Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The information in this work has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable.
The author does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information
presented herein, and shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages
as a result of the use of this information.
April 2012
Main References
[1]* D.M. Pozar, Microwave engineering, 2nd Edition, 1998 John-Wiley & Sons.
[2] J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, Integrated electronics, 1972, McGraw-Hill.
[3] R. Ludwig, P. Bretchko, RF circuit design - theory and applications, 2000
Prentice-Hall.
[4] B. Razavi, RF microelectronics, 1998 Prentice-Hall, TK6560.
[5] J. R. Smith,Modern communication circuits,1998 McGraw-Hill.
[6] P. H. Young, Electronics communication techniques, 5th edition, 2004
Prentice-Hall.
[7] Gilmore R., Besser L.,Practical RF circuit design for modern wireless
systems, Vol. 1 & 2, 2003, Artech House.
[8] Ogata K., Modern control engineering, 4th edition, 2005, Prentice-Hall.
April 2012
Agenda
April 2012
April 2012
Introduction
April 2012
Si(s)
E(s)
So(s)
A(s)
+
High impedance
Positive
Feedback
Feedback network
High impedance
F(s)
So
(s ) = 1 AA(s(s)F) (s ) (2.1a)
Si
T (s ) = A(s )F (s ) (2.1b)
Loop gain (the gain of the system
around the feedback loop)
The condition for sustained oscillation, and for oscillation to startup from
positive feedback perspective can be summarized as:
For sustained oscillation
For oscillation to startup
1 A(s )F (s ) = 0
A(s )F (s ) > 1
Barkhausen Criterion
arg( A(s )F (s )) = 0
(2.2a)
(2.2b)
Take note that the oscillator is a non-linear circuit, initially upon power
up, the condition of (2.2b) will prevail. As the magnitudes of voltages
and currents in the circuit increase, the amplifier in the oscillator begins
to saturate, reducing the gain, until the loop gain A(s)F(s) becomes one.
A steady-state condition is reached when A(s)F(s) = 1.
Note that this is a very simplistic view of oscillators. In reality oscillators
are non-linear systems. The steady-state oscillatory condition corresponds
to what is called a Limit Cycle. See texts on non-linear dynamical systems.
April 2012
Si(s)
E(s)
-A(s)
So(s)
So
(s ) = 1 AA(s(s)F) (s )
Si
Inversion
F(s)
E(s)
-A(s)
X 3 = ( X 1 + X 2 ) (2.3)
X3
X1
April 2012
X2
10
Colpitt
oscillator
+
Hartley
oscillator
Armstrong
oscillator
Clapp
oscillator
April 2012
11
2.0
1.5
1.0
R
RB1
R=10 kOhm
R
RC
R=330 Ohm
C
CD1
C=0.1 uF
VB
VL
C
Cc2
C=0.01 uF
pb_mot_2N3904_19921211
Q1
R
RB2
R=10 kOhm
0.5
0.0
-0.5
VC
C
Cc1
C=0.01 uF
VB, V
VL, V
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.3 V
R
RE
R=220 Ohm
-1.0
R
RL
R=220 Ohm
-1.5
A( )F ( )
C
CE
C=0.01 uF
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
time, usec
1
0
Si(s)
L
C
L1
C1
L=2.2 uH
C=22.0 pF R=
C
C2
C=22.0 pF
t
E(s)
-A(s)
So(s)
F(s)
April 2012
12
R
RC
R=470 Ohm
R
RB1
R=10 kOhm
VC
R
RE
R=100 Ohm
-400
L
L1
L=1.0 uH
R=
C
C2
C=100.0 pF
C
C3
C=4.7 pF
R
R1
R=1000 Ohm
-600
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
time, usec
E(s)
0
-200
pb_m ot_2N3904_19921211
Q1
VE
R
RB2
R=4.7 kOhm
Si(s)
200
VL
C
C1
C=100.0 pF
C
Cc2
C=0.1 uF
VB
C
Cc1
C=0.1 uF
400
C
CD1
C=0.1 uF
VE, mV
VL, mV
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.3 V
So(s)
A(s)
F(s)
April 2012
13
R
RC
R=330 Ohm
C
CD1
C=0.1 uF
VC
VB
C
Cc1
C=0.1 uF
C
C1
C=22.0 pF
April 2012
VL
C
Cc2
C=0.1 uF
R
RL
R=220 Ohm
pb_mot_2N3904_19921211
Q1
R
RB2
R=10 kOhm
R
RE
R=220 Ohm
C
CE
C=0.1 uF
sx_stk_CX-1HG-SM_A_19930601
XTL1
Fres=16 MHz
C
C2
C=22.0 pF
14
April 2012
15
April 2012
16
Introduction (1)
17
Introduction (2)
April 2012
18
bss 213
bss 314
April 2012
Port 2
2-port
Network
a1
Z1 or 1
bs1
bss 12
Port 1
a1 = bs + bs 1s + bs 12s 2 + ...
