Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano

Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
INTRODUCTION:
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that each day, over
4,000 people under the age of 18 try their first cigarette. This amounts to more than
730,000 new smokers each year. The Final Report of the National Commission on
Drug-Free Schools indicates that children and adolescents consume more than one
billion packs of cigarettes every year. According to economist Kenneth Warner,
Ph.D., the tobacco industry needs 5,000 new young smokers every day in order to
maintain the total number of smokers. The US Department
Services

of Health and Human

estimates that 90% of smokers begin their tobacco usage before age 20. Of

these, 50% begin tobacco use by age 14 and 25% begin their use by age 12. Children
are three times more sensitive to advertising as concluded in the April 1996 Journal
of Marketing study. The three most heavily advertised cigarette brands are
Newport, and Camel. The 1994 Center

for Disease Control

Marlboro,

(CDC) report concluded

that 86% of underage smokers prefer one of these three brands. As the public
became more educated on the effects of smoking, the amount of smokers dropped

and is currently about 20%. While smoking among adults consistently declined over
time, smoking rates for high school students began to increase in the early 1990s.
They did not begin to decrease until the end of the decade. One study in the Journal
of the American Medical Association showed that, Seventy-two percent of students
reported experimenting with, formerly, or ever smoking cigarettes, and 32% reported
smoking in the past 30 days. Students who had participated in interscholastic sports
were less likely to be regular and heavy smokers. Smoking initiation rates increased
rapidly after age 10 and peaked at age 13 to 14. Students who began smoking at age
12 or younger were more likely to be regular and heavy smokers than were students
who began smoking at older ages. (Escobedo LG, 2004)
Lifetime cigarette use among students in the Philippines was common. In
2000 and 2003, about 4 in 10 students reported ever smoking cigarettes. In 2000 and
2003, boys were significantly more likely than girls to have ever smoked. About 1 in
7 students who had smoked cigarettes reported smoking their first cigarette before
age 10 in 2000 and 2003 with no significant difference by gender. Current tobacco
use and likely initiation of smoking among students have significantly declined
between 2000 and 2003. The percentage of students who reported being a current
cigarette smoker and currently using other tobacco products fell dramatically. (Jones,
2003)
Smoking means a person has formed an uncontrollable dependence on
cigarettes to the point where stopping smoking would cause severe emotional,

mental, or physical reactions. Everyone knows that smoking is harmful and

addictive, but few people realize just how risky and addictive it is. Chances are that
about one in three smokers who do not stop will eventually die because of their
smoking. Some will die in their 40s, others will die later. On average, they will die
10 to 15 years earlier than they would have died from other causes. Most smokers
want to stop and do indeed try, but only one in three succeeds in stopping
permanently before age 60. (PN. Kemboja, 2008)
According to the MMDA, minors who smoke in public cannot be simply
arrested. Smokers in public, once caught, are made to pay a P500 fine, while those
who cannot pay the penalty are made to render eight hours of community service.
MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino said the agency has formed a task force to
closely monitor establishments and street vendors for possible violation of the
Tobacco Regulations Act, especially those who are selling cigarettes to minors,
including students. (The Philippine Star, 2013)
Information about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking will be integrated into the basic
education curriculum, the Department of Education has announced. DepEd Order 62 tasks the
department to include the environmental and economic implications of smoking in the elementary
and high school curricula. (DepEd, 2012)

Many Filipinos die due to smoking-related diseases. On a daily basis, 240 Filipinos
die because of these smoking-related diseases such as heart failure, stroke, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This

accounts for 87,600 deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year.
(WHO, 2009b)
In connection with these dangers of smoking, there are increasing numbers of
Filipino smokers and an alarming number of youth smokers. Republic Act of 9211(as
cited in Department of Education [DepEd], 2011), or the Tobacco Regulation Act of
2003 specifies the smoking prohibition in public places:
Section 5. Smoking in Public Places - Smoking shall be absolutely prohibited in
the following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such as playschools,
preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth
hostels, and recreational facilities for persons less than eighteen (18) years old (p.1).2
Thus, this law of the country protects specifically the youth from being exposed to
smoking.

Background of the study:

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled.
Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms
nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health.

Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide
the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin. Several aspects of the social
environment are influential in shaping teenagers attitude, beliefs, and intentions about
smoking.
Parents, friends and cultural influences play major roles in whether adolescents
take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their knowledge of the unhealthy
consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to their surroundings.
Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of smoking to resist the
temptations so many of them face.
The researcher motivates to do this study, because it helps to provide necessary
information about the effects of cigarette smoking in the students. By doing this, the
researcher needs to be aware about this existing problem and be better to know the early
prevention in the effects of cigarette smoking.
We the researchers realized that by doing this study will help will help others by
giving them additional information about the effects of cigarette smoking in among
students to minimize the incidence in acquiring disease regarding on this problem.
Statement of the Study:
The researchers want to determine the Knowledge of Students Smokers and its effect in
terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological.

1. Specifically to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the

following:
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Socio-economic Status

2. What is the level of Knowledge of the Student Smokers regarding the effects of Smoking in
terms of?
a. Physical
b. Social
c. Psychological

3. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and
the knowledge of the student smokers regarding on its effects.

Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and
the level of knowledge of the students smokers and its effects.
Significance of the study:

Students:

This research will guide the student smokers in different facts about cigarette
smoking that will help them to gain knowledge and better understand the risk of
smoking.
Family:
It will increase their awareness on the effects of cigarette smoking. By this it will
influenced their children in avoiding any smoking practices.
Community:

This study will facilitate change by making them realize the dangers of cigarette
smoking. Through methods from this study, a comprehensive community-based care
could be utilized.

Health Provider:
This study will contribute to the growing concern against cigarette smoking
and provide them an additional data from assessment, planning, implementation and
evaluation of ongoing measures, thus continuously improving current trends with
regards to smoking prevention.
School Administration

This research study will provide a rich background and overview of

student smokers in Arellano University. This is may also serve a basis with the
school in providing the students in terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological
effects of Cigarette Smoking.
Government
This study is significant endeavor in promoting proper law implementation of
among the youth today. This is also helpful to those government agencies like DepEd and
Non-Government organization who are promoting anti-smoking among the Filipino
youth today.

Future Researchers:

The future researchers can assess the data provided by this study and will
significant literature that can be used as a basis for comparison of results with their
related topics. Furthermore this may serve as a guide for novice researchers who are
eager to take the path of continuing excellence in doing Research Studies.

Scope and Delimitations:

This study will focused in student smokers to determine the knowledge

of students regarding on the effects of cigarette smoking. This was held at Arellano
University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus on 4 th week of July 2013 was the target
date to collect data among the respondents by doing an interview.

Definition of Terms:
Knowledge: It is the level of understanding of students smokers regarding on the
effects of cigarette smoking.
Smoking: This is the practice in holding or puffing the smoke cigarette or tobacco.
Smoker: A person who habitually smokes tobacco in 5-9 sticks a day.
Cigarette: Manufacture product made of tobacco that is used for smoking.

Effect: A change that is a result and is caused by some previous phenomenon regarding smoking

Physical: Relating to the body changes result to the consequences of cigarette smoking.
Social: It is how a person communicates with others with the use of tobacco.

Psychological: Related to the mental and emotional state of a person related to cigarette
smoking.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Local Review Related Literature

Cigarette smoking has become so prevalent in the country that students have
now become heavy consumers. Medical professionals prove that cigarette smoking
among the youth targets them differently from adults. As all are aware, Nicotine
makes it extremely hard for addicted smokers to quit the bad habit. Indeed, the
availability of extremely affordable cigarettes makes it easier for the youth to start
smoking and develop addiction. (Health Justice Philippines 2011)

