Cosmos S01e01

1
00:00:00,830 --> 00:00:03,241

CARL SAGAN:
The cosmos is all there is,
2
00:00:03,588 --> 00:00:04,787
or ever was,
3
00:00:05,285 --> 00:00:06,315
or ever will be.
4
00:00:07,735 --> 00:00:09,069
Come with me.
5
00:00:10,538 --> 00:00:12,506
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON:
A generation ago,
6
00:00:12,540 --> 00:00:14,908
the astronomer Carl Sagan
stood here
7
00:00:14,943 --> 00:00:16,910
and launched hundreds
of millions of us
8
00:00:16,945 --> 00:00:18,912
on a great adventure-9
00:00:18,947 --> 00:00:22,749
the exploration of the universe
revealed by science.
10
00:00:22,784 --> 00:00:25,752
It's time to get going again.
11
00:00:25,787 --> 00:00:28,755
We're about to begin a journey
that will take us
12
00:00:28,790 --> 00:00:31,858
from the infinitesimal
to the infinite,
13
00:00:31,893 --> 00:00:34,861
from the dawn of time
to the distant future.
14
00:00:34,896 --> 00:00:39,199
We'll explore galaxies
and suns and worlds,
15
00:00:39,234 --> 00:00:42,236
surf the gravity waves
of space-time,
16
00:00:42,270 --> 00:00:45,606
encounter beings that live
in fire and ice,
17
00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:49,376
explore the planets of stars
that never die,
18
00:00:49,410 --> 00:00:51,979
discover atoms
as massive as suns
19
00:00:52,013 --> 00:00:56,083
and universes smaller
than atoms.
20
00:00:56,117 --> 00:00:59,253
Cosmos is also a story about us.
21
00:00:59,287 --> 00:01:03,423
It's the saga of how wandering
bands of hunters and gatherers
22
00:01:03,458 --> 00:01:08,128
found their way to the stars,
23
00:01:08,162 --> 00:01:11,932
one adventure with many heroes.
24
00:01:20,642 --> 00:01:24,111
To make this journey,
we'll need imagination.
25
00:01:24,145 --> 00:01:26,446
But imagination alone
is not enough
26
00:01:26,481 --> 00:01:29,650
because the reality of nature
is far more wondrous

27
00:01:29,684 --> 00:01:32,019
than anything we can imagine.
28
00:01:36,057 --> 00:01:39,693
This adventure is made possible
by generations of searchers
29
00:01:39,727 --> 00:01:43,197
strictly adhering
to a simple set of rules...
30
00:01:43,231 --> 00:01:47,034
test ideas by experiment
and observation,
31
00:01:47,068 --> 00:01:49,970
build on those ideas
that pass the test,
32
00:01:50,004 --> 00:01:52,206
reject the ones that fail,
33
00:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,841
follow the evidence
wherever it leads
34
00:01:54,876 --> 00:01:57,511
and question everything.
35
00:01:57,545 --> 00:02:00,013
Accept these terms,
36
00:02:00,048 --> 00:02:03,984
and the cosmos is yours.
37
00:02:04,018 --> 00:02:07,321
Now come with me.
38
00:03:42,689 --> 00:03:45,823
Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com
39
00:04:02,304 --> 00:04:04,304
In this ship of
the Imagination,
40
00:04:04,305 --> 00:04:06,907
free from the shackles
of space and time,
41
00:04:06,941 --> 00:04:09,977
we can go anywhere.
42
00:04:10,011 --> 00:04:12,246
If you want to see
where we are in space,
43
00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:15,449
just look out the front window.
44
00:04:19,387 --> 00:04:23,023
In the dimension of time,
the past lies beneath us.
45
00:04:25,326 --> 00:04:29,530
Here's what Earth looked like
250 million years ago.
46
00:04:33,134 --> 00:04:35,703
If you want
to see the future, look up.
47
00:04:35,737 --> 00:04:41,008
And this is how it could appear
250 million years from now.
48
00:04:42,377 --> 00:04:43,811
If we're going
to be venturing out
49
00:04:43,845 --> 00:04:46,680
into the farthest reaches
of the cosmos,
50
00:04:46,715 --> 00:04:49,616
we need to know
our cosmic address,
51
00:04:49,651 --> 00:04:53,353
and this is the first line
of that address.
52
00:04:53,354 --> 00:04:57,012

_
53
00:05:14,542 --> 00:05:18,912
We're leaving the Earth,
the only home we've ever known,
54
00:05:18,947 --> 00:05:23,350
for the farthest reaches
of the cosmos.
55
00:05:27,389 --> 00:05:31,258
Our nearest neighbor,
the Moon, has no sky,
56
00:05:31,292 --> 00:05:34,695
no ocean, no life--
57
00:05:34,729 --> 00:05:38,098
just the scars
of cosmic impacts.
58
00:05:51,112 --> 00:05:54,081
Our star powers the wind
and the waves
59
00:05:54,115 --> 00:05:57,918
and all the life on the surface
of our world.
60
00:05:57,952 --> 00:06:00,521
The Sun holds all the worlds
of the solar system
61
00:06:00,555 --> 00:06:05,092
in its gravitational embrace,
starting with Mercury...
62
00:06:23,645 --> 00:06:27,548
...to cloud-covered Venus,
where runaway greenhouse effect
63
00:06:27,582 --> 00:06:31,185
has turned it
into a kind of hell.
64
00:06:37,125 --> 00:06:38,926
Mars...
65
00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:43,931
a world with as much land
as Earth itself.
66
00:06:56,144 --> 00:06:59,446
A belt of rocky asteroids
circles the Sun
67
00:06:59,481 --> 00:07:01,949
between the orbits
of Mars and Jupiter.
68
00:07:13,461 --> 00:07:17,765
With its four giant moons
and dozens of smaller ones,
69
00:07:17,799 --> 00:07:21,268
Jupiter is like
its own little solar system.
70
00:07:21,303 --> 00:07:25,706
It has more mass than all
the other planets combined.
71
00:07:35,350 --> 00:07:39,320
Jupiter's Great Red Spot...
72
00:07:39,354 --> 00:07:42,489
a hurricane three times
the size of our whole planet
73
00:07:42,524 --> 00:07:46,160
that's been raging
for centuries.
74
00:08:06,515 --> 00:08:10,384
The crown jewel
of our solar system, Saturn,
75
00:08:10,418 --> 00:08:13,654
ringed by freeways
of countless orbiting
76
00:08:13,688 --> 00:08:16,056
and slowly tumbling snowballs--
77
00:08:16,091 --> 00:08:20,094