bs
a1 =
1 1s
b1 = bs 1 + bs 12s + bs 13s 2 + ...
b1 =
bs
bss 1
b
1=
bs
1
1 1s
Compare with
equation (2.1a)
bss 212
bss 313
bs 1
1 1s
So
A(s )
(
s) =
Si
1 A(s )F (s )
Similar mathematical
form
19
We see that the infinite series that constitute the steady-state incident
(a1) and reflected (b1) waves at Port 1 will only converge provided
| s1| < 1.
These sinusoidal waves correspond to the voltage and current at the
Port 1. If the waves are unbounded it means the corresponding
sinusoidal voltage and current at the Port 1 will grow larger as time
progresses, indicating oscillation start-up condition.
Therefore oscillation will occur when | s1 | > 1.
Similar argument can be applied to port 2 since the signals at Port 1
and 2 are related to each other in a two-port network, and we see that
the condition for oscillation at Port 2 is |L2 | > 1.
April 2012
20
10
Zs
Zo
Z1
Destabilized
Amp. and
Load
Z Z s Z Z1
April 2012
21
We consider Port 1 as shown, with the source network and input of the
amplifier being modeled by impedance or series networks.
Zs
Z1
jXs
jX1
Source
Rs Network
V
R1
Z2
Vamp
Port 2
Port 1
ZL
R1 + jX 1
Z1
Vs =
Vs
R1 + Rs + j ( X 1 + X s )
Z s + Z1
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
(3.1)
22
11
Z1
L1
Cs
Rs
V
R1
Vs
Z2
ZL
Vamp
23
The expression for V(s) can be written in the standard form according
to Control Theory [8]:
2
V
(s ) = 1 2 s(RR1 ++ RsL1 ) 1 = sC2 s (R1 + sL1 )n2
(3.3a)
Vs
L1 s + s ( L ) + L C
s + 2ns + n
1
where
R1 + Rs
2
L1
Cs
1 s
= Damping Factor
n =
1
L1C s
= Natural Frequency
The transfer function V(s)/Vs(s) is thus a 2nd order system with two poles
p1, p2 given by:
2
p1, 2 = n n 1
(3.3b)
(3.4)
Observe that if (R1 + Rs) < 0 the damping factor is negative. This is
true if R1 is negative, and |R1| > Rs.
R1 can be made negative by modifying the amplifier circuit (e.g. adding
local positive feedback), producing the sum R1 + Rs < 0.
April 2012
24
12
Rs + R1 | o < 0
Re
Complex
pole pair
Complex Plane
Time
Domain
25
p1, 2 =0 = jn
n 2 =
1
L1C s
n L1 = n1Cs X 1 = X s
X1 + X s = 0
o
April 2012
26
13
Rs + R1 |o < 0
Rs + R1 |o = 0
(3.5a)
(3.5b)
X s + X 1 | o = 0
X s + X 1 | o = 0
Start-up
(3.6a)
(3.6b)
Steady-state
April 2012
27
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0. 2
-0. 4
-0. 6
-0. 8
0
R1+Rs
10
20
30
40
Oscillation
start-up
50
60
70
80
90
10 0
110
120
Zs Z1
Steady-state
Zs
ZL
Destabilized
Amplifier
t
We need to note that this is a very simplistic view of oscillators.
Oscillators are autonomous non-linear dynamical systems, and the steady-state
condition is a form of Limit Cycles.
April 2012
28
14
Z1
jXs
Source
Rs Network
Rs + R1 |o = 0
X s + X 1 | o = 0
Steady-state
jX1
Z2
Port 1
(3.6a)
(3.6b)
ZL
Vamp
R1
Port 2
Rs + R1 |o < 0
X s + X 1 | o = 0
(3.5a)
(3.5b)
Start-up
A similar expression for Z2 and ZL can also be obtained, but we shall not
beAprilconcerned
with these here.
