominal
stress
with
temperattie
isnotveryevident
fortspeciaill
steels
used
inthisinvestigational
canbeseen
from
examinati.onof
Fig.
20. Thestrength
ofsteels
N,Q,ahdQSisnotaffected
bytemperature,
while
thatofthesemi-killed
steel
gkoup
(steels
A,B,and
,,,.!
C)tends
tobelower
attemperatures
below
thetransition
temperature
for
theparticular
steel.
Theiully--kili.ed,
fiteel
H does
notexhibit
any
appreciable
decrease
instrength
with
lower
temperaturesfor
th~12-inch
,,

specimens~
but
behaves
inthesame
manner
asthesemi-killed
steel
group
in
.,,
tests
of72-inch
specimens.
,),,

:..

Comparisons
oftheelon~ation
atmaximum
load
andatfracture
of
plates
that
behaved
ina ductile
anda relatively
brittle
manner
aregiven
inFigs.
21and22. Theelongations
aresl-,own
inpercenty
and
tocompare
plates
ofdifferent
sizes,
thelocations
ofthegage
points
onwhich
the
,..
,!
measurements
were
taken
areplotted
asfractions
ofthespecimen
width.
A marked
differc--e
W be- ..J
between
specimens
that
failed
inshear

u
andt~os
e-that
failed
bycleavage,
Fbr s~ecimens
failing
by,~heti,
narrower
,,
greater
ducti~itiy;
this,
however,
wasnot
true
for
plates
exhibited
much
specimens
thatfailed
bycleavage.,
~~
certain
specimens
exhibited
~~
Dtiing
thecourse
ofthetests,
anomalous
behaviors.
spdcimehs
IW,H1O,
andH82X
which
were
Inparticular,
cutfrom
thes~elarge
plate
&diested
atthesame
temperature
behaved
entirely
differently.
Specimen
HIOabsorbed
morethantwice
thetiount
ofenergyth~n
wasabsorbed
byitssupposed
duplicate,
spectien
H62X;
specimen
H8absorbed
morethanttiee
~imes
asmuchenergyas
speci.men
H82X,
These
specimens
werestudied
in
detailto
determine
thecause
forthe
discrepancy.
A study
ofthesurface
ofthe
fracture
near.
thebaseofthenotch
revealed
that
thespecbefis
which
hadabsorbed
theabnormally
high
ainount
ofenergy
hadmanyopefi~s
inthemetal
running
perpendicular
tothe
surface
dfthefracture
andperpendicular
totheapex
ofthenotch.
This
effect
isshownin
Figq25awhichshows
thesurface
ofthefracture
adjacent
tothebaseofthenotch.
Fig.
2&skio~is thelocation
intheplate
specimen
ofthefracture
shown
inFig.
oftheportion
25:SihUar
photographs
of
theportion
ofthefracture
near
thebaseofthe
notch
forspecimen
H1O
andH82X
areshown
inFigs.
25band25crespectiiv~lye
Theopeningsin
the
metal
perpendicular
tothefracture
surface
were
progressively
fewer
in
number
andsmaller
insize
fortheSpeeim&s
which
fractured
withlowenergy.
TF~is
superficiale
xami.nation
irididated
that
themetal
wasopening
along
seams
ofnonmetallic
inclusions.
Thecause
for
theopening
wasthePoi&son~s
ratio
contraction
inthethickness
direction
brought
about
bythelongitudinal
extension
ofthemetsl
bytheload.Sections
were
thentakerithrough
thethickness
andperpendicular
tothefracture
surface
formicroscopic

ii
examiiiation.
The;
re&lts
are
sho~vn
inFig&~
2jd,
25e,
and2$f.These
:photomicrographti
Ah,iithe
small
transverse
fratitures
progressing
along
lines
,.
Specimen
H1O~acP.many
more
~iner
ofnonriiqtdlic
ofnonmetallic
inclusions.
along
which
thetransverse
fractures
c~uld
occur
easilcy,
t:1=.r~
inclusions,
Specimen
H8hadstill
more
I:ines
O:nohmetallics
th:~~
did
specimen
H82X.
separation
ofthemetal
insped-men
H8
didspecimen
HIO,Theextensive
,,
.,,,
.
along
lines
ofinclusions
prevented
thetran&verse
stress
from
building
uptoitsnormal
(probably
high)
value,
andthus:b~fectively
increased
the
shear
stress
andproniot$d
plastic
flow;thus
a ~argetiount
ofenergywas
Thespecimen
absorbed
although
thespecimen
eventually
failed$by
cleavage.
acted
essentially
as:though
itwerecanposecl
ofa number
ofthiririer
plates
placed
facetoface
toform
a ccvnposite
thick
plkte.
Specimen
H82X
was
cutfroma different
partoftheorigitial
large
plate
wklich
happened
to
.,
contain
fewer
nonmetallic
andconsequently
behaved
ina morenormal
manner
than
didspecimens
H8andHIO(see
Fig.10which
gives
theenergy
vs.
temperature
curve
forthissteel).
Theconclusion
rsached
asa result
of
thisstudy
israther
unusual.
Nonmetallic
inclusions;
ordinarily
considered
,.
undesirable,
acted
inthiscase
tomakethesteel
lessnotct~-sensitive,
.
andhence
tiproved
itsperformance.
Another
unusual
result
wasobtained
with
theQ steel
which
had
.,ibeenquenched
tiddrawn.
Intheoriginal
heat
treated
condition;
thissteel
wasnotparticularly
outstanding.
Howeverj
whenrequenched
from
1600F
and
redrawn
at1245%for2 hours,
its
performance
wasmarkedly
improved.
ItS
,.:.
transition
temperature
waslowered
slightlyj
butmoreimportant
wastheb-.
provement
obtained
intheamount
ofenergy
required
torupture
thematerial.
Themicrdstructures
6fthissteel
areshoti
inFig@
26, Themicrostructure

13
of-the
oftheQSsteel
wasvery
much
like
thatofsteel
Q,butinsome
.,
ferrite.
Theworst
ofsteel
Q there
appeared
tobe
some
free
specimens
example
ofthis
wasfound
inspectien
Q-lwhich
fractured
with
~ofi
energy
,,,

ata temperature
considerably
aboie
thenormal
transition
temperattie
for
thissteel.
When
this
specimen
wasexamined
microscopically,
itwas
found
more
free
ferrite
tohavean&usual
mi.crostructtie.
(ice
Fig.
26c)Much
series,
The
was@eSent
inthiss:pecimen
th&inthe
ottidrs
oftheQ
ilas
also
presence
offree
ferrite
inquenched
anddrawn
steels
ofthistype
been
found
inother
tests
tobeassociated
with
&bnormal
brittleness.
The
brittle
behavior
ofspecimen
Q-1thus
seems
tobeinline
withtheknown
,,,.,

behaviors
ofthesteels
having
smilar
microstructure.
Thefree
ferrite
could
betheresult
of
(1)inadequate
quench
or(2)reheating
slightly
,.
above
thelo~ier
transformation
during
the
tempering
treatment.
,.
There
is-sti~i
a deplorable
lackoffundtilental
iiiformation
about
.:,
thebehavior
ofsteel
inthevicinityof
a notch.
Thewideflat
plate
tests
haveclearly
demonstratedthat
eachsteel
behaves
differently
and
,,
tfiat
&eri
t~&
ielative
behavibisare
different
fordifferent
plate
sizes
Theneed
fora fundamentalstudy
ofthebehavior
ofsteels
inthenotched
condition
iscleaply
indicated
bytheresults
ofthetests
performed
onwide
.,
flat
notched
plates.
,,
.,,.
~,,,t,,
,.

., ,

.,.

:
./

u
.!

Conclusions
,;
,>
Thefollowing
conclusions
seem
justified
onthebasis
ofthe
..,.
.,. >..
,.,
thework
References
results
oftheentire
investigation
including
,, doneunder
.,
presented
forthefirst
1 and2 (see
Bibliography)
aswelJ~
asthenewwork
;!
time
inthisreport.
..
in
wereidentical
Fractures
were
o
btained
inthelaboratory
which
1.
.:.
of
appearance
andreduction
inthickness
with
those
found
insections
,, ,
fractured
ships.
Allsteels
tested
werearranged
approximately
inthesame
order
2.
,,

ofrelative
brittleness
byCharpy
keyhole-notch
tests
ad bytests
of,
widths.
Transition
temperatui-es
determined
by
notched
plates
ofdifferent
Charpy
tests
arelower
than
those
determined
bynotched
flat
plate
tests.
fail
withslightly
lower
nominal
Plates
failing
bycleavage
3.
,
stress
values
than
dosimilar
plates
which
failentirely
byshear,
.,,
..
Thechemical
composition
hasa ,parked
influence
upon
thetrans4.
ition
temperature
ofsteel.
Thisiswell
demonstrated
bytheresults
of
tests
onthe3&percent
nickel
steel
which
was
tothemild
.,,.. farsuperior
.,
Theeffect
temperature
andinenergy
absorption.
steels
bothintransition
composition
wasfurther
demonstrated
bytheresults
oftests
ofchemical
steels
hadessentially
thesame
chemical
compoonsteels
A andC. These
ofthenitrogen
content.
Steel
A contained
0.004
sition
withtheexception
percent
nitrogen
while
steel
C contained
0.009
percent.
Thedifference
inthebehaviors
ofthese
twosteels
maybemainly
duetothedifference
in
thenitrogen
content.
However,
themicrostructure
ofthese
steels
also
differed
slightly
andpartofthedifference
inproperties
wasprobably
duetothedifference
inmetallurgical
structure.
Apparently
a higher
rolling
temperature
hadbeen
used
forsteel
Cthan
forsteel
A. The

15.
.
as
transition
te;aperatureahd
energy
absorption:
areapparently
affected
muchby
the
metallurgical
Stfuct&eof
thesteel
asthey
areby.
the
originally,
Steel
Q,whichwati
quenched
anddrawn
chemical
composition.
eliminated
free
@hiSt&atment
wasgreatly
improved
byheat-treating,
.,,.
ferrite
from
themicrostructure,
Forhull-quality
steels
ofthesemi-killedtype,
produced
under
5*
ordinary
conditions
ofpresefit
commercial
practice,.
thetemperatures
at
which
themodeoffai~ure
ofsharply
notched
plates
changes
from
a,ductile
she
artoabrittle
cleavage
type
mayvaryfrom
below
freezing
towell
room
temperature.
above
Inthese
t+st~
itwasfound
thatonthebasis
ofthetransition
60
temperatures,
the
steels
could
bemoredefinitely.
ratedbytests.of
12-inch
specimens
than
tiy
tests
ofwider
specfiens.
;
k~it~
thes~eshd~p~ess
of
notch
andafixedratio
oflength
7.
then
ominal
strength
ofplates
ofthe.same
ofnotch
tofiidth
ofplate,
..
The
decreasein
strength.
is
thickness
decreased
with
increasing
width.
,..
considerable
astheplate
widthis
increased
from
a fewinches
tooneor
twofeet,
butthedecrease
instrength
isrelatively
small
astheplate
,,
The~ndninaL
strength
ofsteelB
is
wid~h5
areincreased
beyond
twofeet:
:,,
,.