every snowball, a little moon.
78
00:08:50,725 --> 00:08:53,894
Uranus...
79
00:08:53,929 --> 00:08:55,896
and Neptune,
80
00:08:55,931 --> 00:09:00,234
the outermost planets,
unknown to the ancients
81
00:09:00,268 --> 00:09:05,306
and only discovered after
the invention of the telescope.
82
00:09:06,441 --> 00:09:08,809
Beyond the outermost planet,
83
00:09:08,844 --> 00:09:13,514
there's a swarm of tens
of thousands of frozen worlds.
84
00:09:31,032 --> 00:09:33,667
And Pluto is one them.
85
00:09:39,941 --> 00:09:42,343
(whooshing)
86
00:09:46,348 --> 00:09:48,749
Of all our spacecraft,
87
00:09:48,784 --> 00:09:52,086
this is the one that's traveled
farthest from home--
88
00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:55,322
Voyager 1.
89
00:09:55,357 --> 00:09:59,994
She bears a message
to a billion years from now,
90
00:10:00,028 --> 00:10:02,763
something of who we were,
91
00:10:02,798 --> 00:10:04,932
how we felt
92
00:10:04,966 --> 00:10:06,934
and the music we made.
93
00:10:06,968 --> 00:10:09,270
(Blind Willie Johnson's
"Dark Was the Night" playing)
94
00:10:09,304 --> 00:10:11,705
(Blind Willie Johnson humming)
95
00:10:18,180 --> 00:10:20,014
DEGRASSE TYSON:
The deeper waters
96
00:10:20,048 --> 00:10:21,882
of this vast cosmic ocean
97
00:10:21,917 --> 00:10:25,719
and their numberless worlds
lie ahead.
98
00:10:25,754 --> 00:10:28,255
("Dark Was the Night"
continues to play, then fades)
99
00:10:37,641 --> 00:10:41,510
DEGRASSE TYSON: From out here, the
Sun may look like just another star.
100
00:10:41,545 --> 00:10:43,946
But it still exerts
its gravitational hold
101
00:10:43,981 --> 00:10:46,349
on a trillion frozen comets,
102
00:10:46,383 --> 00:10:49,118
leftovers from the formation
of the solar system
103
00:10:49,152 --> 00:10:51,954
nearly five billion years ago.
104
00:10:51,989 --> 00:10:54,590

It's called the Oort Cloud.
105
00:10:54,625 --> 00:10:57,326
No one has ever seen it before,
nor could they,
106
00:10:57,361 --> 00:10:59,595
because each one
of these little worlds
107
00:10:59,630 --> 00:11:01,831
is as far
from its nearest neighbor
108
00:11:01,865 --> 00:11:05,468
as Earth is from Saturn.
109
00:11:05,502 --> 00:11:09,305
This enormous cloud of comets
encloses the solar system,
110
00:11:09,339 --> 00:11:13,142
which is the second line
of our cosmic address.
111
00:11:13,143 --> 00:11:16,947
_
112
00:11:18,048 --> 00:11:21,684
We've only been able to detect
the planets of other stars
113
00:11:21,718 --> 00:11:23,686
for a few decades,
114
00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:27,456
but we already know
that planets are plentiful--
115
00:11:27,491 --> 00:11:30,126
they outnumber the stars.
116
00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,563
Almost all of them will be
very different from Earth,
117
00:11:33,597 --> 00:11:36,065

and hostile
to life as we know it.
118
00:11:36,099 --> 00:11:38,467
But what do we know about life?
119
00:11:38,502 --> 00:11:41,537
We've met only one kind so far.
120
00:11:41,572 --> 00:11:43,506
Earthlife.
121
00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:44,840
See anything?
122
00:11:44,875 --> 00:11:46,842
Just empty space, right?
123
00:11:46,877 --> 00:11:49,645
Human eyes see
only a sliver of the light
124
00:11:49,680 --> 00:11:51,647
that shines in the cosmos.
125
00:11:51,682 --> 00:11:55,885
But science gives us the power
to see what our senses cannot.
126
00:11:55,919 --> 00:11:58,654
Infrared is
the kind of light made visible
127
00:11:58,689 --> 00:12:00,690
by night-vision goggles.
128
00:12:00,724 --> 00:12:03,359
Throw an infrared sensor
across the darkness...
129
00:12:04,795 --> 00:12:06,395
Rogue planet.
130
00:12:06,430 --> 00:12:08,698
World without a sun.
131
00:12:10,601 --> 00:12:15,037
Our galaxy has billions of them,
adrift in perpetual night.
132
00:12:15,072 --> 00:12:18,608
They're orphans, cast away
from their mother stars
133
00:12:18,642 --> 00:12:22,078
during the chaotic birth
of their native star systems.
134
00:12:23,814 --> 00:12:26,449
Rogue planets
are molten at the core
135
00:12:26,483 --> 00:12:28,451
but frozen at the surface.
136
00:12:28,485 --> 00:12:30,453
There may be oceans
of liquid water
137
00:12:30,487 --> 00:12:33,489
in the zone
between those extremes.
138
00:12:38,061 --> 00:12:41,664
Who knows what
might be swimming there?
139
00:12:46,436 --> 00:12:49,605
This is what the Milky Way
looks like in infrared.
140
00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:52,708
Every single dot,
not just the bright ones,
141
00:12:52,743 --> 00:12:54,911
is a star.
142
00:12:54,945 --> 00:12:56,913
How many stars?
143
00:12:56,947 --> 00:12:58,915
How many worlds?
144
00:12:58,949 --> 00:13:01,417
How many ways of being alive?
145
00:13:01,451 --> 00:13:04,420
Where are we in this picture?
146
00:13:04,454 --> 00:13:06,889
See that trailing outer arm?
147
00:13:06,924 --> 00:13:09,091
That's where we live--
148
00:13:09,126 --> 00:13:12,328
about 30,000 light-years
from the center.
149
00:13:12,362 --> 00:13:14,063
The Milky Way Galaxy
150
00:13:14,097 --> 00:13:17,400
is the next line
of our cosmic address.
151
00:13:17,434 --> 00:13:19,802
We're now a hundred thousand
light-years from home.
152
00:13:19,837 --> 00:13:23,072
It would take light,
the fastest thing there is,
153
00:13:23,106 --> 00:13:26,976
a hundred thousand years
to reach us from Earth.
154
00:13:29,713 --> 00:13:32,114
This is the Great Spiral
in Andromeda,
155
00:13:32,149 --> 00:13:34,116
the galaxy next door.
156
00:13:34,151 --> 00:13:36,119
We call our two giant galaxies
157
00:13:36,153 --> 00:13:38,120

and a smattering
of smaller ones
158
00:13:38,155 --> 00:13:40,490
the "local group."
159
00:13:41,587 --> 00:13:46,877
_
160
00:13:48,165 --> 00:13:51,467
Can't even find our home galaxy
from out here.
161
00:13:51,502 --> 00:13:55,705
It's just one of thousands
in the Virgo Supercluster.
162
00:13:55,739 --> 00:13:57,640
On this scale,
163
00:13:57,674 --> 00:14:01,277
all the objects we see,
including the tiniest dots,
164
00:14:01,311 --> 00:14:03,112
are galaxies.
165
00:14:03,147 --> 00:14:05,681
Each galaxy contains
billions of suns
166
00:14:05,716 --> 00:14:07,784
and countless worlds.
167
00:14:07,818 --> 00:14:11,454
Yet, the entire
Virgo Supercluster itself
168
00:14:11,488 --> 00:14:14,690
forms but a tiny part
of our universe.
169
00:14:16,393 --> 00:14:20,363
This is the cosmos
on the grandest scale we know--
170
00:14:20,397 --> 00:14:23,699

a network
of a hundred billion galaxies.
171
00:14:23,734 --> 00:14:27,170
It's the last line
of our cosmic address...
172
00:14:27,204 --> 00:14:29,205
for now.
173
00:14:29,206 --> 00:14:30,579
_
174
00:14:30,774 --> 00:14:32,241
Observable universe?!
175
00:14:32,276 --> 00:14:34,143
What does that mean?
176
00:14:34,178 --> 00:14:36,913
Even for us, in our
Ship of the Imagination,
177
00:14:36,947 --> 00:14:40,550
there's a limit to how far
we can see in space-time.
178
00:14:40,584 --> 00:14:42,985
It's our cosmic horizon.
179
00:14:43,020 --> 00:14:46,089
Beyond that horizon
lie parts of the universe
180
00:14:46,123 --> 00:14:48,257
that are too far away.
181
00:14:48,292 --> 00:14:50,259
There hasn't been enough time
182
00:14:50,294 --> 00:14:53,362
in the 13.8 billion year
history of the universe
183
00:14:53,397 --> 00:14:55,898
for their light
to have reached us.

