URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN LANDSCAPE

-Submitted by Sathya madhavan,1350008

M-arch General
HIET

ABSTRACT
Historic urban places had exclusive space for parks and landscape, it had meaning and
spiritual, cultural meaning.
There were lots of squares and market places were people gather and lived socially.
industrialisation in 19th century leads to urbanisation, parks were demolished for the
development of infrastructure
Urban sprawls leads to suburbanisation, agricultural land lost its importance
City has become a space for car more than space for human being, which leads to
pollution, unhealthy environment, artificial environment.
City has become a place for machines. Now the concept of counter urbanization is
happening, people going to rural area from urban area to live in natural environment,
they also converting the current city to sustainable green city
This study is to implement the concepts of urban park in the city-rural in urban and how
to make it sustainable by having the inspirations from the historic cities urban
landscapes
Urban parks are dynamic institutions that play a vital, but not fully appreciated or
understood role in the social, economic and physical well-being of urban areas and its
residents. Dating back to the 19th century when Frederick Law Olmsted introduced the
first large-scale urban parks to this country, these green spaces provided relief from
urban intensity for residents and brought people together across social, economic and
racial divides. In the postwar years, when the population shifted away from urban
centers, our nation's parks suffered enormously from disinvestments and many are still
experiencing it.
As cities across the country are attracting millions of residents again, the center of this
sweeping urban renaissance are newly revitalized parks. They are not only safe and
beautiful, but also serve as green engines to help address nearly every critical urban need
from health to housing, to education and environmental justice, and countering sprawl to
combating crime.

Parks have long been recognized as major contributors to the physical and aesthetic
quality of urban neighborhoods. But a new, broader view of parks has recently been
emerging. This new view goes well beyond the traditional value of parks as places of
recreation and visual assets to communities, and focuses on how policymakers,
practitioners, and the public can begin to think about parks as valuable contributors to
larger urban policy objectives, such as job opportunities, youth development, public
health, and community building

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 LANDSCAPE
Landscape refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land,
including ,Living elements, such as flora or fauna, the art and craft of growing
plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape.
Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water;
Human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects
created and/or installed by humans; and Abstract elements such as the lighting
conditions.

1.2 URBAN
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features
in comparison to areas surrounding it.
Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations

1.3 URBAN LANDSCAPE

Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and
cities. Thus, urban design is the art of creating and shaping of urban public place.
It involves the arrangement & design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems,
services, and amenities.
It is a framework that orders the elements into a network of streets, squares, and
blocks. Urban design blends architecture, landscape architecture, and city planning
together to make urban areas functional and attractive.

1.4 FEATURES OF URBAN LANDSCAPE

Steps and terraces

Paving and paths

Walls and fences

Gates and arches

Bridges

Pergolas and arbours

Furniture

Containers

Water

Determine in part the functional organization of urban areas. Serve as recreation

areas for working people and Contribute to the expressiveness of architectural
ensembles. It is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of
buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. Ratio of hardscape and softscape in
urban landscape varies depending upon the functional aspect of the space.
Hardscape is always a dominant part in urban spaces as it provides space for
walking, relaxing and easy to maintain. Urban Landscape is an integral part of
modern urban construction. Softscape is closely related to a citys construction plan
and are an indispensable element in the overall urban landscape.Hardscape is
integral part of urban scape but the importance of softscape cant be ignored. Proper
space utilization, environmental sustainability and creating dramatic effect is what
can best describe Urban Landscape.

1.5 URBAN TRANSFORMATION

Cities are ever changing; they are alive, they respond to ever changing need. The
most constant feature of cities is change. They represent a process of evolution by
changing all the time but not always with a great evolutionary success. Cities
change because life changes. Urban form adapts to changes in civilisation reflecting
their social structures. Urban transformation is often considered as a modern
feature of the city.

