Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E, A.
MEMBER
HOPKIN
SHELL
DEVE1OPMENT
HOUSTON,
7EX.
AIME
ABSTRACT
Lalxvwi(tty ILWI.Sctmdw!ed
I,y IjIe m{}ht)r. lt)gejher witIl
acImd field experience in Can~da, huve indicated the InrIgnill~de oj .~(vne ()/ rite facttnx aflecting ahiiily {1/ drilling
mttd to clean the ht)le. A c(wrelali(m Mm olwerwd Iselween
]tinnei
v[sc{).sily
and
particle dip velocity, A reiuti(mship
wm rd.w) (IlwerwI Iwtweett the Binghut)l yield tvdue {If \he
)nl(d and the particle slip velc)city. Lahm-story !efts indic(iled Iillle chftnge in ~lip velocity ~ith jt~nnel vi.w)si!ies
up to cdlnm! 80 .wc/qt (W I(I yield vtflms i)f alxwf 15
IIII1OO w! jI, The dip veloci!y oj !iw p(ir!ickn .)tudied
varied Jr(m 160 J!/t?litt \\itll Iv(iIcr ItI nearly zero J(w
higil Il!14d vi.jctnilie.v. ltzcrea~itlg lile t}rliii demity, rrealing
lhe
drill
pipe
may
Ia}nimr annnltir tmul jhnv (w ro!(ili]zg
of n]utl. Field te.s!.~
alvI)
i))]pr[]ve
/he
carrying
cap(ici[y
indicnm) thaI dttring fmt upper -h(de drilling, \ize rate (Ij
culling ret)lt)v(ii twsl he .si4fjcicnl 70 iiwin!(iin Ihe coti.
cenlswli(w ()! ct41titlgv in the ann1411tvat Ie.w [bun 5 percelll
hy volume loprevenl l)(tlled-t!p t[rillcollttr.~( t)l(/, sitick drill
pipd.
CO,
INTRODUCTION
In the Mid-Contintmt area, hole cleaning during ro.
tary drilling normally invclvcs the use of low-density
drillin~ muds with funnel viscosities varying from 26 to
80 scc/qt. However, frequently it is nqxwary to raise
the mud viscos.ty in excess of 200 sec/qt to clean the
hok. In addition, field experience has indicated that during very fast upper-hole drilling, annular mud vclocitim
considerably in excess of the maximum slip velocity of
the crit[ings (normally considered to be 120 to 150 ft/min)
are necessary to prevent balling the bit and drill collars,
In view of these variations in mud properties and circulation rates necessary to clean the wellbore, a study
of factors affecting hole cleaning and the relative magnitude of each was undertaken. The study was also
prompted by the knowledge that a drilling mud with
properties close to those of water would drill at rates
several times that of a viscous mud. The carrying capacity of these near-water muds was not clearly understood,
however, and rlany drillers were reluctant to use them,
DISCUSSION
EIWTXTOF MUI) PROPERTIES
ON l)RII,LING RATE
The effect of mud properties on drilling rate has been
mnnuvcript Iwceiwl In Society or Petroleum EnKinecrs otfke
NOY. 16, 1966. Reviwd manuscript received Mnwh 1s, 1967. Pnver (SPE
1097 I I:HS presented at SPE Thityl Conference O fII.IIIIng
mL~
ROL+
Mech;!mcs held in Aust In, Tex,, Jan. 2fi-26, 1967. (!jCo])yright 196;
Amertcnn 1natitutc or Mlning, Metallurgical, and Petroleum En Klneers,
Inc.
I)iscudon
of this nnd Idl rollowinz terhnirul pnpew is invited. DisOrisinn 1
ruwion
JoIIrm!
in writins? [th]t.e
of 13,4mfm m
rol)ies)
mny
he wnt
7%CAIIOIOPII.
Any diwussion
to the otltw. of
thv
1967
= ~
(1)
where
.-. -.
ll<efc. wmm.s
r\
.~.
.- . . ... . . . ... .
..
--.~,
1.
. . . . .... . ..
=-=-.-==----=oo 6w2
~~o
.-..k..m..---...
.,..:......
..pE
:
.