The use of tobacco continues to be a major cause of health problems

worldwide. There is currently an estimated 1.3 billion smokers in the world, with 4.9
million people dying because of tobacco use in a year. If this trend continues, the
number of deaths will increase to 10 million by the year 2020, 70% of which will be
coming from countries like the Philippines. (The Role of Health Professionals in
Tobacco Control, WHO, 2005)
The World Health Organization released a document in 2003 entitled Policy
Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence.
This document very clearly stated that as current statistics indicate, it will not be
possible to reduce tobacco related deaths over the next 30-50 years unless adult
smokers are encouraged to quit. Also, because of the addictiveness of tobacco
products, many tobacco users will need support in quitting. Population survey
reports showed that approximately one third of smokers attempt to quit each year
and that majority of these attempts are undertaken without help. However, only a
small percentage of cigarette smokers (1-3%) achieve lasting abstinence, which is at
least 12 months of abstinence from smoking, using will power alone (Fiore et al
2000) as cited by the above policy paper.
The policy paper also stated that support for smoking cessation or treatment
of tobacco dependence refers to a range of techniques including motivation, advice
and guidance, counselling, telephone and internet support, and appropriate

pharmaceutical aids all of which aim to encourage and help tobacco users to stop
using tobacco and to avoid subsequent relapse. Evidence has shown that cessation is
the only intervention with the potential to reduce tobacco-related mortality in the
short and medium term and therefore should be part of an overall comprehensive
tobacco-control policy of any country.
The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009 (DOH,
Philippines GATS Country Report, March 16, 2010) revealed that 28.3% (17.3
million) of the population aged 15 years old and over currently smoke tobacco,
47.7% (14.6 million) of whom are men, while 9.0% (2.8 million) are women.
Eighty percent of these current smokers are daily smokers with men and women
smoking an average of 11.3 and 7 sticks of cigarettes per day respectively.
The survey also revealed that among ever daily smokers, 21.5% have quit
smoking. Among those who smoked in the last 12 months, 47.8% made a quit
attempt, 12.3% stated they used counseling and or advise as their cessation method,
but only 4.5% successfully quit. Among current cigarette smokers, 60.6% stated
they are interested in quitting, translating to around 10 million Filipinos needing
help to quit smoking as of the moment. The above scenario dictates the great need to
build the capacity of health workers to help smokers quit smoking, thus the need for
the Department of Health to set up a national infrastructure to help smokers quit
smoking.

The national smoking infrastructure is mandated by the Tobacco Regulations

Act which orders the Department of Health to set up withdrawal clinics. As such
DOH Administrative Order No. 122 s. 2003 titled The Smoking Cessation Program
to support the National Tobacco Control and Healthy Lifestyle Program allowed the
setting up of the National Smoking Cessation Program.
The young and the poor, who smoke and drink excessively, are dying every
day. Ten Filipinos die from tobacco use every hour, resulting in 240 deaths every day
and 87,600 deaths every year. This is a health crisis. The main reason is low prices
of cigarettes and alcohol. The Philippines has one of the lowest prices of the two
products in Southeast Asia. Because cigarettes are so cheap, the Philippines have one
of the highest smoking rates in the Western Pacific. A 2009 survey showed that 28.3
percent of Filipinos were smokers. It is estimated that some 17.3 million Filipinos
who are 15 years old engage in smoking. To discourage Filipinos from smoking, we
have to raise taxes. Raise the prices of cigarettes and alcohol, and fewer people will
buy them. You cannot argue with the math. Raise the prices of tobacco by 70 percent
and you prevent a quarter of all smoking-related deaths worldwide. Both rich and
poor smoke, but it is the poor who get sick more often. Thats because the poorest
sector spends more for tobacco, than for education, clothing or health. (Philippine
Daily Inquirer 2013)

The Constitution is neutral on the use of cigarettes and alcohol. If a Filipino

citizen wants to smoke and if big companies want to make big profits from the socalled sins of smoking and drinking alcohol, they are free to do so. But unlike
ordinary citizens, Filipinos who are members of Congress are not free to ignore the
present disastrous chain of circumstances. Cigarette smoke contains some 70
chemicals which cause cancer. Deaths from stroke and heart attack are most
commonly associated with smoking as a risk factor. In its wisdom, the Constitution
proclaims health as a fundamental right, and accordingly imposes on the state the
duty to protect the peoples right to health and to in still health consciousness.
(Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)
Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature death and disease
in the world. A disproportionate share of the global tobacco burden falls on developing
countries, where an estimated 84% of the world's 1.3 billion current smokers live. The
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System
(GTSS) initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and CDC, was developed to
monitor youth tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco, and exposure to tobacco smoke,
and has been completed by approximately 1.4 million students in 133 countries. A key
goal of GTSS is for countries to conduct the GYTS every 4 years. This report presents
findings from the GYTS conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003, which revealed
substantial declines in the proportions of students aged 13--15 years who currently
smoked cigarettes, currently used other tobacco products, were likely to start smoking