1.6 URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN LANDSCAPE

The 21st century in urban theory and practice is characterized as the century of
"new urbanism". Current trend in the practice of city structure urban development is
the landscape and urban planning transformation of the space-planning structures.
In global urbanization over the last 10-15 years the number of urban population has
increased dramatically. On the one hand, the socio-economic role of cities as
economic and cultural center of agglomeration increases, on the other the pressure
on cities ecosystem is growing, which has serious negative environmental
problems. In this situation, the relevance of transforming urban environment is
becoming evident

2.RESEARCH STRUCTURE
2.1 RESERCH STRUCTURE CHART

2.2 JUSTIFICATION
Landscape and urban planning transformation of the city territories and agglomerations
allows creating an open plan structure of the city, developing an efficient transport

infrastructure, and creating a system of agricultural landscape neighboring the border of

the city

2.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Urban center has lost its green environment due to the urbanisation , suburbanisation and
urban sprawl, as a result it affects the identity of urban environments
The city in combination with the open structures is understood as an urban landscape.
Thereby it is not only the open green areas of the city that are understood as landscape
but also the architecture and infrastructure enter into a holistic landscape approach. This
is related to the fact that increased merging, dilution and blurredness are taking place
between built-, open- and infra-structures, creating a hybrid condition
Instead of Seeing City and country separately , seeing it together as urbanlandscape.

2.4 LIMITATION
This papers concentrates on the evolutionary concepts of the urban landscape , with the
ideas of historic urban landscape which has meaning, cultural identity and the place for
interaction

3.LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING TRANSFORMATION
OF SPACE-PLANNING STRUCTURE
Garrett Eckbo said that in any landscape we look for two features: one is an expression
of landscape nature specifics, the other is development of maximum landscape
opportunities for adjustment to the human beings needs .
Landscape and urban planning transformation in the era of global urbanization is
an efficient vector and a mechanism of development of a stable planning city structure.
One of the main factors caused fast tempo of urbanization at the end of the 20th
beginning of the 21st centuries is active population migration
The reason for that is the need of better economic and climatic conditions for migrants
from these regions. This situation is a result of active globalization which is currently
accelerators of fast urbanization, whereas fast urbanization causes negative influence

on environment in cities and around. In the past 20 years in Russia the urbanization
growth has had some certain specifics connected to socio-economic factors of postsoviet state development. Active migration into big cities caused population growth in
bigger cities. The issue of this phenomenon is quite complicated, it is related to the
absence of agricultural cluster in general around the country, to the absence of socioeconomic links between town and country and bad transport connections. As a result
quite a paradoxical situation appeared in the country: lots of agricultural land outside
town is not occupied whereas it could provide towns with food products and could
make up geographic range around towns and cities.
The landscape of the 21st century is not just a territory and nature fundamental
principal, which is taken into consideration while planning and renovating towns, it is a
basic element of the planning structure which forms a safe bio positive environment of
town at all levels. From the point of view of modern town planning conceptions (for
example, Paris, Hamburg, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Moscow) landscape plays one
of the most important and sometimes even the most important role in the forming
of urban planning structure development. Landscape is many-sided and double
natured, if we look at the city as a united landscape-urban planned system, then in the
21st century the century of the landscape urbanism
we dont talk about the system of recreational territories, we talk about the landscape
infrastructure of town. Landscape infrastructure differs from the system of recreational
territories because of its more complex and detailed integrated spatial structure. Thus,
for instance, the system of recreational territories is a part of a town landscape
infrastructure, but not the main functional element of the city gardening plan as it was
20 years ago. Landscape infrastructure nowadays is an efficient vector of the city
development and its metropolitan area. Duality of landscape infrastructure nowadays
means that besides being a vector of the urban planning it possesses important socioecological and cultural factors of the city development. It is the formation of sociooriented and comfortable city environment using modern approaches in the sphere of

