Overview of the Engineering of Systems

System
a collection of hardware, software, people,
facilities, and procedures organized to
accomplish some common objectives.
A system is set of interrelated components working
together toward some common objective or purpose

System may comprise of

Persons and Organizations
Software and Data
Equipment and Hardware
Facilities and Materials

Services and Techniques

Components of a System

Input
Processing
Output
Control Mechanism
Feedback Mechanism

WHAT IS ENGINEERING
The application of scientific and mathematical principles to
practical ends such as the design, construction, and operation
of efficient and economical structure, equipment, and
systems*
Discipline for transforming scientific concepts into costeffective products through the use of analysis and judgement
**
engineering is the art of doing something well with 1 dollar
which any bungler can do with 2 dollars, Arthur Wellington
*The American Heritage Dicitionary [Berube, 1991]
** The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods, 2nd Edition [Buede, 2009]

Complete Reset of Operating System

Volume Issue

System Engineering

Table 1.1

Systems Engineering typically involves an

interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the
realization of successful systems.
Systems Engineering considers both the business
and the technical needs of all customers with the
goal of providing a quality product that meets the
user needs.
INCOSE
International Council on
Systems Engineering

Why Systems Engineering?

Air bags, safety device appearing in automobiles
in the early 1990s, became the cause of death for a
noticeable number of individuals.
There were severe flaws in the design, testing
and deployment conditions envisaged.

Columbia disaster

Space shuttle Columbias crew members who died

in the crash

Engineering of Systems
Broad perspective, not deep
Clear focus on system's objectives
Design: start with supersystem, migrate towards
subsystems and components
Integration: start with pieces and build to
system in its real environment

11

Design

12

Classification of Systems

Natural and man-made

Physical and conceptual
Open and Closed systems
Closed loop system: where part of the
output is fed back to the system to initiate
control
Examples?

System Life Cycle

Identification
of Need

Production &
Manufacturing

Concept
Definition

Retirement

Training

Preliminary
System
Design

System
Integration

Deployment

Operation
Maintenance

Detailed
Configuration
Item Design

Refinement
Time

14

Cost
100%
Cost Committed
80%

Cost Incurred

60%

40%

Reason Why
Engineering
a System
Needs To
Be Done
Well Early

20%

0%
Conceptual
Detailed
& Preliminary Design &
Design
Integration

Construction
or
Production

Use,
Refinement
& Disposal

Chapter 1 Figure 1.2- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Time

15

Vee Model of
Design and
Integration

Understand User
Requirements, Develop
System Concept and
Validation Plan

Demonstrate and
Validate System to
User Validation Plan

Integrate System and

Perform System
Verification to
Performance Specifications

Develop System
Performance Specification
and System
Validation Plan

. . .

. . .

Expand Performance
Specifications into CI
Design-to Specifications
and CI Verification Plan

Assemble CIs and

Perform CI Verification
to CI Design-to
Specifications
Systems Engineering

Evolve Design-to
Specifications into
Build-to Documentation
and Inspection Plan

Time

Inspect
Build-to
Documentation

Design
Engineering

Fab, Assemble and

Code to Build-to
Documentation

Chapter 1 Figure 1.3- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

16

Expertise Required on the

Systems Engineering Team
Management
Domain/
Stakeholders

SE
Process
Technology
(Engineering
Disciplines)

Modeling,
Simulation,
Analysis

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

20

Characterizing the broader

design problem

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

21

Top Down Systems Engineering

(TTDSE)

System Definition

System V,V &A

n
sig ion
De at
m eriv n
ste D itio
Sy ents efin
A
D
V& em e
V, quir ctur
Re hite
c
Ar

Subsystem Definition
Component Definition
CI Definition

System analysis;
Upgrade selection

V,
V
Re &A
T
Ar quire esti
ch
n
ite men g
ctu
t
re s Ad
Mo jus
tm
dif
ica en
tio t
n

Meta-system analysis;
Concept selection

Subsystem Verification
Component Verification
CI Verification

Discipline Engineering Design

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

22

Systems
Requirements

Waterfall Model

Software
Requirements

Preliminary
Design

Detailed
Design

Coding and
Debugging

Integration
and Testing

Operations and
Maintenance

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

23

Spiral
Model

Cumulative Cost
Progress
through phases
Evaluate Alternatives;
Identify and Resolve Risks
Determine Objectives,
Alternatives, and
Constraints

Risk Analysis

Risk Analysis
Risk Analysis

Review Commitment
Partition

Operational
3rd
2nd
1st
Prototype Prototype
Prototype Prototype
Models
RequirementsOperational Simulations
Benchmarks
Plan
Concept Software
Requirements
Detailed
Development
Software
Design
Requirements
Plan
Product
Validation
Design
Code
Integration
Design Validation
and Test Plan
Unit Test
and Verification
Integration
and Test
Plan Next
Acceptance
Phases
Test
Develop and Verify
Implementation
Next Level Product

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

24

Object Oriented Design

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

25

Modeling Approaches
Structured design

N2 Diagrams (or charts)

IDEF0
Data flow diagrams
Petri nets

Unified Modeling Language (S/W engg)

US Dept. of Defense Architecture Framework
(DODAF)
Systems Modeling Language (SysML)

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

26

UML Diagram Types

Structure Diagrams
Class
Component
Composite structure
Deployment
Object
Package

Behavior Diagrams
Activity
State Machine
Use case

Interaction Diagrams
Collaboration Communication
Interaction overview
Sequence diagram
Timing

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

27

Diagram Types for SysML

Structure Diagrams
Class renamed to be
Block Definition
Internal Block
Component
Composite structure
Deployment
Object
Package
Parametric Design
(new)

Behavior
Diagrams
Activity
(modified)
State Machine
Use case

Interaction Diagrams
Collaboration Communication
Interaction overview
Sequence diagram
Timing