:onIjabout
1000
psilessfi168-inch
wideplaie~than
itisin72-inch
wide
,,,.
,,
,:
.,
..
.
plates.
a given
notch
geometry
anda-fixed
plate
width,
thetrans8. :?ith
ition
temperature
wasfound
toincrease
asthespecimen
thickness.was
inInspecimens
cutfromplates
rolled
todifferent
thicknesses
creased.
from
thesame
heat
ofsteel,
twofactors
influenced
thetransition
temperthese
were(1)specimen
thickness,
atures;
and(2)metallurgical
conditions
introduced
bytheadditional.
rolling
given
tothethinner
plates.
Thin

16
specimens
mac,hi
nedfrom
thicker
plates
hadhigher
transition
temperatures
thah
didapec.tie
nsofthe
same
thickness
inade
from~s-rol.led
plates.
Steels
Cbe~rr~llged:i,n
.~ed~eOrderof
notch
sensitivity
by
,; :9*
tests
ofedge-notched
3-inch
widespecim@ks~S.by
tests
of
centrally-notched
wider
plates,
although
theactual
transhti.on
temperature
inay
differ
forthe
.,,,,:
:
twotypes
oftests.
similar
centrallyFora series
oftests
conducted
ongeometrically
notched
specimens
3,6,and12-inchQs
wideittias
demonstrated
thatthemodel

~ 10.

laws
apparently
donothold
forfracture.
Fortension
tests
madeoncylindrical
un-notched
specimens
at

u.

various
temperatures
down
toliquid-air
temperature,
bothyield
andfracture
strength
werefound
toincrease
asthetemperaturewas
lowered.
Asthe
temperature
approached
liquid-air
temperature,
themodeof;fracture
changed
from
theshear
tothecleavage
type,
andthefracture
fstress
andductility
decreased.
Thecleavage
strength
atlowtem~ratures
wasfound
todepend
upon
thestrain
history
ofthemateriel.
Barsstrained
atroom
temperature
were
found
tohave
higher
cleavage
strength
whensubse~uently
broken
at
liquid-air
temperature.
Tests
oftwo
additional
tubular
specimens,
made
tocomplete
the
3.2
research
program
d.ginated
asNDRC
Project
NRC-75,
showed
that
welding
withlowhydrogen
content
electrodes
apparently
does
notinprovethe
ductility
andthatpost
heating
to1100%affter
welding
improves
theductilit~of
the
.,we,l,d.

.,.

,,,

..,,: ,.

~,

.-,

..

,,

.,,

,,.

17
Organization
~~
,,.

.:

.,;

The.
investigations
w&eCondu&ed
bythe
Univers,ity
of:
Califorrlia
,

inthehgineering
l(iaterials
Laboratory,
liy
P.O~Brien,
Dean
College
,,ofWe
..
;.,.
,
~,
.~
.
ofEngineering;
wasth~
Tech~ic&.
Representat~ve
~oject.
Thework
.,,. forlth~

wasunder
thegel.eral
direction
ofP.aymond
i.Davis.,
Director
ofthe
,.
Engineering
Materials
Laboratory.
G.d.Tioxell.,
Professor
ofQivil
ingi,,
neering,
Harmer
J.Davis,
Associate
Professor
ofCivil
Engineering,
dari
I,.
i.
Parker,
Associate
Professor
ofPhysical
Metallurgy,
andA,Bo~dberg,
kesearch
,...
flngmeerj
wereincharge
ofthetechnicalpliaies
ofthe
investigation.
,.
Special
studies
wereconducted
byCharles
H.Avery,
Joseph
J.l)eVito,
R. Payne,
work,
andT.Robinson.
The
welding
andrigging
wasunder
thesupervision
oftilvin
L.Whittier.
Other
members
oftheproject
staff
whohave
skio~

fullorpart-tfie
included:
served
either
P. R. Angell,
G.Barringer,
N.Berliner
~LarJ/ d.Bennett,
D.~3ehM,
E,Betts,
R.Bousquet,
,,D.Berner,
cleave,
i?. Brezee,
E.~~.
llinifred
Dunlop,
C.Glassgow,
David
d.Giobs,
J, Hancock~
Eloise
Hornstein,
R.Johnsen,
Inez
Leklak,
Ruth
,,imball,
R,
blorge,
S.Lever,
J.Logan,
N.k,cLaaghlinj
J.Lednick,
,/.
liillins,
Jean
Neilson,
F.Ormsbyj
D.Peterson,
li.
T.Rains,
Vera
Rideout,
A.D.Ringj
fi~
F.Schord,
Le.Seaborn,
D.Unger,
T.Ysmamoto,
andPhebe
Zimmerman.
Harry
E.Kennedy,
Research
Associate
oftingineering,
served
intheGollege
asconsultant
onspecial
problems.

18
E31BLWWAEHY
Bureau
ofShips,
U.S.Navy,
NObs-31222,
Serial
No.SSC-2,
10 Progress
Report,
Causes
ofCleavage
Fracture
inShip
Pla:te)
Flat
Plate
Testst,
August
1946.
.,
,.
,.. ......,.
Report,
OSRD
No.6452,
Serial
No.M-608,
Jan.
1946,
tCleavage
2. Final
Fracture
ofShip
Plate
asInfluencedby
Design
andMetallurgical
Factors
(NS-336):
Part
11-FlatPlate
Tests.!
.. ...
Report,
OSRD
No.6365,
Serial
No,M-542}
Dee,
19i+5
- tBenavior
of
3. Final
Steel
Under
Condition
ofMultiaxiaJStre
sses afidEffect
cfNeldlng
andTemperature
oi]
This
Behavior
(NS-306):
Tests
ofLarge
Tub@Lar
..
Spebimens
(hhip
Plate
beries)tifl
~~ ~
4. FhalReportj
OSRU
No.6593,SerialNo.
M-6Q.,February
J-946j
TBe~la~ior
ofSteel
Under
Conditions
ofMultiaxial
Stress
andtheEffect
onThis
Behavior
ofMetdlographi.c
Structure
andChemical.
Composition
[HG-307);
Tests
ofSmall
Tubular
~pecimens.t
Rep
ortj
OSRI)
NO.4060.,
Ser:al
1$0.
li-345~
Aug~.~.st
~-94~+J
s~ggested
5* Advisory
Specificaticnfor
Fcrritj.cA
rnlor-,le]-dj.ng
.Jlectrode
TypellHC-2A~
jhr%@.iictim
Boardj
60 Office of Productio~.
Research
andDevelapme%,
Fmnning
FYcperties
ofA1.umifium
A120y
Report
No.W=200
. Study
oftine
.;.
Sheet
- Plastic
Flowin.biebals,l
May19i;5.
.7.
.Progress
.Report
onuWhavior
ofSteel.
umder
Coni~tLo~,s
01h~.l.t.i@.a.l
Stresses
- Pilot
Tests
ofS-mall
ilubu~i:tr
Specimmsji;
OSFO
Report
45535
Serial
IJo.
E-405,
Ja.nu3~y
1945.

., .

?.

.
.

..

.,.-.

. :.. .
,.

.
.:

!+,.
. ...

...

.4
...,,

-.,.,.,..

,,,

;,,
...

,.,

.,

.APPENDIX
A:
,.,
,
Residual
Strain
Distribution
inI~otchedxFlat
flate&ter
Fracture
A system
ofrectangular
grids
described
ina previous.
reportl
,.
wasapplied
toonefaceofal..
the
fiide
notched
flat
plates
that
were
,.
tested.
Readings
reproducible
to~ 0.002
werebkenbymeans
ofa special
mechanical
strain
gage
prior
tothetest-and
after
fracture.
Percent
elongations
wereCalculated
forthedifferent
gage
lengths
andtheresults
arepresented
inFigs.
A-68
toA-153
of
thisreport.
Residual
strain
distributions
forplates
broken
intheearlier
partoftheprogram
were
presented
inFigs.
A-1toA-67
inclusive
oftheearlier
report;l
Itis
tobenoted
that
thevalues
given
& thefigures
donotinclude
elastic
elongat~ons
northeamount
ofseparation
oftheparts
oftheplate
along
thefracture
line.Alsoj
since
theresidual
elongations
were
measured
only
ononefaceoftheplate,
theeffect
ofpermanent
bending
ofa plate
during
fracture
maybeincludedin
thevalues
shown
inthefigures.
In
mostcases,
however,
very
little
bending
anddistortion
occurred
during
fracture.
Lines
offracture
areshown
onthedrawings
forwhich
theoverall
gridsystem
isplotted.
Thetemperature
oftest,
thenominal
stress
and
themodeoffailure
areindicated
cmthefigures;

..
.

1 beeBibliography
,! ...
.

..

20
APPENDIX
B
Additional
Tests
ofLarge
Tubular
Specimens
ofUildSteel
asa result
ofquestions
raised
additional
information,
To supply
bya study
ofthedata
obtained
from
thetests
onlarge
tubular
specimefis
included
intheprogram
ofworkofNDRC
Project
NRC-75,3
tests
were
madeon
two

witha stress
ratio
of1:1.
additional
tubular
specimens
at-/+OOF

Thespecimens
werehollow
cylinders
20-inches
inoutside
diameter,
were
madebyforming
18~-inches
ininside
diameter
and10-feet
long.Thetubes
two3/4-inch
thick
plates
into
half
cylinders
andwelding
themtogether
along
Thesame
steel
wasused
asforthetubes
two longitudinal
seams
180?
apart.
previously
tested
(steel
A).Theplates
used
inbothspecimens
TL1l
andO
forting
operations
were
wereheat
treated
at11OOOF
foralyut 8 hours after
completed.
Fordetailed
description
oftheapparatus
used
andthetest
pro,.
!1011
waswelded
cedure
reference
ismadetotheoriginal
report.
3 Specimen
with
NRC-2A
electrodes
andwasnotstress
relieved
after
welding.
Insofar
as

thefabrication
procedure
wasconcerned$
specimen
Lwasa duplicate

ofspecimen
ll!!
andwaswelded
withE-6020
electrodes
andwasgiven
a sotr(?atflLent
at1100%for6 hours
after
thecompletion
called
stress-relief
heat
,,
ofthewelding.
Figs.
B-1andB-2show
thenature
ofthefractures
inthetwotubes.
Figs, B-3andB-4 showthe strain distribution fi thefractured
tubes
as
determined
fromgrid
measurements.
Figs,
B-5andB-6show
theeffectivestress:
effecti_ve-strain6
curves
plotted
forallofthetubular
specimens
3,5SeeBibliography
6 SeeBibliography.
e-strain
and
effective-stress
aredefined
Effectiv
asfollows:
z
(G
-E
)2+(%&E~)2+
(e~-e)
Effective-strain
=
=:

21
forwhi~h
load-strain
readings
wereavailable.
Figs.
B-7andB-8show
plots
.,
oftheStrain
distributions
inthetubes
forvarious
stress
levels.
Some
oftheresults
obtained
onsmall
tubes
ofthesame
steel,
tested
atIllinois
Institute
ofTechnology
onNDRC
Project
NRC-77,4
areplotted
inFig.
B-9
forresults
obtained
from
forcomparison
withFigs.
B-5.and
B-6.Curves
standard
.505-inch
diameter
tension
specimens
cutfrom
theweldandtheplate
material
near
theends
ofthelarge
tube
andtested
attheUniversity
of
California
areshown
inFig.
B-10.
1101,
welded
withNRC-2A
electrodes,
didnotshow
any
Specimen
welded
withE-6020
electrodes;
both
appreciable
in.provement
over
tubelfF}t,
Thetwotubes
werealsosimilar
tubes
weretested
under
similar
conditions.
inmethod
offabrication
withtheexception
oftheelectrodes
that
wereused
inwelding.
Thesame
heat
treatment
prior
towelding
wasusedoneach
tubeplates

being
first
formed,
then
stress
relieved.
Neither
ofthecylinders

waspreheated
prior
towelding
andneither
wasstress
relieved
after
welding.
Thewelding
ofcylinder
!O~
wasdone
with
l/4-inch
diameter
NRC-2A
type
electrodes
preheated
to600F
prior
tci
useandused
while
they
werestill
hot.Thelongitudinal
weldrequired
quite
a nunber
ofrepairs
near
oneof
.