184
00:14:57,935 --> 00:15:01,337
Many of us suspect
that all of this--
185
00:15:01,371 --> 00:15:05,575
all the worlds, stars,
galaxies and clusters
186
00:15:05,609 --> 00:15:08,010
in our observable universe--
187
00:15:08,045 --> 00:15:12,749
is but one tiny bubble
in an infinite ocean
188
00:15:12,783 --> 00:15:14,817
of other universes...
189
00:15:16,420 --> 00:15:18,888
...a multiverse.
190
00:15:18,922 --> 00:15:22,692
Universe upon universe.
191
00:15:22,726 --> 00:15:25,294
Worlds without end.
192
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,068
Feeling a little small?
193
00:15:32,102 --> 00:15:35,571
Well, in the context
of the cosmos, we are small.
194
00:15:35,606 --> 00:15:38,908
We may just be little guys
living on a speck of dust,
195
00:15:38,942 --> 00:15:41,310
afloat in
a staggering immensity,
196
00:15:41,345 --> 00:15:43,446
but we don't think small.
197
00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:46,916
This cosmic perspective
is relatively new.
198
00:15:46,950 --> 00:15:51,220
A mere four centuries ago,
our tiny world was oblivious
199
00:15:51,255 --> 00:15:53,222
to the rest of the cosmos.
200
00:15:53,257 --> 00:15:55,224
There were no telescopes.
201
00:15:55,259 --> 00:15:58,995
The universe was only what you
could see with the naked eye.
202
00:15:59,029 --> 00:16:01,097
Back in 1599,
203
00:16:01,131 --> 00:16:04,467
everyone knew that the Sun,
planets and stars
204
00:16:04,501 --> 00:16:08,504
were just lights in the sky
that revolved around the Earth,
205
00:16:08,539 --> 00:16:12,575
and that we were the center
of a little universe,
206
00:16:12,609 --> 00:16:15,378
a universe made for us.
207
00:16:16,947 --> 00:16:19,315
There was only one man
on the whole planet
208
00:16:19,350 --> 00:16:22,185
who envisioned
an infinitely grander cosmos.
209
00:16:22,219 --> 00:16:24,754
And how was he spending
New Year's Eve
210
00:16:24,788 --> 00:16:27,924
of the year 1600?
211
00:16:27,958 --> 00:16:30,793
Why, in prison, of course.
212
00:16:37,855 --> 00:16:40,023
DEGRASSE TYSON: There comes
a time in our lives
213
00:16:40,057 --> 00:16:43,293
when we first realize we're not
the center of the universe,
214
00:16:43,327 --> 00:16:46,529
that we belong to something
much greater than ourselves.
215
00:16:46,564 --> 00:16:48,531
It's part of growing up.
216
00:16:48,566 --> 00:16:50,800
And as it happens to each of us,
217
00:16:50,834 --> 00:16:53,136
so it began to happen
to our civilization
218
00:16:53,170 --> 00:16:55,138
in the 16th century.
219
00:16:55,172 --> 00:16:57,040
Imagine a world
before telescopes,
220
00:16:57,074 --> 00:16:59,309
when the universe
was only what you could see
221
00:16:59,343 --> 00:17:00,843
with the naked eye.
222
00:17:00,878 --> 00:17:04,047
It was obvious that Earth
was motionless,
223
00:17:04,081 --> 00:17:05,782
and that everything
in the heavens--
224
00:17:05,816 --> 00:17:08,117
the Sun, the Moon,
the stars, the planets--
225
00:17:08,152 --> 00:17:10,987
revolved around us--
and then...
226
00:17:11,021 --> 00:17:13,289
a Polish astronomer and priest
named Copernicus
227
00:17:13,324 --> 00:17:17,293
made a radical proposal.
The Earth was not the center.
228
00:17:17,328 --> 00:17:19,796
It was just one of the planets,
and, like them,
229
00:17:19,830 --> 00:17:21,798
it revolved around the Sun.
230
00:17:21,832 --> 00:17:25,134
Many, like the Protestant
reformer Martin Luther,
231
00:17:25,169 --> 00:17:28,137
took this idea as a scandalous
affront to Scripture.
232
00:17:28,172 --> 00:17:30,406
They were horrified.
233
00:17:30,441 --> 00:17:34,878
But for one man,
Copernicus didn't go far enough.
234
00:17:34,912 --> 00:17:38,014
His name was Giordano Bruno,
235
00:17:38,048 --> 00:17:40,517
and he was
a natural-born rebel.

236
00:17:40,551 --> 00:17:43,720
He longed to bust out of that
cramped little universe.
237
00:17:43,754 --> 00:17:46,189
Even as a young Dominican monk
in Naples,
238
00:17:46,223 --> 00:17:48,391
he was a misfit.
This was a time
239
00:17:48,425 --> 00:17:50,727
when there was
no freedom of thought in Italy.
240
00:17:50,761 --> 00:17:52,162
But Bruno hungered to know
241
00:17:52,196 --> 00:17:53,997
everything
about God's creation.
242
00:17:54,031 --> 00:17:56,766
He dared to read the books
banned by the Church,
243
00:17:56,801 --> 00:17:58,568
and that was his undoing.
244
00:17:58,602 --> 00:18:00,603
In one of them,
245
00:18:00,638 --> 00:18:04,741
an ancient Roman, a man dead
for more than 1,500 years
246
00:18:04,775 --> 00:18:07,710
whispered to him
of a universe far greater,
247
00:18:07,745 --> 00:18:10,747
one as boundless
as his idea of God.
248
00:18:14,885 --> 00:18:16,853