in the next year, or were exposed to second-hand smoke in public place. The findings
also indicated an increase in the proportion of students who supported bans on smoking
in public places, had learned about the dangers of tobacco use in school, and had seen
anti-tobacco messages in media and advertising. Public health authorities in the
Philippines should evaluate their current tobacco-control programs and enhance or
expand them to further reduce youth smoking (MMWR, 2005).
The latest surveys in the Philippines indicate that one of every three adult Filipinos
currently smoke, 33% of countrys adult population. Another 13% count themselves as
ex-smokers. Only four out of ten Philippine households are smoke-free. With an
average of 5.1 members per household, there would be approximately 35 million
passive smokers in the country. Tobacco use in Filipino youth is alarming. About 30%
of adolescents in the urban areas smoke, and of these, more than 70% started smoking
between the ages 13-15. On a national level, the study says that as much as 40% of boys
and 19% of girls aged 10-14 are already daily smokers. The age 15-19, 38% of both
male and female Filipinos are already considered regular smokers (DOH, 2011).
Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns can be cost effective compared with other
interventions despite the expense required, and can have a greater impact because they
reach large populations quickly and efficiently (DOH, 2011).
The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9211) prohibits smoking in
all public places, and prohibits tobacco sales within 100 m of schools, playgrounds, and
other facilities frequented by youth. It requires retailers to demand proof of age from

cigarette buyers, and display signs stating that it is an offence to sell cigarettes to
persons less than 18 years. All sponsorship shall be banned by 1 July 2008. Violators of
this new Act will be fined between 500 pesos (about US$10) to 400 000 pesos (about
US$7,270) and can be imprisoned from 30 days to three years.
Tobacco companies have prepared for these restrictions. For example, a British
American Tobacco brand manager stated in 2004 that future marketing would be
focused on one-to-one permission marketing in order to counter restrictions placed on
mass media strategies. Here, consumers provide marketers with permission to send
them promotional messages thus improving targeting precision. Permission marketing
allows us to talk to consumers on their level, on their turf.
Further, the Republic Act No. 9211 mandated the creation of Inter-agency
Committee-Tobacco (IAC-Tobacco). Its tasks have included the crafting of the
implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the said law and the subsequent exclusive
power of administration and implementation. The IAC-Tobacco has nine members,
including seven representatives from government agencies, one from the tobacco
industry, and one from a non-government organization. The National Tobacco
Administration has a long history of pro-tobacco policy. The Department of Trade and
Industry, which heads the IAC-Tobacco, has also been labeled as pro-tobacco by antitobacco activists. The World Health Organization has concluded that Continuing
efforts to enact comprehensive legislation have yet to achieve victory in the
Philippines.

SYNTHESIS
Tobacco smoking really hits the young ones around the age of 10-19 years
old. Some of the factors that incurred young ones to smoke are the following,
separation of parents that are career oriented, parents are working abroad, parents
dives not have time for their children sorted to find a group where they can hang out
together and from which they will feel secured. I would say that the peer group
really influence the young individual especially when they long for their. Parents
emotional attachment and if and only if the peer group were all smoking, there is no
way that young individual wont. It takes a lot of courage to have a self control but
most of the time and sad to say that they can easily be dragged to develop bad vices
like smoking. The good thing is the government got so involved and alarmed with
the high rates of young people smoking and they came out to do a lot of studies and
research on how they can help these young ones that got involved in smoking and
divert their attention into more productive way and educate the parents so they will
also be involve in making it possible to at least change and decrease the rate of
smoking young individual. Most of the places they banned the smoking in public
places indoor restaurants and establishments and hospitals, schools and even inside
the apartment or houses because of the hazardous effect towards individual. A global
effect was being done already about the bad effects it can give them like ailments
that will debilitate their health condition related to smoking.