landscape planning and design as well as new technologies that allows create identity
and unique character of public areas.
This process begins with creation communication transport areas, public gardens,
squares, pedestrian areas, embankments, and finishes with formation of inner areas
of flat complexes and architectural objects designed based on the principles of
green architecture. One of the priorities of effective landscape infrastructure creation
is shaping up a continual system of pedestrian links comfortable green roads to
walk along or cycle along which should go through the whole city, and what is more be
effective links with suburban landscape. It allows not only improve sanitation role of the
city landscape infrastructure, but also creates reliable links between the city and its
suburbs helping provide with accessibility and openness of the city. Each town, no
matter how big or small it is, has its own peculiarities. That is why formation of
landscape infrastructure in every town, metropolitan area, conurbation will have their
own peculiarities in each region as well, their own specific approaches to the methodics
of research and design of effective infrastructure in the symbiosis with development and
transformation of its urban planning structure. It is the landscape-planning city structure
of already existing spatial-planning city structure which is considered to be one of the
main mechanisms of forming a stable, viable, friendly and flexible and open-to-nature
city.
The most valuable from the point of view of urban planning development places are
the territories near the rivers, and they are still occupied with plants and municipal
warehouses. These riverside zones are one of the main elements of landscape
infrastructure and they must be a vector and catalyst element of the whole city
planning development. But modern town planning situation is rather difficult; the
problem is without transport frame development it is impossible to have landscape
infrastructure development.
Thus, currently landscape-urban planning transformation is considered to be the most
balanced way in the reconstruction and reclamation from the principles of stable
development and formation of safe and socio-oriented city environment.

3.2 HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN LANDSCAPE

1-Early cities, also called cosmomagical cities, exhibited three spatial characteristics
Great importance accorded the symbolic center of the city, which was thought to be the
center of the known world
Often demarcated by a vertical structure of monumental scale representing the point on
Earth closest to the heavens
This symbolic center, or axis mundi, took different forms

The ziggurat in Mesopotamia

The palace or temple in China

The pyramid in Egypt and Mesoamerica

The Stupa in the Indus Valley

2-In Mesopotamia, this area was known as the citadel and housed the elite who lived in
relative luxury ,Streets were paved, drains and running water were provided
Private sleeping quarters, bathtubs, and water closets were provided
Privileges did not extend to the city as a whole
3-The city was oriented toward the four cardinal directions
Geometric form of city would reflect the order of the universe
Walls around the city delimited the known and ordered world from the outside chaos.
Attempt to shape the form of the city according to the form of the universe
Thought essential to maintain harmony between human and spiritual worlds
Example of Ankor Thorn in India
Patterns seen in the city today are a composite of past and present cultures
Two concepts underlie our examination of urban landscapes

Urban morphology physical form of the city, which consists of

street patterns, building sizes and shapes, architecture, and density

Functional zonation refers to the pattern of land uses within a city,

or existence of areas with differing functions

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LEWIS MUMFORD Compares the current modern cities with the Historic cities ,He
felt there was dramatic dialogue in the Historic cities which is absent in the current
cities.He liked the planning of Greece
Western civilization and Western cities trace their roots to ancient Greece
By 600 B.C., over five hundred towns and cities existed on the Greek mainland and
surrounding islands
With expansion, cities spread throughout the Mediterranean to the north shore of
Africa, to Spain, southern France, and Italy
Cities rarely had more than 5,000 inhabitants
Athens may have reached 300,000 in the fifth century B.C., including perhaps 100,000
slaves
Cities had two distinctive functional zones the acropolis and the agora
The acropolis had the temples of worship, storehouse of valuables, and seat of power
Served as a place of retreat in time of siege
The agora was the province of the citizens A place for public meetings, education,
social interaction, and judicial matters It was the civic center, the hub of democratic
life for Greek men.Later, after the classical period, it became the citys major
marketplace without losing its atmosphere of a social club
Temples were located on sacred sites chosen to please the gods ,Temples were also
sited and designed to please the human eye and harmonize with the natural
landscape

EBENEZER HOWARD GARDEN CITY also had central park as core and public
gardens and green belt dividing the concentric radial city into two

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Green belt area is half the size of the satellite city

In historic period importance was given to Landscape , there were spaces in city
exclusively designed for gardens, we harly have landscape in city now, but historic
periods had city in landscape
The earliest ENGLISH GARDENS that we know of were planted by the Roman
conquerors of Britain in the 1st century AD. The Roman gardens that we know the most
about are those of the large villas and palaces. where an early garden has been partly
reconstructed. ,symmetrical formal planting of low box hedges split by graveled walks.
The hedges are punctuated by small niches which probably held ornaments like statues,
urns, or garden seats. The formal garden near the house gave way to a landscaped green
space leading down to the waterside below. There is also a small kitchen garden which is
planted with fruits and vegetables common in Roman Britain.
We know very little about the gardens of Anglo-Saxon England, which is another way of
saying that the warlike Anglo-Saxons probably did not hold gardening to be important.