Lucretius asked the reader
249
00:18:16,887 --> 00:18:19,255
to imagine standing
at the edge of the universe
250
00:18:19,290 --> 00:18:21,257
and shooting an arrow outward.
251
00:18:21,292 --> 00:18:23,560
If the arrow keeps going,
then clearly,
252
00:18:23,594 --> 00:18:26,463
the universe extends beyond
what you thought was the edge.
253
00:18:26,497 --> 00:18:28,898
But if the arrow
doesn't keep going--
254
00:18:28,933 --> 00:18:31,601
say it hits a wall--
then that wall must lie
255
00:18:31,635 --> 00:18:34,571
beyond what you thought
was the edge of the universe.
256
00:18:34,605 --> 00:18:37,907
Now if you stand on that wall
and shoot another arrow,
257
00:18:37,942 --> 00:18:40,643
there are only the same
two possible outcomes...
258
00:18:40,678 --> 00:18:43,046
it either flies forever
out into space,
259
00:18:43,080 --> 00:18:45,048
or it hits some boundary
260
00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:47,817
where you can stand and shoot
yet another arrow.
261
00:18:47,852 --> 00:18:50,420
Either way,
the universe is unbounded.
262
00:18:50,454 --> 00:18:53,723
The cosmos must be infinite.
263
00:18:53,757 --> 00:18:56,226
This made perfect sense
to Bruno.
264
00:18:56,260 --> 00:18:58,595
The God he worshiped
was infinite.
265
00:18:58,629 --> 00:19:02,465
So how, he reasoned, could
Creation be anything less?
266
00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:03,833
(door opens)
267
00:19:12,476 --> 00:19:13,476
(door opens)
268
00:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,950
It was the last steady job
he ever had.
269
00:19:24,955 --> 00:19:27,157
(wind whistles softly)
270
00:19:30,361 --> 00:19:32,762
And then, when he was 30,
271
00:19:32,797 --> 00:19:36,433
he had the vision
that sealed his fate.
272
00:19:36,467 --> 00:19:38,935
In this dream,
he awakened to a world
273
00:19:38,969 --> 00:19:42,005
enclosed inside
a confining bowl of stars.
274
00:19:42,039 --> 00:19:45,041
This was the cosmos
of Bruno's time.
275
00:20:03,494 --> 00:20:06,029
He experienced
a sickening moment of fear,
276
00:20:06,063 --> 00:20:07,564
as if the bottom of everything
277
00:20:07,598 --> 00:20:10,200
was falling away
beneath his feet.
278
00:20:10,234 --> 00:20:12,702
But he summoned up his courage.
279
00:20:20,745 --> 00:20:23,546
BRUNO: I spread
confident wings to space
280
00:20:23,581 --> 00:20:27,150
and soared toward the infinite,
leaving far behind me
281
00:20:27,184 --> 00:20:30,520
what others strained to see
from a distance.
282
00:20:30,554 --> 00:20:33,923
Here, there was no up,
no down, no edge,
283
00:20:33,958 --> 00:20:35,492
no center.
284
00:20:35,526 --> 00:20:38,928
I saw that the Sun
was just another star,
285
00:20:38,963 --> 00:20:42,899
and the stars were other Suns,
each escorted by other Earths
286
00:20:42,933 --> 00:20:44,534
like our own.

287
00:20:44,568 --> 00:20:47,837
The revelation
of this immensity was like
288
00:20:47,872 --> 00:20:49,305
falling in love.
289
00:20:52,777 --> 00:20:54,744
DEGRASSE TYSON:
Bruno became an evangelist,
290
00:20:54,779 --> 00:20:58,181
spreading the gospel
of infinity throughout Europe.
291
00:20:58,215 --> 00:21:01,785
He assumed that other lovers
of God would naturally embrace
292
00:21:01,819 --> 00:21:04,854
this grander and more glorious
view of Creation.
293
00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:07,924
BRUNO:
What a fool I was.
294
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,628
DEGRASSE TYSON:
He was excommunicated
295
00:21:11,662 --> 00:21:13,563
by the Roman Catholic Church
in his homeland,
296
00:21:13,597 --> 00:21:16,032
expelled by the Calvinists
in Switzerland,
297
00:21:16,067 --> 00:21:18,268
and by the Lutherans
in Germany.
298
00:21:18,302 --> 00:21:21,304
Bruno jumped at an invitation
299
00:21:21,339 --> 00:21:24,174
to lecture at Oxford,
in England.
300
00:21:25,576 --> 00:21:27,410
At last, he thought,
301
00:21:27,445 --> 00:21:31,081
a chance to share his vision
with an audience of his peers.
302
00:21:31,115 --> 00:21:33,249
(laughter)
303
00:21:33,284 --> 00:21:35,151
(laughter continues)
304
00:21:35,186 --> 00:21:38,254
I have come to present
a new vision of the cosmos.
305
00:21:38,289 --> 00:21:41,324
Copernicus was right
to argue that our world
306
00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:43,059
is not the center
of the universe.
307
00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:45,128
The Earth goes around the Sun.
308
00:21:45,162 --> 00:21:47,631
It's a planet,
just like the others.
309
00:21:47,665 --> 00:21:49,733
But Copernicus
was only the dawn.
310
00:21:49,767 --> 00:21:51,935
I bring you the sunrise.
311
00:21:53,337 --> 00:21:55,405
The stars are other fiery suns,
312
00:21:55,439 --> 00:21:57,641

made of the same substance
as the Earth,
313
00:21:57,675 --> 00:22:00,677
and they have
their own watery earths,
314
00:22:00,711 --> 00:22:03,780
with plants and animals
no less noble than our own.
315
00:22:03,814 --> 00:22:06,082
Are you mad or merely ignorant?
316
00:22:06,117 --> 00:22:07,851
Everyone knows
there is only one world.
317
00:22:07,885 --> 00:22:10,353
What everyone knows is wrong.
318
00:22:10,388 --> 00:22:13,356
Our infinite God has created
a boundless universe
319
00:22:13,391 --> 00:22:15,258
with an infinite
number of worlds.
320
00:22:15,293 --> 00:22:17,294
Do they not read Aristotle
where you come from?
321
00:22:17,328 --> 00:22:19,029
Or even the Bible?
322
00:22:19,063 --> 00:22:23,667
I beg you, reject antiquity,
tradition, faith, and authority.
323
00:22:23,701 --> 00:22:24,968
Let us begin anew,
324
00:22:25,002 --> 00:22:27,003
by doubting
everything we assume
325
00:22:27,038 --> 00:22:28,138
- has been proven.
- Heretic!
326
00:22:28,172 --> 00:22:29,205
Infidel!
327
00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:31,107
Your God is too small.
328
00:22:31,142 --> 00:22:33,143
(scholars shouting angrily)
329
00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:39,049
DEGRASSE TYSON: A wiser man
would have learned his lesson.
330
00:22:39,083 --> 00:22:42,385
But Bruno was not such a man.
331
00:22:42,420 --> 00:22:46,656
He couldn't keep his soaring
vision of the cosmos to himself,
332
00:22:46,691 --> 00:22:49,626
despite the fact that
the penalty for doing so
333
00:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,662
in his world
was the most vicious form
334
00:22:52,697 --> 00:22:54,698
of cruel and unusual punishment.
335
00:22:58,803 --> 00:23:01,471
Giordano Bruno lived at a time
when there was no such thing
336
00:23:01,506 --> 00:23:03,440
as the separation
of church and state,
337
00:23:03,474 --> 00:23:06,009
or the notion that freedom
of speech was a sacred right
338
00:23:06,043 --> 00:23:07,978
of every individual.
339
00:23:08,012 --> 00:23:10,847
Expressing an idea that didn't
conform to traditional belief
340
00:23:10,882 --> 00:23:13,483
could land you in deep trouble.
341
00:23:15,486 --> 00:23:18,155
Recklessly, Bruno
returned to Italy.
342
00:23:18,189 --> 00:23:19,823
Maybe he was homesick.
343
00:23:19,857 --> 00:23:23,093
But still, he must have known
that his homeland
344
00:23:23,127 --> 00:23:25,195
was one of the most dangerous
places in Europe
345
00:23:25,229 --> 00:23:26,963
he could possibly go.
346
00:23:26,998 --> 00:23:30,033
The Roman Catholic Church
maintained a system of courts
347
00:23:30,068 --> 00:23:31,868
known as the Inquisition,
348
00:23:31,903 --> 00:23:35,439
and its sole purpose
was to investigate and torment
349
00:23:35,473 --> 00:23:39,342
anyone who dared voice views
that differed from theirs.
350
00:23:42,380 --> 00:23:46,316
It wasn't long before Bruno
fell into the clutches
351
00:23:46,351 --> 00:23:48,218
of the thought police.
352
00:23:54,258 --> 00:23:56,893
This wanderer, who worshiped
an infinite universe,
353
00:23:56,928 --> 00:24:00,063
languished in confinement
for eight years.
354
00:24:00,098 --> 00:24:01,898
Through relentless
interrogations,
355
00:24:01,933 --> 00:24:04,634
he stubbornly refused
to renounce his views.
356
00:24:04,669 --> 00:24:06,203
Why was the Church willing
357
00:24:06,237 --> 00:24:09,906
to go to such lengths
to torment Bruno?
358
00:24:09,941 --> 00:24:11,975
What were they afraid of?
359
00:24:12,009 --> 00:24:15,212
If Bruno was right,
then the sacred books
360
00:24:15,246 --> 00:24:17,381
and the authority of the Church
361
00:24:17,415 --> 00:24:20,751
would be open to question.
362
00:24:20,785 --> 00:24:22,486
Finally, the cardinals
of the Inquisition
363
00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,421
rendered their verdict.
364
00:24:24,455 --> 00:24:26,023