2012
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
29
The Resonator
April 2012
30
15
jBs
Z2
G1
jB1
ZL
Vamp
Gs + G1 |o = 0
(3.7a)
Bs + B1 |o = 0
(3.7b)
Steady-state
April 2012
Gs + G1 |o < 0
Bs + B1 |o = 0
(3.8a)
(3.8b)
Start-up
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
31
32
16
April 2012
33
April 2012
34
17
April 2012
35
April 2012
36
18
April 2012
37
At 410MHz
S-PARAMETERS
DC
DC
DC1
S_Param
SP1
Start=410.0 MHz
Stop=410.0 MHz
Step=2.0 MHz
SStabCircle
S_StabCircle
S_StabCircle1
SSC=s_stab_circle(S,51)
StabFact
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=4.5 V
R
Rb1
R=10 kOhm
L
LC
L=330.0 nH
R=
StabFact
StabFact1
K=stab_fact(S)
Common Base
Configuration
LStabCircle
L_StabCircle
L_StabCircle1
LSC=l_stab_circle(S,51)
Vout
Term
Term2
Num=2
Z=50 Ohm
C
Cc2
C=10.0 nF
L
LB
L=22 nH
R=
R
RLB
R=0.77 Ohm
C
Cb
C=10.0 nF
C
CLB
C=0.17 pF
Positive feedback
here
April 2012
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
R
Rb2
L
R=4.7 kOhm
LE
L=330.0 nH
R=
Vin
C
Cc1
C=10.0 nF
Term
Term1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
An inductor is added
in series with the bypass
capacitor on the base
terminal of the BJT.
This is a form of positive
series feedback.
R
Re
R=100 Ohm
38
19
freq
410.0MHz
freq
410.0MHz
K
-0.987
S(1,1)
1.118 / 165.6...
L Plane
S(2,1)
2.068 / -12.723
S(2,2)
1.154 / -3.535
Unstable Regions
April 2012
s Plane
39
DC
DC
DC1
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=4.5 V
S_Param
SP1
Start=410.0 MHz
Stop=410.0 MHz
Step=2.0 MHz
SStabCircle
S_StabCircle
S_StabCircle1
SSC=s_stab_circle(S,51)
StabFact
R
Rb1
R=10 kOhm
StabFact
StabFact1
K=stab_fact(S)
L
LC
L=330.0 nH
R=
LStabCircle
L_StabCircle
L_StabCircle1
LSC=l_stab_circle(S,51)
Vout
C
Cc1
C=1.0 nF
Term
Term1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
C
Cc2
C=1.0 nF
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
R
Rb2
R=4.7 kOhm
C
Ce1
C=15.0 pF
C
Ce2
C=10.0 pF
Term
Term2
Num=2
Z=50 Ohm
Feedback
Common Emitter
Configuration
R
Re
R=100 Ohm
40
20
K
-0.516
S(1,1)
3.067 / -47.641
S(1,2)
0.251 / 62.636
S(2,1)
6.149 / 176.803
S(2,2)
1.157 / -21.427
L Plane
s Plane
Unstable
Regions
April 2012
41
Precautions
V2
V2
Rs too small
For more discussion about the Rs = (1/3)|R1| rule,
and on the sufficient condition for oscillation, see
[6], which list further requirements.
April 2012
Rs too large
42
21
Assuming = |1 |:
S D
1 = 11 L
1 S 22L
Tcenter =
April 2012
2 S 22* + D*S11
2
D S 22
2
(4.1a)
Radius =
S12 S 21
2
D 2 S 22
(4.1b)
43
April 2012
44
22
April 2012
45
DC
S t ab F ac t
DC
D C1
V_DC
SR C1
Vdc =4.5 V
R
Rb1
R=10 kO hm
L
LC
L=330.0 nH
R=
S_Param
SP1
Start=410. 0 MH z
Stop=410.0 MHz
Step=2. 0 MH z
Port 2 - Output
C
Cb
C =1.0 nF
R
Rb2
R=4.7 kOhm
Term
Term 2
Num=2
Z=50 Ohm
C
Cc1
C =1. 0 nF
SStabCircle
S_StabCircle
S_StabCircle1
source_s tabc ir=s_st ab_c irc le(S ,51)
pb_phl_BF R 92A_19921214
Q1
L
LE
L=220.0 nH
R=
LSt abCircle
L_St abCircle
L_St abCircle1
load_s tabcir=l_s tab_c irc le(S, 51)
C
Cc2
C =1. 0 nF
L
LB
L=12. 0 nH
R=
StabFact
StabFact 1
K=st ab_f act (S )
Term
Term 1
Num=1
Z=50 O hm
Port 1
Amplifier
Port 2
R
Re
R =100 Ohm
Port 1 - Input
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
46
23
K
-0.987
S(1,1)
1.118 / 165.6...