;
.
--,:=:::
. .. . . . . .
. . . . . ..
01
30
. . . ..
. . . . . . . .. .._~
-v
=l. O
.
. .
-------------.-
. .------. . ..-.
e+----+~
..
.
,.3
102
PARTICLE REYNOLDS
10
~lG.
1/,,
1O*
~e?
oe2f
.
LA9 RESULTS
,* = 100
,.8
NO
]AStl11:1.l; .!I:C.
007
Kg.D:
(p, p,)
,...,$
,,
(2)
n)
. . . . . . . . . . . (3)
,.
up,,,,.
/
\
This is similar to the values proposed by Brown which
employed powers of 1.5 and 2.25 for turbulent and laminar flow, respectively. The differences at low-particle
Reynolds numbers with spheres are probably due to the
(,
Well-.
All results obtained while drilling upper hole with low viscosity low density drilling muds. Therefore, minimum rising veIocityof ctrtilngs calculated bysubtractfng maximum slip velocity of bit cuttings (110 ft/min from Fig. 1) from annulsr mud
velocity.
Based on volume of cutthgs per minute, rising velocity of cuttings and annular area.
ao8
JOURNAL
OF PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
!J
120,
>
~
I
2(J
60
FUNNEL
h,
2-PARTICLE
VISCOSITY
600
200
100
, SECONDS
PER
1000
OUART
SLWVELOCITY VS FUNNEL
VISCOS1!lES FOR
ALI. PARTICLES,
S;ape
Glass spheres
Particle
Number
S-A
S-B
::;
S.E
S*F
Glass plates
0,26-in. thick
Glass plates
0,165-in.
thick
Glass plates
0.115-in.
thick
C&;p;tes
-,
thick
Sandstone
discs
::
P-A.1
P-A-2
P.A.3
P.A.4
P-A*5
P-A.6
P.B-1
P-B-2
P-B-3
P.B.4
P.B.5
P.B.6
P-B-7
P-B-8
p-c.?,
p.c.z
P-C-3
P.C4
P.C.5
P-C*6
P.(:.7
P-2.8
PC*9
F-C-1O
p.D.l
P-D-2
P.D.3
P-D-4
P-D.5
P-D-6
P-D-7
P-D-8
P-D-9
P.D-10
D-l
D-z
D.3
g
Shale
cavings
roundish
Thin flat
1%
(C-E
(C-F
(C-G
&
(C:J
JuNE.
1967
Size (in.)
_
.954 OD
.892 OD
.837 OD
,742 OD
.592 OD
.531 OD
.262 OD
.150 OD
.26X 1X 1
.26x 1x.75
.26x1X.50
.26x1X .25
.26x .50x.50
.26x.25x.25
.165X 1X1
.165xlx.75
,165x1X.50
.165x lx.25
.165x.50x.75
,165x.50x.50
.16 X.50x.25
.165x.25X.25
.115X 1X1
.115 X1X.75
,115X1X.50
.l15xlx.25
,115X.75X,75
.115 X.75X.50
.115x .75X.25
.115 X.50X.50
.l15x.50X.25
.l15x.25X.25
.077X 1X1
,077X1X.75
,077 XIX.50
.077x lx.25
.077 X.75X.75
.077 X.75X.50
.077x,75x .25
.077 X.50X.50
.077x.50x.25
.077x.25x.25
.750. D.x.115
.75o.D.X.21O
.750.D.x .30
(approximate)
.1OX.88X.5O
.50x.75x.38
.87x .50x.38
.87x.38x.25
,12x.38x.25
.25x.87x.15
.25x.87x .20
.50x.50x.12
.OX.37X.15
.50X.50X,15
Dansity
(lb/cu ft)
P,
~nlumfj
(c\!n.)