CARDINAL BELLARMINE:
You are found guilty
365
00:24:26,057 --> 00:24:28,892
of questioning the Holy Trinity
366
00:24:28,926 --> 00:24:31,595
and the divinity
of Jesus Christ.
367
00:24:31,629 --> 00:24:34,898
Of believing that God's
wrath is not eternal,
368
00:24:34,932 --> 00:24:36,400
that everyone will be saved.
369
00:24:36,434 --> 00:24:41,238
Of asserting the existence
of other worlds.
370
00:24:42,373 --> 00:24:45,275
All of the books
you have written
371
00:24:45,309 --> 00:24:48,779
will be gathered up and burned
in St. Peter's Square.
372
00:24:48,813 --> 00:24:52,382
Reverend Father,
these eight years of confinement
373
00:24:52,417 --> 00:24:53,950
have given me
much time to reflect.
374
00:24:53,985 --> 00:24:54,951
CARDINAL BELLARMINE:
So...
375
00:24:54,986 --> 00:24:56,353
you will recant?
376
00:24:56,387 --> 00:24:58,355
My love and reverence
for the Creator
377
00:24:58,389 --> 00:25:02,025
inspires in me the vision
of an infinite Creation.
378
00:25:02,060 --> 00:25:05,629
You shall be turned over
to the Governor of Rome
379
00:25:05,663 --> 00:25:09,032
to administer
the appropriate punishment
380
00:25:09,067 --> 00:25:11,134
for those who will not repent.
381
00:25:11,169 --> 00:25:13,203
(crowd jeers)
382
00:25:13,237 --> 00:25:17,140
It may be that you
are more afraid
383
00:25:17,175 --> 00:25:20,510
to deliver this judgment
than I am to hear it.
384
00:25:52,777 --> 00:25:55,679
(crowd shouting)
385
00:26:28,646 --> 00:26:30,881
Ten years
after Bruno's martyrdom,
386
00:26:30,915 --> 00:26:33,350
Galileo first looked
through a telescope,
387
00:26:33,384 --> 00:26:36,019
realizing that Bruno
had been right all along.
388
00:26:36,054 --> 00:26:38,789
The Milky Way was made
of countless stars
389
00:26:38,823 --> 00:26:40,524
invisible to the naked eye,

390
00:26:40,558 --> 00:26:44,494
and some of those lights in the
sky were actually other worlds.
391
00:26:44,529 --> 00:26:46,797
Bruno was no scientist.
392
00:26:46,831 --> 00:26:49,299
His vision of the cosmos
was a lucky guess,
393
00:26:49,334 --> 00:26:51,802
because he had
no evidence to support it.
394
00:26:51,836 --> 00:26:55,072
Like most guesses, it could
well have turned out wrong.
395
00:26:55,106 --> 00:26:57,674
But once the idea
was in the air,
396
00:26:57,709 --> 00:26:59,743
it gave others
a target to aim at.
397
00:26:59,777 --> 00:27:01,378
If only to disprove it.
398
00:27:03,414 --> 00:27:07,084
Bruno glimpsed
the vastness of space.
399
00:27:07,118 --> 00:27:11,889
But he had no inkling of the
staggering immensity of time.
400
00:27:15,460 --> 00:27:18,529
How can we humans, who rarely
live more than a century,
401
00:27:18,563 --> 00:27:21,331
hope to grasp
the vast expanse of time
402
00:27:21,366 --> 00:27:23,567
that is the history
of the cosmos?
403
00:27:23,601 --> 00:27:28,372
The universe is
13.8 thousand million years old.
404
00:27:28,406 --> 00:27:30,774
In order to imagine
all of cosmic time,
405
00:27:30,808 --> 00:27:34,444
let's compress it
into a single calendar year.
406
00:27:46,570 --> 00:27:51,564
The cosmic calendar begins on January 1st
with the birth of our universe.
407
00:27:51,599 --> 00:27:54,249
It contains everything that's
happened since then,
408
00:27:54,284 --> 00:27:55,338
up to now,
409
00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:59,891
which on this calendar
is midnight December 31st.
410
00:27:59,926 --> 00:28:03,864
On this scale, every month
represents about a billion years.
411
00:28:03,899 --> 00:28:08,423
Every day represents nearly
40 million years.
412
00:28:08,458 --> 00:28:10,312
Let's go back as far as we can,
413
00:28:10,347 --> 00:28:13,494
to the very first moment
of the universe.
414
00:28:14,436 --> 00:28:18,351
January 1st, the Big Bang.

415
00:28:20,724 --> 00:28:22,655
(explosion)
416
00:28:29,169 --> 00:28:32,291
It's as far back as
we can see in time...
417
00:28:32,964 --> 00:28:34,610
for now.
418
00:28:35,791 --> 00:28:40,528
Our entire universe emerged from
a point smaller than a single atom.
419
00:28:40,620 --> 00:28:43,589
Space itself exploded
in a cosmic fire,
420
00:28:43,623 --> 00:28:45,958
launching the expansion
of the universe
421
00:28:45,992 --> 00:28:48,360
and giving birth
to all the energy
422
00:28:48,394 --> 00:28:50,329
and all the matter
we know today.
423
00:28:50,363 --> 00:28:52,664
I know that sounds crazy,
424
00:28:52,699 --> 00:28:54,633
but there's strong
observational evidence
425
00:28:54,667 --> 00:28:56,268
to support the Big Bang theory.
426
00:28:56,302 --> 00:28:58,771
And it includes the amount
of helium in the cosmos
427
00:28:58,805 --> 00:29:02,441
and the glow of radio waves

left over from the explosion.
428
00:29:02,475 --> 00:29:04,943
As it expanded,
the universe cooled,
429
00:29:04,978 --> 00:29:09,848
and there was darkness
for about 200 million years.
430
00:29:09,883 --> 00:29:12,818
Gravity was pulling together
clumps of gas and heating them
431
00:29:12,852 --> 00:29:15,821
until the first stars
burst into light
432
00:29:15,855 --> 00:29:18,057
on January 10th.
433
00:29:22,996 --> 00:29:26,799
On January 13th,
these stars coalesced
434
00:29:26,833 --> 00:29:31,703
into the first small galaxies.
435
00:29:31,738 --> 00:29:34,540
These galaxies merged
to form still larger ones,
436
00:29:34,574 --> 00:29:37,910
including our own Milky Way,
437
00:29:37,944 --> 00:29:42,381
which formed about
11 billion years ago,
438
00:29:42,415 --> 00:29:45,250
on March 15th of the cosmic year.
439
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,588
Hundreds of billions of suns.
440
00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:51,423
Which one is ours?