S(1,2)
0.162 / 166.9...
S(2,1)
2.068 / -12.723
S(2,2)
1.154 / -3.535
Unstable Regions
47
|1 |=1.5
|1 |=2.0
L = 0.5<0
|1 |=2.5
Note: More difficult
to implement load
impedance near
edges of Smith
Chart
ZL = 150+j0
L Plane
April 2012
48
24
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=4.5 V
R
RB1
R=10 kOhm
L
LC
L=330.0 nH
R=
C
Cc2
C=1.0 nF
L
LB
L=12.0 nH
R=
C
CB
C=1.0 nF
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
R
RB2
R=4.7 kOhm
L
LE
L=220.0 nH
R=
Var
Eqn
LSSP
HB1
Freq[1]=410.0 MHz
Order[1]=5
LSSP_FreqAtPort[1]=
SweepVar="Poutv"
Start=-20
Stop=-5
Step=0.2
C
Cc1
C=1.0 nF
VAR
VAR1
Poutv=-10.0
Large-signal
S-parameter
Analysis control
in ADS software.
R
RL
R=150 Ohm
We are measuring
large-signal S11 looking
towards here
P_1Tone
PORT1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
P=polar(dbmtow(Poutv),0)
Freq=410 MHz
R
RE
R=100 Ohm
April 2012
49
Compare the locus of S11 and the constant X and constant B circles on
the Smith Chart, it is clear the locus is more parallel to the constant X
circle. Also the direction of S11 is moving from negative R to positive R
as input power level is increased. We conclude the Series form is more
appropriate.
Compare
Region where R or G is negative
1
S(1,1)
Boundary of
Normal Smith Chart
50
25
Step 6 Using the series form, we find the small-signal input impedance
Z1 at 410MHz. So the resonator would also be a series network.
For ZL = 150 or L = 0.5<0:
S DL
1 = 11
= 1.422 + j 0.479
1 S 22 L
Z1 = Z o
1 + 1
= 10.257 + j 7.851
1 1
R1
X1
Rs =
R1 3.42
3
X s = X1 7.851
April 2012
51
Port 2
Zs = 3.42-j7.851
Common-Base (CB)
Amplifier
with feedback
April 2012
ZL = 150
52
26
ZL=150
49.44pF
3.42
27.27nH
CB Amplifier
@ 410MHz
1
C
1
C=
= 49.44 pF
7.851
3.49pF
50
7.851 =
April 2012
Impedance transformation
network
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
53
Vpp
BFR92A
Vpp = 0.9V
V = 0.45V
Power dissipated in the load:
2
April 2012
PL =
1V
2 RL
= 0.5
0.452
= 2.025mW
50
54
27
484 MHz
April 2012
55
1.4
1.2
Vbb
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Vout
-0.2
Output port
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Startup transient ns
April 2012
56
28
L
LC
L=220.0 nH
R=
R
RB
R=47 kOhm
-200
-300
-1000
-400
-1500
-500
R
RL
R=150 Ohm
C
Cc2
C=330.0 pF
-600
-2000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
freq, MHz
C
C1
C=2.2 pF
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
0.020
0.015
-0.005
0.010
-0.010
0.005
Destabilized
amplifier
imag(Y(1,1))
C
C2
C=4.7 pF
0.000
real(Y(1,1))
DC_Block
DC_Block1
Term
Term1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
-500
real(Z(1,1))
S_Param
SP1
Start=100.0 MHz
Stop=800.0 MHz
Step=10.0 MHz
Selection of load
resistor as in
Example 4.1.