,,
~ ;3:t~dbliography
el=measured
axial
strain
and

where~= average
axial
true
stress,
psi

circumferential
truestress,
psi
a>=average

cr~
=

radial
truestress~
psi
average
Inthese
tests,
effective-strains
werecomputed
from
theaverage
strain
readings
ofthe2-in.
clip
gages
located
near
themid-section
ofthe
specimen
away
from
thewelds,

22
Nopreheat
wasused
inrewelding
the
which
thefracture
origihted.
X-ray
pictures
oftheweldtaken
after
therethat
wererepaired.
areas
pairs
were
madeshowed
novindication
of
anydefect
near
theorigin
ofthe
Cleavage
fracture
originated
atthelongitudinal
weldofspecimen
break.
110!1
about
22-inches
bel~~
mid-section
andproceeded
inboth
directions
parallel
totheweldalong
theheat
affected
zone
forabout
12-irlches
and
then
propagated
around
thespecfien
inseveral
directions.
Specimen
I!L1l
failed
toshow
asgood
results
from
post
heating
to
llOOF
asdiditscounterpart
spectien
111,
it
wasmore
ductile
than
specimen
!F1l,
which
wasnotstress
relieved
aft&welding,
butciid
notexoras
hibit
asmuchofa reduction
inthickness,
asgreat
anelon~=tion,
large
a true
stress
atfracture
asdidspecimen
tIfr.
Thefracture
inspecimen
llL
originated
inthepl~ate
material
wellaway
fromtheweld,
near
theupper
endofthetube.Thefracture
apparently
started
near
a defect
intheplate
shown
inFig.
B-11,Ifit
werenotforthis
defect
itispossible
thatsomewhat
higher
strength
may
have
beenattained
aswell
asgreater
elongation
andreduction
inthickness
andthustheresults
fromtubet!Lll
would
compare
more
favorably
with
those
from
tubell!!.
that
thestress-strain
Lamination
ofFig:B-5shows
curves
forboth
tubes
!IL!l
andtit!
donotdiffer
greatly
uptoaneffectivestrain
of0.09
atwhich
point
tubeIIL!:
fractured.
Thefracture
occurred
onthesection
perpendicular
totheaxis
ata truestress
of62,ooo
psi,
which
isbelow
thetruestress
atfracture
ina simple
tension
test.

Itm.aybe
noted
inpassing
thatintheeffective-stress:effect
strain
curves
there
arediscrepancies
large
enough
toindicate
thatexisting
theories
ofplastic
flow
areeither
incomplete
orinexact.

23

Conclusions
,,

TheI%il.owing
conclusions
maybedrawn
from
theresults
oflarge
tubular
specimen
tests
described
inthefinal
tieport
01
NDRC
Project
JEW-753
,,
andtheresults
ootained:
from
thetests
ofthetwoadditicna~
specimens
deSome
oftlie
conclusions
arebas~d
cnresults
from
scribed
inthisreport.
tests
ofpilot
Beries
onsmall
tubular
specimens.7
Widdd20-inch
diameter
tubes
ofhull-qualitiy
steeltested
under
1.
various
combin~tion~
ofinternal
pressure
andaxial
load
exhibi~$d
strengths
andductilities
considerably
lessthan
theutensil.e
strengths
andductiiities
ofktandard
coupons
tideoftheplate
material.
This
tendency
was
also
exhibited
ina nuinber
ofthesmaller,
morehotiogeneous,
tubes
of
thepilot
series
oftests.
2. : ~ Thestrengths
ofthetubes
ascalculated
onthe~!conventionalu
basis
didnotvaryaswidelywith
different
testing condikions
asthesocalled
true!!
stresses
atfailure,,
Also;
forthipurposes
ofinterpretation
ofthephenomena
obsefved
in
theSk
tests,
thetruestresses
atfailure
appear
tobe-a
moresignificant
index
ofstrength,
even
though
they
are
computed
as~averag&stresses
across
anentitie
se~tion
iathe.r
than stresses
>,
. .,,
.,,
ata poiht.

certairi
co~lbiriations
of
t~m~~raturej
ratio
ofapplied
3.
Unde&
stresses,
andconditions
oftube
asregards
heat-treatment;
itwaspossiole
--tbattain
failureswith
veiy
lowducti~ties,
approaching
those
observed
in.
fractwed
ships,
&enthough
there
wasnomechanical
notch
inthetubular
Specimens.
Thestrengths
attained
under
such
conditions
werecorrespond,,,
ingly
lowascompared
withthestrdngthj
ofth&most
ductile
specimens.
-
:
.:
3,7 See Bibliography
. ,

.. .,.,
; ~ ,

.,

24

.:...<,.
... ,.

,,. ,

Allthetubes
tested
at70F,
withtheexception
ofthose
in
40
which
thefractureoccurred
near
theends
duetocomplex
stress
conditions
caused
byendrestraint
andconsequent
excessive
bending,
exhibited
appre,.
.,
ciable
ductility
prior
tofracture.
Allthetubes
tested
at-40F,
withthe
ofoneofthe
5.
. exception
twowhich
wereheat-treated
after
welding,
were~elatively
i.e.,
.,,.. brittle,
,,
exhibited
relatively
lowplastic
strains
prior,to,rupture,
,..,
,
Twotypes
offracture
wereobseyved
tot~eplace,
depetiing
~~
6.
upon
theconditions
leading
uptofailure:
(a)shear
fractures
occurring
apprOkimately
on!
planes
ofmaximum
shear
stress
,and(b)cleavage
fra~tures
..
occurring
nck%al
tothedirection
ofthecritical
tensile
stress.-Inwelded
tubes,
while
theratio
oftheprincipal
stresses
in
7.
a ttibe
wallmayhaveplayed
some
partindetermining,
theoverall
strength
andductility,
theorientation
ofthecritical
tensile
stress
with
respect
tothedirection
ofthewelded
seam
appeared
tobea governing
factor
asregards
initiation
offailure.
Itisnoteworthy
at
., thatinthetests
room
temperature,
inthose
cases
where
thecircumferential
stresses
w:efe
:
critical,
failure
occurred
intheplate
away
from
theweld,
while
in
those
cases
where
thelongitudinal
stresses
became
critical,
thefailures
occurred
inthewad or
weldzone.
8.

,,:

Xtisbelieved
that
thegross
residual
stressesdue
towelding

contributed
relatively
little
toward
causing
failgre,
atleast
within
therange
oftemperatures
atwhich
these
tests
wereconducted,
because
alltubes
inwhichfracture
initiated
inthelongitudinal
weldstretched
sufficiently
(1.6
percent
ormore)
prior
tofailure
tominimize,
ifnotto
eliminate,
theinfluence
ofresidual
stress.

25
Intubes
inwhich
fracture
@itiated,
intheregion
ofa weld,
9.
,.
,.,
..,,:
.Ii.
,,
;...:
..
,.
a crack
appeared
tohavestarted
intheweldorweldzorie~
andthen
,
frac!ture
propagated
plate.
,,, into,the
,,
Small
discontinuities,.
such
asdefects,
gouges
ornicks
may
10.
becrack-starters,
@particularly
atlowtemperatures
(Tube
G ahdTube
L).
U.

wherever
fraciure
Inall
the
tests
madeinthis
irlvesti,gationj
.;
.},
.~~
andthespecimen
started
intheweldzone,
failure
occurred
by,cleavage
,.,
wasbrittle.
12*
Thebeneficia~,re:ults
ofheat-treatment
oftubes
after
weld...:
ingisattributed
primarily
toalteration
ofthemetallurgical
structure
oftheweldzone
rather
thantorelief
ofresidual
stress.
(See
especially
Tube
1).Theso-called
stress
relieving!
heat-treatment
markedly
improved
thestrength
andductility
atlowtemperatures.
This
heat-treatment
reduces
theresidual
stresses
anditalters
themetallurgical
structure
oftheweldzone$
maki~~
thematerial
inthis
region
moreductile.
The
residual
stress
isalso
reduced
bycausing
a small
amount
ofplastic
flow
tooccur
parallel
totheweld.Thiseffect
occurs
atatmospheric
temconsequently,
peratures;
themetallurgical
structure
remains
thesame.
Theplastic
flo~w
issufficient
inallofthetubes
tested
intheIIas-welded!l
ThetubeIIstress-relieved
condition
toproduce
stress-relief
bystretching,
byheat-treatment
hadmuchgreater
ductility
th~n
anyoftheas-welded
v
tubes.
Since
stress-relief
occurred
inalltubes,
either
byheattreatment
orbystretching,
itappears
that
themainbenefit
derived
from
theheat-treatment
isthebeneficial
alteration
ofthemetallurgical
structure.
Itisindicated
that
appropriate
heat-treatments
orpertinent
changes
in

26
weIding
technique
aremeans
ofreducing
oreliminating
tendencies
toward
premature
brittle
cleavage
fractures.
Bending
stresses
(such
asthose
which
canoccur
attheend
3-3
e
ofa closed
tube
duetoradial
restraint
ofthe
heads)
orabrupt
changes
inwallthickness
areli.kelyc
auses
ofpremature
failure
atboth
room
Itwasfound
necessary
totakespecial
care
to
andlowtemperatures.
provide
a verygradual
transition
atthe
endsofthetubes
in;order
to
obtain
failures
near
themid-section.
A specimen
welded
withlowhydrogen
ccntent,
NRC-2A
electr~des,
14,
,, .,
wasapparently
nomoreductile
thansimilar
specimens
welded
with
E-6020
electrodes.

,.

,.

,.,

., .

.,

,.

27
.APPE~DIX
C
f,
. ,i ;
.,~.
...
.,.
:
.,. ,,Results
ofTests
onS-imple
Tensio~
bpe~imens

.>

Tested
atVarious
Temperatures
.,.,.. ,

specimens
of
Tension
tests
were
madeonunnotched
cylindrical
steels
A,Bn, andC atvarious
temperatures
ranging
from450F
toliquidairtemperature.
Yield
strength,
fracture
stress
andreduction
ofarea
were
ateach
temperature.
Inaddition,
theeffect
ofpre. determined
straining
.at
various
onthecleavage
fracture
stress
atliquid.,temperatures
tests
wereconducted
airtemperature
wasdetermined
forsteel
A. These
with
theobject
ofobtaining
basic
data
onyield
stren@h
andfracture
stre.~th,
andtodetermine
theter.perature
oftransition
fromshear
to
cieavage
fracture
forthecase
ofsimple
tension
loading.
,.
Theresults
ofthetests
have
been
plotted
inFigs.
C-1,
C-2
andC-3.Theyield
increases
rapidly
asthetesting,temprature
., strength.
until
itisessentially
equal
tothefracture
stress
at
is lowered
Thefracture
stress
(breaking
load
divided
by
liquid-air
temperature.
final
area)
rises
moreslowly
butcontinues
toincrease
asthetesting
temperature
islowered
until
thecleavage-type
fracture
begins
tooccur.
Atthis
temperature,
thetransition
temperature
insimple
tension,
the
fracture
stress
reaches
a maximum
andatlower
temperatures
drops
toconsiderably
lower
values.
Thetransition
temperatures
were
found
tobe
about
-Z50F
forallth!ree
steels.
Thus
itwasindicated
that
thesimple
tension
test
apparently
isnotassuitable
forrating
steels
intheir
relative
order
of
brittleness
asarenotched-bar
tests.

28
There
areseveral
results
worthyof
further
discussion.
Steels
BnandCtested
at-3C)0F
fractured
at,,stresses
lower
than
theyield
stress.
.
.. ,:,
,,
..
....
...,..
...
.$
. ........
theload
drop~d
offasitnormally
does
at
Jhen
thespecimens
yielded,
:..room
temperature
formildsteel,
andfracture
occurred
before
theload
inThis
unuSual
effect
waschecked
bytests
ona number
of
creased
again.
additioaal
specimens,
A series
ofspecimens
machined
fromsteel
A Y;ere
strained
toa
20,20,30,:
40,
50and60percent
reduction
ofarea
at212,
70,and-105%?,
,
andthen
thetemperature
waslowered
immediately
to-300%andthe
Apeci.me.ns
,,
broken
witil
no additional
plastic
flowoccurring.
Thecleavage
fract~e
.. .
stress
at-,300%7
wasfotid
toincrease
astheamount
ofprior
strain
was
increased;
These
result+,
shown
inFig,C-4,
indic~te
forthese
steels
how
thefracture
stress
ata lowtemperature
depe~lds
upon
thestrain
history
of
. .. .