Gardens influenced from paintings, rolling lawns, organic form, stream, villa garden,

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The FRENCH GARDEN depicts the power, command in landscape , its geometric
pattern, symmetrical, hunting gardens planned ,they had both social and public garden,
their garden had yards, flower beds, trellis, sundial, bird bath and fountains

ITALIAN GARDENS influence of both french and english gardens had rare trees
,secret gardens, medicine and herb gardens,fountains , two levels of garden along the
slope

3.3 LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION

After 19th century because of urbanization no space for the landscape, more
concentration on the development and expansion of cities, Agricultural land lost its
importance
Later in 21st century modern ideas to incorporate green in the urban landscape, Urban
landscape to be a part of the city

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URBAN PATTERNS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Cities play a crucial role in creation of green economy by bringing about fair and healthy
economic competitiveness, by being strategic in spatial planning and planning around
landscape ecologies.
Carbon emissions along the urban population increases resulting in climate change.
The cost of renewable energy resources has decreased and that of the conventional non
renewable resources has increased.
Ways to implement green economy in cities:

Large green patches and more sustainable development

Promotion of compact cities (show minimal wastage of space) and planned

extension of cities (curtailing urban sprawl)

Balancing facilities with diverse local economic opportunities

Development of network infrastructure like the development of BRT system

Building greener environment that use water and energy efficiently

Protection of valuable ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots

Industries must be inspired to convert to green industries.

Cities can develop green structures by improving transport efficiency, by

homogenous population distribution, by improving energy efficiency, by making
more productive use of services and promoting sustainable lifestyles that are less
material intensive.To develop structural capacity for sustainable cities, it is
necessary to adopt an integrated approach to planning at all levels of government
and all focus areas.

3.3 APPROACHES FOR LOW-CARBON GREEN CITY

The master plan should have the principles of green design in the city's
expansion.

A green transportation system should be established that encourages public

transport, pedestrian and bicycle routes, electric and bio fuel powered vehicles

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and a regular check on the age and emission quantity of the vehicles running on
the roads.

Coal should be replaced by other renewable energy sources as it is prone to

exhaustion and yet used most widely for powering the various industries.

4 .METHODOLOGY-MODERN URBAN LANDSCAPE

CASE STUDY
4.1 MADRID RIO
The ambitious plan by madrids mayor alberto ruiz-gallardn to submerge a
section of the m30 ring motorway immediately adjacentto the old city centre within a
tunnel was realized within a single term of office. The city undertook
infrastructure measures over a total length of 43 kilometers, six of them along the
banks of the river manzanares, at a total cost of six billion euro. West 8 together with a
group of renowned architects from madrid, united under the namemrio arquitectos led
by gins garrido colomero designed the master plan for madrid rio.In 2005, an
invited international competition was announced. the proposal submitted by
west8 and mrio for the design of there claimed area above the tunnel was the only
submission to resolve the urban situation exclusively by means of landscape
architecture.
The design is founded on the idea 3 + 30 a concept which proposes
dividing the 80 hectare urban development into a trilogy of initial strategic
projects that establish a basic structure which then serves as a solid foundation
for a number of further projects, initiated in part by the municipality as well as by
private investors and residents. a total of 47 subprojects with a combined total budget of
280 million euros have since been developed, the most importantof which
include: the saln de pinos, avenida de portugal, huertade la partida, jardines de
puente de segovia, jardines de Puentede Toledo , Jardines de la Virgen del
Puerto and the Parque de laArganzuela.

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In addition to the various squares, boulevards and parks, a family of bridges were
realized that improve connections between
The urban districts along the river. The First subprojects were realized in
spring 2007. The realization of the whole project is planned for spring 2011.