Foreign Review Related Literature

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled.
Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms
nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health. Smoking usually starts during the teenage
years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to
begin. Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagers
attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking. Tobacco is an herb that can be smoked
or chewed, directly affects the brain. While its primary active ingredient is nicotine,
tobacco smoke contains almost 400 other compounds and chemicals, including gases,
liquids, particles, tar, carbon monoxide, cadmium, pyridine, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,
benzene, phenol, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide.
Nicotine is a colorless, oily compound, and poisonous in concentrated amounts. If you
inhale while smoking, 90 percent of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed in your body.
Even if you draw smoke only into your mouth and not in your lungs, you still absorb 25
to 30 percent of the nicotine. The FDA has concluded that nicotine is a dangerous,

addictive drug that should be regulated. Faster than an injection, smoking speeds
nicotine to the brain in seconds. Nicotine affects the brain in much the same way as
cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines, triggering the release of dopamine, a
neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and addiction, as well as other messenger
chemicals. Because nicotine acts on some of the same brain regions stimulated by
interactions with love ones, smokers come to regard cigarettes as friends that they turn
to when theyre stressed, sad, or mad (Hales, 2006).

Smoking is one of the major death causes in the world. Since the mid
twentieth century more than 60 million people have died worldwide due to tobacco
use. (Engels, Den Exter Blokland, Kemp & Scholte, 2004). In 2000, 49.7% of the
deaths among Dutch adults over 20 were caused by smoking (Stivoro, 2001).
Adolescence is clearly a sensitive period in the initiation of smoking, since most
smokers start their tobacco use during this period and continue to being regular
smokers into adulthood. In 2009, 21% of the Dutch youth, between 10-19 years old,
smoked at least one cigarette a month and 14% smoked a cigarette daily. Since
smoking can have disastrous effects on health, it is important to prevent and reduce
this behaviour as soon as possible, in particular in adolescents, which is why
prevention programs on smoking among adolescents are designed. (Stivoro, 2009).
According to Shaw (2010); parents, friends and cultural influences play major
roles in whether adolescents take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their

knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to
their surroundings. Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of
smoking to resist the temptations so many of them face.
Adolescents become more likely to smoke when a parent smokes and the risk
increases with the number of smoking parents, according to a study published in the
February 2009 issue of Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Researchers from several universities, including the Harvard School of Public Health,
Brown University and Northwestern University, studied 564 adolescents, aged 12 to 17,
along with their parents. The risk of smoking for adolescents increased with the length
of time they were exposed to their parents' smoking. Children of parents who quit
smoking were no more likely to smoke than children of parents who never smoked, the
researchers found. There was an increased chance boys would smoke when their fathers
smoked.
Mayo Clinic states that many adolescents smoke as a form of rebellion or to feel
independent, the friends who smoke have the ability to convince other teens to smoke.
Adolescents may want to fit in with a group of friends and take up smoking to feel cool.
Teens may smoke thinking it makes them look better to their peers. They also take up
smoking as a way to lose weight in some cases. Smoking at a young age intensifies the
risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) says. They tend to suffer the same kind of withdrawal symptoms as

adults. A 2008 survey of high school students who smoked found that half tried to quit
smoking cigarettes during the previous 12 months of the survey, the CDC reports.
A lot of research has been conducted in the field of risk factors for smoking
initiation and continuation among adolescents. Previous research on smoking
implied that the nearest environment of an adolescent is one of the most important
factors in the initiation process, especially parents and best friends (Bothmer,
Mattsson & Fridlund, 2002). During adolescence there is an increase of the amount
of time spending with friends and a decrease of time spends with parents (Darling &
Cumsille, 2003). Parental influence remains strong in adolescents decision making,
and especially in areas involving adolescents values and long-term goals, like career
choice (Bauman, Carver & Gleiter, 2001). However, since the time spend with peers
increases, peer influence, which is the mechanism in which adolescents become
more similar to their peers by interacting with them, is crucial during adolescence
and especially in day to day activities. That is why this investigation will focus on
the extent to which the nearest environment, including peers and parents, influences
adolescents smoking behaviour. (Darling & Cumsille, 2003).
The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a joint project of WHO, the US Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Public Health Association and most WHO member
states. The GYTS is a schools-based survey of teenagers aged 1315, which has enabled consistent
data collection from 395 sites encompassing 131 countries, plus the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank. Overall, 10% of surveyed students had used some form of tobacco product in the 30 days