Thetemperature
themateriAl,
atwhich
theprestraining
wasdone,
however,
.,
seems
to
have
stress.
upon
thefracture
little
hfiuence

,,
.

.,
,,,

.,,.

....,.
..

29
APPE@IX
D
desults
ofTests
onGeometrically
Similar
.
.,
&entral.ly
Notched
Flat
Plate
Spectiens
Tests
were
madeatseveral
temperatures
ona seri&s
ofgeometrically
similar
specimens.
Thetypeofthespecimen
andthedimensions
ofthe
three
sizes
ofspecimens
aregiven
inFig.
D-1,Table
J-1gives
theprincipal
data
foreachtest,
andFigs.
D-3andD-4show
thevariation
oflongitudinal
strain
withdistance
from
thenotch
ofa 3-inch
wide
size-effect
specimen.
Fig.D-2gives
nominal
stress-strain
curves
forlongitudinal
elements
atthebaseofthenotch
obtained
ongage
lengths
ofO.O1}
0.02,
and0.04
inches
forthethree
sizes
ofspecimens.
Thespecimens
donot
behave
similarly
uptostrains
atwhich
thefirst
crack
forms
intheroot
Consequently,
itisquestionable
astotheextent
towhich
ofthenotch,
model
lawsarevalid
intheplastic
range.
titer
cracks
form,
similarity
inbehavior
nolonger
occurs
because
thespecimens
aretherafter
nolonger
Geometrically
Simdla.rv
Theresults
oftilese
tests
contradict
a previously
conclusion
thatsti,larly
notched
samples
seem
to@ergosimilar
reported2
strains
within
theplastic
range.
Thefact
that
themodel
laws
donothold
within
theplastic
range
issurprising,
because
theoretical
considerations
leadonetoexpect
similarity
inbehavior.
A possible
contribution
totheobserved
differences
inbehavior
isthesurface
condition
ofthespecimens.
After
annealing,
allspecimens
were
ffist
carefully
machined
ina shaper,
withthefinal
cuts
being
very
light.
Allspecir.ens
werefinished
ina surface
grinder,
with
thefinal
cuts
again
being
light.
Even
with
light
cuts
thesurface
layers
ofthespecimens
arecold
worked
andareconsequently
stronger
thanthebase
Thepercentage
ofthetotal
cross-section
taken
upbythecoldplate.
worked
surface
layers
islarger
forthesmaller
specimens
andconsequently
2 SeeBibliography

30
A.rough
estimate
oftheamount
of
might
conceivably
explain
there.suXts.
strengthening
which
could
result
from
suchsuyface
hardening
indicates
.,
.,.
...-.
.. i
.. .
,.
Additional
that
thedifferences
cannot
beexplained
factor
alone.
,,. bythis
,,
..
tests
should
bemadeon
specimens
from
which
thecold-worked
surface
layers
have
been
removed
completely.

,,

.,

.,,,

;.,
.

..

,,
,

.
,...

-,

.,

,.
,.,,

,,

,.
,:
,.

. . .. .. .. .

,.....,

,.

-31

TABLE
1.--DTSC21~TIOlJ
07S$EEJ-S
USED
INFLAT
PLATE
TISTS
Allsteels
weretostod
attenper~tures
selected
soastodefine
th~tell,pefature
transition
range
within
reasonable
limits.
Steels
usedintests
of12-in.
vrere
furnished
in
specimens
(orwider)
plates
3/4by72by120in.
.. . ,-. --..-
--
. .. ::
.
,...-
~
Approximate
~
Code
Letter
for Cheni
Type
of
ca1 ~ Steel
Steel
and
a
nd I
UseinTestProcram
Anal~sis
.-..
Nailufacture
r
7ZC ?nir ; condition /: ----------...-.. ___
.. ~
,.
72:43,24,12
/Large
cylinders;
!
I
A
!
Semi-kil16d
,1
a
nd
~-,in
notched
~>la-tes.
iO*250,47,asrol~efi
./lc1,arp3r
i;nD;ct
~9s,5i;
~a;t$to~
Carnegie-Illinoisl
,.,.
!
Iperatiure
ier.sile
bars
---~ l-----+
~
}------
Semi-?;illed
,72,48,24,12
acdS-;n..
notched
~o~l~0.721
Bethl~;em,
iasrolled,plates;,
Ckarpy
:Jxnact
tests
:
--..,..
-,
----..,.
-----+ .-.
5.~
I72,48,24,12
and~..in,
notched
BnI
1.
[platec;
Charpy
~mpo.ct
-tests;:
Bethlehem t ~.180.72lseni-~zilled
I
~ normalized
~low
temperature
tons.i]e
bars
..-.
.y.-____
~.-.. ...
...... ........._.,____
.-______
~. -
!
~~2~4~jZq.cI.2
~.nc~
s-in,
notched
i
c
Ipiates;
~;kzwp~i
impact
tests;
~0.250.49 Semi-killed
ll~vJ
t~fi~erz:tu:-c
tensile
bars.;
Carnegie-Illinois/
asrolledI
[
size=ffect
s-bwiias
. ---.*
i
_-_

-,
.
..---.
-----_ -__,-_....
.,--1
{
D
~lullj-!:illed[
lOne72-ins
pl~te
ac.d
~-in.
0,190s52,
I.ukens I
normalized
l;notchod
~lates#
I
-.--. --.-:
. -~- ---i----,-_____.
----_,
-+..-,
....-.-.,.E
Lukens

--.+--

--?-------

--

-------

. .

... .

-...

-.-----

Fully-killed
72,1.2
and3-in.
notched
~P]ates;
Charpy
irmmct
tests
5ekhlehem i 0.160.85 tis rolled
,-.___-..
---.-.-,..
-_
~----------+------l----
],?
,
! 0.13, 3<49 !3 l/4~ Ni p~~tes;C
Lukens, 1
halspy
irnpact
tests
-.
..--,.
___
-.....
---...:::1$:
..
jFully-killed,and3~:~~~:quenI
,,
,. water
~12
and 3-in.
notched
plates;
Q
; 0,23 1.05 g::op . and~Cherpy
ilnpact
tests
?~epublic I
dramat I
t
1300
F. ;
,
--.., .~..
.
--..~--.-.-..-.
:!
IFully-killed
water
quent,.
,:,s
plates
only
l$o~,1600F.
Chedfrom
Republic ~ 0.23
and.12in,notched
i?

--

-.-

Six12-in.
SpeCb9nS OfQ steet
werereheattreated.

-.

A
CodeLetter Steel
and
Carnegie
Manufacturer Illinois
,Chemical
Composition a b
Steel

Steel
B
I
Bethlehem
i
I
bfa

Steel
C
Steel
H
Steel
N
Ilethlehem Luic
ons
Carnegie
Illinois
.L
.
a
b
a
b
b

Steel
G
;{epu-blic

b
0:21 0.22
1.05 1.13
0.05 0.05
0.0190011 0.0110.011
0.011
0.0123.011 0.009
0,020 0.030
0.027
0.030
0.0s9 3.030
0.042
0.030

. 0.2
0.05
3.34
5*39
0<05
.
,0.G38
.0.-)12
0.077
0.015

0.03
0.19
3.13
0.07

~.~~

0.03
0.06
0.03

.
.
0.006
0.025
0.006
0,006

:
0.003
0.017
0.018
0.012

0e004
0.005
0.006
0,005
I
Fully-killed
7&i.er
Quenched
SerA-killed
A
lloy
,
Semi-killed
Fully-killed
Type
andHeat
-.
......
]rort
16250F
Drawn
4.s
rolledAsro~fi=m-a~--~
Treatment
Asrolled AS rolled
Asrolled
at13!)OOF
ized. I
I
for1 3/4hrs.
I
.
. .
-L----4
I
-t
35,%00 j 34,800 139,000
46,600*
59j 800
49, 800
?hysical
Properties37,950
;Yield
Point,
psi
57,
493
72,450*
59,910
593600 I58, 920
63,100
78,300
Ult.jtrencth,
psi
I
I
,

1210ng.,~;
in2 in.
33.5
25.5
49*

, 26,0.
, 32.0
, 25.5
Hon~9,Z
in8 in.
27,0
.
.

6.1 l~~a~
8-l~ib~-~n
of TX/tZnYT
180~
ferro- 80~ ferro-manDeoxidation
1-1/3
lb{ ferro-manEanese,
1-!.,
?ractiee
toninladle
and7.2
maizganese
and ganese
1/8lb/ton
ferroNo-t
of50$ Not
l/2lb./ silicon
arrd
2-1/22.5lb,/ton lb./ton
ileported Reported
tonAlin lb\ton
ofA1-Si
in of50$Yerro-ferro-silicon,
silicon
in
themold Ladle;
4.3lb/ton
of
sfiall
amount
mscl
2.6
c?Aladded.
in
ladle;
1/3 lb. A1.sifer
:.31d
ofAlin
pertonof
Al lb/ton
ladle
inmolde
I

furnished
* AVera3e
Values
forthe10I].tes
b~theSteel
Ra.nufacturer
Notes:
a --Analys~ rnished
b --Analysis
performe~
byDr.S,Eqstein(13ethlehem
Steel
Co.)forthisinvestigation,
I

c
]+~

0.23
0.47
0.02

0.26
0.50
0.03

0016
3*74
2.03 :

0.18
O*73
0.07

0.24
0.48
0.05
0.0150.012
0.026
0,033
..0.02
O.ole
.
i
0.03

Q*O3
0.005

0.003
-0.009
-=0.24
0,49
0.043

0.16
0.75
0.17
0.010
0.022

0.18
0.76
0.16
0.012
0.019
0.05
0.053
0.09.
0.64
0.006
0.004
0.004

0.13
0.49
0.22

0.17
0.53
0.25

33
~.

~
eml
calAnalysls
@ ~
( c
,..
0.47
~ 0.27
oo~5
0.47

0.47
, 0.22
! 0.25
~ 0.24
::::
. J
1
1I 0.17
0.71

Plate
lJo~
, C=d~~ion
ardType
!

A-l

A-2
A-3
A-.4
i1-5

B-1

I
[1

B-3
B-6
B-7

co c

--+
Asrolled,
semi-killed
!1
1
, II

,, 11

11

!?.
!!

II
II

semi-killed
, Asrolled,
It
t!

~tt
~ .

5-9

1
j S.18
0.17
I 0.17

11
1! :

11

1!

!1

&
C-3
~,-4
C-5
C-6

i D-1

; ~5 ,olled,;mj~kill;;--
11
II
!!

!1

!!
,,:

!1
1!
11

lt

i3.17

0071
. - ........ . ,.- ..
_.-. -.- .

_-.

~ 0025
~
I 0.26
1 0223
0,25
; 0,)26
~ 0.25
..-
.y---

..
..
~ NTormali.zed,
full~-killed

.- .

~
0.68
i
0671
...,.
4
$3.75
().73
9.71.
().
71

! 0.18
~ 0.18
~ 0.18
\ 0.16

semi-killed
Normalized,
; B*2
1!
! B-4 f
:
II
/ %:

,,
II,
11
II
i B-1o [
~
\
~
1
~
;

0,70
0.7!?

0.17

I
1
1

;;;
0 ~(>
~,gg
ij,~~
G,48
..

o,5cJ
j 0..19
.-.
___
-..
.-.
..
-.
1

k-i--::s~~-.~~
#
j N-1
As rolle443GZki~
N:
11
I ~1-z
8 1?-3

j
I :

303470N:

3.37/:
N: :
3.38;;
N;

q
0.18
0.17

I}O*15

:7-4 i 11
0.17
1
i
022
Q-1
~Quenched
and
,.fully-killed
.I1
i
!1~rawn,
021
~ Q-2 j
11
11
.
~ 3-3

0.48
0.48

t
I

., 0.50
0.50
1.11

!
I

1,13

1.12

0.22

-.

..

. .. . .

34

..

,...

, ..-. ---

. ,. . ,. .. . . .
.-...-

.- ~.. m... .- .=...

.-
----1

..-. . . .. -,.