imag(Z(1,1))
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.0 V
-100
S-PARAMETERS
0.000
-0.015
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
freq, MHz
April 2012
57
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.0 V
R
RB
R=47 kOhm
L
LC
L=220.0 nH
R=
S11
LSSP
HB1
Freq[1]=450.0 MHz
Order[1]=7
LSSP_FreqAtPort[1]=
Sw eepVar="Poutv"
Start=-5
Stop=15
Step=0.2
C
Cc2
C=330.0 pF
C
C1
C=2.2 pF
VAR
VAR1
Poutv=-10.0
R
RL
R=150 Ohm
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
S(1,1)
DC_Block
DC_Block1
P_1Tone
PORT1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
P=polar(dbmtow (Poutv),0)
Freq=450 MHz
Var
Eqn
Compare
C
C2
C=4.7 pF
R
RE
R=220 Ohm
Boundary of
Normal Smith Chart
Poutv (-5.000 to 15.000)
April 2012
29
1.0
TRANSIENT
R
RB
R=47 kOhm
VC
VL
C
Cc2
C=330.0 pF
VB
C
Cc1
L
C=1.0 nF
L1
L=39.0 nH
R=10
0.5
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=100.0 nsec
L
MaxTimeStep=1.0 nsec
LC
L=220.0 nH
R=
VL, V
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.0 V
R
RL
R=150 Ohm
vL(t)
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0
C
C1
C=2.2 pF
20
60
80
100
time, nsec
Eqn VfL=fs(VL)
R
RE
R=220 Ohm
m1
freq= 450.0MHz
mag(VfL)=0.733
m1
0.8
0.6
mag(VfL)
C
C2
C=4.7 pF
40
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
Large coupling
capacitor
|VL(f)|
0.4
0.2
0.0
April 2012
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
59
freq, GHz
V_DC
VCC
Vdc=3.3 V
R
RB1
R=1000 Ohm
S11
C
Cdec1
C=100.0 pF
L
LC
L=2 nH
R=0.2
C
Cc2
C=1.0 pF
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
C
Cc1
C=1.2 pF
P_1Tone
PORT1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
P=polar(dbmtow(Poutv),0)
R
Freq=fo MHz
RB2
R=1000 Ohm
C
C1
C=0.6 pF {t}
S(1,1)
R
RL
R=50 Ohm
R
C
RE
C2
R=100 Ohm
C=0.7 pF {t}
April 2012
Compare
S11 versus
Input power
60
30
Frequency Stability
April 2012
61
April 2012
62
31
April 2012
63
V_DC
VCC
Vdc=3.0 V
V_DC
VCC
Vdc=3.0 V
L
LC
L=2.2 nH {t}
R=0.2
L
LC
L=2.2 nH {t}
R=0.2
R
RB1
R=10000 Ohm {t}
R
RE
R=100 Ohm {t}
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
C
C1
C=1.0 pF {t}
C
Cc1
C=4.7 pF
C
C2
C=0.8 pF {t}
April 2012
R
RL
R=50 Ohm
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
R
RL
R=50 Ohm
C
Cc1
C=4.7 pF
VL
C
Cc2
C=1.0 pF
VL
C
Cc2
C=1.0 pF
L
L1
L=15.0 nH {t}
R=0.1
Amplifier
R
RB1
R=10000 Ohm {t}
R
RE
R=100 Ohm {t}
L
L1
L=15.0 nH {t}
R=0.1
C
C1
C=1.0 pF {t}
C
C2
C=0.8 pF {t}
Feedback
Network
64
32
April 2012
65
Z1 ( ) = R1 ( ) + jX 1 ( )
Upper
66
33
Clapp-Gouriet
Oscillator Circuit
with Load
Zs
ZL
Z1 = R1 + jX1
April 2012
67
Z s ( ) = Rs ( ) + jX s ( )
Rs ( ) < R1 ( ) R1 ( ) < 0
X s ( ) = X 1 ( )
68
34
VtP WL
Vtrig
V_Tran=pwl(t ime, 0ns , 0V, 1ns,0. 01V, 2ns ,0V)
R
Rb
R=47 k Ohm
V_DC
Vcc
Vdc =3.0 V