prior to the survey. Smoking rates were highest in the European regions (19%) and lowest in the
Eastern Mediterranean regions (5%). The differences between boys' and girls' smoking rates were
statistically significant in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asian and Western Pacific
regions, while no significant differences were reported by sex in the Americas and European
regions (Table 1.13.2). In many countries the difference between boys' and girls' smoking rates was
narrower than expected, reflecting increased uptake of smoking in girls.
The GYTS also reported on susceptibility to taking up smoking, by asking never-smokers
whether they would smoke a cigarette if it were offered by their best friend, and whether they
thought they might smoke a cigarette within the next year. By these measures, 19% of respondents
were susceptible to commencing smoking within the next year. Teenagers in the European region
had the highest susceptibility (30%), and teenagers in the Western Pacific region the lowest (13%).
National data have also been reported for New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, England and the US.
These data are of interest since these countries have adopted, to a greater or lesser extent, tobacco
control measures which are similar to those operating in Australia. Key findings from some
international surveys are reported briefly here and interested readers should refer to the primary
sources for further information. Due to methodological differences, it should be noted that these
data are not directly comparable with Australian data or with each other. In New Zealand in 2010,
a survey of Year 10 students (aged 1415) found that 10% of respondents were regular (daily,
weekly or monthly) smokers. Overall, 5.5% of respondents aged 1415 were daily smokers in
2010. More than 64% of students had never smoked. Results from the 200809 Canadian Youth
Smoking Survey (YSS) indicate that 3% of youth in grades 6-9 reported that they were current
smokers, a figure unchanged from 200607 but up from 2% in 200405. For youth in grades 10
12 however, the 13% of youth who reported that they were current smokers was a statistically
significant increase from 200607 when the rate was 11%. This was a reflection of an increase in

current daily smokers and a concurrent decrease in less frequent smoking. The prevalence of youth
who reported that they had never tried smoking remained unchanged for both grades 69 (78%)
and grades 1012 (52%). Ireland's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey 2006
reported that 15% of 1017 year olds were current smokers. A schools-based study in England
showed that in 2010, 5% of 1115 year olds smoked regularly (at least once a week). The
Monitoring the Future Study from the US reported that in 2009, 19.5% of high school students had
smoked during the 30 days before the survey including 13.5% of students in Grade 9, 18.3% of
students in Grade 10, 22.3% of students in Grade 11 and 25.2% of students in Grade 12. Daily
smoking was reported by 7.7% of Grade 9 students, 8.9% of Grade 10 students, 13% of Grade 11
students and 16.3% of Grade 12 students. (The Cancer Council 2013)

As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United States, according to
the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means 20.6 percent of people over 18
expose themselves to the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes. Some are just
inconveniences, while others are serious health risks. Smokers face a host of disease
and an increased death risk (Nefer, 2010).According to WHO (2010), tobacco
use is the biggest contributor to the non-communicable diseases
epidemic in the world. And among its effects include heart attack,
cancer, stroke and emphysema.
Synthesis:
Smoking is a dangerous habit which was now being acquired by the young
ones as early as ages 10, 12 , and 18 years old ,if we have to see the statistics of all
smokers ,it is indeed very alarming knowing that in the study that was mentioned

earlier that the country needs at least 5,000 young ones to start smoking to maintain
their numbers and so that means to maintain their income. It was said clearly that
when u start smoking at a very early age of 12 then that is most likely be considered
a heavy smokers. In my point of view teenagers who tried smoking has a lot of
rationale behind it ,just for one example a young teenager that I've known and very
close to me has had his try to smoke and mainly because his mother is not around
and he missed his mother so much because his mother worked as an OFW , but
because his other siblings were also close to each other and make him realized that
smoking is not a good outlet and that for me is one of the reason why young
teenagers went to try. A lot of things in their life just to get out of a messy world they
have even temporarily, others got worse because there was no parental guidance, and
that for me is very crucial and most of the young ones do that because they are still
vulnerable and come to think about it when they smoke they thought they're matured
enough . But it is. A good thing that our Government is making use of all the
precautionary measures to prevent teenagers from smoking and by incorporating it
in the curriculum is the best way to achieve the goal of decreasing the numbers of
smoking teenagers, because they will tend to know the importance /essence of life
and treating our body right .i totally agree that most of the out of school youth also
got easily affected of it and those that are active in sports tend not to engage
themselves to such vices because they're well educated to know the consequences
and the bad outcome of it for their health .i don't see no reason of not incorporating it