)nslle
.-r,ertles
.._. .
T]-peI
Tensile
Yield
Elong.
;trength,
Point,
r-c
h
nsi.
psi.
....
.... --...
1------+- -57,875
34,575
42.0
,505 T
,
i
58,300
42.8
35,550
,505
L
! Al
L
58,460
s~J.are
35,070
50.5
~~.,
510
58,320
34.0
L
Flat
.---------
-...
,-. . . . . - .+. _-...-_-.
.. ..
55,700
.505 I T
4.3.3
35,390
57,6S0
4.,:.7
36,200
L
.305
A2
56,190
53.2
Square
L
~JJ~ao
57,~$o
32.4
32
950
L
Flat
..- --.
... .
- ...
-,----..-.
.- - ._-A....
..---T
C2.O
58,50C
36,500
.505
,5::,400 ~~o
35,500
.505 !
,
L
A3
A
53,630
36,620
51.0
L
Square
35,3~c
L 53,620
36,6
Flat
.. ..
......
...
___
----------......-..
1
132,475
38.0
3s,180
.505
36,G80
42.2
,505
L
62,~70
i A4
35,200
47.5
60,?00
I
~~.~
3!,800
60,900
.-- ,...
...,.
---. ...f.......

,:fai %%
,,-

.- -. ,-. ,

Hardness,
~
p.~~;re
11 :
B ]?umbe
rs~
-. ...... .;
61
--.--.-.
60
--------60-62
....... ..
61

~
,

4.3.2
35,100
57,100
5,000
4,3.0
57,400
: A5
57,800
35,100
50.0
52.4.
57
500
32,800
......
-.. . -_2-..
-.
..
--
+
~fl.,
6o0
4,4.3
56,950
44.8
57,050
32,200
I ~~
3~,460
48.8
57,680
.32,210
35.0
56,460
.,...
~._...
-....... ... ----- ..-
:~,~~o
44.3
55,64.0
~~,oso
55,850
42.8
.505
I
i
! 133
~~.a
56,350
square
L
32,700
~
31 ;fjrJ 57,680
I
L
Flat
.,
.32.8
-----.
.--...
..>..
As
~---
,,.56,950 42.0
35,500
T
.505
Lolled
yJ;$$()
45.3
56,630
.505
L
FIG
~Q:.5
32,410
S7,200
Squaro
L
33.9
31,960
56,860
i~lat
L
--.
---..,.
.....
L.._.
L .-.,,---~~.g
3s,500
56;500
.505
T
..505
33,050
45.7
L
57,150
B7
33,000
53.5
57,000
Square
L
:3.4
32,300
L
57,000
Flat
_...
_
-----..
...-.
.-..
-.-.,-..
.------ ...

..-.1----------

a - .5o5 E A.s.r.
u.
of square cross
b - L = ~Xis
Or bar
~=ttlln
c-

std. roim.cl 0.505-im. dia. bar; square = fu~l thie~mess

section; fl~.t= A.S.T.~.std. full thickness flat bar.
parallel ~~ithdirec:ion :,frOl~ing.
perpendicular tO
Elongations measured.on 2-iri.original ~age length except on std.
flat bars for uhich gage length was 8 in.

35

TABLE 4. -- R.ES.ULTS
OF STA171ARDTENSION
AIJEHARDNESS TESTS
(Sheet 2 ofS)
-..7-.-.=-..

Type

.=.

Pensile Pr cmrtle
-. .
WiliY6-Elong
.Strength.
zc
psi
-.
...-.

Plate I Ype ~ Orien- ~1~

~ of
tationb
Point,
B~ra
Steel ~ 0
psi . .
.....7 ,...
- _..,. _ ___
,_<
67,~oo
.505 T
34,600
43.5
T
B:
+ .505
4,3-5
L
32,400
58,600
B9..
!{s
Square
L
30,600
54;,0
57,000
:1:*1
; FJak
~~ ~, L
30
800
56,900
~2.5
--..-+--.
$
. .-.
_______ -.
+---
?;.8
.505
T ~
36,370
5s,320
.,
~~.s
.506
L
57,100
57,930
~.,
?2
34,l~o
Sq:o
Square
L
57,440
35 0
Flat
56,88o
.. .
--....
__,.. -..:
l-
-+4-:: f~
~
.505
56,710
4.1.8
45,5
65.4
.505
L
M:41O
57,26o
1 B4
Square
L
51/0s0
.54,G
55,470
.6(LO
T,
~~,l~o
f5.i
Flat
30
900
, l._
.. -.-..
-..
.- _.~__ ... .-.
.....
._
.505
37,150
452
T
58,,
5
30
4
,505
L
35,650
?:4.
s
52,?00
, B5
::,::] 60
:~~()
Square
.L
i?
32,300
[>6,670
Nom
~
33,970
ek,,g
,?
4.P
56,94C
.
.....___,
-..,,_
,1 - ....
~la~+~-<:.5
5
,5G5
T
57,.500
61.0
I .33,600
C;~,
38, s00
T.
56,![;ti ,,~.
,$~:,
~
36,7CX3
31,900
,;
~-~?g::
:,
~
-1
~::_
_~~e
56,200
- . . ...T __ ,.__. .
.,
.-..
-.,.._. .-.,.m
~,~,
~
31,?,00
.Vro~
56,0J0
<3,.5
:3,:9!)0
55,s00
L
.] ~lo
.>5d5
.J~,q~CJ :.5,
L
54.5
square
350
1
:1
Flat
L
J31~s~m_
55,300
33,4

.
..._._ ._________ ,
.505
, T
35,500
40.0
61,500
59,6
41,5
.5d5 ~~ L
35,330
61,G1O
~~ ,
r+, cl
66
Sqtiam L
3s,330
59.5
49.0
63,000
574
Flat
35,300
151:,.,j,
L
64 600
_,:_____
,...
___
--------___ ._
--J.
.,.
.. -.31,6
---.
.505
?
I
j
36,,000 6B,130
50.1 I
35;5
.505
L
37,130
38.0
68,500
57.0
6!2
i
1C2
45.5
66,54.0
54,2
Square
L
36,200
~~w~
J4/.00
L
35 ,G50 .-,66,170 -,------30.0
Ij
..53.0
. .. .c
.------._.-J---I

.I=9
-=%-----

.1~

,.-.-..-.J

I
c

I 3
+

C4

-i
C5

Im

.505

$;
-.505

35,650

--T

~
.L
.505
L
Sqv.are L
Flat
L
,.
.505
1

.505 I
L
Square
~ Flat
-;_,.

$:~
~6E

35,500
57,650
---36,000
34,700
!gx
32 .!>
..)

6;,s.50
6.3,650
65,500
64,500
.

138.7
42.2
477
-31.7
.-

M, 200
63,750
--.
64,000
64,200
66,000
65,700
.

39.0
42.0
-...3s.5
4~,5
47.0
.28.0

54.5
60.6
61.0
60.1

53.0
59.6
.--

67-74
~! 5J0

...

68

55.0
61.5
69
58;7
1]
61.7
>J
-..- ] 171,,

36

AND W,RIMS S TESTS

(Sheet 3 of 3)
~.

.. ..

. . . . ..

. ... .. .. .
Type

of
3ara
--.

,-...

I
__p._.

I
I

-------

Ori.ent.ationb
. . . ..-

.505
T
52,750
58,000
i,
.505
I&3
50,600
L
Square
L
~lak
-. ---- ---- 50,300
.... ...-.
61,,300
T
60,100
L
60, ~oo
L
59,800
L
...-- .-

--.-.

T
: .505
L
Q.3
Square ~ L
L
,- Flat
----.-.
--..---

-------

. . .,-. . .. ---

. . . ------

----

ensile .-.
Pr .---,-erties _. ------------%rchness,
YieId
Red.
Tensile
?oc?me11
Elon.g.
\
Foir.t, Strength,
in.
~ ]T~?,eri
$C \
rea,
,psi.
psi.
$
-...
. ------ ----.
---- .,
... . . -1
.. .
4.1;5 ! 59.0
63,200
33,900
@,o ! 68;6
37,000
63,700
70
68.7
52.0
W, 500
52,600
6S.7 ..--,-. 62 __
100
3<,500
29.6
I ......_,.
-._~.
.-,
----..
-,
. ..

L
L
Sc.uare
L
.rlat
..- ,. - _.. - -.
34.,000
T
.505
L
.505
37,500
33,70C
re L
Sgiua
~~,~oo
~
Flat
-.. T
.505
61,000
l.,
63,000
.505
~~
L
5.9,000
Square
L
60 -----100
Flat
,.-_.-,- ........ . -J
61,500
T
.505
L
.505
59,000
53, s00
L
Sqmx
~~ 700
L
Flat
-L.-.-~1

T
T
.,
L
L
...
T
T_
L
L
-.-,-
I

..

-.

.505
.505

--

63,000
40.5 ! 60.0
6.5,900
44.0 ! 67.2
70
51.5
68;7
62,300
I
67.0
30.0 .-, ......
--!-:J
Qo_o-.
- -,----76,850
37.8 ~ 62.0
37.5
69.7
7?,100
83
46.0
70.8
75,600
26.1
69.1 -..
_-7-4L70-9,_ ..
-_-.- --------77:600
76,100
77,5!)0
77 100
--.?
.
S3,300
S2,000
S2,700
82 300
--..<-30)000
w, 100
78,s50
78 000
-L
-

4.9;000
48,300
53,100
51 900
.-.J ----

71,Soo
72,500
73,800
71,900

44>000
43,500
48;400
4:3,600
..

,70,550
70,850
71,050
70,800

.45>200
44,800
53,000
50,700
-.. -... . .

38.2
38.0
45.3
25.7

61.0
6~,1
83-64
69:5
.66,3
..- _-

32.5
54.0
61,5
3s.0
85
62.1
41.7
61.2
26.0
.,-... .-
--59.0
Z3.5
65,4
36,0
~~
~q.o
66.1
64,.3 - ..-..
27.0. ..
.
61,2
42,5
65.0
45.0
82
q~:o
74,!.
70.9 .
z~.~
----.
59:7
44.2
62.3
49.0
83
740
43.0
22.2 .-
71.8
-

58.3
73,800
42.8
6OOZ
74,~50
47;0
41.0
73.8
74,000
71.3
71
600
23,0
-,- 2--.-.-------- ---.

81

.r,

J(

w
al

39

~
THICKNESS
TABLE-

RELWCTION ALONG
OF NOTCHED FLAT
. .. . . .,..?

,-

. ..

. . .. .

FRACTURE
PLATES

LINES
*

5HLTT

,AWM,=.
RIGHT SIDE OF PLATE

,TU.-..m

,1

7.rc

I.r

I ,,,.

,.-.

2. Of. 3

L./.

THICKNESS REDUCTION ALONG FRACTURE LINES

TABLE- 6

NOTCHED FLAT PLATES

OF
TEL

FiA?F

S=ftz4E,v

Wiom,

.ulA@5R

7Es rING

01S7ANCE
LEFT

-F
26
N-3A.

w,

@
/.?574325

*IA

655%51.)

0
5

s 16.5

S ,0.5

S ,4.0

55

20

6,5

C 2U5

s !85

!6.0

/6, 5

45

60

?05

8.0

6.0

6.0

25

/.5

Si

55

S 150

!2. 5

!0.5

95

ao

5.0

9.0

/3.0

S ,3.5

/50

c 5.5

6.0

6.5

8.5

C 15.0

2?20

8.5

8.5

9.0

8.5

_S ! 3.0

w-w

6.0

s {.35

S:!!.5

35

35

;0

-r

6.0

5 /4.5

s !Z5

!1.5

s
9.0
,
SIQO

S : 8.0 S 65

W21X0

s:

75

65

30

@s

105

S:90

85

Z5

20

9,0

65

(&%9(-z29

PI.5

ST/3.5

Syz.,o

.+!0

(-XZJL2W7

100

#34?+5+.7

s 12.5

s 9.5

,V-4D
.,.

c 14.0
I
s 100

N14XD

{m>

C 10.5

t+lxo

{-46%447

/4. 5

S (2.5

S 10.5

N-2D

6629+.559

Zo

c !75

c 1350

s 245

180

5:155 + S,!4.5

ftzxn

(&?fEo?