,
Diameter
Sphere
sarnrni:e
(Irs,) D,
-
.954
.892
.837
.742
;:;;
168
158
157
158
158
163
160
154
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
160
160
160
.454 .372
.307
,214
,109
.0785
,0094
.0018
.260
.195
,180
.065
.065
.016
.165
;;;;
.010
.005
.051
.093
.132
.485
.381
.306
.331
.267
.212
.460
.562
.632
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
.398
.288
.205
.104
.021
.156
.172
.081
.046
.035
.913
.820
,732
,584
.342
.668
.690
.537
.445
.406
.041
.062
.041
.020
.010
.115
.086
.057
,029
.065
.043
.022
.029
.014
.007
.077
.058
.038
.019
.043
.029
.015
.019
,262
.150
.796
.719
.628
.498
.498
,314
.681
.619
.539
.442
.491
.442
.336
.266
.604
,548
.478
,380
.494
.434
.348
.380
.300
.236
.528
.480
;:::
Basic Slip
Velocity
Patilcle Sphericity Water
(sqSin.) of Particle (ft/see)
.. , .._!*} -- -.*._
2,63
2.86
1.0
2.52
2,50
2.32
:::
2.20
2,20
1.0
1.73
1.10
1.99
1.0
1.95
,888
1.0
1.34
.216
1.0
1.23
.0705
1.0
1.04
3.000
.664
1.01
1.17
1.=0
.98
.G7
1.20
l:;;;
.765
1,10
.825
2.660
.75
.548
.78
.82
.86
.;2
.E3
.84
.%2
.90
.%9
.94
.Zo
1.07
.%6
2.46
.62
.465
.64
.71
.%8
.65
.~8
.64
.
.66
.66
.Zo
.71
,623
.77
.50
.85
.%0
.49
2.308
.379
.50
.58
.G3
.56
.;6
.
.52
.!54
.60
.55
.G4
.~6
.60
.65
.Z2
.%9
S:::ge
1.76
1.50
1.47
1.29
1.05
1.34
1.63
1.02
.79
.84
809
Mud
No.
M-l
:.:
1::
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
flJ-;:
Type
Water
Driscose
Queb.Gel
Driscose
Gel.Gyp
I)riscose
Queb-Gel
Queb-Gel
Gel
C#;b.Gel
M:12
M-13
Gel
Gel
a
w
~ 160
+
UJ
.
3
: 160
:
Id
~ 120
a
w
n
~
.
ao
:
w
w
l..
:.
Q120.
1U
.
. 80
z
G
0
A 40
,,,
HOLE
...
...
. . . . . . . ~i . . . .
,, .:
1
20
FuNIJEL
1:1(L :ll\ir1
60
co
VISCOSITY,
1111. SLIP
YIELO vALUE
V.G. METER
vALUE,
WITH
POUNOS
PER
FANN
80
60
40
20
YB ,YIELD
ME ASUREC
109
FEET2
I
jl 11 I(,N
1000
600
200
MLID
VELOCITY
ft/min
DIAMETER
(INCHES)
10 12 14 16
100
SECONOSPER OUART
l1:l .11( In
(1.954.l\.
NOTE:
$0
&
I;l[).5I.WIIICI.1.
SLIP \1.l.(JlllY
\5 }11.11,
(l,9t54
.1\. 01) SPlll. ill..
40
.
,..
OL-=-=
:,
G
0
..
R J
01)
Vs F(\\l,l.
~1,111.Rl..
11<1 [)s11)
1-011
,.,
,,
~
e
218
120,
E
1-
w
w
u.
~.
.MAXIMUM
80
SLIP
VELOCITY
49
( +--+-W*.
\
40
z
~
136
!2O
;,
w
:0
~
ExCLUDES
S-A
AND
S-C
20
40
60
YB, YIELO VALUE , POUNOS PER 100 FEET2
80
8
Flc. l-1, urr!cl.l SLIPYlm](ln
Vs
.II. I. l>~ltrlcms.
rJ1o
Yll:l.11
YAI.
[1:Fort
$ GAUGE
HOLE
FIG.6TYPICAL
HOI.CK\
I, ARCI:III:XT
IS
SHALL
SIcTIo\S.