Roads were planned with park in the center, seating areas ,greenaries

Madrid is located approximately 350 kilometres (around 220 miles, around a 4-hour
drive) from the nearest beach in the region of Valencia, but now the Madrid Urban beach
is a reality!In January 2008, the Madrid Ro project (el Plan Especial Madrid-Ro) was
unveiled by the Lord Mayor of Madrid, Alberto Ruz Gallardn. Due to the move

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underground of a large section of Madrid's inner ring-road, the M-30, 820 hectares along
the Manzanares River have been converted into a long park, including an urban beach,
rowing lanes on the river, walks, bicycle paths, kiosks, cafs and restaurants, terraces,
cultural and sports facilities, areas for pensioners and children's play areas. All this just
1.5 kilometres from the Puerta del Sol in the centre of Madrid.
Walking the streets of Madrid one is constantly presented with the legacy of more than
1400 years of urban growth and adaptation of the Spanish capital. Public life in Madrid
is largely played out in the incredible system of streets and plazas that are typically
surrounded by cafes, restaurants and shops, overlooked by mid-rise apartment buildings.
The plazas are a record of the history of Madrid with the central medieval centre of the
city extending back more than a thousand years to the Moors. In contrast a series of
large-scale formal parks adjoin the city centre, including the Retiro, Campo del Moro
adjoining the Royal Palace and Casa de Campo the former royal hunting grounds. But
now a third type of public space has been created in Madrid through completion of the
Madrid Rio project. Transformation of a 10 km section of the Manzanares River has
created 120 ha of new public open space and reestablished the cross-city links that had
been severed by a 1970s motorway along the river corridor. Walking the full length of
Madrid Rio provides some sense of the urban grandeur of this project but it is not until
you drive through the 6kms of six-lane motorway reconstructed in a tunnel below the
open space corridor that you get a true sense of its enormity. Commenced in 2004 and
completed late 2011 the Madrid Rio had a purported budget of $5 billion, of which $4.5
billion was spent to bury the highway, making it the largest urban infrastructure project
of its kind in recent European history. Besides the engineering feat of lowering the
motorway below ground to create public open space above, the project reflects a
particular cultural attitude to the social role of public space. Michael Kimmelman in his
New York Times article (Dec. 26 2011) notes that the Madrid Rio project arises
from a political culture which assumes that the public service is an end in itself. The
Madrid Rio is a reminder of the social and political nature of large scale urban projects
around the world.

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Seen by many as a symbol of New Spain the project was championed by Alberto RuizGallardon, former Mayor of Madrid and now Minister for Justice in the current
conservative government. Madrid Rio has generated a great deal of controversy due to
the amount of public money that was spent. Madrid-based Landscape Architect Eladio
Hernando notes that the project absorbed so much public money it has significantly
limited the availability of funding for other public domain project in the region.
Important projects in the East side of the region have been abandoned or stopped. Many
small public spaces remain abandoned and the maintenance budgets greatly reduced,
including for historical parks and gardens.
The MADRID RIO project is one of the biggest inner city park projects within the last
years. The river Manzanares was formerly bordered at both sides by a multi-lane
highway. It was not accessible for the public and hardly visible at all. Now the highway
runs in tunnels and a 120 ha big area became free for a large public park that was
planned in mainly two sections, the Salon de Pinos and the Arganzuela Park

The facts:
Number of playgrounds within the park: 15
Dimensions of playgrounds altogether about 7.000 m2
Costs for playground equipment approximately 600.000

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Period of planning and building: 2006 - 2011

Madrid's beach is located close to the existing Arganzuela park, near the old
slaughterhouse (Madrid Matadero), which is been converted into a cultural centre, with
exhibitions, workshops and conferences. This area allows tourists and inhabitants alike
to enjoy a seaside atmosphere with areas for sunbathing.
The impressive 10km-long park runs along the banks of the Manzanares River and
offers a wide selection of sports and recreational facilities for the whole family.
Seventeen play areas for children located throughout the park, with 65 different pieces of
equipment. Imaginative equipment made of sustainable, natural materials, suitable for all
ages. The most exciting ones are the slides hill, the tree trunk jungle and the super zipline. Then there is Madrid's Urban Beach, formed by three oval-shaped water areas with
different effects: a smooth stretch of water, jets of varying heights and a cloud of water
vapour.