30

Z5

;:/80

/85

65

C150

/8.5
--
95

SI190

c 205

c
Z5

3.5

c4//.5

c /2.0

2.5

N-15X(I

-64-

.+13XD

665?/63

N-4XD

679%Z97

Q2 D

134.

O[(XD

!00-/01.

O)4XD
~/G
072.72
03

O-L3XD

/2.5

:-

+..

~,

35
. -,...

30

.. . . ..~-.

j:*

3?
15.-l7~

---+

0.

60

90

s
s

55

2.0

s
P.5

S!15.O
,

s
30
..-...

.5

s ,ZOS65S,20S

85

65

c
. ...

95

120

100

6.5

4.5

55

60

85

I !.0

12.0

!2. 5
9.0

(kl.x-zo

0-32ZD

W.kzn

0-3sJ

6365

02s0

31~ 34.

Is:o_

6.0

10.0

9.5

8.0

85

11.0

6.5

.?5

85
SW

50

S,.?o

,40

Z5

13.0

,4.5

135

Sllo,o

s, 12.5

s /2.5

S,

{3.5

165

s !

a5

s?0

9.5

10.0

13.0

90

S~ 9.0
.,.
s
9.5

Sj

14.0

S ~

s , 6.5
.
s; Z5

1,5

Zo

90

9.5

S!ll.

80
s
..
!35S,95C

a5
s 90.
. ..
55
100

!1.0

.50

S65
. . .

5,

80

s!

.?0

s 245

{.5

35

60

S;

85

s,

90

S//.

125

P.5

c {1.5

c/I.5

c (10

c!

?T5

35

1.5

c !0.5

14.0

9.5

!0.0

o
55

30

c
C

/9.5

s 255

~_s

/3.5

17.5

S~ 205

s 320

S [55

s 16.0

S140

!05

Sj

S 230

S1260

c -;-
75c!75C70C!75C

C,4.5

5 19.0
7-
35

5~165

1.75

Cl 5.0

Ci

55

5.0

55

c ~~c~90c

1?0

9.0
s 17.5
5 m5
. .. ...+..
1.5
CI.5C25C

s /35

3.5

C55C50C
~
j

50

1.0

!.5

!2.0

150

!9.5

55

90

85

60

Z5

2.5

25

?70

S /00

/4.0

?75

/7,0

(95

5 240

!(O

-$

11.0

1.0

1.5

S,

S$ S.0

S,10.5

S Iz?O

S 130

s !?55

175

6.5

C50C30C
c:

55

70
,.

25

4.0

G[

C 65
.T..
c;

m_g

60

575__c

c 70C

65

35

s ,95s

,/1.5

S1 !05

60

S;

c 14.0

140

!95

/80

. .. -.

Zo

60

35

1.5

1.0

325

_c

2.5

2.0

C4.5G35C
.z~ 16.0

S, 18.0

.. -

20

!.5

c;

S~180

S !80

85

sl

2,

12.

0-6.25
0-1s0

(-! .>61.)

50

O-5*D

&[@K-In

30

30

35

6.0

C ,95C

2.0

.70

3.5

65

0-45D
*

!5.

@@=7
VALUE5

1?/

TA8LE

/NL21CATE

PERCENT

REDuC

T{ON.

LETTER

8.5

13.0
. . ...!
s 11.0
)2.5
G K20

FOL L OWING

S12.O

S:Z75

Szzo

m.5

tao

s 1~

K70

3/1.0

S-/3.0

S150

S! 135

G; 6.0

3.0

//5

14.5

S /5.0

5,/7.5

C {2.5

C 12.0

G,IO.O

C,

6.5

C;

c +-1
11.0

6.0

~~

Zo

11.0
~{__
5 10.5

S,

3.0
,..:S, 90

35

?70 s

C(120

c;

2.5

C~10.0

Ci100

Z5

V. L UE

4.0

INDICATES

TYPE

?75

OF

1!.5

4.0

.?0

2.

4.5

-1
CJ 65

s
s

s 140
1;
s 14D

S 22.0

s:/70

(40

1.5

/8.5

s,/5.o

s!

C 1.55

s, i~5

C16.0

C1 6.5

S 305

s:f.f~....

ZO

4.5

S /8.0

s -*J
90

80

s 13.0

2.0

S !55

c:

so

5 16.5

s !5.5

3.5

2,5

70

Clmo

S 535
C

9.5

13.5

c!

10.5

30

S 185

S; /6.5

175

!9.5

20

5.5

S 180

6.0

.s

55

//.0

3853~5_
S ,22.5

60

4.5

_.~3_

.s

s 140

24.0

30

/.0

c!

30

S,12.O

45

C
c

95

s!

5.0

CL 6/

14.5

S1. ?o

/3. 5

S;;io

s
c

8.5

s /9.0

6.5

1.0

s !80

55

1.0

.. . .

s m5

70

/2.5

!30

s /9.s

C .40

35

s 2(.0

s !(3.0

G~fl.0

25

s 2?5
.

!3.0

S.

17.5

s,

.70

I 7.5
+..

5.5

s ,1(.5

.s

C<o

75

.5 , /4.0

s4~_5

G 14.0

!2. 5

/70

35

~.
s

2.0

Z5

26

s]

.5

Sill.o

150

C25

s~12.5

226

c:

4.0

6.5

Slc?o

!55

s 270

4.5

95

s !60

~~
- S,230

,Z.5

80

16

260

5 jm

*
c

8
s

s 16.5

1//.5

21.0

775

s 285

70

8.5

~ ,

19.5

s 35.5

Zo

.?
s

s 255

55

PLATE

55
-
s
?75
...
s, 9.0

1.5
..--..

OF

s] Pm

s 225

30
!

17~5

s 4[5

3.0

2?0

.~
O-3(XO

13.5

555
55

35

C 155

!50

80

2.5

s
20
-. .

,?0

s
70

95

12.0

(65

L5

71.

[1.0
s:
-
s
65
s

S,0.S

Pio

21.0

85,87-

3.5

~6

3.0

3.5

73-

RIGHT

N-16XD

!,4CUL7S

PLATE

7?-

O12XD

,f

E.5

s !9.0

OF

N3D

oi

.. .

2(0

&2A

16

YDE

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12.

NOTCH,

TEMP

IN

72+

FROM

*EET

FRACTURE:

!65

35

C
-

/45

60
C
.. . . . . .

3.5

c
-- -
c

50

G 2.0.