441
00:29:51,458 --> 00:29:53,659
It's not yet born.
442
00:29:53,693 --> 00:29:58,163
It will rise from the ashes
of other stars.
443
00:29:58,198 --> 00:30:01,400
See those lights
flashing like paparazzi?
444
00:30:01,434 --> 00:30:03,869
Each one is a supernova,
445
00:30:03,903 --> 00:30:07,039
the blazing death
of a giant star.
446
00:30:07,073 --> 00:30:10,442
Stars die and are born
in places like this one--
447
00:30:10,477 --> 00:30:12,344
a stellar nursery.
448
00:30:12,379 --> 00:30:14,046
They condense like raindrops
449
00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,715
from giant clouds
of gas and dust.
450
00:30:16,750 --> 00:30:19,718
They get so hot
that the nuclei of the atoms
451
00:30:19,753 --> 00:30:22,254
fuse together deep within them
452
00:30:22,288 --> 00:30:25,457
to make the oxygen we breathe,
the carbon in our muscles,
453
00:30:25,492 --> 00:30:28,927
the calcium in our bones,
the iron in our blood,

454
00:30:28,962 --> 00:30:30,729
all of it was cooked
455
00:30:30,764 --> 00:30:34,233
in the fiery hearts
of long-vanished stars.
456
00:30:34,267 --> 00:30:37,970
You, me, everyone-457
00:30:38,004 --> 00:30:42,441
we are made of star stuff.
458
00:30:44,244 --> 00:30:46,545
This star stuff
is recycled and enriched,
459
00:30:46,579 --> 00:30:48,113
again and again,
460
00:30:48,148 --> 00:30:50,816
through succeeding
generations of stars.
461
00:30:55,088 --> 00:30:57,456
How much longer until
the birth of our Sun?
462
00:30:57,490 --> 00:30:59,258
A long time.
463
00:30:59,292 --> 00:31:00,559
It won't begin to shine
464
00:31:00,593 --> 00:31:03,429
for another six billion years.
465
00:31:05,131 --> 00:31:08,100
Our Sun's birthday is August 31st
466
00:31:08,134 --> 00:31:09,935
on the Cosmic Calendar...
467
00:31:12,472 --> 00:31:14,740
...four and a half

billion years ago.
468
00:31:14,774 --> 00:31:17,242
As with the other worlds
of our solar system,
469
00:31:17,277 --> 00:31:20,346
Earth was formed
from a disk of gas and dust
470
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:22,514
orbiting the newborn Sun.
471
00:31:22,549 --> 00:31:25,985
Repeated collisions produced
a growing ball of debris.
472
00:31:32,392 --> 00:31:33,792
See that asteroid?
473
00:31:33,827 --> 00:31:35,127
No, not that one.
474
00:31:35,161 --> 00:31:36,829
The one over there.
475
00:31:36,863 --> 00:31:40,599
We exist because the gravity
of that one next to it
476
00:31:40,634 --> 00:31:43,769
just nudged it
an inch to the left.
477
00:31:43,803 --> 00:31:45,804
What difference
could an inch make
478
00:31:45,839 --> 00:31:47,873
on the scale the solar system?
479
00:31:47,907 --> 00:31:50,809
Just wait, you'll see.
480
00:31:52,379 --> 00:31:54,179
The Earth took
one hell of a beating

481
00:31:54,214 --> 00:31:56,048
in its first billion years.
482
00:31:59,486 --> 00:32:02,354
Fragments of orbiting debris
collided and coalesced,
483
00:32:02,389 --> 00:32:04,990
until they snowballed
to form our Moon.
484
00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:10,696
The Moon is a souvenir
of that violent epoch.
485
00:32:10,730 --> 00:32:13,732
If you stood on the surface
of that long ago Earth,
486
00:32:13,767 --> 00:32:16,468
the Moon would have looked
a hundred times brighter.
487
00:32:16,503 --> 00:32:18,671
It was ten times
closer back then,
488
00:32:18,705 --> 00:32:23,409
locked in a much more intimate
gravitational embrace.
489
00:32:23,443 --> 00:32:26,378
As the Earth cooled,
seas began to form.
490
00:32:26,413 --> 00:32:29,481
The tides were
a thousand times higher then.
491
00:32:29,516 --> 00:32:32,718
Over the eons,
tidal friction within Earth
492
00:32:32,752 --> 00:32:34,853
pushed the Moon away.
493
00:32:40,727 --> 00:32:43,429
Life began
somewhere around here,
494
00:32:43,463 --> 00:32:45,531
September 21st,
495
00:32:45,565 --> 00:32:48,601
three and a half billion
years ago on our little world.
496
00:32:48,635 --> 00:32:50,402
We still don't know
how life got started.
497
00:32:50,437 --> 00:32:52,071
For all we know,
498
00:32:52,105 --> 00:32:54,106
it may have come from
another part of the Milky Way.
499
00:32:54,140 --> 00:32:55,941
The origin of life
500
00:32:55,976 --> 00:32:59,211
is one of the greatest
unsolved mysteries of science.
501
00:33:02,816 --> 00:33:04,850
That's life cooking,
502
00:33:04,885 --> 00:33:07,419
evolving all
the biochemical recipes
503
00:33:07,454 --> 00:33:11,123
for its incredibly
complex activities.
504
00:33:11,157 --> 00:33:16,695
By November 9th,
life was breathing, moving,
505
00:33:16,730 --> 00:33:20,599
eating, responding to
its environment.
506
00:33:20,634 --> 00:33:23,536
We owe a lot
to those pioneering microbes.
507
00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:25,604
Oh, yeah-- one other thing.
508
00:33:25,639 --> 00:33:28,974
They also invented sex.
509
00:33:32,412 --> 00:33:34,580
December 17th was quite a day.
510
00:33:34,614 --> 00:33:37,049
Life in the sea really took off,
511
00:33:37,083 --> 00:33:39,218
it was exploding
with a diversity
512
00:33:39,252 --> 00:33:41,220
of larger plants and animals.
513
00:33:41,254 --> 00:33:46,358
Tiktaalik was one of the first
animals to venture onto land.
514
00:33:48,261 --> 00:33:51,630
It must have felt
like visiting another planet.
515
00:33:53,133 --> 00:33:55,501
Forests, dinosaurs,
516
00:33:55,535 --> 00:33:57,837
birds, insects,
517
00:33:57,871 --> 00:34:01,240
they all evolved
in the final week of December.
518
00:34:01,274 --> 00:34:03,108
The first flower...
519
00:34:03,143 --> 00:34:07,446
bloomed on December 28th.

