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INTERNATIONAL
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www.ijest-ng.com
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2011 MultiCraft Limited. All rights reserved
1
Agncia Nacional de Energia Eltrica (ANEEL)
Universidade de Braslia - Faculdade de Tecnologia - Departamento de Engenharia Eltrica Campus, Universitrio Darcy Ribeiro,
Caixa Postal 4386, 70.910-900 - Braslia DF, BRAZIL
*
Corresponding Author: e-mail: mago@unb.br, Tel: +55 61 3107-5580; fax: +55 61 3107-5590,
andremeister@aneel.gov.br(Andr Meister), shayani@unb.br (Rafael Amaral Shayani)
Abstract
During switching or lightning overvoltages, surge arresters play an important role in limiting voltage levels and protecting
substation equipment, by conducting the excess of current in the system, which would otherwise damage the equipment. This
paper aimed to conduct a technical comparison of the models developed to represent the frequency dependent characteristic of
metal oxide surge arresters. The scope of this paper also included outlining a methodology to choose which one would be more
appropriate. The major contribution of this article is the validation of the models in a typical 500 kV substation insulation
coordination study.
Keywords: Overvoltages, Insulation Coordination, Surge Arrester, Surge Arrester Modeling, ATP program
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v3i11.4S
1. Introduction
The substitution of silicon carbide arresters for metal oxide surge arresters has brought benefits to overvoltage protection.
However, there is the demand for the development of a model to be used in transient overvoltage and switching surge studies. The
ATP Alternative Transients Program program allows the modeling of this non-linear resistance through the ZnO Fitter routine
and the Type 92 card (ATPRB, 1997). Laboratory test data of metal oxide arrester discharge voltage and current have indicated
that the arrester has dynamic characteristics that are significant for studies involving fast front surges, which are not well
represented by the ATP model previously mentioned. Technical data show that for fast front surges, with rise time less than 8s,
the voltage waveform peak occurs before the current waveform peak and the residual voltage across the arrester increases as the
time to crest of the arrester discharge current decreases. The increase could reach approximately 6% when the front time of the
discharge is reduced from 8s to 1.3s. According to the IEEE Working Group 3.4.11 (1992), this peak can reach up to 12%. It
may be pointed out that the voltage across the arrester is not only a function of the magnitude of the discharge current, but is also
dependent on the rate of increase. This fact is particularly important in lightning studies. Several models, at different voltage
levels, have been proposed to represent the frequency dependant characteristic of metal oxide surge arresters. The model proposed
by the IEEE Working Group, although having the purpose of finding a mathematical model that adequately reproduces these
effects without requiring excessive computing time, uses a trial and error procedure. Besides, it is necessary to have physical
parameters (e.g. overall height, block diameter, column numbers), which makes modeling more difficult. Other models have been
developed, but adjustment of parameters, in some cases, requires iterative procedures. Furthermore, the technical data necessary
for other models are not always easily obtained through catalogues.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparison of surge arrester models. The results show that all models have similar
performance when subjected to fast front surges. Conclusions are drawn that will help the selection of which model would be more
appropriate for each kind of study. Lastly, the advantages, disadvantages, and errors associated with the use of these models are
mentioned. The main innovation of this paper lies in the technical comparison of the models with the results of an insulation
coordination study in a typical 500 kV substation subjected to fast-front surges. To be represented in the ATP, each piece of
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Meister et al. / International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 11, 2011, pp. 35-45
equipment was modeled for high frequency studies. The substation was modeled with distributed parameters through their
impedance surge, time travel and length. The transmission lines were modeled through their surge impedance. All other equipment
was modeled for the phenomenon studied. Lastly, the surge arresters models were introduced in the study for analysis.
2. Surge arrester models
2.1 The ATP conventional model
In the ATP Program, despite the existence of many types of surge arrester models, the exponential non-linear resistive device is
the most widely used. The voltage-current characteristic is represented by several exponential segments, each one defined by eq.
(1).
v
i = p
Vref
(1)
In this equation q is the exponent, p is a multiplier, and Vref is an arbitrary reference voltage that normalizes the equation and
prevents numerical overflow during exponentiation. The first segment of the device is linear which speeds up the simulation. The
second segment is defined by parameters p, q and a minimum voltage level. When the voltage across the surge arrester reaches a
predefined minimum level, the algorithm tries to find a solution to the equation. The more exponential the model, the more precise
are the results. The simulation of this model shows that for fast front surges, the peak voltage and current occur at the same time.
Therefore it is not suitable to represent phenomena which are frequency dependent.
2.2 The Tominaga et al. model
The aim of having a frequency dependent model, based on the desired behavior between voltage and current, led to a model with
a varistor in series with an inductance (Figure 1) (Tominaga et al., 1979). Although the voltage across the device increases with a
higher current level, this model is a good approximation to specific situations. For example, a chosen inductance for the model
could produce accurate results for an 8s surge front. But for a 2s surge front, the results would not be satisfactory.