in the curriculum because it will indeed enlighten a lot of our young teenagers to
know how bad it could cause to our body .i totally agree to all the measures that the
Government is trying to reach young people to at least decrease the numbers of
people smoking especially in young ones because it means there will be less
smokers in the future if that will be appropriately implemented .

Conceptual Framework
Input
Profile of the
respondents in
terms of:
Age
Gender
SocioEconomic
status

Process
Knowledge of
students
smokers on the
cigarette
smokThe figure
I presents
conceptual
paradigm of
the study and
its framework

Input

An
Assessment

three variables:
input, process
and output.
The input
identified in
this study is
the profile of
the
respondents
which is
Program
to enhance
composed
of
their
age,
the
Knowledge
of
genderSmokers
and
Student
and
socio-economic
its Effects
status. The
process will be
The figure I presents conceptual
paradigm of the study and its framework
the Knowledge
of students
presented in three variables: input, process and output. The input identified in this
smokers on the
cigarette
study is the profile of the respondents
which is composed of their age, gender and
smoking in
terms
socio-economic status. The process
willofbe the Knowledge of students smokers on
physical, social,
the cigarette smoking in terms ofand
physical, social, and psychological.
psychological.
The important information
be gathered through the use of survey
Thewill
important
information will
questionnaires made by the researchers. Through these survey questionnaires, the
be gathered
through
thean outcome of an assessment to the
respondents will be able to come
up with
use of survey
knowledge of students smokersquestionnaires
on the cigarette smoking will serve as a basis for
made by the
future researchers in formulating their health promotion program among the call
researchers.
Through these
center agents.
survey
questionnaires,
Theoretical Framework
the
respondents
will be able to
come up with
an outcome of
an assessment

to the
knowledge of
students
smokers on the
cigarette
The health promotion model
describes the multi dimensional nature of persons
smoking will
as they interact within their environment
to apursue health. (Pender, 1996)
serve as
basis for future
researchers
in
The health promotion is not
just about disease
prevention. Health promotion
formulating
describes behaviors an individual
can health
perform to bring greater longevity and a high
their
promotion
quality of life. Health promotion can bring about a sense of wellbeing and harmony
program
to the individual, can increaseamong
energy,the
andcall
can also decrease social problems
center agents.
including violence and suicide (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Adolescence can be an
ing in terms of:
important time for intervention and encouragement of health promotion. Adolescents
Physical
are unique in that they are not completely independent in their health choices and are
Social
much more vulnerable to both negative, and positive environmental influences (Srof
Psychologi
& Velsor-Friederich, 2006). Thereforecal
it is critical that health promotion be fully
explored in this population. Nola Penders Health Promotion Theory is one of the
most frequently used models for health promotion in adolescents (Montgomery,
2002).
Nola Penders Health Promotion Model (HPM) was created to serve as a
multivariate paradigm for explaining and predicting health promoting component
of lifestyle (Pender, 1990, p.326). The model is used to assess an individuals
background and perceived perceptions of self among other factors to predict health
behaviors.

CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research methodology which includes the research
design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument used in data gathering
procedures and statistical treatment of the data.
Research Design

Descriptive research is designed to describe the characteristics of behaviours

of a particular population in a systematic and accurate fashion. (Leary M. 2010)
The researcher will use a Quantitative Descriptive Design of
research since the purpose of the study is to have a necessary
approach to complete an accurate assessment the students
knowledge about the effects of smoking on their Physical, Social,
and Psychological health status.

Sampling Design
The sampling design that will be use for the study is Purposive or Judgmental
Sampling. It is a Non-Probability sampling method in which the researcher selects
the participants base on the qualification set by the researchers.
Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability sampling
techniques. Also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive
sampling relies on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to selecting
the units(e.g., people, cases/organization, events, pieces of data) that are to be
studied. Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when
compared with probability sampling techniques.