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Requirement
(new)
Requirement
(new)

28

SE Architectures
Operational Concept

Functional
Architecture

Physical
Architecture

Operational Architecture
Interface Architecture
Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

29

Sample Physical Architecture

F-22 Weapon System
Vehicle

Avionics
Systems

Utilities &
Subsystems

Electronic
Warfare

Vehicle
Management
System

Cockpit
Systems

Controls
&
Displays

Navigation,
Identification

Radar

Support

Training

Processing

Inertial
Reference
System
Stores
Management

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

30

Life-Cycle Physical Architecture

XYZ Weapon System
Operational
System

Manufacturing
System

Design & Integration

System
Avionics
Systems

Training
System

Utilities &
Subsystems

Electronic
Warfare

Retirement
System

Refinement
System
Vehicle
Management
System

Cockpit
Systems

Controls
&
Displays

Navigation,
Identification

Radar

Deployment
System

Processing

Inertial
Reference
System
Stores
Management

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

31

Another View of the Design Process

Stakeholders
Need
Stakeholders
Requirement

System
Design
System
Allocated
Architecture
Segment
Specs

Segment
Design

Element
Design

Component
Design

Segment
Allocated
Architectures
Element
Specs

Element
Allocated
Architectures
Component
Specs

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

Component
Allocated
Architectures
CI
Specs

32

Typical
Requirements
Documents

Document Titles
Problem Situation or
Mission Element Need
Statement and Systems
Engineering Management
Plan (SEMP)

Stakeholders Need or
Stakeholders
Requirement
(StkhldrsRD)

System Requirements
(SysRD)

System Requirements
Validation

Document Contents
Definition of stakeholders and their relationships
Stakeholders description of the problem and its context
Description of the current system
Description of major objectives in general terms
Definition of the systems engineering management
structure and support tools that will be responsible for
developing the system
Definition of the problem needing solution by the system
(including the context and external systems with which
the system must interact)
Definition of the operational concept on which the system
will be based
Creation of the structure for defining requirements
Description of the requirements in the stakeholders
language in great breadth but little depth
Trace of every requirement to a recorded statement or
opinion of the stakeholders
Description of trade-offs between performance
requirements, including cost and operational
effectiveness
Restatement of the operational concept on which the
system will be based
Definition of the external systems in engineering terms
Restatement of the operational requirements in
engineering language
Trace of every requirement to the previous document
Justification of engineering version of the requirements in
terms of analyses, expert opinions, stakeholder meetings
Description of test plan for each requirement
Documents analyses to show that the requirements in the
SysRD are consistent, complete and correct, to the degree
possible
Demonstrates that there is at least one feasible solution to
the design problem as defined in the SysRD

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

33

Comparison of the Relative Cost

to Fix Software
in Various Life Cycle Phases
[from Davis]

Phase of Life Cycle

Requirements
Design
Coding
Unit Test
Acceptance Test
Maintenance

Relative Cost of Repair Given the Fix Is Found in this Phase

2 (1, 3)
5 (3, 6)
10
20 (15, 50)
50 (20, 80)
200 (40, 400)

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

34

Reading Assignment
To go through the figures

35

Development Period
Stakeholders
Guidance &
Approv als

Documents
& Money

Deve lop
Syste m
ABC

Design &
Integration
Documents

People & Tools

Dev elopment
System

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

36

Period of Pre-Initial Operational Capability

Stakeholders
Specifications

Guidance
& Approvals

Documents
& Money

Manufacture
System
ABC

Deploy
System
ABC

Dev elop
System
ABC

Documents

Manufactured, Deployed & Tested Items

People & Tools
Development
System

Train O/M
of System
ABC

Facilities, People, & Equipment

Manufacturing
System

Deployment
System

Training
System

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

37

Period of Operational Use and Refinement

Stakeholders
Guidance
& Approvals

Specifications
Documents
& Money

Refine
System
ABC

Manufacture
System
ABC
Manufactured
Items
Facilities, People,
& Equipment
Training
Items

Deploy
System
ABC

Needs
Deployed Items

Use
System
ABC

Train O/M
of System
ABC

Manufacturing
System

Documents

Trained O/M
Facilities, People,
& Equipment
Deployment
System

Training
System

People & Tools

Refinement
System

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

38

Retirement Period
Stakeholders
Specifications

Needs

Use
System
ABC

Decom
missioned
ABCs

Laws &
Regulations
Transported,
Decom
missioned
ABCs

Deploy
System
ABC

ABC

Retire
System
ABC

People
& Tools

Waste
Materials

People & Tools

Deployment
System

Retirement
System

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

39

Define the
Design
Problem

Five Major Functions

of Systems Engineering Design
Develop
Functional
Architecture

Design
Physical
Architecture
Develop
Allocated
Architecture
Obtain
Approval &
Document
Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

41

Functions of the
Systems Engineering
Integration Process

Verification Requirements and

Constraints from Approved Baseline

CI to be
verified

Inspect and test

to verification
requirements to
prove readiness for
integration with
next assembly

Integrate with
next CI and
repeat
verification
process

No

Deficiencies

Yes

Identify and
fix correctable
deficiencies

Yes

Modify approved
technical baseline
to incorporate
deviation

Correctable

No

Yes

Document
uncorrectable
deficiencies

Redesign

No

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

For uncorrectable
deficiencies, confirm
no impact to
integration and get
deviation approval
from buyer

43

Value of Systems Engineering

Value propositions

1. Problem and solution discovery goal seeking system

2. Communication interface between stakeholders & design
engineers
3. Identify and solve show stoppers
4. Error reduction in both the design and product systems
5. Risk reduction of both the design and product systems

Chapter 1- Overview of the Engineering of Systems

46