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The city of Madrid dug 43 kilometres of tunnels into which the exit routes and
motorways of the six-kilometre section along the River Manzanares disappeared. West 8,
working together with MRIO arquitectos, a joint venture of three Madrid based firms
managed by Gins Garrido Colomero, designed the master plan for the reclaimed
riverbanks and the new urban area. Development plans were then prepared for the
individual components: Saln de Pinos, Avenida de Portugal, Huerta de la Partida,
Jardines del Puente de Segovia, Jardines del Puente de Toledo, Jardines de la Virgen del
Puerto and Arganzuela Park. The most important of which include: the Saln de Pinos,
designed as a linear green space, which links the existing and newly designed urban
spaces with each other along the Manzanares River. Saln de Pinos is located almost
entirely on top of the motorway tunnel and features a"choreography" of 8.000-fold pine
trees and a repertoire of cuts. Avenida de Portugal, by relocating one of the most
important roads into the centre of Madrid underground and providing underground
parking for 1,000 vehicles, it was possible to convert the space into a garden to benefit
local residents. Embellished with Cherry trees and cherry motif, the result is the creation
of an extremely popular public space. Huerta de la Partida, the old Royal Palace is now a
modern interpretation of the original royal orchard and a wide variety of fruit trees in
planted in groups to create an enclosed garden. For the Arganzuela Park, the dominant
motive is the water. The canalized river Manzanares is surrounded by architectonical
walls.The system of streams running through the park will cross through the topography
and merge into the different spaces and motifs Puentes Cascara, serving as bridges and
iconic landmarks, Puentes Cascara creates a place where the river is really experienced.
Designed as a massive concrete dome with a rough texture, the bridges feature more
than one hundred cables resembling whale baleens, which are fixed to the slim steel
deck. The fine detailing becomes visible when entering the bridge. The ceilings are
covered in a beautiful mosaic artwork done by Spanish artist Daniel Canogar. The first
part of the project were completed in spring 2007 and in spring 2011 the entire project
was completed. Arganzuela Park and the Salon de Pinos are connected by two slow
traffic bridges, the Cascara Bridges.

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A series of bridges over the river will allow passage from one side of the park to the
other. Designed to link the neighborhoods on the right and left banks of the river, the
Arganzuela Footbridge is the longest of all the built bridges.

The bridge is for both pedestrians and cyclists. The footbridge enables people to cross
from one side of the park to the other while also providing direct access to the park
below. Cone like in structure, the bridge has two interlocking metal spirals, wrapped by
a metallic ribbon. Spaced wooden slats make up the floor of the bridge, allowing the
rays of the sun to penetrate through to the park below. Over 270 meters long, the
Arganzuela footbridge is located between the historic Toledo bridge and the Praga
bridge which leads to the cultural centre of the capital. It links the Arganzuela and
Carabanchel neighbourhoods .The Arganzuela Parc, which hides some of the buried
highways technical infrastructures, has an irregular topography. Playing with that
topography, the two cones join above the curve of a hill, and are offset to create a new
entrance point to the park. The first cone to the south spans from the
Avenida de Manzaranes, crosses over the river and then joins the top of the
hill. Placed offset to the first cone, the second cone to the north passes
over the other side of the park to reach the Paseo de Yeserias

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This positioning creates a platform over the park and the surrounding city, and an
exceptional vantage point from which to admire the famous Toledo Bridge.

Each cone rests upon two pillars laid at each end, giving the impression that the
footbridge is floating in the air. Made in steel, the self supporting main structure has two
interlocking metal spirals that cross diagonally.
A silver ribbon, made of metallic mesh, wraps this structure and protects the users from
the sun and the bad weather. Sewn like a spiral, this ribbon creates a rhythmic and
dynamic line to the Arganzuela Park.
The metallic mesh, a favoured material of Perrault, transforms and changes the
footbridge depending on the time of the day; alternating between filtering, reflective and
opaque.