20

35

C I 2.5

1.5 c
~~~~~~~

S - SHEAR,

C = CLEAVAGE.

:
;

..

TABLE

A
A. ?OIlm
ormMgI*-llliri

&

,da
*

&

OF z

-Y

Iion Klm

rimh

5/4

S/h

67
27

?LLm

Bzawln

Pl%e 1 .? .9

=-l=
:Ld@

.;
-6s

A
u rolled
m.lmgl*llllnO

O.a

.
:
28
7

0.8

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s/4

1/6

0.04,?

95
80
80
71
70
62

U.mo

47
so

u,sm

lS,$OI

L5.180
-E

0,1

s/4

1/4

O.ou
2
se
S6
.?4
,20

0,1

0
As ,01194
:Ur.wb-lllti!

O.z

3/4

1/4

0.C42

S/b

~.8.3u

16,790

:
-19
-86

a,?,r3@l

60
88
16
5

a0,s30
16,580

2
-21
-d?

11,850
18,800

106

Ed
!4mO?da

:
ST
4:

0
u mum
mms$..nlimi

0.2

I-L[l

S/b

ass
lss
ma
U9
110

S6,960
S#&
60,190

lot
MmNM

1/4

O.obl
:
74

+0

So,sw
IO*
ko.r6d

E
26
w
1
0
u ,Oll!a
kneme-xlli?w

0.8

1/4

0.OM

110
108
98
89
E
39

a
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!--!I*111I-

O.a

a/4

1/4

O.W,?
&
Us
107
101
E
87

:
%

46,100
4T;M0
46,sw
48,mm
47;300
49.60.3
48,500
60,100

121003
,10,100
9,990

lo,aaa

lot
R+etiti
aa,wo

$3,S10
4.?,600
U;7S0
41,&2-3
u., 100
44,2s0
44, am

+100
$l,lm
S0,80D
40,W

1
la,7.50

40,010

16,0S0

40,?Lw
40,6.24

9,710

z
n

24,020
S%no
%,630
sa,490

g=

:
?4
67

U.z

41:780

S3,670
SB,S1O

100
99

o A9 relhd
Cwnc&io-Illlmo

%,803

a5,8ml

U,*O
10,060

40,TW
U,tta
41,660
41;SM
U,sw
*,6Pa
4s.900

l===

**
T

43
G

Li@
-IA

0.85 0.4!

1/4

Rx%
=

-iuA
9.C4J

m
M6
UT
1s5
u
100

lot
Rwrad

%n
61,80o
60,400
16,1c17
18.400
3,810

z
c
ti ,Ollad
-=.f@e-ullno

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0.49

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1/4

O.au

161
#
%
110
lU
w

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Mr.,,
_[=. )

1I,MO
a0,61?4

62.,C40
62,030
67,800
49,960
6+500

a6,cea
39,5C-3
3+ 602
60,4C0
62,cao
61,600
57,800
49,9M
63,.5-M

62,6M
Lw,lw
67,200
5s,200
E4,1OQ
m ,Sc-a
69 ,46D
66,800

4s,8.m

b2,490
m,oto
70,490
@6,0LM

lB,UO
16,9s
70,490
85,090

61,5W
63,000
64,690
64,503
66,0z0

24,2G-3
24,700
61,4c4
63,800
66,LU0

100
100

s7.8a0
69,360
89,520

19,680
15,200
59 ,azo

lW
100
1

69,200
S8.030
66,100
60, OCO
68,710
58,700

K,s.m
16,U5
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60,000
57,424
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?8,.903
17,010
eo,uo
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21,2C4
68, lso
09 ,ss0
E8,1C4

100
m
92
w
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0

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59,460
56,800

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A, rollad
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0.49

0.2

a,

0.49

c
A. ,Olled
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c8megle-nib!

1.2

0.49

1 1,

l.t.shed
u-l ,
bahinei
km 1.1
Ito&

118

1/2

O.Ma

0.W2

UI
8$
w
60

12,mn
ll,nm
ll,c.cm
12.976

139
100
m

18,860
19,320

74
60

21,6C4
21,810

1,

1/4

O. M?,

llo
9s
7s

5,

1/4

O.ow,

120
110
Ul
105
E

o
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0.49

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*- 1-1,
ltoak

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1/4

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0.49

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ma

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140
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l,m
181
la
91
8s

14,62o
11,100
17,S50
11,640
16,180

58,600
59, mo
59,S10
58,630
57,000
59,SU3
59,900
50 ,4M

A* roua
:Unwiodlllnoi

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0.49

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is-

160
au
m
10s

14,c$lo
14, E40
15,240
14,acu

58,.370
57,6C4
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79,903

k ,460
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k9,aoo
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$/$2

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6s

4.470
10,W3O

10,6c4

E
Sa

6,015
6,430
4,772
6,9c4

17,900
U,Too
W,4W
;81000
18,000
19,100

7,520
8,640
5,s00
7,360
8,970

14.om
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17,420
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16.390
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i7.060

B.4m
+190
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5/

1/s2

).m

l!M
93
80
:

i. rolled
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0.49

,tahed
km

1: z
13,660

D.C-4Z

26
10

11,160
lz.z,zo
10,660
11.770

1/4

tmk

,.2!

10,900
11,500

>

mohinti
l-m 1-1,
D A. mllad
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9,000
9,0c0
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170
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120

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95

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51
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44

TABLE

St
ad. lettm,
d im!mf..tlu.r

tn.

WWJkRY

OF

a
*

w
b...

th

&!----

.lJ2

.1/6

.5mOH

WIDE PUTE

--,f !.,t

OF.

&E-SJIIS

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Abmmhd

7
to&i..

Paw30f3

mctur<
t,...
P .1

m. of
tiac
tlv,
K mu

----

A. r.nea
,rnesl$-lllIr.01.

.25

.19

52

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s/4

0.068

0.c42

151
L39
3s1
125
119
109

-2:
3s

a/4

1/4

O.obz

9.760
3.920
6,e60
6,100
,7,790
7,660

15,770

:1,,?00
!l,LW.3
S,700
!S,260
,3,400
;5,470
,3,600
,9,760

LOO
ml
No
97
6

!l,800
!4,700
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!+60
M, 730
!6,203
j6,505
$7,3LW
j6,301
r3.7c.l

100

6,390
7,9$0
LT,800
&9,760
%,000

Ica
100
24

66
:
S6
a
15

1.23

21,+50
36,470
26,350
24,790
24,540
28,410

160
151
141
132
128
L28
110
90

21,750
17,164
19,800
7,600
10.WO
9,520
12,160

2
),=

3:

3/4

mm,

B.?
66
47
m

I
M rolled
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,.le

56

81
3

d,

1/4

0.042
2
3s
32
25
80
15

4s

,01103

0.11

Mtbleh=

,8

31

none

- 1:
- 19
- 53
-50
55
28
23

18,960
19.6-W
15,630
12,850
18,C.30
18,870
20,910
20,.?10
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18,640
15,220

50,%
1,070

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20

m m

rolled

U-*
U14W1

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0.1:

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S/

1A

0,C4

.%
24
16
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- 20
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0.2

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1/4

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57
50
&2
40
S4
31
L30
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18

67,110
3,8W

19,500

22,200
16,410
19,690
17.500
18,120
18,620
22,4.70
15,925
19,785
.20,680

13,090
- 2=
- M
-37

19,750
20,270
t6.160
64,080
65.100
E4,150
B3,6W
5s,3s0
63,502
69,2.3+
64,420
68,280
66,800
l,tm

15,560

44,700
29,440
79,203
83,200
84,3cm
57,100
49,310
29,330
83,500
46,660
36,W0
33,510
76,6W
$4,590
7$,130
42,870
75,690
31,800
80,500
82,960
82,300
82,400
83,570

n
96
3
4
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s:
7

19%
lca
100
21
13
9
3
2

R
88
14
1:
86
so
16
U
18
1
1;
lW
lH
8
10:
96
96
12
6
9:
98
96
9:

192
1%
4
*
1$
4
3
1:
3

45
TABLE 8-

COMFAIRISONOF ESTIMATED TRANSIITONlWPLRATUR& FOR THE

VARIOUS TYWS OF SPECIMENS USLO IN THE INViSTIGATIOiV,%.

.7.

~,.

I Charpy Bars i 3-in. Tension

Steel Code /
Letter
i LOW.. !. Trans. 1.No
I
F&;;:i;q=
i .-;:%

Notched Flat Ilate>ecimens

I&in! 24-in,; W-in J..
72-in 108-in

: 45
~

i:

i=
.-c

;2/ 20
b

.-io,
~-lo

/90!

.:15

Pfb~ about !80 to I

I 100 , 90
90 ,+. 88
+--+--

120

about

20
~<,~:

..15 ;

,..

!-120C L170C

~ _
1
35

:-60

; -8o

C&

! --

i,,
--

Note:

--

.:

l~O:,i_

~..45

:::
above
32.

-d

1
N

=--

25 j=++--

-+

--

--

-64

--

--

k+=+.:
:!_7
,.,.,,,
a.- Coldest test at 32F, resulted in 100 percent shear,
b .- Coldest test at 48F, resulted in 100 percent shear.
c,- No definitetransition temperature..
~-

--

Transition temperatures for Charpy bars were taken as a point

corresponding toa temperature halfway betweenthe ntxintumand
the minimum energy values in Fig+ 7 for the particular steel.
Transition temperatures for the 12-in. and 72-in,wide specimens
were taken as the value of temperature corresponding to an energy
value on tile
steeply sloping part of the emergy-temperature curve
aPPrOtimateM One-half way between the maximum and minimum in
Figs. $, 9 and 10.
Transition temperatures for 3-in.
wide specimens were taken as
the temperature corresponding to a point halfway between a O
percent and a lCO percent shear fracture in Fig. 13 for the
particular steel.

1+6

.. .

TAFILE9. -- RZDtjCTICIYS
1?1TKICi~lWS O.FFIATE OBTAIN.EZJ
FROI1SAYPLES
.

-......

Distance In
fron Mactured Surinchm
----..
.face,
.
,.

Ship
-

S.S.Sea Bass

1;16
148

..

.
0,
.1/16

--

----- .. -- -.. ...-...-..

------

Percent R&ltictioniti.
,~hiclaxxsl!easured
at Se.reralLocations Alon~ Fi-acture
3
4
..1
2
--------.-.
-. -----3:16 2.93
2.45 2.37
1.11 1.11
0.32
O.OB
0.08
..

:9:
3/4
.

0.29

3.09 2.61
2.29 1.82
1.27 0.79
----

0:55
0:40
0.08
0.24
0.00
0.00
-..
--_.
1.45

67
5 ---...
--..

-------------- ---- ----

3.46

0.47
---0.00
---0.00.. ---,-.3.19

2.03

------------1.16

-------------2;03

0.58 2.612.32 2.03 0.87 1,,,74

0.00 0.29. 1;45. 1.45 2.03 0.87 1.16
,. S.S.Russell H.
0.00 0.00 1,16 1.16 1.74 0.5B
0.87
~~~Chit%anden
0.87 0.87 1.16 0,58 0958
1/2
0.00
0.00
---- ---- 0.29 ---- ---- ---- 0.29
374
--!---------.-,
--. ------ .--.
,.