4aMEASU
Mud Description
Mud Velocity_(f~/see)
Particle
Nu;ber
Glass
spheres
plates
0.26-irr, thick
Glass
Glass
S-F
S.H
P.A.1
P.A.4
P-A.5
P-A-6
plates
0.165-in.
thick
P-B.1
P.B.4
P-B.6
P.B.8
Glass pletes
0.115.in. thick
P.c.l
P.C.4
P-C-8
P-c-lo
P.D-l
P-D-4
P-D-8
P-D-lo
C.A
C.c
C-E
Glass plates
0.077-in, thick
Roundish shale
particles
Thin? flat shale
parbclas
::;
Sandstone discs
::;
D.1
D.2
D-3
RED
2.47
2.35
1.96
1.22
1.02
1.07
1.19
1.14
0.74
0.82
0.88
1.09
0.6?
0.63
0.72
0.82
1.72
0.61
0.56
0.62
1.73
1.51
1.14
1.56
1.22
1.42
.
.
2.77
2!.55
2.04
1.32
1.06
1.Z
1,21
0.6
0.87
1.09
O.K
0.77
0.93
1.G
0.60
0.74
1.75
1.54
1.21
.
1.;
-.
-
2:~_l
10.0
8.0
MuD
]%,
12.0
WE IGHT. fi
;PAI{IICI.I;
, POUNOS
.:1
14.0
PER GALLON
[6.0
S1.ll)\12,01WY
W MIJIS\\I:lCllT,
LABORATORY
M~l
Water
Funnel Viscosity, 26
0.403
1.205
2.63
2.32
1.95
1.23
1.04
0.08
1.20
1.10
0.75
0.86
0.90
1.07
0.62
0.65
0.71
0.85
0.50
0.56
0.55
0.65
1.76
1.47
1.05
1.34
1.02
:.::
ors=:
2.03
2.71
2.44
2.03
1,15
0.88
1.03
1.13
1.10
1.76
1.15
:.::
2.03
1.23
0.81
0.78
2.03
0.94
0.64
0.57
1.65
1.46
1.09
1.32
2.03
2.03
2.70
2.28
2.12
0.88
0.99
1.05
1.20
1.18
0.72
0.88
0.88
1.06
0.59
0.62
0.76
0.91
0.50
0.59
0.60
0.10
1.67
1.45
1.13
0.89
0.97
1.01
1.30
-..--- .. - .
2.42
2.18
2.08
1.10
0.94
1.10
1,16
1.17
0.68
0.80
0.86
0.96
0.66
0.67
0.76
0.89
1.69
0.66
0.61
0.84
1.62
1.42
1.19
0.83
1.20
0.99
1.29
2.42
2,23
:::
1.21
1.03
1.14
1.13
1.01
0.91
1.16
O.z
0.61
1.04
0.76
0.68
0.95
1.59
1.46
1.21
M-3Queb.Gel
Funnel,
2.03
2.62
2.48
2,21
0.39
0,84
1,18
1.08
1.18
1.55
0.86
0.83
1,00
1.65
0.82
0.62
0,83
2.03
1.63
0.83
0.53
1.55
1.48
0.92
1.73
1.43
53
1.89
1.34
1.35
0,47
0.50
1.30
1.80
1.37
1.37
1.31
1.28
1.37
1.65
1.30
1.67
1.;
1.=
1.86
1.;
811
5
K
I&l
~
180
.1.
..
,;
-.
:
g 120
Ill
a
60 ,..
2
L
0
w
b
Mud
Description
Mud
Velocity
(ft/aec)
Particle
Number
Glass
spheres
I .0
1/2
Glass
plates
0.26-in.
thick
Glass
plates
0,165-in.
thick
Glass
plates
0.115. in.
thick
Glass
plates
0.077.
thick
in.
Roundish
shale
panicles
0.71
0.83
Sandstmre
discs
2.62 2.59
2.32 2.45
1,87 2.09
0.55
1.04 1.11
1.19 1,27
1.32 1.29
1.05 1.19
0,80 0.81
0.98 1.11
0.91 1.17
0.98 1>15
0.68 0.81
0.79 1.00
0.83 1.06
0.78 0.98
0.60 0.55
0.70 0.96
1,72 0.93
0.69 0.92
1.77 1.67
1.41 1.52
1.07
0,82 l.fi
0.86 1.09
1,27 1.37
2.54
2.34
2.03
~
1.10 0.65
1.21 1.20
1.21 0.76
1.13 0.91
0.86 0.41
1,21 1.40
1,21 0.55
1.21 0.66
;.~~ 0.28
0.94
-.