Variable
capacitance
tuning network
R
V _D C
R1
R=4700 Ohm
S RC1
V dc=-1.5 V
Tran
Tran1
StopTim e=100. 0 ns ec
MaxTimeS tep=1.2 nsec
L
Lc
L=220.0 nH
R=
P ARAM ET ER SWEEP
ParamSweep
Sweep1
SweepVar="R load"
SimI ns tanc eNam e[1] ="Tran1"
SimI ns tanc eNam e[2] =
SimI ns tanc eNam e[3] =
SimI ns tanc eNam e[4] =
SimI ns tanc eNam e[5] =
SimI ns tanc eNam e[6] =
St art=100
St op=700
V ar
VAR
E qn
St ep=100
VAR 1
X=1. 0
R load=100
R
C
Rout
C c2
C =330. 0 pF R=50 O hm
L
L2
L=47. 0 nH
R=
C
Cb1
C=2. 2 pF
C
Cb3
C=4. 7 pF
C
Cb2
C=10. 0 pF
April 2012
T R ANS IE NT
DC
DC
D C1
pb_phl_BF R92A_19921214
Q1
R
RL
R=Rload
R
Re
R=220 O hm
2-port network
C b4
C =4.7 pF
69
April 2012
70
35
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
April 2012
71
Load-Pull Experiment
Vout(pp)
1
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
RLoad
April 2012
72
36
Vout
April 2012
73
April 2012
74
37
April 2012
Capacitor to control
positive feedback
DC
DC
DC1
TRANSIENT
Tran
Tran1
StopTime=280.0 nsec
MaxTimeStep=1.2 nsec
VtPWL
L
Vtrig
Lc
V_Tran=pwl(time, 0ns, 0V, 1ns,0.01V, 2ns,0V)
L=220.0 nH
R
R=
Rb
R=47 kOhm
I_Probe
V_DC
I_Probe
Iload
Vcc
IC
Vdc=3.0 V
C
Ccb
C=1.0 pF
L
L2
L=47.0 nH
C
R=
Cb1
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
C=6.8 pF
Q1
C
Cb3
C=4.7 pF
C
Cb2
C=10.0 pF
R
R1
V_DC
R=4700 Ohm
SRC1
Vdc=0.5 V
C
Cc2
C=330.0 pF
R
Rout
R=50 Ohm
R
RL
R=50 Ohm
R
Re
R=220 Ohm
di_sms_bas40_19930908
D1
C
Cb4
C=0.7 pF
75
Vout
April 2012
76
38
April 2012
77
D1 is BB149A,
a varactor
manufactured by
Phillips
Semiconductor (Now
NXP).
405
f
MHz
400
395
0.5
1.5
2.5
Vdc
April 2012
Volts
78
39
fo
2fo
3fo
Smearing
fo
2fo
3fo
79
T = 1/fo
Leesons expression
LPM 10 log
FkT
A
8Q1 L
( )]
fo 2
f offset
t
fo
v(t)
f
Contains both phase
and amplitude modulation
of the sinusoidal waveform
at frequency fo
t
f
fo
80
40
v(t)
- 90dBc/Hz
t
100kHz
f
fo
81
X1
Tuning
Network with
High Q
Variation in Xtune
due to environment
causes small change
in instantaneous
frequency.
Xtune
X1
f
f
-X1
April 2012
2|X1|
Tuning
Network with
Low Q
f
-X1
Ztune = Rtune +jXtune
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
2|X1|
82
41
83
April 2012
84
42
VCO output
with high
phase noise
April 2012
VCO output
with low
phase noise
*The spectrum
analyzer internal
oscillator must
of course has
a phase noise of
an order of magnitude
lower than our VCO
under test.
85
More Materials
April 2012
86
43
More on Varactor
Reverse biased
Linear region
0
April 2012
Vj
2006 by Fabian Kung Wai Lee
87
To suppress
RF signals
Vcontrol
Vcontrol
To suppress
RF signals
+
+
Vcontrol
Symbol
for Varactor
88
44
To design a low power VCO that works from 810 MHz to 910 MHz.
Power supply = 3.0V.
Output power (into 50 load) minimum -3.0 dBm.