520
00:34:10,851 --> 00:34:13,586
As these ancient forests
grew and died
521
00:34:13,620 --> 00:34:15,588
and sank beneath the surface,
522
00:34:15,622 --> 00:34:18,457
their remains transformed
into coal.
523
00:34:18,492 --> 00:34:21,093
300 million years later,
524
00:34:21,127 --> 00:34:24,430
we humans are burning
most of that coal to power
525
00:34:24,464 --> 00:34:27,533
and imperil our civilization.
526
00:34:27,567 --> 00:34:29,969
(whooshing)
527
00:34:32,506 --> 00:34:33,873
Remember that asteroid
back in the formation
528
00:34:33,907 --> 00:34:35,541
of the solar system-529
00:34:35,575 --> 00:34:37,710
the one that got nudged
a little to the left?
530
00:34:37,744 --> 00:34:40,045
Well, here it comes.
531
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,515
It's 6:24 AM
532
00:34:42,549 --> 00:34:46,852
on December 30th
on the Cosmic Calendar.
533
00:34:46,887 --> 00:34:48,354
(impact thundering)
534
00:34:53,860 --> 00:34:55,795
For more than
a hundred million years,
535
00:34:55,829 --> 00:34:58,030
the dinosaurs were lords
of the Earth,
536
00:34:58,064 --> 00:35:00,800
while our ancestors,
small mammals,
537
00:35:00,834 --> 00:35:02,968
scurried fearfully underfoot.
538
00:35:03,003 --> 00:35:05,371
The asteroid changed all that.
539
00:35:05,405 --> 00:35:07,206
Suppose it hadn't
been nudged at all.
540
00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:09,041
It would have missed
the Earth entirely,
541
00:35:09,075 --> 00:35:11,343
and for all we know, the
dinosaurs might still be here
542
00:35:11,378 --> 00:35:12,978
but we wouldn't.
543
00:35:13,013 --> 00:35:15,981
This is a good example
of the extreme contingency,
544
00:35:16,016 --> 00:35:18,751
the chance nature, of existence.
545
00:35:20,420 --> 00:35:23,689
The universe is already
more than 13 and a half
546
00:35:23,723 --> 00:35:25,091
billion years old.
547
00:35:25,125 --> 00:35:26,926
Still no sign of us.
548
00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:31,097
In the vast ocean of time
that this calendar represents,
549
00:35:31,131 --> 00:35:34,200
we humans only evolved
within the last hour
550
00:35:34,234 --> 00:35:39,238
of the last day
of the cosmic year.
551
00:35:44,611 --> 00:35:48,347
11:59 and 46 seconds.
552
00:35:48,382 --> 00:35:52,585
All of recorded history occupies
only the last 14 seconds,
553
00:35:52,619 --> 00:35:55,354
and every person
you've ever heard of
554
00:35:55,389 --> 00:35:57,390
lived somewhere in there.
555
00:35:59,259 --> 00:36:03,195
All those kings and battles,
migrations and inventions,
556
00:36:03,230 --> 00:36:07,700
wars and loves,
everything in the history books
557
00:36:07,734 --> 00:36:09,769
happened here,
in the last seconds
558
00:36:09,803 --> 00:36:11,871
of the Cosmic Calendar.
559
00:36:11,905 --> 00:36:14,073
But if we want to explore
560
00:36:14,107 --> 00:36:16,642
such a brief moment
of cosmic time...
561
00:36:19,279 --> 00:36:21,347
...we'll have to change scale.
562
00:36:38,211 --> 00:36:40,579
We are newcomers to the cosmos.
563
00:36:40,613 --> 00:36:45,017
Our own story only begins on the
last night of the cosmic year.
564
00:36:45,051 --> 00:36:48,420
It's 9:45 on New Year's Eve.
565
00:36:48,454 --> 00:36:50,856
Three and a half
million years ago,
566
00:36:50,890 --> 00:36:54,793
our ancestors, yours and mine,
left these traces.
567
00:36:56,162 --> 00:36:59,798
We stood up,
and parted ways from them.
568
00:36:59,832 --> 00:37:01,733
Once we were standing
on two feet,
569
00:37:01,768 --> 00:37:04,903
our eyes were no longer
fixated on the ground.
570
00:37:04,937 --> 00:37:08,573
Now we were free
to look up in wonder.
571
00:37:11,177 --> 00:37:13,645
For the longest part
of human existence,
572
00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:17,416
say the last 40,000 generations,
573
00:37:17,450 --> 00:37:19,251
we were wanderers,
574
00:37:19,285 --> 00:37:22,454
living in small bands
of hunters and gatherers,
575
00:37:22,488 --> 00:37:25,123
making tools, controlling fire,
576
00:37:25,158 --> 00:37:27,125
naming things,
577
00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:31,496
all within the last hour
of the Cosmic Calendar.
578
00:37:39,639 --> 00:37:43,108
To find out what happens next,
we'll have to change scale
579
00:37:43,142 --> 00:37:46,311
to see the last minute
of the last night
580
00:37:46,346 --> 00:37:49,348
of the cosmic year.
581
00:37:49,382 --> 00:37:51,350
11:59.
582
00:37:51,384 --> 00:37:54,019
We're so very young on
the time scale of the universe
583
00:37:54,053 --> 00:37:56,655
that we didn't start painting
our first pictures
584
00:37:56,689 --> 00:38:00,259
until the last 60 seconds
of the cosmic year,
585
00:38:00,293 --> 00:38:03,795
a mere 30,000 years ago.
586
00:38:12,038 --> 00:38:14,606
This is when
we invented astronomy.
587
00:38:14,641 --> 00:38:17,809
In fact, we're all descended
from astronomers.
588
00:38:17,844 --> 00:38:21,213
Our survival depended on
knowing how to read the stars
589
00:38:21,247 --> 00:38:23,549
in order to predict
the coming of the winter
590
00:38:23,583 --> 00:38:26,184
and the migration
of the wild herds.
591
00:38:26,219 --> 00:38:29,187
And then,
around 10,000 years ago,
592
00:38:29,222 --> 00:38:32,190
there began a revolution
in the way we lived.
593
00:38:32,225 --> 00:38:35,460
Our ancestors learned
how to shape their environment,
594
00:38:35,495 --> 00:38:37,863
taming wild plants and animals,
595
00:38:37,897 --> 00:38:40,866
cultivating land
and settling down.
596
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,468
This changed everything.
597
00:38:43,503 --> 00:38:45,470
For the first time
in our history,

598
00:38:45,505 --> 00:38:48,874
we had more stuff
than we could carry.
599
00:38:48,908 --> 00:38:51,310
We needed a way
to keep track of it.
600
00:38:51,344 --> 00:38:53,512
At 14 seconds to midnight,
601
00:38:53,546 --> 00:38:57,015
or about 6,000 years ago,
we invented writing.
602
00:38:57,050 --> 00:38:59,518
And it wasn't long
before we started recording
603
00:38:59,552 --> 00:39:01,253
more than bushels of grain.
604
00:39:01,287 --> 00:39:03,255
Writing allowed us
to save our thoughts
605
00:39:03,289 --> 00:39:06,525
and send them much further
in space and time.
606
00:39:06,559 --> 00:39:08,927
Tiny markings on a clay tablet
607
00:39:08,962 --> 00:39:12,197
became a means for us
to vanquish mortality.
608
00:39:12,232 --> 00:39:15,334
It shook the world.
609
00:39:15,368 --> 00:39:18,437
Moses was born
seven seconds ago.
610
00:39:18,471 --> 00:39:21,373
Buddha, six seconds ago.