2.33 2.04 0.58

1.&3 0.58 0.00
1)16
0.29
-0.290.00
1/8
~~~
S.S. James Gunn
0.23 0.000.00
1/4
,,
.. .
,,
0.00 0.00 0.00
1/2
0.00 0.00 0.00
3[4
.
------.. .-.-------.,--.m.
.,.

0.29

.1/6
1/4

,,,

All &bove w.l~ek ?k rti

,,obtainedat

or nenr Ikacturec of cleavage type.

47
~BLE

10

WORD

OF LOAD$ AT WHICH CRACKS ST~~n

DURING TESTS ,OFMUM

_
Specimen
Number

FLAT PLAT$S

Development of Crack
Temp,
Load,
Nominal
F.
Kiixi
Stress

Max. Nominal
Stress
ksi

40.3

Break
%
Shear

43A
A4A
A5A
AIB
A3B
A3C
A3D
A5D

49
10
45
68
48
-6
50
.- 8

1320
1300
S.+oo
910
950
505
250
220

32.6
32.1
34.6
33.7
35.2
37.4
38.0
32.6

40.0
40.7
41.1
38.1
48.1
39.9

9;
100
100
0
100
0

B-108
B7A
B8A
B6B
B5D
B6D
B7D
B9D
B1OD

32
9
16
45
50

1750
1250
1150
900
240
325
270
240
265

28.8
30s8
28.4
33.3
35.6
48.1
40.0
35.6
39.3

36.7
34.6
3303
42,6
45.9
49.3
40.0
41.8
48.7

100
0
0
100
100
1(2O
o

1900
1320
1350
257
270
275
290

;;:

270

33:3
38.1
40.0
40.8
43.0
40.0

38.4
35.7
43.0
40.0
,51.1
54.7
48.7
46.6

C52~

32
81
152
32
101
143
121
90

HIA
H2A
H4A

68
25
-18

1640
1500
1450

40.5
37.0
35.8

44.7
45.6
39.0

82
88
0

NIA
N2A
N3A
N-iD
N2D
N3D
N41XD

-53
-32
2
-29
-60

1650
2250

64.2
60.9
~;.;

385
435
360
430

40.7
55.5
49.4
55.6
64.4
53.3
63.7

4
13
73
%:

75:9
66.4
69.9

100
81

Q2D
C!12XD

U:

390
385

57.8
57,0

61.0
60.7

100
100

C-108
C4A
C5A
w)
C3D
C5D

C51XD

-;:
-7
12

-E

2000

100

35,8

9;
5:
91
100
10

10
.

=r2vk-

TABLJZB-1
SUMWRY
OF RESULTS OF TESTS ON G30HETRICALTUf-SIl
.ItL4R SPECIMENS
..
Note:

KLl specimms made fmm a single annealed plate cm+?ifing 25% carbOn
._

Size
Inches
..

3-in. wide
9ti. long
0.18011thick

Temp. c
Test
F.
.
75
75
32 *
o +$
20
-30
-40

&pe of

Fracture

10C@ Shear
K@
Shear
10@ Shear
100% Shear
94%Shear
1% Shear
@ Shear

Stress at
fcmmation
of first
crack
_
Ksi
40.3
42.5
x
~
x
x
x

Nominal

Stress at
]@X. LCRd
Ksi

90 *
70
68
50 *
3.2.:

lOQ%-She ar

lC@ Shear
10@ Shem
Shear and Cleavage
@ Shear

3?.5
37.5
x
x

Redw tion in Thickness

%

45.7
L5.7
h5.2
47.9
45.2
117.2
50.3

&in. wide
18in. long
0.36011tti.ck

44.4
44.5
1+2.8
/+/+.2
L5.5

25

29.8
28&

19.8
20.0

26.7
30>0
25.1
21.0
26.2

15.6
18.9
17.3
0
1.2

&
25.7
20.5
23.1
22.3

17.7
15.1
6.9
7.8
9.0

19.5
2.9
32.3
6$ Shear
34.4
1.7
x
CJ%Shear
39.1
19,7
0.9
14.8
xx
35.2
@ Shear
17.9
1.4
@ Shear
27.5
39.9
~
16.2
1.4
40.9
@ Shear
..
.
Test results reported in previous report (Bibliography 2)
Observations not possible in these tests because of type of temperature control housing used.
Not cbserved

12-inwide
36-in.10ng
O.720tfthick

*
x
z

50

FIG /

VIEW OF /08-/IVCH

SPECIMEN

READY FOR TESTING AT 32 F

51

LONW TiJL6fNdL

TEMPERATE,

J9Af?S

TRANSVERSE

BARS

..
TEMP6XATURE,

FIG. .? RESULTS

Dwc? 44 E44

OF

CiiARPY

lh4PAC T

TESTS

STEEL

.=16. #

5:

LONGITUDINAL

BA 8S

mj
:

40

L$
$
PLATE 87
2
$ .?0
$

,
PL ATE

B6 -,
/

-40

-80

60

40

0
TEMPERATURE ,

60
EARS

TRANSVERSE

~
,
k

40
PLATE

PLATE

87

01

$
t
s
$

20

PLA7E

86

PLATE

03

TEMPERATURE

FIG. 3-

RESULTS

OF

CHARPY

IMPACT

AS-ROLLED

DWG. 44s39

TESTS - STEEL
CONDITION.

IN

THE

FM,

60

L ONGITUOINAL

8A RS
..

a!
:

/=&!TE B

10

k
PLATE

85

~- 40
~
RAT

88

:
2
g

PL A 7E

82

PO

-80

-40

0
rEMPERA

40

ru8E,

80

.F

TRANS VERSE

BARS

El
4
I
~

40

;
$
PL ATE
$

B.?

~.

~
$

-80

-40

40

TEMPERA TURE,

FIG.

4-

UESUL TS

OF

CHARPY

IMPACT

NORM\ALIZED

OwG.

+#E33

80

TESTS

- STEEL

IN

THE

CONDITION.

FM+

L ONGI TuDINAL

BARS

-----

..

-w
rfHn4ruRE,

1?

TEMPERATURE,.?

F/G

5 RESULTS

OF

CHARPY

IMPACT

TESTS

- STEEL

1,+X

11111

0
TEMPERATURE,

TI?A~vERsE

BAVS

a
~
k40
h1
PLATE

NI

m
1

KA7E

Q-

-w

-.?60

-180

-100

TEMPERAW#E,

FIG 6-

RESULTS

OF

GfiARPY

-m

60

%?

IA4PAGT

TESTS

STEEL

60

L ONGI

TUDI

NA L

BAR s

50

40
N-, ?TE.ZL _
AS RCILED

k
g

30
. .

$
/
t
~

20

..-

$
.
, .
/e
/

TEMERA

*F

TURF,

60

EARS

T RAN S VERSE
50

40

t
~
k
~
~

30

i
. . ~
$

~.
$;

s7E~m_

$
.
/0
A-----

-I

mm
TEMPERA TuRE,

FIG,

7-

COMPARISON

OF RESULTS
DIAGRAMS

OF CHARPY

SELECTED

TO RE~SENT

,.?

IMPACT
~C4L

TESTS

FcW

RESULTS

STEELS

F@? EACH

STEEL

A, S@lN

AND

vALw

S@Q,ooo

NEAR

rnlNTs

IAWXTE

PERSENT

skfAR

--u----------o-

.4- STEEL AS ROLLED

_---b8mS~
mBm.
v+
w--+

STEEL
G - STEEL
N - STEEL

AS SVLLED
,WRMALIZW
AS ROLLED
AS SDLLED

---+

H - STEEL

AS ROLLED

L-,500,06u

,6,

..\~
100
100

I
I

L7xWWo

Ls

&s

EL

Ta

L~

!00

i
I

q
~
t
I

@W~

!
4%3

II

=L

AsIi-

i
l
t
,

l@z7@D

/
.7
)

k
100

7-:

I f ~
r

.i

~1

+
1

/00

/20

1/1

I
.80

-40

-60

-.&

-X+-+--+

-%.+
0

SD

40

TEMWRA77J6E

mEa

VARIATION

WITH
FOR

~-

&O

80

140

160

, -f

TEMPERATURE

INCH

so

WIDE

OF

ENERGY

SPECIMENS

TO

MAXIMUM

LOAD

TEIIPERATU.W, .F

FIGURE
I
M

k%RAQ7701V
WVW

TEMP15RATU?E CF EWRGY

12- INCH
*G

WIDE

SEA.?I-KILLED

SPECIMENS
STEELs

TO MAXiMLW

LOAD

F~

~, -

I
VALUE5

NEAR

I
PLXN7S

&-------&
+---
-...<

*W@

+
+.-.

WOICATE FfEC5MT SHEAI?

A-STEEL
l&STEEL
N-STEEL

... -+
..+

.~-~

AS ROLLED
4S ROLLED
.4s ~LLEO

O-STEEL MO. R O
Q#TE~E-~:;~::EA=o

,/.8&-

--~-

!9

.~

I#o,m
./
m3
- 81A

35

12q m

66

T.
---

+--

--z

18(

>
.
IGO

---

..d----

~ -.-----

--

+...

..4 C..._...
-

84

-~
m,m

171
z~

~8

:
;

s-

-*-

i
I

~m
~.

,,-

g.

Ld

6WC7L9

~
i

/
(
,,

to

40,mv

,
;
b

.Q-@
*

~------

,L~

-...

_.-A

I
a

Xpxl
CJ--- -

0
-m

-60

FIGURE

-40

10.

.20

~-o:

VARIATION

.?0
40
TEMPERAT(A?E, F

WITH
FOR

TEMPERATURE
/2- INCH

SPECIAL

60

OF ENERGY

WIDE SPECIMEW,
STEELS

!00

1.?0

TO

no

MAXIMUM

160

LOAD

TEUPERR7URE,

F/G. II - TRANSL70N

%+s

44E6

TEMPERATURE

RANGE,

72 INCH

WIDE

SPECIMENS

TEtdtTRATURE,
F
I

FIG 12-

TRANSITION

TEMPERATURE

RANGE

$
~
* .Mmms
4E.9

sm.

stew w

rcmhw &no.

0G2mw AT w

msf w PLATS

12- INCH

WILE

SPECIMENS

FIG. 14 -

TRANSITION
FROM

PLATES

TEMPERA TURE
OF

RANGE,

VARIOUS

3- INCH

THICKNESSES.

WIDE

EDGE

NOTCHED

SPECIMENS

G STEEL ,

CUT

/=/6/5

65

66

m,g

I -+------C-.

,-

~ ~,..

----------_&--

__&_

f.
.+..

\.
m,

~a7aw0.

. .

c-m

.* . ,

+..-.

+----t

. As ml.w

4-s7Ea
.

mxxe

+~-sm!l

---0-.

v.mm..
.-mmm

,.

mlwE3

SEmmTm

&
.
~
.5WW

-I=F=%P
I

mm

o
FIG.18-A. ...(..,

,osu
VA.@lATION
PL4TE

Jc
.
%,m %, /..
IN
NOMI,V4L
TESTS
AT

.%c-

..m

S TRESS
WITH
W,OTH
ROOM
TEMPERATURE.

OMco.,j
Furf

OF

FIG. 18-B
ye .4.,,,

FIG 18-C

- wRIATk,w

IN ,W-MUIWU ST8ESS

WITH

WIDTH

OF PLATE-

TESTS

AT .%?E

ma?

A, STRESS
,..$o.

- VA,WAnON IN NOMIN4L
HATE TESTS

AT

50

WITH
v

WIDTH

OF

/sd

,Ssaus

wsiNO#

tSd

SS3SLS

lVMNO#

69
80,000
~

&

N-STEEL

A
6&

--*-----*-C

70,000

-~-----m+---+-0s
~0

---- -----O-STEEL
604w0

.STEE.L

STEEL
Bn STEEL
S77XL
N STEEL
H STEEL
STEEL
STEEL

~.

T
h

r - H -STEEL
/
Sopoo

4r

. . . . ..

--*----

w
P..
,,

If
k?nS?K&

..
. . .,

. . 4

%-STEEL-

-------

40,CO0
4,
-60

.----.

,-
d

w ---,

#Pm-

TEEL

- A-STEEL
-40

40
TEMPERATURE,

12-INCH

WIDE

60

1.?0

160

SPECIMENS

oo~

_
~
~
-O----~N

60,000

--w----

A STEEL_
& STEEL
Bn STEEL
*-C
STEEL
STEEL
+-H
STEEL

So,mo
- H-S7EEL

f - C -STEEL

-.,

quuu

-80

-40

,80

1.?0

t0

40
TEMPERAWRE,

7.?- INGH

FIG20- VARIATIO/V IN NOMINAL

WIOE

I
I
160

*F

SPECIMENS

STRESS

FOR FLAT-PLATE

WITH TEMPERATURE FOR

5PECIMENS,

------

OICTILE SPECIMEN
8RITTLE

SPESAMW

.2SW

,P5W
MSTAME

FIG21-ELONGATICW

AT

FRcW

C,

FRA5T~

MAXIMUM

LOAD,

OF

PLATE

ILLUSTRATING

GA6E

ANO CI-IOS AM
AND C- .?A AflE
M
C-2 B ARE
ANO C- ~C ~
AND c- I?o AnE

L.SN6THm # W

RATE

1097.?4St+
As-

.Jw

Wk3TH.

INFLuENCE

PLATE
WIDTH
ON DUCTILITY
AT MAXIMUM
LOAD
ELONGAWW MEASWED BY RESISTANCE Wb?E EXTENSLXfETEm
SPECIMENS S1-108
SRV#W?NS 8- SA
=CMENS
B-6B
SPEOIM?NS B-4S
sF!muENs
S-4D

MHES
INSM?S
IMHES
W(WES
msmrs

IWOTH

WIDE
WE
WIDE
WIDE
m

OF

71

/8

/6

/4

/2

/0

:
$
8
t
~~
3
~

..

c,

MS TANCE

FRoM

JNFLUENGE OF
ELONGA

ow

44E267

FRACTION

e ,

ELOIVGATION

FIG,22-RESIDUAL

..
..<

PLATE

71WS

OF

PLATE

AFTER

WIDTH.

RUPTURE

ILLUSTRATING

WIDTH ON DUCTILITY AT FAILURE.

MEASURED

ON

PLATE

ONE

FACE

ONLY

GAGE

LENGTH - %

WIDTH

sPECl#ENS

BI-108

AND

G!-(O8

SPECIMENS

B-5A

AND

C-2

SPECIMENS
SPSCIMENS

B-6B
8- 4C

AND
ANO

G-.? B ARE
C-Z C ARE

46- INCHES
.?4- hYOHES

WOE
WIOE

SPSCIA4ENS

B-40

AAD

G-2

12-

WIO=

ARE

A ARE

O ARE

@S- lNCtES
72-

NWHE..

INCHES

WIOE
WIDE

FIG 22

IWTCHW

EDGES
SHEXRED

MA6WINE0

FIG

23-

EDGES

FOUR

CENTER

DIFFERENT

TYPES OF

EDGE

NOTCHED

3 INCH WIDE SPECIMENS USED IN THE

lNVEST/GAT/OIV

72

lL

VG

4#E213/

/)-I

111
<

\ -.

,-%.2+

74

L
FIGURE
SPECIMEN H-8D

VIEW

OF

254.

F8ACTURK AT

NO1CH (5x)

FIGORE
25D (Section
DDinFig.
25A)
IMKN H-8D Cm ACROS:
SPEC
THICKNESS OF SPECIMEN
OPENI?lNGS ALONG

SEAMS OF

SHCWING

NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS. UNETCHED (50x)

FIGuRE
SPECIMEN H-1OD

25 B

VIEW

OF

FRACTURE AT

NOTCH

(5x)

I
I

i
I

FIGURE
SPECIMEN H-1OD
OPENNINGS ALONG

25 E
CUT

SEAMS

(Section EE

in Fig. 25B)

ACROSS T211CKNESS OF

OF

sPECIMEN SHWING

NONMETALLIC INCLOS10NS.

UNETCHED (50x)

76

FIGURE

25 C

Vmv OF FRACTURE AT NOTCH (5x)

SP.EC
IMSN H-82xD

, ..

\&y
,

:.

,,,

b,,.

. +.

. .

..

b.

FIGUSW
SPECIM13N H-82xD
OFSNNING ALONG

25

(Section FF in Fig. 25C)

CUT ACROSS

TFIICKNSSS OF

SFSCINEN SHCWING

SEAWS
OF NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS. UNSTCRSD (50x)

FIGURE

26

PHOTOMICROGP.APHS
OF SPECIMSNS OF STEEL Q
(Etchedfor 15 seccmdsin 2% Nital,250x )

78

Steel C

FIGORE 27

PHOTOMICROGWP~

OF

STEEM

A,

Bar, Bn, AND

C. (loox)

79

Steel

FIGURE

28

PHOTOMICROG~p~

oF

STEEJ$J D>

E I D

(100x)

Steel N
( 100X )

Steel Q
( 250X )

Steel QS
( 250X )

FIGURE

29

PHOTOMICROGRAPRS OF

STEELS Ii, Q,

AND

QS

RiGH T .51LK

FIG

-68

pERCEiVT

LEFT

EmN6A?70N

%%7EEL, 108-INGH
T&4/RSRAW7E

WIDE HATE

31-F

RATE

61108

S&7E

(I-INCH

NOMINAL SThFNGTH 367

l&J .% SM5AR

GRID)

KSI

*>
1 *

83

T
.
,0-:
.

0
.

.
(1

-.1

--

84

.0

.O.

.0.0.0

...0.0

.,

.0

o.)n.

.,...0

.0

ru.

.0.0.1.0..

.0.

.0.0.

o.,w.

fo.

O./v-o.

kofvotoo)vv

l/O

O.,n.

,.o.

,e.

85

7r. ,, . ,, . ,, .

J._.

____

86

-J

O*OO

/0

.A.m*avOolo

FM.

A-

. ,0

.0.

,.0.. ,.0.

.,0.

,0.

y..

co

,.,

00

Q
o

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