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3. Model implementation
The Conventional, IEEE, Pinceti and Giannettoni, and Fernandez and Diaz models were compared using the ATP Program,
version ATPDRAW 3.9. The other models were not considered, because their results were not accurate. The waveforms used in
the simulations were developed with the ATP Source 15 Heidler Type. The use of Source 13 does not demonstrate the frequency
dependent characteristic, where the current signal leads the voltage signal. The other sources available did not allow correct
modeling of the desired waveform. To compare models, the ABB EXLIM P-E - 444 kV varistor was used (Table 1). The model
parameters are shown in Table 2.
Rated
Voltage
[kV]
444
20
4500
866
897
920
960
1015 1111
R1[]
94,25
1000
1000
R0[]
145
-
1106
C[pF]
68,97
228,3
4. Simulation results
Results for both the 8x20s waveform with 10 kA, and the 1x2s waveform with 10 kA are shown in Table 3, together with the
error as compared to datasheet values (Table 1). Time to voltage crest for each model is presented in Table 4. The response of each
model to waveforms 8x20s with 10 kA, and 1x2s with 10 kA are shown in Figures 7 and 8 respectively. Figures 9, 10, 11, and
12 present their dynamic behavior.
Model
Conventional
IEEE
Pinceti and Giannettoni
Fernandez and Diaz model
Error
1.30 %
0.84 %
0.25 %
1.60 %
1x2s - 10 kA
Voltage [kV]
Error
1028.77
7.5 %
1158.03
4.7 %
1121.57
1.4 %
1137.79
2.8 %
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computational effort. The Fernandez and Diaz model also presents good results. The major difficulty associated to using this
model is determining the inductance value, which is related to curves between the waveform time to crest and the residual voltage.
5. Insulation coordination study
In order to study energy absorption, models were compared through an insulation coordination study in a typical 500 kV
substation (Figure 13), subjected to fast-front surges. The substation was modeled with distributed parameters through their
impedance surge, time travel and length; and the transmission line through its surge impedance (the value of 300 was adopted) .
The transformer 525/440/13,8 kV was modeled as in Figure 13. All other equipments were adequately modeled for the phenomena
studied as described in Table 7. (Meister and Oliveira, 2005b).
Rated
Voltage
[kV]
420
4500
807
830
846
888
924
R0[]
73,6
-
998
C[pF]
73,60
1358,6
998
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Table 8 Insulation coordination study results.
Varistors
Model
Line
[kV]
Line
[J]
Transformer
[kV]
Transformer
[J]
IEEE
1344.25
3.62E+04
1003.84
1.15E+05
1352.76
4.83E+04
984.99
1.06E+05
1355.08
4.86E+04
989.52
1.06E+05
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Biographical notes
Andre Meister was born in Brasilia, Brazil, on October 8, 1976. He received the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree and the M.Sc. degree from the
University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, in 2000 and 2005, respectively. His professional experience includes Marte Engenharia (Brasil), where he was involved with
load flow, stability, and electromagnetic transient studies. He joined the Agncia Nacional de Energia Eltrica (National Regulatory Agency) in 2005, where he
works with electrical transmission systems. His areas of interest include transmission systems and electromagnetic transient studies.
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Rafael Anaral Shayani was born in So Paulo, Brazil, on March 25, 1976. He received the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree from the Polytechnical
School of the University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil, in 1998 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, in 2006 and
2010, respectively. His professional experience includes the Centro de Gesto e Estudos Estratgicos (Brazil), where he worked as a consultant in the Prospective
Study on Photovoltaic Energy, and Johnson Controls, where he supervised electric power and air conditioning systems. He joined the University of Brasilia in
2009, where he teaches a course on energy conversion. His areas of interest include electrical power systems, renewable energy sources, power quality, and energy
efficiency. Mr. Shayani received an award at the 8th Brazilian Energy Congress in 1999, presenting a comparison on overall costs between energy production from
hydroelectric power plants and from natural gas plants.
Marco Aurlio Gonalves de Oliveira was born on December 20, 1958, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He received the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree from
the University of Braslia, Braslia, Brazil, in 1982 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Paris, Paris, France, in 1989 and 1994, respectively.
From 1982 to 1988, he was with the Operation Division of Eletronorte (Brazil) where he was involved with load flow, stability, and electromagnetic transient
studies. He joined the University of Brasilia in 1994, where he was the Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering from 2006 to 2010. His research interests
include power electronics, power quality, renewables, and energy efficiency. He has published over 50 papers in those fields. Dr. de Oliveira was Chair of the IEEE
Brasilia Section and IEEE Brazil Council.