4 .RESEARCH FINDING
With cities and dense urban environments, the emergence of the urban park
at many scales has provided a place and opportunity for people to return to nature.
1) Recreation and Entertainment: Recreation opportunities include passive and active
program possibilities.

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2) Health and Wellness: Landscape architecture and open space in urban environments
helps to create a balance to the increasingly sedentary lifestyle and workstyle of todays
working world. Open space, fresh air, places to move and exercise, and places for
passive
and active recreation enhance physical wellness. In addition, they provide relief for the
increasing obesity epidemic and associated health problems.
3) Urban Agriculture: Human settlement used to have an inseparable relationship with
land and agricultural properties. However, such connection has been severed by modern
urbanization and industrial specialization development. Promoting urban agriculture in
park
space reestablishes this deeply rooted relationship.
4) Beauty and Aesthetics: In human history, parks and open space have been sacred,
important, and meaningful. Parks the outdoors - have been places for gathering, social
activities, sight-seeing, and spiritual or ritual activity. Parks are the places where people
enjoy the landscape as well as other cultural features and enlightenments.
Quality of Environment: Nature is the foundation for human beings survival. The
processes of urbanization and industrialization, however,
threaten to sever the connection between humans and outdoor spaces. The balance of
landscape and built environment together create
productive human environments. Integrating open spaces, networks, corridors, and
public spaces help improve the vision of the city, the
quality of urban life, and the health of its residents. Furthermore, integrated landscape
ecosystems cohesively in the design framework helps
to restore a natural setting and protect the environment.
1) Water Quality: Parks can improve and enhance existing water systems by increasing
the capability of water management and water
quality rehabilitation. Water can also be improved through a series of functional
processes including infiltration, renewal, collection and
detention, etc.

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2) Air Quality: Plants and green spaces are important factors in air quality. Open space
and green landscapes contribute towards the
removal of particles in the air, reduce the urban heat island effect, and increasing carbon
absorption.
3) Urban Wildlife Habitat: Park environments provide space for ecosystems and
habitats. Birds, as one example, thrive on large open spaces
and migratory birds and songbirds need dense, rich ecosystems to survive. Water
systems and water habitats are critical for aquatic wildlife
as well as fisheries.
Urban parks and urban landscapes are critical for the human and environmental well
beingin big cities. In designing great parks, the
following principals are of utmost importance:
1) Urban park development shall accommodate multiple scales and systems, ranging
from small scale green space, to regional green
space system, to national park, and to natural reserve land systems.
2) Park designs shall emphasize the importance of connectivity and create networks
that link park and green space at various scales in
order to establish a significant system.
3) Park designs should demonstrate the multi-functional nature of open space and their
abilities to serve people and the environment. All
designs, at all scales, should be developed with an emphasis on efficiency and
environmental quality Urban Parks are a precious natural
environment within our urban setting. Designing them well to accommodate both the
life and development demands of the present while
also looking forward to the needs of our future generations and landscapes requires a
comprehensive look at creating healthy ecosystems
and prosperous mega cities and how the two can co-exist in the 21st century.
Kevin Shanley

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5.CONCLUSION
Urbanization around the world is happening at unprecedented levels.
Urban Parks are a precious natural environment within our urban setting.
Designing them well to accommodate both the life and development demands
of the present ,needs of our future generations and landscapes requires a comprehensive
look at creating healthy ecosystems and prosperous mega cities and the two can co-exist
in the 21st century.
The new and broader view of parks presented here has emerged through innovative
programs and partnerships under way in a growing number of cities. This new view
capitalizes on the tremendous value parks generate by providing open space and
recreational opportunities. But it goes furtherit recognizes parks as vital contributors
to the achievement of wider urban policy objectives, including job opportunities, youth
development, public health, and community buildingall of which help strengthen the
neighborhoods in which parks are located. For parks managers, this view reinforces the
critical importance of gathering reliable information to help make wise resource choices
based on what communities and their residents most want from parks and decide how
best to deliver on those need

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