April 2012
89
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.3 V
R
RB
R=33 kOhm
S-PARAMETERS
S_Param
SP1
Start=0.7 GHz
Stop=1.0 GHz
Step=1.0 MHz
b82496c3120j000
LC
param=SIMID 0603-C (12 nH +-5%)
100pF_NPO_0603
Cc2
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
4_7pF_NPO_0603
Term
Cc1
Term1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
Z11
April 2012
2_2pF_NPO_0603
C1
R
RL
R=100 Ohm
3_3pF_NPO_0603
C2
R
RE
R=100 Ohm
90
45
m2
freq=809.0MHz
m2=-84.412
-40
-50
imag(Z(1,1))
real(Z(1,1))
-60
-70
m2
-80
m1
-90
-100
-110
-120
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
freq, GHz
April 2012
91
PARAMETER SWEEP
ParamSweep
Sweep1
SweepVar="Vcontrol"
SimInstanceName[1]="SP1"
SimInstanceName[2]=
SimInstanceName[3]=
SimInstanceName[4]=
SimInstanceName[5]=
SimInstanceName[6]=
Start=0.0
Stop=3
Step=0.5
S_Param
SP1
Start=0.7 GHz
Stop=1.0 GHz
Step=1.0 MHz
April 2012
L
L2
L=33.0 nH
R=
100pF_NPO_0603
C2
VAR
VAR1
Vcontrol=0.2
L
L1
L=10.0 nH
R=
Vvar
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=Vcontrol V
Var
Eqn
BB833_SOD323
D1
C
C3
C=0.68 pF
Term
Term1
Num=1
Z=50 Ohm
92
46
120
m1
freq=882.0MHz
m1=64.725
Vcontrol=0.000000
-imag(VCO_ac..Z(1,1))
imag(Z(1,1))
100
80
m1
60
40
Resonator
reactance
as a function of
control voltage
20
0
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
freq, GHz
April 2012
93
DC
Low-pass filter
VtPWL
Src_trigger
V_T ran=pwl(time, 0ns,0V, 1ns,0.1V, 2ns,0V)
DC
DC1
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.3 V
R
RB
R=33 kOhm
b82496c3120j000
L3
param=SIMID 0603-C (12 nH +-5%)
100pF_NPO_0603
Cc2
b82496c3150j000
L4
param=SIMID 0603-C (15 nH +-5%)
b82496c3100j000
L1
param=SIMID 0603-C (10 nH +-5%)
4_7pF_NPO_0603 C
Cc1
C6
C=2.2 pF
b82496c3330j000
L2
param=SIMID 0603-C (33 nH +-5%)
Vvar
R
R1
R=100 Ohm
V_DC
SRC2
Vdc=1.2 V
BB833_SOD323
D1
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
2_7pF_NPO_0603
C8
C
C5
C=0.68 pF
C
C7
C=3.3 pF
0_47pF_NPO_0603
C9
R
RL
R=100 Ohm
R
RE
R=100 Ohm
100pF_NPO_0603
C4
April 2012
94
47
The prototype and the result captured from a spectrum analyzer (9 kHz
to 3 GHz).
Fundamental
-1.5 dBm
April 2012
Harmonic
VCO
suppression filter
- 30 dBm
95
Examining the phase noise of the oscillator (of course the accuracy is
limited by the stability of the spectrum analyzer used).
-0.42 dBm
300Hz
April 2012
96
48
Variable
power
supply
V_DC
SRC1
Vdc=3.3 V
R
RB
R=33 kOhm
b82496c3150j000
L4
param=SIMID 0603-C (15 nH +-5%)
100pF_NPO_0603
Cc2
b82496c3100j000
L1
param=SIMID 0603-C (10 nH +-5%)
R
Rattn
R=50 Ohm
4_7pF_NPO_0603
Cc1
C
C5
C=0.68 pF
Vvar
Port
Vcontrol
Num=1
b82496c3120j000
L3
param=SIMID 0603-C (12 nH +-5%)
R
Rcontrol
R=1000 Ohm
C
C6
C=2.2 pF
C
C7
C=3.3 pF
BB833_SOD323
D1
April 2012
pb_phl_BFR92A_19921214
Q1
2_7pF_NPO_0603
C8
Port
Vout
Num=2
Spectrum
Analyzer
0_47pF_NPO_0603
C9
R
RE
R=100 Ohm
97
Measured results:
fVCO / MHz
950
900
850
800
1.35 Volt
750
0.0
April 2012
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Vcontrol/Volts
98
49