611
00:39:21,407 --> 00:39:24,276
Jesus, five seconds ago.
612
00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:27,713
Mohammed, three seconds ago.
613
00:39:27,747 --> 00:39:31,116
It was not even two seconds ago
that, for better or worse,
614
00:39:31,150 --> 00:39:34,453
the two halves of the Earth
discovered each other.
615
00:39:34,487 --> 00:39:36,722
And it was only
in the very last second
616
00:39:36,756 --> 00:39:39,725
of the Cosmic Calendar
that we began to use science
617
00:39:39,759 --> 00:39:42,895
to reveal nature's secrets
and her laws.
618
00:39:42,929 --> 00:39:45,631
The scientific method
is so powerful
619
00:39:45,665 --> 00:39:47,633
that in a mere four centuries,
620
00:39:47,667 --> 00:39:50,969
it has taken us from Galileo's
first look through a telescope
621
00:39:51,004 --> 00:39:54,473
at another world to leaving
our footprints on the Moon.
622
00:39:54,507 --> 00:39:58,977
It allowed us to look out
across space and time
623
00:39:59,012 --> 00:40:04,750

to discover where
and when we are in the cosmos.
624
00:40:04,784 --> 00:40:09,321
CARL SAGAN: We are a way for
the cosmos to know itself.
625
00:40:09,355 --> 00:40:11,657
Carl Sagan guided
the maiden voyage of Cosmos
626
00:40:11,691 --> 00:40:13,425
a generation ago.
627
00:40:13,459 --> 00:40:15,627
He was the most successful
science communicator
628
00:40:15,662 --> 00:40:17,129
of the 20th century,
629
00:40:17,163 --> 00:40:19,898
but he was first and foremost
a scientist.
630
00:40:19,933 --> 00:40:23,435
Carl contributed enormously
631
00:40:23,470 --> 00:40:25,637
to our knowledge
of the planets.
632
00:40:25,672 --> 00:40:28,640
He correctly predicted
the existence of methane lakes
633
00:40:28,675 --> 00:40:30,642
on Saturn's giant moon Titan.
634
00:40:30,677 --> 00:40:33,946
He showed that the atmosphere
of the early Earth
635
00:40:33,980 --> 00:40:36,915
must have contained
powerful greenhouse gases.
636
00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:40,919
He was the first to understand
that seasonal changes on Mars
637
00:40:40,954 --> 00:40:43,422
were due to windblown dust.
638
00:40:43,456 --> 00:40:44,990
Carl was a pioneer
639
00:40:45,024 --> 00:40:46,425
in the search
for extraterrestrial life
640
00:40:46,459 --> 00:40:49,328
and intelligence.
641
00:40:49,362 --> 00:40:52,631
He played a leading role in
every major spacecraft mission
642
00:40:52,665 --> 00:40:55,134
to explore the solar system
during the first 40 years
643
00:40:55,168 --> 00:40:57,536
of the Space Age.
644
00:40:59,305 --> 00:41:02,174
But that's not all he did.
645
00:41:04,410 --> 00:41:08,514
This is Carl Sagan's
own calendar from 1975.
646
00:41:10,483 --> 00:41:13,485
Who was I back then?
647
00:41:13,520 --> 00:41:16,321
I was just a 17-year-old kid
from the Bronx
648
00:41:16,356 --> 00:41:18,724
with dreams
of becoming a scientist,
649
00:41:18,758 --> 00:41:22,060

and somehow the world's most
famous astronomer found time
650
00:41:22,095 --> 00:41:24,897
to invite me to Ithaca,
in upstate New York,
651
00:41:24,931 --> 00:41:26,698
and spend a Saturday with him.
652
00:41:26,733 --> 00:41:30,135
I remember that snowy day
like it was yesterday.
653
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:31,970
He met me at the bus stop
654
00:41:32,005 --> 00:41:34,873
and showed me his laboratory
at Cornell University.
655
00:41:34,908 --> 00:41:39,344
Carl reached behind his desk
and inscribed this book for me.
656
00:41:43,082 --> 00:41:45,751
"For Neil, a future astronomer.
657
00:41:45,785 --> 00:41:47,586
Carl."
658
00:41:47,620 --> 00:41:51,023
At the end of the day, he drove
me back to the bus station.
659
00:41:51,057 --> 00:41:53,025
The snow was falling harder.
660
00:41:53,059 --> 00:41:55,027
He wrote his phone number-his home phone number-661
00:41:55,061 --> 00:41:58,530
on a scrap of paper and he said,
"If the bus can't get through,
662
00:41:58,565 --> 00:42:02,367

call me and spend the night
at my home with my family."
663
00:42:02,402 --> 00:42:05,204
I already knew I wanted
to become a scientist,
664
00:42:05,238 --> 00:42:07,606
but that afternoon,
I learned from Carl
665
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,875
the kind of person
I wanted to become.
666
00:42:09,909 --> 00:42:13,545
He reached out to me
and to countless others,
667
00:42:13,580 --> 00:42:18,050
inspiring so many of us
to study, teach and do science.
668
00:42:18,084 --> 00:42:20,452
Science is
a cooperative enterprise,
669
00:42:20,487 --> 00:42:22,855
spanning the generations.
670
00:42:22,889 --> 00:42:27,192
It's the passing of a torch from
teacher to student to teacher,
671
00:42:27,227 --> 00:42:30,696
a community of minds
reaching back to antiquity
672
00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:32,698
and forward to the stars.
673
00:42:32,732 --> 00:42:35,534
Now, come with me.
674
00:42:35,568 --> 00:42:38,971
Our journey is just beginning.
675
00:43:11,059 --> 00:43:14,443
Sync and corrections by n17t01
www.addic7ed.com
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
www.tvsubtitles.net

Cosmos S01e01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cosmos S01e01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

00:00:00,830 --> 00:00:03,241

is far more wondrous

00:04:53,354 --> 00:04:57,012

00:08:16,091 --> 00:08:20,094

00:10:51,989 --> 00:10:54,590

00:11:33,597 --> 00:11:36,065

00:13:36,153 --> 00:13:38,120

00:14:20,397 --> 00:14:23,699

to have reached us.

<i>a natural-born rebel.</i>

00:18:14,885 --> 00:18:16,853

<i>like our own.</i>

00:21:55,439 --> 00:21:57,641

00:24:24,455 --> 00:24:26,023

invisible to the naked eye,

January 1st, the Big Bang.

and the glow of radio waves

Which one is ours?

<i>the iron in our blood,</i>

<i>...four and a half</i>

<i>one hell of a beating</i>

bloomed on December 28th.

<i>in our history,</i>

<i>Buddha, six seconds ago.</i>

00:39:59,012 --> 00:40:04,750

00:41:18,758 --> 00:41:22,060

00:41:58,565 --> 00:42:02,367

You might also like