0~6
0.79
0.17
0.83
%%
0.58
0.64
0.81
0.44
0.81 0.24
1:10
1.57
1.47
1!39
1.13
812
1.32
1.89
0.81
0.94
0,14
0.48
0.65 0.43
0.62 0.58
0,66
1.20 0.03
0.93 0,02
O.G
0.29
0.02
0.78
0.21
1.11
1,47
0.55 O.G
,
60
,.;
PER HOUR
1
50
REM OVAI.
4.0
vs
3.0
I) RII.IJ NC RATE.
VELOCITIES
M-6
Driacose.Water
Funnel Viscosity,
0.46
0.58
0.92
0.53
0.52
RATE , FEET
, I
1:08
=
::;
Ge~;yp
Funnel Viscosity, 70
.. 1.209 1.905
2.63
2,42
1.83
0.48
1.16
1.09
1.21
0.95
0.85
0.83
0.95
0.78
0.73
0.66
0.74
0,57
0.62
0.57
0.61
0.48
1.72
1.35
0.80
0.80
PENETRATION
4.0
1.09
1,33
I.z
87
0.403
0.806
..
1.209
-.
..1.860
2.31
2,10
1.43
0.28
1.12
:.=
2,30
2,08
1.40
2.36
2.12
1.35
2.28
2.20
1.21
2.41
1.86
1,32
-
1.11
:;;
1+21
1.15
1.21
0.21
:::
1.24
1;15
1.52
1.25
0.65
0.79
1,04
0.92
0.99
0.69
0,80
0.80
0.84
0.72
0.69
0.65
0.73
0.65
0.62
0.57
0.63
0.57
1.60
1.29
0.86
0.80
0~8
0.77
0.71
1.06
1.30
0.77
0.87
0.80
1.13
1.32
0:67
0.~6
0.69
0.74
0.55
$g:
0.59
0.40
0.52
0.43
;;;
JOURNAL
0:80
0.80
0.98
1.06
1.10
C&l
1:21
1.04
:;:
1:03
0.94
0.81
0.88
0.87
0.81
1.62
0.81
1:21
1.06
1.05
1.21
1.21
0.54
1.60
~.;;
1.10
0.98
1:21
1,G
1.Z
1.31
1.21
1.31
1.52
0.81
0.95
1.22
1.36
OF PETROLEUM
0.92
1.65
1.01
1.10
:.::
O,G
0.24
o
0.40
o
1.10
0,40
0.73
0.14
0.53
0. 14
1.29
0:77
%
1.67
1.39
1.75
1.56
1,55
:,g
1.41
1,24
1,70
0.24
1.40
0.38
0,07
0.40
1.11
0.53
1.50
TECHNOLOGY
%2s881111111
C500
00
II
Oel
@ul
do
with inadequate hole cleaning stem from hole enlargement. Based upon currently
available drill pipe, mud pump and hole size combinations
nurmally used, adequate annular mud velocities can bc
achieved if no enlargement occurs. However, hole enlargement is often significant and may easily reduce the
annular mud velocity to less than 50 ft/min (Fig. 6),
Under these conditions, low-viscosity muds cannot be expected to clean the hole. On the other hand, any unncses.
sary emphasis of the carrying capacity of the mud will
probably reduce drilling rates. For this reason the amount
of anticipated hole enlargement is important in planning
the hydraulics and mud program of a proposed well.
A caliper survey obtained on nearby wells, or on wells
that penetrate the same formations, is probably as important in the preparation of a satisfactory drilling program
as suitable bit records or other drilling information.
CONCLUSIONS
at.,
Penetration
1962) 187-196.
Rates at
ScavengingA
814
Major
De@s, J. Pet. Td
Drilling
Frwmr
(Feb..
Fluids, ]. Pe?.
on Drilling
Pm,,
Muds,
Truns., AIMJi
JOIJRNAI,
Flow
(1951)
192,
in Drillirrg,
111.120.
OF
SBI:TSSI)I.UIISS
TEcHNOLOGY