The main goal of purposive

sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest,

which will best enable you to answer your research questions. ( Laerd D. 2006)

Respondent of the Study

The students who are currently enrolled this 1 st semester school year 20132014 in Arellano University Pasay Campus. Only student smokers are considered the
respondent of the study.
Research Instrument
The researchers will use a questionnaire for collecting data in assessing the
Knowledge of Student Smokers about the harmful effects of smoking.
The questionnaire is self-made which was guided by books, related literature and
other references.
The first part is composed of demographic profile of the respondents and the second part
of the questionnaire is regarding the Knowledge of the students smokers and its effects on
their health in terms of physical, social, psychological
Data Collection/Procedure
Phase 1

The researchers provided a letter sent to the Dean of College of Nursing in

Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus for the approval of the title and
a letter of permission to conduct the said study. The researchers wrote a letter to Dr.
Jhason John J. Cabigon a University Physician of Arellano University Jose Abad
Santos Pasay Campus and to Ms. Fredeilyn B. Pena a Faculty of Education
Department to seek help for the validation of the self-made questionnaire, the tool
that will be used in this study. The researchers also wrote a letter to the
administration of the university to ask a permission to conduct a study, and provided
a written consent as well to the respondents who will be part of this study.

Phase 2
In this phase the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents was
provided with consent. The researchers

will explain the instructions and the

intention of the researchers to their respondents.

Statistical Treatment
The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and for testing the
null hypothesis of the proposed study will include percentage and weighted mean.
Frequency distribution will be used on the demographic profile of the
respondents as to their age, gender, socio-economic status.
Weighted mean will be used on
the knowledge of students smokers and its effect in terms of physical, social and
psychological. The formula is as follows: where, is the mean, is the summation,
X is the total number of scores, N is the total number of respondents

Chapter 4
Data Analysis and Findings
In this chapter the results of the data analysis are presented. The data were
collected and then processed in response to the problems posed in chapter 1 of
this dissertation. Two fundamental goals drove the collection of the data and
the subsequent data analysis. Those goals were to develop a base on the
Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Students in AU JAS
campus: An Assessment. These objectives were accomplished.

Response Rate

Demographic Data

Findings

General format

Statistical symbols
Within dissertations (and other manuscripts) statistical symbols are italicized. Words, rather
than symbols, should be used in the narrative, while symbols may be used in tables and inside
of parentheses within the narrative. For example, The mean of 3.25 for boys was higher than
the mean of 3.00 for girls in the sample. But, The boys in the sample scored higher overall
(M = 3.25) than the girls (M = 3.00). Among the more commonly used statistical symbols are
the following:
M = mean df = degrees of freedom
SD = standard deviation t = t statistic (t tests)
f = frequency F = Fishers statistic (ANOVA)
p = probability r = correlation coefficient (Pearson)
N , n = number X2 = Chi-square statistic
It is also helpful for the reader if some basic information accompanies the statistical results
presented in the text. Information usually includes such data as degrees of freedom or sample
size. The following examples demonstrate how commonly used statistics would be reported in
the narrative.

1. Results of the t test for independent samples indicated a significant difference in mean
scores for the boys (M = 3.75) and girls (M = 3.00), t(50) = 2.54, p = .024.
2. Results of the chi-square test indicated a significant association between gender and
mathematics achievement, X2(3, N = 48) = 12.54, p < .05.
3. Results of the one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in test scores
based upon students grade levels, F(2, 124) = 4.24, p = .036.
24

Summary (Optional)
This final section provides a summary of the highlights of the findings from Chapter 4 and
provides a transition to Chapter 5.

CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusions, Discussion, and Recommendations
As with most other chapters, a brief statement introduces Chapter 5 prior to the first section
heading of the chapter. This introduction generally articulates the contents of Chapter 5 and
may depict the specific headings into which the chapter is divided.
Summary
The Summary section of Chapter 5 provides a brief recap of the entire study. Generally, this
section summarizes the introduction, problem statement and hypotheses/research questions,

literature review, methodology, and findings. Someone reading this section would have a good
overview of why the study was